final

Ventral ramus

Contributes to the formation of nerve plexus

concentric, eccentric, isotonic

Santiago is doing some barbell curls. During flexion he is doing ___________ contractions, and while lowering the bar (extension) he is doing ____________ contractions. This entire exercise consists of ____________ contractions.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Where in or on a skeletal muscle fiber would you expect to find voltage-gated calcium channels

melanin production

Which of the following is not a function of the stratum granulosum? -production of keratin -secretion of waterproofing lipids -where keratin is crosslinked, making it stronger -melanin production

dense regular connective tissue-widely separated collagen fibers running in random

Which of these connective tissue type is not correctly matched? -bone--hard connective tissue with mineralized matrix -blood-liquid matrix -hyaline cartilage---protein fibers not apparent; most common cartilage -adipose tissue---very little matrix; filled with lipids -dense regular CT-widely separated collagen fibers running in random

Visceral sensory

A neuron carrying impulses to the spinal cord, as a result of stretch of the stomach wall from too much thanksgiving dinner, would synapse the __________ of the nucleus of the spine

fibrous

A suture is a _________________ joint.

gomphosis

A type of articulation formed between a tooth and the bony socket the root of the tooth fits in

lead to muscle weakness of paralysis

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will

Asymmetry-not uniform in shape Border irregularity Color combination-if two different colors Diameter, if large

ABCDs of detecting melanoma

He needs to develop smooth muscle fibers because you can excercise these muscles through isometric and isotonic excercises to contract muscles. Bicep curls is a good example of what an excercise that uses isotonic movements and contraction. fast twitch muscles type II

Aaron wants to enter a weight-lifting competition and consults you as to what type of muscle fibers he needs to develop (and why) and how he should go about it (type of exercises). What would you suggest to him?

one or two nuclei

All of the following are components of skeletal muscle cells (fibers), EXCEPT.... -Sarcolemma -Myofilaments -Transverse (T) tubules -Mitochondria -One or two nuclei

tendons

All of the following are components of the skeletal system, except -cartilage -bones -tendons -bone marrow -ligaments

symphyses

All of the following are structures of a synovial joint, except Bursae Synovial membrane Symphyses Articular cartilages Fibrous capsule

goblet cells

All of the following cells can be found in connective tissue, except -fibroblasts -macrophages -mast cells -goblet cells -fibrocytes

dermis, epidermis

As a general rule, accessory structures of the integumentary system are located in the ________, but are derived from the____________

voltage

Axon membranes primarily posses __________ gated ion channels

Withdrawal

During an ____________ reflex, your forearm pulls away from a negative stimulus, such as pain. This reflex would be initiated by your hand touching a hot stove

conduction of sensory and motor action potentials

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except.... -Recycling of neurotransmitters -Maintaining the blood-brain barrier -Conduction of sensory and motor action potentials -Balancing ion concentrations of neural tissue -Guiding neuron development and synapse formation

heat production

Functions of the skeletal system include all of the following except -protection -heat production -support -storage of minerals -blood cell production

1. AP are bigger changes than localized graded potential 2. AP positive, graded negative 3. AP initiated by depolarization while graded initiated mechanically

How are action potentials different from graded potentials?

Diverging

In a ________circuit, a smaller number of presynaptic neurons communicate with a larger number of postsynaptic neurons

endomysium, perimysium

Individual skeletal muscle cells (fibers) are wrapped in a connective tissue layer called ________________, while fascicles are wrapped in a connective tissue layer called ________________.

The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint which has a large range of motion. The larger the range of motion the more weak that the joint is. Dislocation can occur if forced out of position due to shallow glenoid cavity. It can be unstable if ligaments or tendons are torn (which heal slowly, slower than bones).

List AND describe THREE reasons why the shoulder joint is the most easily injured joint of the body.

parathyroid hormone increases levels of calcium by releasing PTH which binds to osteoblasts and causes osteoclasts activity to increase calcitriol-osteoclasts, increase blood/calcium levels calcitonin-reduce osteoclasts, increase osteoblasts, decrease blood calcium levels

List a hormone a describe its role in regulating blood/calcium homeostasis

hair matrix

Mitosis in the _____________ is responsible for growth of hair

Three major groups arise from this classification: multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons. Multipolar neurons are defined as having three or more processes that extend out from the cell body.

