Final

Why did truman had limited success in implementing the cold war?

-inflantion -Labor realtions and issues with workers going on strike -

What factors contributed to the emergence of the cold war?

-jospeh stalin wanted to make germany pay for soviet economic reconstruction and exapnded soviet reconstruction - stalin wanted to maintain power -American's/ Truman expressed they didnt want the soviet too expand -Clashing intrest in eastern europe

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 nuclear standoff between the soviet union and the United States when the soviets attempted to depoly nuclear missle in cuba. In a negoiated settlement, the soviet union agreeded to remove its missle from cuba and the united states from turkey

Six days war

1967 conflict between israel and the arab nations of egpyt had massed troups on its boarder an cut off the sea passage to Israel southern port. Irasel won a stunning victory, seizing territory that amounted to twice its orginial size

Helenski Accords

1975 agreement signed by the united states, candan, soviet union, and eurpoean leaders, regonizing the post-world war 2 borders in europe and pledging the signatories to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms

Panama Canal Treaty

1977 agreement that returned control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama in 2000. To pass the treaty, President Carter overcame stiff opposition in the Senate from conservatives who regarded control of the canal as vital to America's interests.

Stragegic arms limitation Treaty

A 1972 agreement between the United States and teh soviet union, limiting antiballistic missles (ABMS) to two each. The treaty prevented either nation from bulding an ABM system defense so secure against so secure against a nuclear attack that it would risk a first strike

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A constitutional amendment passed by Congress in 1972 stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." The amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

Social Security

A new deal program created in August 1935 that was designed to provide a modest income for eledery people. The act also created unempolyment insurance with modest benefits. Soci

What gains and setbacks did minorites, feminist, and gays and lesbians experience during the Reagan years?

A signal achievement of the New Right was capturing the Republican Party's position on women's rights. For the first time in its history, the party took an explicitly antifeminist tone, opposing both the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and abortion rights, key goals of women's rights activists. When the time limit for ratification of the ERA ran out in 1982, Phyllis Schlafly and her followers celebrated the defeat of a central feminist objective - The gay and lesbian rights movement encouraged closeted homosexuals to "come out," and their visibility increased awareness, if not always acceptance, of homosexuality among the larger population. Beginning with the election of Elaine Noble to the Massachusetts legislature in 1974, several openly gay politicians won offices ranging from mayor to member of Congress, and the Democrats began to include gay rights in their party platforms. Activists organized gay rights marches throughout the country, turning out half a million people in New York City in 1987. - Popular attitudes about homosexuality moved toward greater tolerance but remained complex, leading to uneven changes in policies. Dozens of cities banned job discrimination against homosexuals, and beginning with Wisconsin in 1982, some states made sexual orientation a protected category under civil rights laws. Local governments and large corporations began to offer health insurance and other benefits to same-sex domestic partners. Yet a strong countermovement challenged the drive for gay rights. The Christian Right targeted gays and lesbians as symbols of national immorality, and when the AIDS epidemic appeared, some fundamentalists believed that it represented "the wrath of God upon homosexuals." Conservatives succeeded in overturning some homosexual rights measures, which already lagged far behind protections for women and minorities

Central Intelligence Agency

Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947 to expand the government's espionage capacities and ability to thwart communism through covert activities, including propaganda, sabotage, economic warfare, and support for anti-Communist forces around the world.

Camp David Accords

Agreements between Egypt and Israel reached at the 1979 talks hosted by President Carter at Camp David. In the accords, Egypt became the first Arab state to recognize Israel, and Israel agreed to gradual withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula.

marshall plan

Aid program begun in 1948 to help European economies recover from World War II. Between 1948 and 1953, the United States provided $13 billion to seveenteen Western European nations in a project that helped its own economy as well.

How did Carter implement his commitment to human rights, and why did human rights give way to other priorties?

