FINAL EXAM 3
Which of the following statements BEST demonstrates neoliberal thought and/or ideology? A. "The government shouldn't spend money on social service programs because a capitalist market, free from regulation, is the best way to address social problems." B. "The government should provide a robust safety net for poor and disadvantaged individuals because capitalist economic systems create inequality." C. "Young Democrats need to succeed in politics because liberal policy ideas are our only hope for social progress." D. "In the 21st century, states need strong laws and regulations to prevent human rights abuses."
"The government shouldn't spend money on social service programs because a capitalist market, free from regulation, is the best way to address social problems."
Vernon:
(African American male) White, married to a nurse, receives most of his money from disability checks/wife, his father worked as a longshoreman
Lumpen
(a vulnerable population) [Marx] would have summarily dismissed the Edgewater homeless as members of the lumpen proletariat... they are too marginal to be part of what Marx calls 'the reserve army of the employed'
Structure and Agency
(they work together) Part of agency comes from the ability to draw upon resources; they work together in complicated ways
Hank:
(white male) Hank had a lot of apartheid wounds, old-timey, mid 50's, arrived with stab wound on first night even though Felix says it was an abscess removed at the hospital and that Hank is a liar, generous with wine and heroin, first one they saw transition to homeless; refused to go to shelters because they aren't safe, longest legal employment, exited from Edgewater by finally receiving successful treatment and living in Paul's garage with Hogan, Vietnam vet who receives SSI disability payments
WHAT are the reasons why heroin addicts stay in "the farthest margins of public space"?
---Their lifestyle is criminalized. ---Illegality encourages them to keep their ---distance from safe and open areas. ---San Francisco had serious housing problems and it was challenging for them to find affordable homes.
The problem of homelessness
--Both policy decisions and structural economic shifts contribute to the problem --Closing of psychiatric facilities in the 1960s and 1970s --Deindustrialization --Gentrification --Gutting of the welfare safety net
Bourgois and Schonberg's recommendations for resolution of homelessness
--Cities can enforce laws that protect low-income SROs --Tax incentives for building new low-income rental units --Community planning and systematic zoning to promote class diversity in housing --Public funds invested in public transportation, entry-level employment opportunities, and social services --Promoting stable family lives
Heroin Prescription Programs in US its problems:
--No coordination between detox and post-detox stages of treatment --The political right dissuades researchers and organizations from engaging in harm reduction programs ---There is a problem with our current medical model of treatment
WHAT are the Neoliberal policies?
-Deregulation -Short term, flexible workforce -Privatization -Cuts in government spending for social services
According to the authors, which of the following describe the effects of the U.S. neoliberal model of capitalism of free markets?
-Free markets -abysmal redistribution of income and social services -more abusive biopower
What is true about the War on Drugs?
-It was extremeley expensive -African Americans were incarcerated at more than six times the per capita rate of whites -Incarceration rates exploded to historic levels in the U.S.
Howard and Becker's drug use study
-They wanted to learn drug culture and focused study on Marijuana -They believed in order to engage in drugs you have to find a community -They believe that in order to partake in drugs it's social learning For Example, understanding how to hold a joint -Socialization to learn (Differential Association Theory)
What is the point of using Primo Levi's Holocaust-based concept of the "Gray Zone" in California?
