Final Exam

Primary Delegates Party Platform

The __________ or caucus votes determine the allocation of __________ at the party's convention. In addition to selecting the party's nominee, delegates also vote on the __________ at the convention.

Picture Republican (There have been 19 Republican presidents.America's current two major parties, the Republicans and Democrats, have had incredible resilience. This has resulted in a majority of presidents having been from one of those two parties.)

Study the Who Are Americans? infographic, and then answer the question. Which party has had more presidents?

picture Latinos Blacks Whites

Study the Who Are Americans? infographic, and then answer the question. Place the groups in order from the most underrepresented in terms of their candidacies relative to population to those that are the most overrepresented.

unlimited influential

527 committees and 501(c)(4) committees are independent expenditure groups that can raise and spend _________ amounts. Since 2012, these kinds of groups have played a(n) _______ role in elections through their financing of television and digital ads.

majority runoff election

A ________ electoral system, which requires a person to get more than 50 percent of the votes cast in the election to win, is usually paired with ______ to ensure that there is a single winner.

typically match the issue focus of an executive branch agency-standing committee source of the most important congressional policy making-standing committee members appointed by the Speaker of the House and the presiding officer of the Senate-conference committee contains four permanent committees that cannot report legislation-joint committee

Match each committee type to the appropriate description(s).

Picture increases in military spending and decreases in spending on social programs-Donald Trump liberalization of immigration rules-Joseph Biden stronger environmental regulations-Joseph Biden increases in social spending-Joseph Biden tax cuts and deregulation-Donald Trump opposition to immigration-Donald Trump

Match each issue to the candidate who held the position during the 2020 presidential campaign.

Correct Answer(s) They often serve the head-of-state function of the presidency. Most first spouses adopt a policy area to focus on. Incorrect Answer(s) They often serve the head-of-government function of the presidency. First spouses typically manage the day-to-day affairs of the White House staff.

The first spouse's role in the government has changed over time. Which of the following statements accurately describe the role they play today?

False (Presidents primarily go public as a way of bringing public pressure onto Congress to achieve their goals.)

The president's primary objective in "going public" is to objectively inform the public about what is going on in Washington, D.C.

fewer restrictions on campaign donations

The trend in campaign finance law over time has been toward which of the following?

Successful conference committee reports are generally true compromises. (When a committee successfully negotiates a report, it is usually the result of a real compromise rather than of one side steamrolling the other.)

Which statement regarding conference committees is accurate?

Correct Answer(s) Redistricting is conducted to account for population shifts within a state. Redistricting can sometimes result in gerrymandering, in which districts are drawn in such a way to give one group (party, race, or ethnic group) an advantage over another. Incorrect Answer(s) The courts have banned the establishment of majority-minority districts through redistricting. Redistricting is a nonpartisan process that is carried out by the U.S. Census Bureau every 10 years.

Which statements about redistricting are true?

True (The earliest primary, New Hampshire, has turnout in the 40-46 percent range, whereas the earliest caucus, in Iowa, has turnout in the 1-9.9 percent range.)

The earliest primary has greater turnout than the earliest caucus.

Less More

Relative to campaigns in the nineteenth century, today's campaigns require ________ effort by campaign workers and _________ campaign money.

Picture A bill that is reported out of a House committee sometimes goes to the Rules Committee before being considered on the House floor. A bill that is reported out of a Senate committee goes to the Senate majority leader.

Review the process of passing a bill, and then complete the following statement.

Implied powers are needed to carry out a president's expressed powers, while inherent powers go beyond implied ones.

What is the difference between the implied and inherent powers of the presidency?

Descriptive Representation -Bob, a conservative White male who previously served in the military, is primarily interested in supporting Tucker because he believes that Tucker can identify with his experiences. -Mia feels that government does not really work for her as an African American woman, so she intends to support Sarah Stewart because of their shared experience as women of color. Substantive Representation -Beth, a constituent of Rep. Stewart, is pleased with her representative's voting record, which is closely aligned to Beth's political views. -Theresa, a constituent of Rep. Stewart, is very unhappy with her performance in office, citing her support of Medicare-for-All, and plans to vote against her.

A congressional race features incumbent Sarah Stewart, a progressive African American female who previously worked as a nurse, and John Tucker, a conservative White male who previously was in the marine corps. Identify whether the examples describe descriptive representation or substantive representation.

Democrats Republicans Won Runoff

Although ___________will continue to have control of the U.S. House of Representatives,_________ gained over a dozen seats. Most Republicans________ their re-election bids in the Senate, and partisan control of the Senate will be determined after the Georgia _________ election in January 2021.