Although Carter did fulfill liberals' desire to make government more inclusive by appointing unprecedented numbers of women and minorities to cabinet, judicial, and diplomatic posts, a number of factors thwarted Carter's policy goals. His outsider status helped him win the election but left him without strong ties to party leaders in Congress. - Human rights formed the cornerstone of his approach. The Carter administration applied economic pressure on governments that denied their citizens basic rights, refusing aid or trading privileges to nations such as Chile and El Salvador, as well as to the white minority governments of Rhodesia and South Africa. Yet in other instances, Carter sacrificed human rights ideals to strategic and security considerations, invoking no sanctions against repressive governments in Iran, South Korea, and the Philippines. - Seeking to promote peace in the Middle East, Carter seized on the courage of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, the first Arab leader to risk his political career by talking directly with Israeli officials. In 1979, Carter invited Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin to Camp David, Maryland, where he applied his tenacious diplomacy for thirteen days. These talks led to the Camp David accords, whereby Egypt became the first Arab state to recognize Israel, and Israel agreed to gradual withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula, which it had seized in the 1967 Six-Day War

How did the war in Vietnamn polarize the nation?

American people want a president that would end the war so Nixon won because of his promises to pull to troops out of Vietnam end the war for good

1. How did the Kennedy and Johnson adminstration exemplify a liberal vision of the federal government?

Believed that government should use its power to solve social and economic problems, en injustice, and promote the welfare of all citizens. The Democratic administrations of the 1960s won legislation on civil rights, poverty, and education, medical care, housing, consumer safeguards, and environmental protection.

Appeasement

British strategy aimed at avoiding a war with Germany in the late 1930s by not objecting to Hitler's policy of territorial expansion.

2. How and why did the civil rights movement change in the mid- 1960s?

Civil rights activism focused on the South and on legal rights, but when African Americans stepped up protest against racial injustice in the rest of the country and challenged economic deprivation that equal rights left untouched, a stone backlash developed as the movement lose cohesion

committee for indrustrial organization

Coalition (later called the Congress of Indrustrial Organization) of moslty unskilled workers former in 1935 that mobilized mssive union organiznizers had overcome violent resistance to unionize the entire automobile indrusty

Why did political support for the New Deal reform decline?

Communists denounced the slow pace of change and accused the New Deal of failing to serve the interests of the workers who produced the nation's wealth. Conservative leaders believed that the New Deal's failure to lift the nation out of the depression indicated that Americans were ready for a change. Left wing critics insisted that the New Deal had missed the opportunity to displace capitalism with a socialist economy and that voters would embrace candidates who recommended more radical remedies."

Korean War

Conflict between north korean forces supported by china and the soviet union and the south koraen and US-led United nations forces over control of South Korea. Lasting from 1950-1953, the war represents the first time that the United States went to war to implement containment

House Un-American Activities Committee

Congressional committee especially prominent during the early years of the Cold War that investigated Americans who might be disloyal to the government or might have associated with communists or other radicals. It was one of the key instiutions to promote the red scare.

How did Nixion polices reflect the increasing influences of conservatives on the Republican Party?

During the 1968 campaign, Nixon adopted the southern strategy, which tapped into hostility toward new civil rights measures and black protest to draw disaffected southern and working-class Democrats into the Republican Party. For example, he opposed the use of court-ordered busing to integrate schools, a policy that conservatives found objectionable. The Warren Supreme Court had authored many decisions that produced civil rights victories in the 1960s. Conservatives criticized the court and its decisions as too politically active. Nixon appealed to conservatives when he appointed as chief justice Warren E. Burger, a judge who interpreted the Constitution narrowly and was likely to limit government intervention on behalf of individual rights. Nixon also reached out to conservatives fearful of changes in women's roles and American families by rejecting federal funds for day care and by making overtures to opponents of abortion

Bay of Pigs

Failed US sponsored invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro forces in 1961 who planned to overthrow Fidel Castro's government. The disater humilated Kenndy and the United States. It alienated Latin Americans who saw the invasion as another example of Yankee imperialism

Works Progress Administration

Federal New Deal program established in 1935 that provided government-funded public works jobs to millions of unempolyment Americans during the Great Depression, in areas ranging from construction to the arts

Enviroment Protection Agency

Federal agency created by President Nixon in 1970s to enforce enviromental laws, conduct enviromental research, and reduce human health and enviromental risk from pollutants

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Federal agency established in June 1933 to promote industrial recovery. It encouraged indrustrial to voluntarily adopt codes that definded fair working conditions, set prices, and minimized competions. In pratices, large corporations delevoped codes that served primarliy their own intrest rather than those of workers or the economy

civilian conservations corps CCC

Federal relief program established in March 1933 that provided assistance in the form of jobs to millions of unempolyed young men and handful of women, CCC workers worked on conservations projects throughout the nation

Good Neighbor Policy

Foreign policy announced by Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 that promised the United States would not interfere in the internal or external affairs of another country, thereby ending U.S. military interventions in Latin America.