-important to recognize the less extreme gray zones that operate in daily life - refers to a morally ambiguous space that blurs lines between victims and perpetrators
What are some examples of how intimate apartheid plays out in the book
-the way people on the street are divided by race or ethnicity
Tina:
African American female, early 40's, in relationship with Carter, drank and smoked crack, used heroin by the end of the study, worked at KFC, used to be a hooker, makes money by performing "licks" on wood, identifies publicly as an alcoholic, gets mad when disrespected, survives on the street by shoplifting, aggressive panhandling, and many male friends
Carter:
African American male, in relationship with Tina, makes money by performing "licks" on wood, attracted 3 more black guys to join the core group, worked selling Christmas trees and parking attendant for jaguar dealership (got money from stealing too), contributed generously in economy of sharing after he got fired he begged everyone, passed through sobriety treatment, slipped up and died from overdose
This Edgewater group actively shunned panhandling
African Americans
WHAT is the condition of being in action; operation -formed by available cultural schemes and resources - inherent in all humans -varies culturally and historically ---the capacity to reinterpret and mobilize, to have control over resources, and to be empowered to act
Agency
one that acts or has the power or authority to act is known as WHAT
Agent
In 1938 LSD was 1st created by WHO
Albert Hoffman
WHO created MDMA (ecstasy), Dance music
Alexander Shulgin
-the company develops drug a shelf it - 1973 CIA gets ahold of drug and its dis-clasfised -1976 network of phycologist get ahold of drug and wanna use it as the medical therapeutic way - 1982 people hear about drug and wanna use it for fun at dance clubs - recreational use of drug goes into effect and electrical dance music is in effect
Alexander Shulgin, MDMA (ecstasy), Dance music
Examples include controlling reproduction, quarantining patients
Biopower
Foucalt refers to this as an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations is known as WHAT
Biopower
When the state has some control over your bodily destiny it is known as WHAT (In Righteous Dopefiend, this refers to some of the harm reduction strategies)
Biopower
What is an example of a choice-structuring property?
Boston Marathon Bombing (Soft target: not a lot of security, surveillance, cameras, cops) (Hard target: a lot of surveillance, guard dogs, cameras at every corner)
Who makes money preforming "licks" on wood
Carter and Tina
In the Swiss drug programs, which of the following was a result of treatment?
Crime and violence participation was reduced after completion of the program
Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other people and in intimate personal groups One learns to favor violating laws WHICH THEORY:
Differential Association
Edwin Sutherland Social learning theory of crime One learns the motive, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes of the crime WHICH THEORY:
Differential Association
What theory argues that peer pressure and learning are ways people adopt deviant behavior
Differential Association
WHICH theory is this: Criminal behavior is learned -this is a social learning theory of crime -Criminal behavior is learned: the process of communicating and interacting with other people -process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns incorporates all the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning -people become criminals because they learn techniques and they learn to take pleasure in the crime they are committing 1. Criminal and deviants learn techniques, motives, rationalization, and attitudes about crime and deviance 2. Learning criminal and deviant behavior is similar to learning other, legal things 3. If an individual holds definitions of the situation that favor breaking the law they are more likely to break the law
Differential Association Theory
When Billy was a teenager his older brother Mark taught him how to shoplift. At first Billy didn't want to do it, but his brother explained to him that they aren't hurting anyone because the big corporations they are stealing from have lots of money. Billy's brother also showed him how exciting it was to steal, and that it was fun to get something for free. Which theory of crime best explains why Billy shoplifts now? A. Differential Association Theory B. Rational Choice Theory C. Labeling Theory D. Dramaturgy
Differential Association Theory
-1943 Albert accidentally ingest LSD -The 1960s filters in public -CIA was looking for the drug to integrate people to break them down, they gather volunteers to use the drug before goes into effect - Ken Kesey shares drug around US and the"hippie" movement of LSD spreads -CIA does use LSD in integration
Drugs and Historica Contingencies: Albert Hoffman, CIA, LSD, the 60s, Youth Culture
-Power is decentralized -Power/knowledge nexus -Self-regulating citizenry this is by WHO talking about WHAT?
Foucault and governmentality
Power is traditionally thought of in terms of a hierarchical, top-down power of the state and Focuault has a more decentralized notion of power. Power, for Foucault, includes forms of social control and knowledge in certain institutions of discipline (such as schools, hospitals, psychiatric institutions) this is known as WHAT
Foucault and governmentality
This translates structural power into intimate ways of being
Habitus
WHATS how Bourdieu explains the "structural" side of culture, thus getting beyond "structure vs. culture."
