final ch 9
empathy-altruism hypothesis
due to empathy, we help those in need because we experience empathic concern for them
helping others
- less likely to help others who are dissimilar, leads to lower tendencies to help people outside group - more likely to pay it forward when it happened to us
receiving help
- people who receive help from others aren't always positive bc it threatened self-esteem - may have feelings of resentment/unwanted obligations to helper
bystander's tendency
1. paying attention, knowing unusual situation occurred 2. correctly interpret situation as emergency 3. must assume responsibility to help 4. must have required knowledge/skills to act 5. must decide to act
empathy
3 components: emotional empathy, empathetic accuracy, sympathetic concern - serve basis for helping others
defensive helping
another motive for helping behavior is that of reducing the threat posed by outgroups to one's own ingroup
pluralistic ignorance
can prevent any one in a group of strangers from acting as each waits for cues from others
women vs men
do not differ in prosocial behavior but women are more likely to engage with strangers
empathtic joy hypothesis
helping stems from positive reaction recipients show when they receive help (gifts), positive feelings induces in helpers
determining how recipient reacts
motivation underlying the help, internal (genuine) or external (obligated) - helpers also react more positively to helping when recipient expresses gratitude
crowdfunding
new form of prosocial behavior, allows individuals to make financial contributions to entrepreneurs to start companies
negative state relief model
people help others in order to relieve and make less negative their own emotional discomfort
social exclusion
perceive we no longer belong, can discourage helping
diffusion of responsibility
the more bystanders present for an emergency the less likely each is provide help and greater the delay before help occurs (bystander effect)
competitive altruism theory
we help others as a means of increasing our status and reputation
kin selection theory
we help others who are related to us because this increases likelihood that our genes will be transmitted to future generations