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In an enzymatic reaction, when temperature is increased past the point of optimal temperature, the enzyme starts to reduce is catalytic activity.Cellular respiration results in an increase in entropy as glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide. Free energy is decreased when exergonic reactions proceed. Anabolic reactions do NOT release energy. Red blood cells rely solely on anaerobic metabolism of glucose. Energy lost during the process of aerobic cell respiration is given off as metabolic heat. The transport of protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix occurs via ATP synthase.The presence of elected ATP in the ell stimulates synthesis of triglycerides and glycogen. Glycolysis would not be inhibited by a lack of oxygen, an excess of ATP and ADP.Ketone bodies are produced by excessive fat breakdown.Anabolic reactions require energy to synthesize large molecules from small molecules. Diffusion increases the entropy of a solution.Hydrophobic molecules usually enter a cell via diffusion.O2 is able to passively penetrate the plasma membrane.Facilitated diffusion of a molecule into a cell would be more rapid if the concentration of the molecule outside the cell increased ..The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium [potential for potassium ions.A decrease in mean arterial pressure is detected by a sensor.In positive feedback mechanisms, the action of an effector is increased. Smooth muscle cells are found in the digestive tract.diffusion is a function of simple squamous epithelium.membranes can be formed by epithelial tissue.The heart, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels are all major organs of the circulatory system.Blood is a connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix.The pH of a solution increases at the hydrogen ion concentration decreases.In an acidic solution the OH- ion concentration is less than the H+ ion concentration.A blood pH of 7.6 is indicative of alkalosis. When water is the product of a reaction it would be dehydration synthesis.Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, are usually liquid at room temperature, and contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.Phospholipids are major components or the cell membrane, have a polar head and nonpolar tail, and are amphipathic molecules .Phagocytosis is important for body defense against foreign organic matter, promoting inflammation, and removal of old and dying cells.Release of neurotransmitters occurs via exocytosis .Phagocytosis differs from endocytosis in that with phagocytosis the plamsa membrane extends outwards with pseudopods to surround the substance.A cell which is actively involved in the detoxification of chemicals would contain large quantities of peroxisomes.Cells actively involved in secreting proteins would contain large numbers or quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum.It is necessary to degrade some cellular proteins to eliminate incorrectly folded proteins, to remove specific enzymes and plasma membrane proteins, and for tight control of the cell cycle. interphase: chromatin is present in the nucleus. Anaphase: the centromeres split, separating sister chromatids. Prophase: spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. Telophase: the nucleolus reappears. Metaphase: chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell.When an enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction amino acids in the enzymes active site interact with substrate molecules.The organ the enzyme is in does not affect the activity of an enzyme

An axon will depolarize only if the membrane potential reaches between -70mV and -55mV. This follows the all-or-none law..Retrograde transport moves toward the cell body, moves membranes, vesicles and viruses, and uses molecular motor protein along the axons.The figure shows a postsynaptic neuron that has had GABA bound to the receptor this is an example of IPSP due to the opening of K+ channels.The destruction of oligodendrocytes would decrease the rate at which action potentials are transmitted.These types of neurons aid in imitating, understanding intentions, and behaviors of others, and having empathy with the emotions of others, where impairments have been associated with autism spectrum disorder, Mirror neurons.Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a technique for visualizing brain region activity indirectly by detecting increases in blood oxygen levels.Ablation of the amygdala and limbic system would primarily result in attenuation of aggressive behaviors.Ablation of the inferior colliculi in the midbrain would impair the ability to respond to sounds.Which type of EEG pattern in an awake adult is indicative of brain damage? Delta Waves. What is the purpose of the motor circuit? Allows intended movements to occur and inhibits unwanted movements..In long-term potentiation, Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, causing: an increase in the number of AMPA receptors on the plasma membrane and activation of more proteins.A true reflex arc requires intervention from the brain for a response: FALSE.Damage to the autonomic motor nervous would probably result in no change in muscle tone. An increase in digestive activities would be dominated by the parasympathetic system.The sympathetic nervous system has short preganglionic fibers, which allows for mass activation of the fibers to act as a unit.The smooth muscles of the bronchioles would be constricted with parasympathetic innervation and would be relaxed with sympathetic innervation.Phentolamine is an example of a drug that blocks the alpha receptors in blood vessels. This is an example of an antagonist that is actin got block norepinephrine. Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also interoceptors.In the dark, the photoreceptors release an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prohibits bipolar neurons from exciting ganglion neurons-TRUE.In the absence of light, there is movement of Na+ in the photoreceptors causing a depolarization. This is called the dark current.Vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus and temporal lobe is the neural pathway for hearing.The bending of the stereo cilia of the organ of Corti opens membrane channels that are permeable to mainly K+, which causes depolarization.The occipital lobe would least likely be associated with olfaction.Ca2+ is needed for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes.Facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves convey gustatory information.Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated and function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using substance P and glutamate as neurotransmitters.Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerves impulses.Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would stimulate decreased secretion of luteinizing hormone.Pheochromocytomas, neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal medulla, would stimulate a hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. What hormone is released when blood glucose levels decrease? Glucagon.Which of the following is NOT a response of the body to stress? Increased immune response.What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? Stimulates retention of water by kidneys.Thyroxine produces increased heart rate, bulging eyes and weight loss.Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is an x-linked recessive trait.The Ca2+ required for skeletal muscle contraction is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.When a muscle hypertrophies, its fibers increase in diameter.

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