Picture Least White Asian Hispanic Black Most (Only 28 percent of White Americans identify as Democrats.Only 34 percent of Asian Americans identify as Democrats.Of Hispanic Americans, 46 percent identify as Democrats.Of Black Americans, 73 percent identify as Democrats.)

Americans of different racial and ethnic backgrounds support the two parties at different rates. Place each group in order from least to most supportive of the Democratic Party.

Correct Answer(s) higher levels of turnout more interest in politics Incorrect Answer(s) higher income levels lower levels of political trust

Ballot initiatives influence political behavior. Which of the following characteristics are correct regarding citizens in states with ballot initiatives?

Picture older voters (age 65+)-Smith White voters-Smith younger voters (ages 18-29)-Jones high-income voters (over $100,000 income)-Smith low-income voters (under $30,000 income)-Jones Latino voters-Jones

Candidates Jones and Smith are competitors in the 2020 election. They have developed very different playbooks for targeting voters. Candidate Jones intends to focus primarily on the least-likely voter groups (i.e., those that were a low proportion of the electorate given their proportion of the population). Candidate Smith has adopted a much more conventional strategy, targeting those groups that had high turnout in the previous election. Based on their campaign playbooks, identify the groups that each candidate would most likely target their campaign messages.

True (This is a direct result of Buckley v. Valeo which found that campaign donations are a form of free speech.)

Candidates can spend an unlimited amount of their own money in trying to win an election.

non-White racial and ethnic groups-Democrats business owners-Republicans religious and social conservatives-Republicans organized labor-Democrats

Different political parties rely on different groups for support. Match the each group with the political party that has most often relied on its support.

State legislature refers laws to voters for popular vote-referendum present in 50 states -referendum allows citizens to place proposed law directly on ballot-ballot initiative required for changes to state constitutions-referendum

Direct democracy enables voters to directly translate their preferences into government policy. Match each form of direct democracy to its correct characteristic(s).

The White House staff is often closer personally to the president and is expected to give advice of a more general, political nature.

How does the White House staff differ from the Executive Office of the President?

Correct Answer(s) There was a sizable gender gap among voters. Ideological moderates and independents supported Joe Biden over Donald Trump. Incorrect Answer(s) Trump carried non-college-educated voters by 10 percentage points. Suburban voters supported Donald Trump over Joe Biden, similar to the 2016 election.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about the 2020 presidential election.

becomes law pocket

If the president takes no action on a bill while Congress remains in session, the bill _________ after 10 days. If, however, the congressional session ends within 10 days of presenting the president that same bill, it receives a _________ veto.

Recall (This process exists in 18 states and allows citizens a mechanism to remove a leader before their term is up.)

If voters are dissatisfied with their elected state official, they use this process to remove her before the term expires.

False (Although most countries use such a system, the United States uses a single-member, winner-take-all system.)

The United States uses a proportional representation system.

Correct Answer(s) state governments county governments city governments Incorrect Answer(s) national government

In the United States, which levels of government are most responsible for administering elections?

Correct Answer(s) strengthen a presidential candidate in policy areas where they lack stature run important policy endeavors on behalf of the president provide electoral support in regions of the country where a presidential candidate is weak Incorrect Answer(s) vote for presidential legislation as it moves to the floor of the House of Representatives

In which of the following ways can a vice president help a president?

A vice president can temporarily take over as president if the president is incapacitated. (This usually happens because of medical issues.Vice presidents have ascended to the presidency on numerous occasions in American history.)

In which way can presidential succession be handled?

Executive orders usually create new policies, whereas signing statements alter a policy already passed by Congress. (Presidents use executive orders to make a change immediately, altering or initiating some new policy. A signing statement can alter implementation of a law already passed by Congress if the president intends it to do so.)

In which way does the use of signing statements by presidents differ from the use of executive orders?

A representative pays fairly little attention to polling or to the requests of constituents and votes in accordance to his own personal preferences on most bills.- Trustee A representative is aware that most of his constituents support rules allowing school vouchers; he votes for those rules despite his own reservations.-Delegate Although she knows it will be very unpopular at home, a representative votes to close a defense industry factory in her district.-Trustee A representative is petitioned by a vocal minority of her constituents to vote in a certain way; though the majority opinion in the district is unknown, the representative votes as that minority wants. -Delegate

Label each action as an example of either the trustee or delegate model of representation.

composed of the heads of all major federal government departments-Cabinet is part of the executive branch-both perform defined management tasks for the president-Executive Office of the President

Label the following descriptions as applying to the Executive Office of the President (EOP), the Cabinet, or both.

reduce "unreasonable" risks of injury from household products-delegated power appoint executive officers and federal judges (with Senate approval)-expressed power veto acts of Congress-expressed power use U.S. troops to initiate military conflicts-inherent power remove officers of the United States from their position-delegated power

Match each example of presidential power to the type of power it demonstrates.

