final exam 3455
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following sequences best describes the secondary (2nd phase) cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test?
baroreceptors detect increase in pressure → medulla oblongatta → ↑ parasympathetic nervous system activity → ↓ HR → ↓ Q→ ↓ MAP
In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and MAP. Which of the following is most likely to be involved in intitating these cardiovascular responses?
chemoreceptors detetcting an increase in pCO2 in the arterial blood
Given what you have learned about the cold pressor test, which of the following would you expect if you were working with a patient dealing with chronic pain?
higher MAP higher TPR elevated sympathetic nervous system activitiy
Which of the following is NOT true about parasympathetic nervous system effects on the cardiovascular system?
it can cause widespread dilation of systemic arterioles
Which of the following is NOT true about sympathetic nervous system effects on the cardiovascular system?
it dilates blood vessels in active muscles
When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. If a patient takes a vasodilator (such as a calcium channel blocker, an alpha antagonist, or an angiotensin II receptor blocker), how do you think this would influence their ability to maintain blood pressure after standing up
it would be harder to maintain blood pressure because vasoconstriction in the legs would be less effective
The parasympathetic nervous system's effects on the heart are acheived through binding of sympathetic neurotransmitters with ________ in the heart.
muscarinic receptors
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following receptors are involved the intial cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test?
nociceptors
When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following would NOT be parts of the reflex arc for the baroreflex that helps us to maintain pressure after standing up?
one of our effector organs, our veins, would vasodilate
During the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Please put the following events in order:
signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta increase in sympathetic nervous system activity widespread vasoconstriction increase in total peripheral resistance increase in blood pressure
When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following mechanisms best explains what happens during the initial cardiovascular response to standing up?
stand up → gravity pulls blood to lower extremities → ↓ VR → ↓EDV → ↓SV→ ↓Q→ ↓MAP
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close.
start of the T wave ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure AV valves open P wave occurs fourth heart sound (if observed)
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following would be the most important cause of the intial changes in TPR during the cold pressor test?
sympathetic nervous system-mediated vasoconstriciton of arterioles throughout much of the systemic circulation
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following would be related to changes in blood vessel caliber (and radius) during the cold pressor test?
sympathetic nervous system-would cause vasoconstriciton of arterioles throughout much of the systemic circulation
Which of the following is/are related to the initital phase of the Valsalva maneuver (the part we observed in lab)?
the change in MAP that we observed was due to an increase in thoracic cavity pressure, which presses on the aorta, and transmits this elevated pressure through the arterial tree
The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise with a large muscle mass, like cycing or running, is usually associted with a certain changes in pulse pressure and SBP in young, healthy, subjects. Which of the following is most likely related to these changes during this type of exercise?
the increase in stroke volume during this type of exercise
Which of the following is/are true about the period of ventricular filling?
the pressure in the aorta is decreasing the semilunar valves are closed the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing the AV valves are open if observed, the third heart sound occurs the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricle
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the ventricles depolarize.
the ventricular volume begins to decrease semilunar valves close period of isovolumetric ventricular relaxation AV valves open S3 (if observed)
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To best estimatee the ventricular filling period (like we did in lab) we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
to S1
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measurethe period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
to the beginning of the increase in aortic flow from S1
Which of the follwing is/are a part of the normal response to face immersion (diving reflex)?
two of these answers
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order:
ventricles begin to eject blood ventricles begin to repolarize ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure the semilunar valves close the AV valves open
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Regarding the cold pressor test, which of the following is NOT true:
Receptor is thermoreceptors
Match the heart sounds below:
S4- Abnormal, late filling of the ventricle S2- Normal, Semilunar valves closing S1- Normal, AV valves closing S3- Abnormal, early ventricular filling
In lab we performed modified tilt tests. These are a simple way to test a patient's ability to maintain blood pressure when changing position (orthostasis). Which of the following would suggest that your patient is "tilt positive"?
SBP dropping from 124 mmhg to 102 mmHg
Most subjects with healthy blood pressures have two phases in the blood pressure response to the cold pressor test. What causes the second blood pressure change phase during the cold pressor test. Please put the following events in order:
baroreceptors detect elevated blood pressure increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity decrease in heart rate decrease in cardiac output decrease in blood pressure
Which of the following are factors causing local vasodilation?