Habitus
This person had the longest legal employment
Hank
Which of the following is true about Hank in the conclusion chapter?
Hank saved enough money to find stable housing in Paul's garage
Why do they let Max share, i.e. have the heroin residue in the cotton (et him have "a taste"; a "wet cotton shot" pg.4)?
He's got a moving job but won't get paid until tomorrow; this will stave off full-blown withdrawal symptoms until tomorrow they figured he was likely to reciprocate (pg. 4)
According to the authors, this could be a simple, immediate solution for many of the problems described in Righteous Dopefiend.
Heroin prescription programs such as those used in Switzerland
WHAT = certain things happen that at first have no apparent relationship to each other, and then down the road they converge in interesting ways
Historical contingency
WHAT allows us to see how, over time, certain possibilities open up certain illegal drug markets and close other drug markets
Historical perspective
LSD, MDMA, and historical contingency Contemporary drug epidemics is known as WHAT
History of Drugs in Society
This person is often chastised for his filthiness
Hogan
WHAT are different factors structure people choices. Given a set of circumstances individual will weigh costs and benefits and act accordingly
Human rationality
What term describes the enforcement of a racialized microgeography of homeless encampments?
Intimate apartheid
Labels are sticky. "Once a person is designated abnormal, all of his other behaviors and characteristics are colored by that ________." - Rosenhan
Label
Deviance is a result of how others interpret a behavior. Individuals labeled as deviant often internalize this judgment as part of their self-identity. WHICH THEORY:
Labeling Theory
Labels are applied unequally across social classes and racial/ethnic groups. Howard Becker - Outsiders Stickiness of labels - Rosenhan; Chambliss WHICH THEORY:
Labeling Theory
WHICH theory is this: Once a person does something bad/have disabilities, they will always be labeled as abnormal ---> behaviors colored by label -Deviance: is in the eye of the Labeler --- "deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an "offender." The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label." - Becker -"Once a person is designated abnormal, all of his other behaviors and characteristics are colored by that label." - Rosenhan -deviance is a part of society rather than a property of an action -deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior --- individuals labeled as deviant internalize this label and make it part of their self-identity -No act is inherently deviant: deviance stems from the ways in which people with power define deviance
Labeling theory
The fact that heroin users share because they want their generosity to be reciprocated and NOT because heroin is expensive is an example of what
Moral Economy
On the moral economy of Edgewater
Most homeless heroin injectors cannot survive as solo operators on the street. They are constantly seeking another out to exchange tastes of heroin, sips of fortified wine, and loans of spare change. This gift-giving envelops them in a web of mutual obligations. Gifts of money, blankets, and food were the primary means - aside from sharing drugs - that they used to define and express friendships, organize interpersonal hierarchies, and exclude undesirable outsiders."
WHAT is to advocate pure free market; loosening of government regulation of the economy
Neoliberal
Separation market and state; the market will solve social problems if you leave everything to market the business will provide everything to people; because they want to make a profit but they have to provide what people want or they wouldn't make a profit
Neoliberalism
What model of capitalism characterized by free markets, privatization, and individualism, and which was widely implemented starting in the 1970s, do Bourgois and Schonberg argue exacerbated homelessness
Neoliberalism
According to the authors, what has often happened throughout history when structural changes produced lumpen classes?
Observers have typically blamed the poor and indigent for their own suffering.
WHAT act in many places of the brain and nervous system, like breathing
Opiates
How does Righteous Dopefiend challenge our notions of what it means to be a heroin addict?
Our challenge is to portray the full details of the agony and the ecstasy of surviving on the street as a heroin injector without beautifying or making a spectacle of the individuals involved and without reifying the larger forces enveloping them."