Agent Orange

Herbicide used extensivley during the Vietnam war to destory the Vietcongs jungle hideouts and food supply. Its use was later linked to a wide range of illness that veterans the Vietnamese suffered after the war, including birth defects, cancer and skin disorders

Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt win the 1932 presidential election by such a large margin?

Hoover's 17.76% margin of loss is the largest-ever margin of defeat for an incumbent President to date. He lost 42 of 48 states. One of the reasons why Roosevelt won was that people believed he could take America out of the Great Depression. Hoover believed in 'rugged individualism', people should not expect help from the government and the government will not interfere." "Roosevelt won so easily in 1932 due to the depression. Hoover, his opponent, was President when it started. It was a similar situation to Barrack Obama winning as the Democrat as the Republicans were blamed for the recession we are in now."

Land-Lease Act

Legislation in 1941 that enabled Britain to obtain arms from the United States without cash but with the promise to reimburse the United States when the war ended. The act reflected Roosevelt's desire to assist the British in any way possible, short of war.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Legislation passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration abolishing discriminatory immigration quotas based on national origins. Although it did limit the number of immigrants, including those from Latin America for the first time, it facilitated a surge in immigration later in the century.

Nuetrality Acts

Legislation passed in 1935 and 1937 that sought to avoid entanglement in foreign was while protecting trade. It prohibited selling arms to nations at war and required nations to pay for cash for nonmilitary good and to transport them in their own ships

GI Bill of Rights

Legislation passed in 1944 authorizing the government to provide World War II veterans with funds for education, housing, and health care, as well as loans to start businesses and buy homes.

National Energy Act of 1978

Legislation that penalized manufacturers of gas-guzzling automobiles and provided additional incentives for energy conservation and development of alternative fuels, such as wind and solar power. The act fell short of the long-term, comprehensive program that President Carter advocated.

Battle of Midway

June 3-6, 1942, naval battle in the Central Pacific in which American forces surprised and defeated the Japanese who had been massing an invasion force aimed at Midway Island. The battle put the Japanese at a disadvantage for the rest of the war.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, the date of the Allied invasion of northern France. D-Day was the largest amphibious assault in world history. The invasion opened a second front against the Germans and moved the Allies closer to victory in Europe.

Selection Service Act

Law enacted in 1940 requiring all men who would be eligible for a military draft to register in prepration for the the possiblity for a future conflict. The act also prohibited discrimination based on "race or color"

Traft-Hartley Act

Law passed by the Republician-controlled Congress in 1947 that amended the Wagnor Act and placed restrictions on organized labor that made it more differcult for unions to organize workers

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth. As a result of the act, black voting and officeholding in the south shot up, initating a major transforamtion in souther politics.

court-packing plan

Law proposed by Franklin Roosevelt to add one new Supreme Court justice for each existing judge who was over the age of seventy. Roosevelt wanted to pack the Court with up to six New Dealers who could protect New Deal legislation, but the Senate defeated the bill in 1937.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations illegal. It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.

Tet Offensive

Major campaign of attacks launched throughout south vietnam in ealry 1968 by the north vitenamese and vietcong. A major turning point in the war, it exposed the crediblity gap between offical statements and the wars reality, and it shook Americans confindence in the government

Internment Camps

Makeshift prison camps, to which Americans of Japanese descent were sent as a result of Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066, issued in February 1942. In 1944, the Supreme Court upheld this blatant violation of constitutional rights as a "military necessity."

North Alantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Military Alliance formed in 1949 amoung the united states, canda, and western european nations to counter any possible soviet union threat. It represented an unprecedented commitment by the United States to go to war if any of its allies were attacked

North Alantic Treaty Organization

Military alliance formed in 1949 amoung the United States, Canda, and Western European Nations to counter any possible Soviet Threat. It represented and unprecedented commitment by the United States to go to war if any of its allies were attacked.

Chicano Movement

Mobilization of Mexican Americans in the 1960s and 1970s to fight for civil rights, economic justice, and political power and to combat police brutality. Most notably, the movement worked to improve the lives of migrant farmworkers and to end discrimination in employment and education.