Name two structural classes of neurons

Neuron axons would be unable to generate and propogate action potentials

Puffer fish toxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing sodium from passing through the channels. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?

The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible

Suppose epiphyseal lines appear in a 10yo long bones.What is true? -more growth will occur during the teen years as sex hormones stimulate rebuilding -administration of growth hormone will stimulate future bone growth in length -further growth no longer possible -osteoclasts will dissolve the metaphysis so a growth in length can continue to adulthood -intramembranous ossification will enable further growth in length

INCORRECT The contraction cycle includes a latent period, a contraction phase and a relaxation phase. The latent period has AP and Ca2+, the contraction phase shortens sarcomeres, and the relaxation phase breaks crossbridges and Ca2+ diminishes.

The contraction cycle (not to be confused with the four big phases of skeletal muscle contraction) has several events that occur in a cycle. List and describe three events that occur during the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle contraction. For each event you list, limit your description of the event to one or two sentences. Be sure to include the names of any important proteins or other molecules, and the roles they play in the process.

excitation and excitation contraction coupling

The latent period of a muscle twitch corresponds to which two phases of muscle contraction?

Connects the tibia and femur

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a ligament that Connects the tibia and fibula Connects the fibula and femur Connects the patella to the tibia Crosses over the posterior cruciate ligament Connects the tibia and femur

claveolae

The plasma membranes of smooth muscle cells contain pockets that are rich in calcium channels. These invaginations of the membrane are known as __________.

receptor; integration (control center); effector

Three common components of a physiological regulatory mechanism are___, ___, ___

A somatic reflex such as a strethc, wihdrawal, crossed extension, and tendon reflexwhich require sensory receptors- due to stimulation of muscle spindles

What specific type of reflex that we discussed is initiated by sensory receptors called muscle spindles? Thinking back to our discussion of categories of reflexes, list two ways that this reflex could be categorized. For each way, provide a one-sentence description of why this is the case.

lateral rotation/medial rotation; pivot

When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV towards 0 mV, the cell is ________. A) hyperpolarizing B) exiting the threshold C) repolarizing D) depolarizing E) reaching the threshold

repolarizing

When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV towards 0 mV, the cell is ________. A) hyperpolarizing B) exiting the threshold C) repolarizing D) depolarizing E) reaching the threshold

Pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid mater, dura mater, epidural space

Which answer correctly lists the spinal cord cavity structures from DEEP to SUPERFICIAL

small diameter, unmelinated

Which neuron would have the slowest rate of propagation (conduction) of action potentials

eye

Which of following portions of the body would have the smallest somatic motor units, and thus, the best fine motor control? Abdomen Eye Arm Back Leg

constriction and dilation of blood vessels

Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle tissue? -Maintaining posture -Locomotion -constriction and dilation of blood vessels -Regulating blood sugar levels -Generation of body heat

Releasing signaling molecules into the extracellular fluid

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system? Integration of sensory and motor information -Releasing signalling molecules into the extracellular fluids -Sensing changes in the internal environment -Sensing changes in the external -environment -Controlling the activity of effectors

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Which of the following molecules plays an important role during the relaxation phase of skeletal muscle contraction? -Myosin light-chain phosphatase -Acetylcholine -Myosin ATPase -Myosin light-chain kinase -Acetylcholinesterase

The movement of chloride ions into the cell

Which of the following scenarios will cause a plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when it's at resting membrane potential? A) The movement of sodium ions into the cell. B) The movement of calcium ions into the cell. C) The movement of potassium ions into the cell. D) The movement of chloride ions into the cell. E) The movement of chloride ions out of the cell.

When the cell relaxes, a protein called titin returns the sarcomeres to their resting length

Which of the following statements regarding the contraction of smooth muscle tissue is FALSE? -Smooth muscle cells shorten on multiple angles or planes -Actin myofilaments are anchored to structures called dense plaques and dense bodies -Myosin light-chain kinase is important to the process of smooth muscle contraction -When the cell relaxes, a protein called titin returns the sarcomeres to their resting length -There are several stimuli, aside from neurotransmitters, that can result in smooth muscle contraction

if summation allows the axon hillcock membrane to reach threshold

Which of the following will determine if a post-synaptic neuron will generate action potentials?