What is methadone
Pain reliever that helps with symptoms of drug abuse (Heroin substitute that is actually MORE addictive than heroin)
Moral economy
People within the economy operate within a similar moral framework ex: cotton sharing to avoid withdrawal sickness
Authors of Righteous Dopefiend
Philippe and Jeffrey
Main assumption: criminals are rational Individuals weigh costs and benefits before they act or decide to commit a crime Soft vs. hard targets WHICH THEORY:
Rational Choice Theory
WHICH theory is this: People weigh costs and benefits and act -theory of deviance asserts that choice structuring properties and bounded rationality can explain criminal behavior -"Choice Structuring Properties" --- those single or multiple features of a particular criminal activity, which makes them differentially available and attractive to certain individuals at certain times -EX. if a young man decides to sell cocaine because it will pay more than a real job and his chances of getting caught are low
Rational Choice Theory
This is a person with whom an individual shares work, space, money, and drugs; the relationship relies on mutual reciprocity
Running Partner
Where are the Edgewater homeless located?
San Francisco, California
laws and the criminal justice system politics (states, national, and global race, ethnicity, gender, and class is known as WHAT
Social structure
Which of the following was one of the main factors that helped the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 get passed into law? A. Stories of African American men getting high on cocaine and going on shooting sprees. B. There was a widespread outbreak of patients dying after using cocaine and heroin based medicines C. Alcohol and tobacco corporations lobbied to get certain drugs banned in order to limit competition. D. Public support for the act increased after a well- known musician died tragically from an overdose.
Stories of African American men getting high on cocaine and going on shooting sprees.
This term is the way that the political/economic organization of society wreaks havoc on vulnerable categories of people.
Structural Violence
Which country pioneered research on harm reduction programs from drug addicts during the mid-1900s?
Switzerland
This is the misrecognition of inequality as the natural order of things; leads people to blame themselves for their location in their society's hierarchy.
Symbolic Violence
All but the youngest of the Edgewater homeless had been injecting heroin on a daily basis since
The 60s and 70s
WHICH Act s this: - lead to a rise in the prison population (mass incarceration) -"mandatory minimums" judge decides the sentence for cocaine and heroin users
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
WHICH Act is this: - prior to 1906 when ill or sick you would be given a tonic (filled with many different things) like cocaine, heroin, other toxic substances - 1906 a patent/policy was created to include and have ingredients put on the bottle so people know what they are ingesting - this act was created to criminalize cocaine and heroin addicts in 1914 to get get rid of addicts and stop the spread of illegal, was not an easy law to pass - used stories about African Americans to get laws passed
The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914
When and Why did Heroin and Cocaine become illegal in the US
The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 and The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
In the Conclusion, the authors of Righteous Dopefiend point out that the prison population in the United States has exploded since the 1990s. What do they identify as the primary driver of this increase?
The War on Drugs
Why are many people in the United States unable to recognize class conflict, according to the authors?
Their culture glorifies "rugged individualism," and views poor or addicted people as morally deficient.
Risks the authors of Righteous Dopefiend took
Their type of immersion in the culture was dangerous. Hanging out with heroin addicts can be dangerous. Another risk is that the authors will reinforce inner city pathology. They want to avoid passing judgement on the economic and social lives of the Edgewater homeless.
Why did Carter and the others forbid Tina from injecting heroin?
They insisted it was not appropriate behavior for a woman.
This person worked at KFC for a while
Tina
Interviews with Tina in Righteous Dopefiend reveal a past filled with sexual abuse, violence, and sex work. Which of the following statements about Tina's experience of sex on the streets (pgs. 53-60) is FALSE? A. Sex, income, and affection were intertwined in the gray zone of poverty and abandonment. B. Tina made strong distinctions between rape, sex work, and consensual sex. C. There was a strong link between her childhood sexual abuse and her later sex work. D. Tina rejected a sex worker identity and distinguished herself from "ho's"
Tina made strong distinctions between rape, sex work, and consensual sex.
In what way did Carter and Tina's early relationship mirror a traditional domestic division of labor?