What were the goals of feminist reformers and why did a countermovement arise to resist them ?

Most feminist reformers simply wanted to integrate and have respect in the workplace, education, and have roles in both politics and economics. Of course, some things were more personal, such as the right to abortion, which many women who thought it was their "God-given gift" to be a mother despised. They resisted protests and pushed for their personal rights and won with restrictions in the Roe v. Wade case. Feminist activist also got their own Act outlawing discrimination on gender and more govt. attention on things like rape and abuse.

Black Power Movements

Movement of the 1960s and 1970s the emphasized black racil pride and autonomocy. Black power advocates encouraged Africian Americans to assert community control, and within the movement also rejected the ethos of nonviolence.

Apollo Program

Project initated by John F. Kenndey in 1961 to surpass the Soviet Union in space exploration and send a man to the moon.

What other movements emerged in the 1960s, and how were they were they influenced by the black freedom struggles?

Native Americans, Latinos, college students, women, gay men and lesbians, and others were inspired by the previous movement. Many used nonviolence to gain respect and rights, which most were granted. They knew that with the way blacks had been given freedoms, they could achieve their own want too with peace and patience.

Agriculutre Adjustment Act AAA

New deal legislation passed in May 1933 aimed at cutting argriculture production and raising crops prices and consquently, farmers income Through the "domestic allotment plan" the AAA paid farmers to not grow crops

Underconsumption

New dealer's belief that the root cause of the countrys economic paraylsis was that factories and farms produced more than they could sell, causing factories to lay off workers and farmers to lose money. The only way to increase consumption, they believed, was to provide jobs that put wages in consumers pockets

How did libera reform fare under president nixon ?

Nixon was actually quite sentimental to certain programs such as Native American rights, but he also seemed to despise the idea of the Great Society. He invested in the Pell grant, a billion dollar program assisting low-income college students, and various other programs to boost the Great Society, even though he apparently hated it.

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

Nuclear disarmement agreement reached bewtween the the United States and the Soviet Uninon in 1987, signifying a major thaw in the cold war. The treaty eliminated all short and medium range missels from europe and provided for on-site inspection for the frist time.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities, including poverty and police harassment. AIM organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

New Christians Right

Policy active religious conservatives who become particularly vocal in the 1980s. The new right religious cdonservatives critized feminsim, oppsed abortion and homosexuality, and promoted larger role for religion in public life, "family vaules" and military preparedness

New Deal Coalition

Political coalition that supported Franklin D Roosevelt's New deal and the democratic party, including farmers, factory workers, immigrants, city folks, women and African Americans, and progressive intellectual individuals. The coalition dominated American Politics during and long after Roosevelts presidency

Truman Doctrine

President Harry S. Truman's commitment to "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." First applied to Greece and Turkey in 1947, it became the justification for U.S. intervention into several countries during the Cold War.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon Johnson's efforts, organized through the Office of Economic Opportunity, to ameliorate poverty primarily through education and training as well as by including the poor in decision making.

Iran-Contra Scandal

Regan adminstration scandal that involved the sale of arms to iran in exhange for irans helping securing the realse of hostages held in lebanon and the redirection of the sales proceed to finance the Nicaraguan contras who wanted to unseat an elected government

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Regulatory body established by the Glass- Stegall Banking Act that guaranteed the federal government would reimburse bank depositors if their banks failed. This key feature of the New Deal restored depostiors confindence in the banking system during the Great Depression

Why did groups at both ends of the political spectrum critize the new deal?

Republicans and business people charged that the New Deal programs were too radical, undermining private property, economic stability, and democracy. Critics on the left faulted the New Deal for its failure to allay the human suffering caused by the depression and for its timidity in attacking corporate power and greed.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Resloultion passed by congress in 1964 in the wake of a naval confrontation in the gulf of tokin. It gave the president virtually unlimted authority in conducting the vietnam war. The senate terminated the resoultion following

Why did isolationist during the 1930s concern roosevelt?

Roosevelt was a avid believer in having an active role in international affairs, but with his New Deal struggling in the 1930s, Roosevelt couldn't risk losing isolationists' support and had to watch the battle beginning in Europe against Japan and Germany from the sidelines, even though he thought they were jeopardizing world peace

Medicare and Medicaid

Social programs enacted as part of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society. Medicare provided the elderly with universal compulsory medical insurance financed primarily by Social Security taxes. Medicaid authorized federal grants to supplement state-paid medical care for poor people of all ages.