I band

Which portion of a sarcomere will appear lightest, if viewed with an electron microscope? H zone Zone of overlap I band M line A band

pallor

Which skin coloration disorder is most likely to indicate a lack of perfusion of a tissue with blood, due to shock, cold or anemia?

corticospinal

Which specific tracts carry motor information toward the skeletal muscles? spinothalamic gracile fasciculi spinocerebellar corticospinal spinoreticular

2nd degree

Which type of burn damages the epidermis and part of the dermis, often resulting in blisters?

opposition

______________ is the term used to describe the act of touching the tip of one's thumb to the tip of one's pinky finger (fifth digit).

flaccid

______________ paralysis occurs when exocytosis of acetylcholine is prevented, and thus, skeletal muscles are unable to contract.

myoblast

_______________ are stem cells that fuse to form skeletal muscle cells (fibers) during embryonic development.

apocrine

______glands are located in the axillary regions and become active during puberty

osteocytes

_____cells that mantain bone matrix and communicate with neighboring cells through canaliculi

synovial

_____membranes line the cavities of moveable joints

lines external l(superficial surfaces of cavities)

all of the following are functions of connective tissues, except -binding organs together -structural support -energy and mineral storage -lines external surfaces of cavities -transport of nutrients, wastes

storage of reserve fuel, such as glycogen and lipids

all of the following are functions of epithelia tissues, except.... -secretion -protection -sensation -storage of reserve fuel, such as glycogen and lipids

hinge joints

all of the following synovial joints are biaxial except -saddle joints -condylar joints -plane joints -hinge joints

rheumatoid arthitis

an autoimmune disease that attacks synovial membranes of joints

negative feedback

blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducting blood glucose concentration. This is an example of..

hemidesmosomes

cell junctions that attach an epithelium to the basal lamina of an underlying basement membrane

positive feedback mechanism

childbirth is an example of a

mesenchyme; connective tissue

embryonic tissue mesoderm gives rise to ________ which gives rise to____________

palpation, auscilation

feeling structures with your fingertips is called_______, whereas listening for sounds of abnormalities is called____

organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

level of organization from most complex to least complex?

epithelial; avascular, cellularity, polarity, regeneration, attachment, covers surfaces connective: few specialized cells, matrix (ground substance, fibers), vascular, deep to epithelial tissues

list and describe three distinguishing characteristics how epithelial tissues are different from connective tissues

1. collagen-long and thick fibers that are very strong 2. reticular fibers strong and flexible; branching 3. elastic fibers are long and wavy for contraction

list three possible types of protein fibers that connective tissues contain

flat, intramembranous

most cranial bones are classified as_______ bones and develop through ________ ossification

centrioles

most neurons lack____________, and are therefore unable to undergo mitosis

myoglobin

muscle contains an oxygen binding protein called

sweat glands of the skin

one function of the hypothalamus of the brain is to act as the body's thermostat. If the hypothalamus detects that temp is increasing too much, which structure would act as an effector?

set point

regarding homeostasis, ______ is a term used as the average value for a variable in the body

Spinocerebellar

tracts that transfer information related to proprioception from skeletal muscles and synovial joints to a particular brain structure.

appositional; osteoporosis

weight bearing exercises increase the diameter of your bones using__________ growth, therefore, reducing the chances of developing __________later in life

sodium chanels are open

when a neuron membrane is depolarizing its __________

osteoclasts

when increasing in girth_______ (bone cells) within the endosteum of the medullary cavity increase their level of activity

increasing friction between articular cartilages

which is NOT a function of synovial fluid -shock absorption -providing articular cartilages with nutrients -removing metabolic wastes from articular cartilages -increasing friction between articular cartilages

synostosis

which of the following joints is an epiphyseal line? -gomphosis -syndesmosis -suture -synostosis -synchondrosis