Tina stayed "at home" while Carter "hit licks" to make money.
What was the purpose of the book "Righteous Dopefiend"?
To have a "good enough photo-ethnography to expose the distress of the socially vulnerable who remain invisible to the larger society." p. 298
The authors would agree with which of the following sentences?
Treatment to addicted bodies should be free of stigma
Bourdiue (Techniques of the Body)
What role does the body play with drugs that affect our body -people use their bodies differently in different societies or in different periods within the same society
Hogan:
White male, chastised for his filthiness, overweight, has a cotton habit, has HIV, known for being lazy and broke, Vietnam vet, goes through a methadone treatment program however becomes depressed and dies from an overdose on opiates and meth
Al:
White male, middle aged, running partners with Sonny, bought the first car in the group, then upgraded to a truck, grew up in an African American neighborhood, crosses intimate apartheid boundaries
Frank:
White, mid 40s-50s, paints signs for a local business, worked at a construction supply company with Max, running partners with Felix, Received methadone treatments because of the cancer in his larynx. Still smokes crack out of the hole in his throat
Petey:
White, running partners with Scotty, one of "The Island Boys", When this person was caught they were required by court to enter a treatment program, Stayed away from Edgewater Boulevard after VA services helped him
Habitus
[R]efers to our deepest likes, dislikes, and permanent dispositions, including those of our preconscious bodies. It is grounded historically in the collective frameworks of culture and society, misrecognized as 'instinct,' common sense," or 'character," which becomes the basis for how we feel things and why we act." Bourdieu's words for the process whereby distinctions and distinction-making processes seems natural and taken for granted
the authors argue self-help knowledge in the neoliberal era operates as which of the following
biopower and symbolic violence
club on a steering wheel is an example of WHAT
choice-structuring property
Intimate apartheid
conveys the involuntary and predictable manner in which sharply delineated segregation and conflict impose themselves at the level of everyday practices driven by habitus
As explained in Chapter 9 of Righteous Dopefiend, how did Carter die?
drug overdose
Subjectivity
emerge as patterns of historically situated ways of perceiving and engaging with the world
Give an example of lumpen abuse
employers paying less than minimum wage
How does intimate apartheid manifests itself in Edgewater
explicitly in the special demarcations, the Edgewater homeless drew between blacks and whites in their encampments. Operating at the preconscious level, expressing itself as embodied emotions, attitudes, and ways of acting that reinforce distinctions, which in turn become misrecognized as natural racial attributes
Max:
first to settle at the camp, would receive cotton residue from others because he has a moving job and would be paid the next day to repay those who gave him cotton, had a muscle transfer surgery and moved from Edgewater to Hogans camp right after because Edgewater was taken over by the black heroin users
In the Conclusion of Righteous Dopefiend, what do the authors identify as the weakest link in drug treatment in the United States?
follow-up services that address structural problems such as help finding a job, housing, and a supportive social network.
In sex ed, giving teens condoms as opposed to abstinence- only is an example of what
harm reduction
The "symbolic violence of public health outreach"
harm reduction ... inadvertently created a dynamic of unproductive self- blame among Edgewater homeless." "Being willfully and oppositionally self- destructive feels like an empowering alternative to conceiving of oneself as a sick failure who lacks self-control
On the symbolic violence of public health outreach
harm reduction inadvertently created a dynamic of unproductive self-blame among Edgewater homeless. Being willfully and opposition-ally self-destructive feels like an empowering alternative to conceiving of oneself as a sick failure who lacks self control."