Berlin Wall

Structure erected by East Germany in 1961 to stop the massive exodus of East Germans into West Berlin, which has an embrassment to the communist.

Detente

Term given to the easing of conflict between the United States and the Soviet union during the nixion adminstation by focusing on issues of common concern, such as arms and trade

Watergate

Term referring to the 1972 break-in at Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C., by men working for President Nixon's reelection campaign, along with Nixon's efforts to cover it up. The Watergate scandal led to President Nixon's resignation.

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court ruling that the Constitution protects the right to abortion, which states cannot prohibit in the early stages of pregnancy. The decision galvanized social conservatives and made abortion a controversial policy issue for decades to come.

What features of welfare state did the New Deal create, and why?

The New Deal brought Relief to the unemployed and farmers, Reform of financial practices, and Recovery of the economy" "The New Deal created relief for the unemployed. Roosevelt and his advisers launched a massive work relief program. The New Deal created the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to give unemployed Americans government funded jobs on public works projects. The New Deal dramatically reversed the federal government's stance toward unions. The New Deal encouraged an unprecedented wave of union organizing among the nation's working people to protect jobs as well as wages. The single most important feature of the New Deal's emerging welfare state was Social Security. It was designed to provide a modest income to relieve the poverty of elderly people. The large New Deal majority in Congress passed the Social Security Act in August 1935. The act provided that tax contributions from workers and their employers would fund pensions for the elderly. When the workers reached retirement age, they were not subject to a means to test their neediness. They had benefits based on their contributions and years of work."

How did the New Dealers try to steer the nation toward recovery from the great depression?

The New Dealers were aware that the economy was suffering mainly from underconsumption and sought to booster that with various programs that provided jobs and paid people, having committees regulating the economic market, and developing social security to label every American citizen.

How did the roosevelt adminstration moblize the human and industrial resources necessary to fight a two-front war?

The Roosevelt administration mobilized the human and industrial resources necessary to fight a two-front war by encouraging Congress to pass a "Selective Service Act", which would aid in registering men to fight in a war. It disregarded race and discrimination in a deciding factor of drafting, which therefore increased numbers of African American soldiers. To fulfill industrial needs, factories around the US that may have previously manufactured things such as cars were transformed into a manufacturing location for tanks and airplanes.

How did the US cold war lead to the Korean War?

The Soviets wanted to expand the sphere of communist influence into Korea. ... This disagreement would eventually lead to the Korean War. The Korean War was the first battle of the Cold War, and first major proxy war fought between the United States and a Soviet communist supported enemy.

Why did massive amounts of airpower and ground troups fail to bring US victory in Vietnam?

The US troops never fought in head-to-head combat instead they were constantly ambushed and attacked by North Vietnamese troops whom used the Guerrilla Warfare tactic

Containment

The post war world 2 foregin policy startegy that committed the United States to resisting the influence and expansion of the soviet union and communism. The stragery of containment shaped American foriegn policy throughout the cold war.

Waren Court

The spreme court Justice Earl Warren ( 1953-1969) which expanded the construction promise of equality and civil rights. It issued lankmark decisons in the areas of civil rights, criminal rights, reproductive freedoms and seperation and chruch and state.

How did the war influence American society?

The war affected society greatly in the aspect of women, workers and minorities. With the patriotism and nationalism in the US following battle, the people felt more united as a whole. Aside, while men were off to battle, women were forced to fill the labor and work roles that were left behind. This aided in increased respect for what the "weaker" gender was capable of. On the battlefield itself, African American minorities also gained a new identity in society, as they fought for a country that had not treated them as equals in the first place. It served as a new mark in proving themselves to the world.

How did the United States seek to counter the Japanese in the Pacific and the Germans in Europe?

To counter the Germans in Europe, an American army was sent with tank united to French Morocco. With these tank units in command, the allied armies were able to defeat the Germans, pushing them out. To counter the Japanese in the Pacific, US forces launched a two-pronged attack that was intended to reverse Japans advance. Armed forces were sent to attack in the Philipp6ines and also sent west from Hawaii. The Americans were successful in defeated Japanese armada

NSC-68

Top-secret government report of April 1950 warning that national survival in the face of Soviet communism required a massive military buildup. The korean war brought nearly all of the expanison called for in the report, and by 1952 defenses spending claimed nearly 70 percent of the federal budget

Why did truman elect to use the atomic bomb against japan?

Truman elected to use the atomic bomb against Japan to first aid in ending the war more speedily, which would in return save more American lives from being taken in a prolonged battle. Additionally, ending the war in a more timely manner would prevent the USSR from being involved. If they were to join alongside the US in the war, they would possibly want something, such as territorial gain, after the war ended.

Why strategies did nixion implement to bring american involvement in vietnam to a close?

Vietnamization, which was Nixon's plan for gradual withdraw of US forces as South Vietnamese troops assumed more combat duties. He also ordered the secret bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Tail in Cambodia to reduce the flow of communist supplies to the Vietcong

How did Roosevelt attempt to balance American Isolationism with the military aggression of Germany and Japan in the late 1930's and ealry 1940's?

When running for president for his third consecutive term, Roosevelt hoped he would persuade voters to move away from isolationism and towards international involvement while still getting support for his New Deal reforms, but still wasn't planning on getting involved in the growing war. He also proposed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the British to maintain arms and pay later, which still kept America out of the war, but their was still some kind of involvement there

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Women's civil rights organization formed in 1966. Initially, NOW focused on eliminating gender discrimination in public institutions and the workplace, but by the 1970s it also embraced many of the issues raised by more radical feminists.

Why did Kennedy believe that enagament in Vietnam was crucial to his foregin policy?

because of the ideas of containment and domino effect. He want to contain the spread of Communism and if Vietnam fell then neiboring nations would also fall

Iran Hostage Crisis

crisis that began in 1979 after the deposed shah of Iran into the US following the Iranian revolution. Iranians broke into the US Embassy in the Teheran and took 66 Americans hostage. The hostage crisis contributed to President Carter's defeat in the 1980 presidential election.

supply-side economics

economic theory that justified the reagan adminstations large tax cuts on the grounds that they would encourage investments and production (supply) and stimulate consumption (demand) because indiviudals could keep more of their earnings. Regans supply-side economics created a massive federal budget defecit

Holocaust

german effort during ww2 to murder europes jews, along with the other groups the Nazis deemed "undesirable". Despite reports of the ongoing geneocide, the allies did almost nothing to interfere. In all, some 11 million people were killed in the Holocust, most of them Jews.

Wagnor act

in 1935 law that gauranteed industrial workers the right to organize into unions; also known as the National Labor Relations Act. Following passage of the act, union membership skyrocked to 30 percent of the workforce, the highest in American History

House of act of 1949

law authorzing the construction of 810,000 units of government housing. This landmark effort marked the first significant commitment of the federal government to meet the housing needs of the poor

Econmoic Recovery Tax Act

legislation passed by congress in 1981 that authorized the largest reduction in taxes in the nations history. The tax cuts benefitted affulent Americans disportionatley and widened that distrubution of American Wealth in favor of the rich

iron curtian

metaphor coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to denmark the line dividing soviet controlled countries in Eastern Europe from democratic nations in western europe following world war two

Double V Campaign

world war 2 campaign in American to attack racism at home and abroad. The campiagn pushed for federal government to require defensive contractors to integrate their workforces. In response, Franklin Roosevelt authrorized a committee to investigate andprecent racil discrimination

Peace Corps

program launced by President Kennedy in 1961 through which young American voulnteers helped with education, health, and other pojects in delevoping countries around the world. More than 60,000 voulnteers had served by the mid-1700s

Pentagon Paperss

secret government documents published in 1971 containing an internal study of the vietnam war. The documents further disillusioned teh publci by revealing that officials harbored pessimism about the war even as they made rosey public pronouncements abou tits progress

fireside chats

series of informal radio address Franklin Roosevelt made to the nation in whihc he explained New Deal Initatives. The chats bolster Roosevelt's popular support for his reform

cold war

term given to the tense and hositle realtionship bewteen the US and the soviet from 1947 to 1898. The term cold war was apt because the hosility stopped short of direct armed conflict

Manhattan Project

top-secret projecct by Franklin Roosevelts in 1942 to delevop an atomic bomb ahead of the germans. The thousands of americans who worked on the project at Los Alamos, New mexico, succeeded in producing a succesful atomic bomb by July 1945