-Signing Statement: President Reagan announces his interpretation of a law as he is approving it -Executive Order: President Trump issues a decree stopping immigration from several countries. -Regulatory Review: President Obama orders agencies to delete rules that he believes to be obsolete

Match the description on the left with the presidential action that is an example on the right.

presidential elections-four years midterm elections-two years congressional elections- two years

Match the frequency of the election cycle to the corresponding election type.

Republican-Conservative Democrat- Liberal

Match the ideology with the party.

President Ford pardons President Nixon for his Watergate-related crimes.-judicial power President Obama denies a congressional request for records concerning Operation Fast and Furious.-executive privilege President Eisenhower sends federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, against the wishes of the governor.-presidential emergency power

Match the type of power on the left to the relevant example on the right. -judicial power -presidential emergency power -executive privilege *President Eisenhower sends federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, against the wishes of the governor. *President Obama denies a congressional request for records concerning Operation Fast and Furious. *President Ford pardons President Nixon for his Watergate-related crimes.

policy positions personal characteristics.

Negative campaign ads are more likely to address_____________ , whereas positive campaign ads tend to focus on ______________

primaries and caucuses (The primaries and caucuses help choose the candidate who will go on to the general election.)

Of the many steps to becoming president, which of the following options happens first?

foreign policy (Because most constituents do not take a strong position on foreign policy issues, representatives are free to act as trustees, voting their personal preferences.)

On which of the following issues is the average senator or representative most likely to operate as a trustee rather than as a delegate?

3 (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump are the only three presidents to ever have been impeached.)

Over the course of American history, how many presidents have been impeached?

Republican -tax relief for corporations and upper-income voters -maintaining high levels of military spending Democrats -expanding social services spending -increased regulation of business

Parties in government emphasize different issues. Match each issue to the party most likely to support it.

-Latinos -Blacks -Whites (Latinos are 18 percent of the population yet only represent 6 percent of those who have run for office.Blacks are 13 percent of the population yet only represent 5 percent of those who have run for office.Whites are 60 percent of the population yet represent 82 percent of those who have run for office.Many have noted that the three branches of government are overrepresented by White men. The patterns of who runs for office are also heavily skewed toward White Americans. This has important consequences for whose interests are represented in government and public policy.)

Place the groups in order from the most underrepresented in terms of their candidacies relative to population to those that are the most overrepresented.

Picture Protestant Catholic Jewish Mormon

Place the religions in order from those that held the highest percentage of seats in the House to those that held the lowest percentage.

Picture Highest Oregon Alabama Minnesota Idaho Nevada Lowest

Place the states in order from highest to lowest with respect to their 2020 primary or caucus turnout rate.

form an exploratory committee primaries and caucuses the convention general election electoral college inauguration

Place these steps for electing a president in the proper order (from earliest to latest).

form an exploratory committee primaries and caucuses the convention general election electoral collegein auguration

Place these steps for electing a president in the proper order (from earliest to latest).

Picture Virginia Ohio New York Pennsylvania California

Rank the following states from most to least on the number of presidents from that state.

congressional "King Caucus" delegates chosen by state party leaders delegates chosen by primaries and caucuses

Since America's Founding, candidates for president have been nominated using a variety of methods. Put the following nomination methods in order from earliest in American history to the most recent.

True (Partisan polarization among voters and elected officials has reduced the number of voters splitting their tickets.)

Straight-ticket voting, in which a voter selects candidates from the same party for all partisan offices on the ballot, is more common now than in the 1970s and 1980s.

Younger go back to this question

Studies find that political participation varies by age. Although younger voters typically participate at much lower rates than older voters, the picture is much more complex when analyzing other forms of political participation. _____________individuals are less likely to contribute money to a campaign. Younger individuals (ages 18-29) are more likely to ____________ compared to older individuals. Those between the ages of 30 and 49 are only slightly more likely than those between the ages of 18 and 29 to ___________ However, across all age groups, individuals are the least likely to ________ compared to the other forms of participation.

picture 26% (Women represent 51 percent of the U.S. population yet represent only 25 percent of those who have run for office. This represents a gap of 26 percent. