Final Class review

What role do the nasal conchae play in the respiratory system? a. trapping airborne particles in mucus b. membranes for external respiration c. bringing olfactory stimulation to olfactory receptors d. both A and C

D. both a and c

Why does skeletal muscle appear striated when viewed through a microscope? a. Z lines and myosin filaments align within a muscle fiber. b. Glycogen reserves are linearly arranged. c. Capillaries regularly intersect the myofibers. d. Actin filaments repel stain, appearing banded.

Z lines and myosin filament align within a muscle fiber

With excitation-contraction coupling a. a motor neuron releases ACh, which allows an electrical event to be transferred to the muscular system. b. a motor neuron releases ACh, and it binds to receptors on the motor end plate of a muscle fascicle. c. the myosin cross-bridge will remain attached to actin as ATP depletion occurs. d. ACh release reveals actin's binding site for myosin to bind.

a. a motor neuron releases ACh, which allows an electrical event to be transferred to the muscular system

You have a young adult patient complaining of joint pain and inflammation. Her uric acid levels are abnormal. Your diagnosis is _____ and the cause is _____. a. gouty arthritis; uric acid crystals in synovial fluid b. rheumatoid arthritis; autoimmune c. osteoarthritis; wear and tear of joints d. herniated disc; rupture of the anulus fibrosus

a. gouty arthritis; uric acid crystals in synovial fluid

Where would you find the following ligaments: iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, and ischiofemoral ligament? a. hip joint b. knee joint c. shoulder joint d. ankle joint

a. hip joint

what path does air take when flowing from the glottis to the respiratory membrane? a. larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli b. larynx, trachea, respiratory bronchioles, bronchioles, alveoli c. trachea, bronchi, larynx, bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac d. larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveolar sac, respiratory membrane

a. larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

A person standing on her toes is ____, while a person kneeling is _____. a. plantar flexing; flexing his leg b. dorsiflexing; extending his leg c. everting her feet; flexing his thigh d. inverting her feet; pronating his leg

a. plantar flexing; flexing his leg

The epithelium of the pharynx changes from ___ in the nasopharynx to ___ in the oropharynx because ______. a. pseudostratified ciliated columnar; stratified squamous; the oropharynx is subject to abrasion b. simple cuboidal; pseudostratified ciliated columnar; gas exchange occurs in the nasal cavity c. stratified squamous; pseudostratified ciliated columnar; the nasopharynx contains goblet cells d. none of the above

a. pseudostratified ciliated columnar; stratified squamous; the oropharynx is subject to abrasion

Two cardiologists are talking about functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue. Which of the following descriptions would they use? a. special gap junctions, intrinsic conduction system allows contraction without neural stimulation b. spindle-shaped, nonstriated, thick filaments scattered, involuntary c. striated tissue with multiple mitochondria and a multinucleated condition syncytium d. Cardiologists would not use any of this terminology.

a. special gap junctions, intrinsic conduction system allows contraction without neural stimulation

Why would joint immobility contribute to the degeneration of articular cartilages in the affected joint? a. Synovial fluid nourishes the cartilage with nutrients and picks up waste products. b. Blood flow would decrease within the cartilage. c. Articular cartilage would absorb too much water. d. Both A and B.

a. synovial fluid nourishes the cartilage with nutrients and picks up waste products

How are epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium interrelated? a. They are connective tissues and blend with tendons to provide firm attachments to bone. b. All three contain capillaries and nerves. d. All three contain satellite cells that function in the repair of muscle tissue. d. None of the above are correct.

a. they are connective tissues and blend with tendons to provide firm attachments to bone

Smooth muscle can contract over a wider range of resting lengths than skeletal muscle can. Why? a. Smooth muscle sarcomeres are longer. b. Actin and myosin filament arrangement is more plastic, allowing greater adaptability. c. Smooth muscle cells are shorter. d. Smooth muscle actin is longer.

actin and myosin filament arrangement is more plastic, allowing greater adaptability

What is the functional relationship between hemoglobin and pH? a. As pH drops, Hb binds more oxygen. b. As pH drops, HbO2 saturation declines. c. As pH increases, Hb releases O2 more readily. d. Both A and B are correct.

b. As pH drops, HbO2 saturation declines

The A band comprises which of the following subunits? a. I band, terminal cisternae, and the Z line b. M line, H band, and the zone of overlap c. thin filaments, titin, and the Z line d. sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules

b. M line, H band, and the zone of overlap

The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee are distinctive in what way? a. They tighten only when the knee is fully extended. b. They are inside the joint capsule and prevent anterior and posterior movement of the femur. c. They reinforce the joint's posterior surface. d. They work with the patellar ligament to support the anterior surface of the joint.

b. They are inside the joint capsule and prevent anterior and posterior

When you do jumping jacks, which lower limb movements are necessary? a. flexion and extension b.abduction and adduction c. flexion and abduction d. plantar flexion and eversion

b. abduction and adduction

If surfactant is not produced, alveoli _____ due to ______. a. contract; elastic recoil of lungs b. collapse; increase in surface tension c. expand; decrease in intrapleural pressure d. burst; increase in intrapulmonary pressure

b. collapse; increase surface tension

A decrease in pneumotaxic output results in _______ because ______. a. shorter breaths and increased respiration rate; of stimulation of the VRG b. decreased respiratory rate and increased depth of respiration; the apneustic centers are stimulated c. neurons of the VRG activating accessory muscles of inhalation; little pulmonary ventilation is occurring d. none of the above

b. decreased respiratory rate and increased depth of respiration: the apneustic centers are stimulated

A football player received a blow to the upper surface of his shoulder, causing a shoulder separation. What does this mean? a. breaking of the clavicle and scapula b. dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint c. dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint d. none of the above

b. dislocation of the acromiocalvicular joint

What structural characteristics distinguish cardiac muscle tissue from skeletal muscle tissue? Cardiac muscle cells _____. a. are larger and usually have one nucleus b. have intercalated discs, short T tubules, and no triads c. are dependent on anaerobic metabolism d. contact each other at tight junctions

b. have intercalated discs, short T tubules, and no triads

Which activity would be more likely to create an oxygen debt: swimming laps or lifting weights? a. swimming laps b. lifting weights c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

b. lifting weights

Which of the following is NOT a major function of skeletal muscle? a. maintaining body temperature b. lining hollow organs c. maintaining posture d. storing nutrient reserves

b. lining hollow organs

A motor unit is/are a. the resting tension in a muscle b. muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron c. the addition of one twitch to another d. None of the above are correct.

b. muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron

A motor unit is/are _____. You would need a small motor unit to control movement of the fingers _____. a. the resting tension in a muscle; so it would not involve muscle fibers of adjoining fingers b. muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron; because you need precise control c. the addition of one twitch to another; because you need twitches to cover a large area d. they provide larger muscle fibers.

b. muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron; because you need precise control

Which component of the sarcomere acts as an ATPase? a. actin b. myosin c. titin d. actinin

b. myosin

Menisci are not found in every synovial joint. Menisci are ________. Their function is ________. a. another name for bursae; reducing friction b. pads of fibrocartilage; subdividing a synovial cavity and allowing for variations in shape of articular surfaces c. fat pads; protecting articular cartilage d. specialized intracapsular ligaments; reducing undesirable movements

b. pads of fibrocartilage; subdividing a synovial cavity and allowing for variations in shape of articular surfaces

Edward breaks a rib that punctures his left lung. What is this condition called and how will it be treated? a. fluids leak into the alveoli; surfactant administration b. pneumothorax; vacuum air from pleural space c. bronchospasm; muscle relaxant d. bronchitis; antibiotics

b. pneumothorax; vacuum air from pleural space

_____ predominate in the large leg muscles of someone who excels at endurance activities, such as cycling. This is because _____. a. Fast fibers; they have large glycogen reserves b. Slow fibers; they have extensive capillary networks and more myoglobin c. Nonvascular fibers; they use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism d. Intermediate fibers; they have more neuromuscular junctions

b. slow fibers; they have extensive capillary networks and more myoglobin

Which of the following describes the neuromuscular junction? a. the surface containing membrane receptors that bind acetylcholine b. special intercellular connection between axon branches and a skeletal muscle fiber c. the link between generation of an action potential and the start of muscle contraction d. a propagated change in membrane potential that travels the length of an axon

b. special intercellular connection between axon branches and skeletal muscle fiber

Which of the following contributes the most expiration of carbon dioxide? a. the formation of carbaminohemoglobin b. the formation of a bicarbonate ion c. the high solubility of CO2 in blood d. the percentage of oxygen in inhaled air

b. the formation of bicarbonate ion

Joints are classified structurally as _____, based on _____. a. sutures, gomphoses or synchondroses; locamotion b.cartilaginous, fibrous, bony or synovial; material binding the joint c. synathroses, amphiarthroses or diarthroses; amount of movement d. monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial; number of planes of movement

b.cartilaginous, fibrous, bony or synovial; material binding the joint

Which of the following is NOT TRUE concerning the efficiency of gas exchange? a. Total surface area for gas exchange is large. b. Gases are lipid soluble. c. The difference in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane is minimal. d. Blood flow and airflow are coordinated

c. The difference in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane is minimal

In what ways does the appearance of a sarcomere change during contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber? a. zones of overlap get larger; H band gets wider; A bands shorten b. titin molecules are relaxed; M line disappears c. Z lines move closer together; I bands and H bands get smaller d. None of the above are correct.

c. Z lines move closer together;I bands and H bands get smaller

which arteries supply blood to the conducting portions of the respiratory tract? a. internal carotid arteries b. pulmonary arteries c. bronchial arteries d. pulmonary veins

c. bronchial arteries

All synovial joints are a. syarthroses b. amphiarthroses c. diarthroses d. syndesomes

c. diarthroses

Which structure is part of the upper respiratory system? a. larynx b. bronchioles c. internal nares d. alveolus

c. internal nares

What statement below is true of the pleura? a. It secretes surfactant and reduces surface tension. b. It secretes mucus that traps particulate matter. c. It is attached to the diaphragm and thoracic wall. d. It prevents friction between the heart and lungs.

c. it is attached to the diaphragm and thoracic wall

Extreme stress on a joint where articular surfaces come out of position will cause a. bruising b. avascularity c. luxation d. bruxism

c. luxation

How would severing the tendon attached to a muscle affect the muscle's ability to move a body part? a. Uncontrolled movement would result from a severed tendon. b. Movement would be greatly exaggerated with no tendon. c. No movement is possible without a muscle to bone connection. d. Limited movement would result.

c. no movement is possible without a muscle bone connetion

Which respiratory muscles become actively involved only during a forced inspiration? a. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles b. internal intercostal muscles, as well as external and internal oblique muscles c. pectoralis minor, scalenes, and serratus anterior d. both A and C

c. pectoralis minor, scalenes, and serratus anterior

Which of the following describe the characteristics of slow muscle fibers? a. small diameter, rich in myoglobin, and high glycogen reserve b. large diameter, very vascular, and multiple mitochondria c. small diameter, rich in myoglobin, and very vascular d. large diameter, high glycogen reserve, and lack significant myoglobin

c. small diameter, rich in myoglobin, and very vascular

Joints are classified functionally as _____, which is based on _____. a. sutures, gomphoses or synchondroses; locamotion b.cartilaginous, fibrous, bony or synovial; material binding the joint c. synathroses, amphiarthroses or diarthroses; amount of movement d. monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial; number of planes of movement

c. synathroses, amphiarthroses or diarthroses; amount of movement

Bursae contain which fluid? a. blood b. lymph c. synovial d. interstitial

c. synovial

Which of these characteristics is NOT a component of synovial joints? a. ends of opposing bones covered by articular cartilage b. joint cavity enclosed by an articular capsule c. synovial membrane made of dense regular connective tissue d. synovial fluid

c. synovial membrane made of dense regular connective tissue

Why are the cartilages that reinforce the trachea C-shaped? a. to prevent damage to the trachea b. to conform to the shape of the thorax c. to allow room for esophageal expansion d. to ensure normal cardiac functioning

c. to allow room for esophageal expansion

The vertebral column does not contain intervertebral discs between ________. The absence of discs is significant because ______. a. sacral vertebrae: these vertebrae are fused b. coccygeal vertebrae; these vertebrae are fused c. the atlas and the axis; a disc would prevent rotation d. all of the above

d all of the above

Which vertebral movements are involved in (a) looking at the ceiling, (b) bending your neck side to side, and (c) moving your chin to your chest? a. (a) hyperflexion; (b) rotation; (c) flexion b. (a) hyperextension; (b) extension; (c) rotation c. (a) rotation; (b) lateral flexion; (c) flexion d. (a) hyperextension; (b) lateral flexion; (c) flexion

