final ch 9

empathy-altruism hypothesis

due to empathy, we help those in need because we experience empathic concern for them

helping others

- less likely to help others who are dissimilar, leads to lower tendencies to help people outside group - more likely to pay it forward when it happened to us

receiving help

- people who receive help from others aren't always positive bc it threatened self-esteem - may have feelings of resentment/unwanted obligations to helper

bystander's tendency

1. paying attention, knowing unusual situation occurred 2. correctly interpret situation as emergency 3. must assume responsibility to help 4. must have required knowledge/skills to act 5. must decide to act

empathy

3 components: emotional empathy, empathetic accuracy, sympathetic concern - serve basis for helping others

defensive helping

another motive for helping behavior is that of reducing the threat posed by outgroups to one's own ingroup

pluralistic ignorance

can prevent any one in a group of strangers from acting as each waits for cues from others

women vs men

do not differ in prosocial behavior but women are more likely to engage with strangers

empathtic joy hypothesis

helping stems from positive reaction recipients show when they receive help (gifts), positive feelings induces in helpers

determining how recipient reacts

motivation underlying the help, internal (genuine) or external (obligated) - helpers also react more positively to helping when recipient expresses gratitude

crowdfunding

new form of prosocial behavior, allows individuals to make financial contributions to entrepreneurs to start companies

negative state relief model

people help others in order to relieve and make less negative their own emotional discomfort

social exclusion

perceive we no longer belong, can discourage helping

diffusion of responsibility

the more bystanders present for an emergency the less likely each is provide help and greater the delay before help occurs (bystander effect)

competitive altruism theory

we help others as a means of increasing our status and reputation

kin selection theory

we help others who are related to us because this increases likelihood that our genes will be transmitted to future generations