Increased CO2 Increased temperature Increased ADP concentrations Decreased pH Decreased PO2
The cardiovascular response to aerobic exercise, like cycling or running, and isometric exercise have some simmilarities and differenes. Which of the following is/are true about differences in the cardiovascular response to aerobic and isometric exercise?
MAP and SBP increases during both types, but they both tend to increase more with isometric
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive), but is a little different for those who have hypertension (or those destined to develop hypertension). Which of the following is true of the cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test in hypertensive subjects?
BP goes up and then remains elevated
Which of the following is/are correct?
During the ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing
In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and MAP. Which of the following is least likely to be involved in these cardiovascular responses?
a decrease in pCO2 in the arterial blood
Several local factors inside a systemic tissue can influence nearby vascular smooth muscle and cause constriction or dilation. Which of the following would tend to cause vasodilation?
a decrease in pO2 an increase in temperature an increase in pCO2 an decrease in pH
When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following are part of the initial cardiovascular response to standing up from a supine position?
a decrease in systolic blood pressure
When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following do NOT contribute to the drop in blood pressure during the initial phase of this response?
a drop in venous return a drop in stroke volume gravity pulls blood to lower extremities a drop in end diastolic volume
Your patient has pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal gland, which results in hypersecretion of epinephrine (and norepinephrine) from the adrenal gland. Which of the following cardiovascular-related symptoms do you think you would observe inn this patient?
a rapid heart rate (and palpitations; the noticeable perception of a high heart rate by a patient) a high blood pressure
The parasympathetic nervous system's effects on the heart are achieved through the secretion of the neurotransmitter _____________________ from sympathetic nerve varicosities.
acetylcholine
The cardiovascular response to the Valsalva maneuver is multiphasic. In lab we tried to observe what happens during the first phase of the valsalva. Which of the following is/are expected during the first phase of the valsalva maneuver?
an increase in MAP
In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and MAP. Which of the following stimuli likely initiated these cardiovascular responses?
an increase in pCO2 in the arterial blood
In our rebreathing experiment, we had our subject put a bag over their mouth and nose and observed changes in heart rate and MAP. Which of the following autonomic adjustments is most likely involved in these cardiovascular responses?
an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity
P wave
atrial depolarization
The cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test usually has two distinct phases in normotensive subjects (neither hyper- nor hypotensive). Which of the following receptors are involved the second part of the cardiovascular response to the cold pressor test in normotensive subjects?
baroreceptors
Changing from supine to standing causes a specific sequence of cardiovascular events. This question is related to the mechanism by which your cardiovascular system adjusts after the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order
baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta increase in sympathetic nervous system activity increase in heart rate and widespread vasoconstriction increase in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance increase in blood pressure
When we change from a supine, or a seated, to a standing position we observe specific cardiovascular adjustments with an initial phase and then a second phase where we adjust back towards normal. Which of the following mechanisms best explains what happens during the secondary response to bring blood pressure back towards normal after standing up?
baroreceptors detect ↓MAP → medulla oblongatta → activation of sympathetic nerves → vasoconstriction of arterioles → ↑ TPR → ↑MAP
Which of the following does NOT increase VR?
dehydration
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the AV valves close.
dicrotic notch end isovolumetric relaxation period atrial contraction causes an increase in atrial pressure ventricles begin to contract first heart sound
Which of the following events occur when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles?
filling of the ventricles
Which of the following events occurs when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles?
filling of the ventricles
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To measure ventricular systole we would measure from where to where? (select one from answer and one to answer)
from peak of the QRS complex to S2
In lab we measured several periods of the cardiac cycle. To best estimatee the ventricular filling period (like we did in lab) we would measure from where to where?
from s2 to s1
Put the following events of ventricular systole in order (Note: not some events are not presented here)
ventricular muscle cells depolarize calcium enters the cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through dihydropyridine receptors calcium enters the cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors pressure in ventricles becomes higher than the pressure in the atria first heart sound occurs pressure in the ventricles becomes higher than the pressure in the aorta
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. After the electrical impulse spreads through bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, what would be 5 of the next events in the cardiac cycle? (not all answers will be used)
ventricular muscle cells depolarize pressure in the ventricles begins to increase the AV valves close pressure in the ventricles exceeds aortic pressure ventricles begin to eject blood
T wave
ventricular repolarization
Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in order. These events take place after the opening of the semilunar valves.
ventricular volume begins to decrease isovolumetric ventricular relaxation period ventricles depolarize ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure ventricular volume stays constant with about 140 ml of blood