d. (a) hyperextension; (b) lateral flexion; (c) flexion

Which gas law states, "At a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas? a. Boyle's law b. Dalton's law c. the Bohr effect d. Henry's law

d. Henry's law

What symptoms would you expect to see in an individual who has damaged the menisci of the knee joint? a. difficulty in locking the knee b. inability to stabilize the joint c. pain in the knee area d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which answer below is an example of an amphiarthrotic joint? a. syndesmosis between the distal tibia and fibula b. symphysis bettween pubic bones c. symphysis between the vertebral bodies of the vertebral column d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Osteoarthritis is a condition that a. Is caused by autoimmune diseases b. Occurs when uric acid crystals are present in the joint c. Is reversible with medication d. Is also called degenerative arthritis

d. also called degenerative arthritis

Besides transport of respiratory gases, how do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems interact? a. regulation of BP by activation of angiotensin II b. bicarbonate ions contribute to the buffering capacity of blood c. maintenance of normal fluid and ion balance d. both A and B

d. both a and b

If you were looking at a synchondrosis in a skeleton, you'd be looking at the _____. a. joint between the first rib and manubrium b. epiphyseal cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone c. pubic symphysis d. both a and b

d. both a and b

What statement(s) is (are) true with regard to the respiratory membrane? a. It is formed by the fusion of endothelium and simple squamous cells of the alveoli. b. Diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane occurs rapidly. c. Transport of PO2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane is simultaneous. d. Both A and B are correct.

d. both a and b are correct

What would you expect to happen to a resting skeletal muscle if the sarcolemma suddenly became very permeable to Ca2+? a. increased strength of contraction b. decreased cross-bridge c. decreased ability to relax d. both A and C

d. both a and c

Types of angular motion include which of these movements? a. pronation and supination b. circumduction c. adduction and abduction d. both B and C

d. both b and c

Which of the following is TRUE with regard tot he transport of the respiratory gases in blood? a. CO2 binds to the Fe2+ center of the hemoglobin molecule. b. CO2 solubility is greater than O2. c. O2 can bind to the heme center at nearly 100 percent. d. both B and C

d. both b and c

What does Boyle's law state concerning the relationship between pressure and volume? a. If you decrease the volume of a gas, its pressure will decrease. b. If you increase the volume of a gas, its pressure will decrease. c. P = 1 / V d. Both B and C are correct.

d. both b and c are correct

The relationships of the skeletal system to which other systems is critical for regulation of calcium and phosphate levels? a. respiratory and lymphatic systems b. integumentary and reproductive systems c. endocrine and cardiovascular systems d. digestive and urinary systems

d. digestive and urinary systems

Where would you expect the greatest concentration of Ca2+ in resting skeletal muscle to be? a. in T tubules b. surrounding the mitochondria c. within sarcomeres d. in cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. in cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Why are cardiac and smooth muscle contractions more affected by changes in extracellular Ca2+ than skeletal muscle contractions? a. Extracellular Ca2+ inhibits actin. b. Cross-bridges are formed only within the sarcomeres of cardiac muscle. c. Most of the calcium for contractions comes from SR stores. d. Most of the calcium for contractions comes from extracellular fluid.

d. most of the calcium for contractions comes from extracellular fluid

Predict what would happen to muscles if a pesticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterase were present at the motor end plate. a. Muscle would lose strength. b. Muscle would be unable to contract. c. Acetylcholine receptors would be inactivated in the motor end plate. d. Muscle would contract repeatedly.

d. muscle would contract repeatedly

In a newborn infant, the large bones of the skull are joined by fibrous connective tissue. The joints are ______ and will grow, interlock, and form immovable bones called _______ joints. a. synarthroses; gomphosis b. sympheses; sutural c. synchondroses; synostosis d. syndesmoses; sutural

d. syndesmoses; sutural

Which structure is the final part of the conduction portion of the respiratory system? a. alveolar sacs b. tertiary bronchi c. respiratory bronchioles d. terminal bronchioles

d. terminal bronchioles

11.Which joints are considered pivot joints? a.the joint between the tibia and fibula b. the joint between the pollex and metacarpal I c. the joints between the carpal bones d. the joint at the proximal radius and ulna

d. the joint at the proximal radius and ulna