What eventually happened to Hogan?
he died from overdose
WHAT is the Neoliberal ideology?
individualism and individual responsibility; personal freedom and personal accountability
Human agency
individuals are not simply pawns of larger social and historical forces
According to the authors, what is one of the explanations for why Carter was once again an outlaw?
institutional and structural forces
What is the challenge of RD
is to portray the full details of agony and the ecstasy of surviving on the street as a heroin injector without beatifying or making a spectacle of the individuals involved, and without reifying the larger forces enveloping them
Based on the article "Being Sane in Insane Places", asylum workers perceptions of a "patient's" journal-writing as abnormal due to her false schizophrenia diagnosis support what theory of deviance?
labeling theory
Researchers had to participate in the moral economy in order to gain friendship, but they couldn't say yes every time. What did they need to do?
learn when to say yes and when to not
What reason do the authors give for many of the homeless peoples' unemployment?
many of the jobs people like them would have had became obsolete due to technological shifts and/or outsourcing.
Once someone is labeled as deviant or criminal, it is hard to ________ that.
overcome
What type of methodology did Bourgois and Schonberg use to gather data
photo-ethnography
WHAT within the last 5-10 years has created the newest drug epidemic
prescription painkillers
A recent article from The New York Times reported that the Boston Marathon bombers "picked the finish line of the marathon after driving around the Boston area looking for alternative sites." Which theory best explains their actions? A. terror management theory B. differential association theory C. labeling theory D. rational choice theory
rational choice theory
This theory would account for the super-villain who weighs the pros and cons of unleashing an army of trained super-mutants upon the world
rational choice theory
According to the authors, all of the following describe the effects of the U.S. neoliberal model of capitalism, except for Free markets
reduction in homelessness
Symbolic violence
refers specifically to the mechanisms that lead those who are subordinated to 'misrecognize' inequality as the natural order of things to blame themselves for their location in their society hierarchies
Neoliberalism
refers to a set of economic/political policies based on a strong faith in beneficent effects of free markets. ex: Rosa Parks boycott, all lives matter, black lives matter
harm reduction
regardless the activity they will still engage in it -Knowing that harm is going to happen -But trying to reduce it
What do the Edgewater homeless call themselves with ambivalent pride?
righteous dopefiends
White Flight
the departure of white residents from areas where non-whites are settling
cocaine created in 70's and he fueled crack epidemic in 80's is known as WHAT
the drug epidemic
Why has there been a resurgence in the use of heroin in the U.S. recently?
the recent crackdown on the abuse of prescription pills is leading people to seek close substitutes, like heroin.
Why was it so difficult for Ben to get into a treatment center (chapter 9 of Righteous Dopefiend)?
the treatment programs have limited funding and must show how successful their program is. as a result, "risky" patients, such as Ben, are rejected.
Lumpen abuse
the way structurally imposed everyday suffering generates violent and destructive subjective ex: when Edge water homeless go to a hospital for wounds and doctors don't want them feeding in addition from their medication, so they get them out as quickly as they were homeless coming in
Heroin Prescription Programs in Switzerland
their heroin prescription programs don't label drugs as a crime but help people caught using drugs seek help and have lowered drug use by doing so. But if you are caught selling drugs then it is considered a crime ---There needs to be a diversity in the types of drug abuse treatment programs
What is the definition of choice-structuring property?
things that bind our rationality
What is the central goal of Righteous Dopefiend?
this photo-ethnography of indignant poverty, social exclusion, and drug use is to clarify the relationships between large-scale power forces and intimate ways of being in order to explain why the US, the wealthiest nation in the world, has emerged as a pressure cooker for producing destitute addicts embroiled in everyday violence.
Why does Tina erupt in rages when disrespected?
to gain legitimatization despite her gender and small frame.
The authors use Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus, which "refers to our deepest likes, dislikes, and personal dispositions, including those of our preconscious bodies". Why do the authors use Bourdieu's concept of habitus?
to show how social structural power translates into intimate ways of being and everyday practices that legitimize social inequalities.
WHAT section of the book did this happen: Carter, Sonny, and Stretch move into the main encampment, the whites moved their mattresses to edge of camp "to escape" --the move of whites increases the flight of minorities out of suburbs (1950s-60s)
white flight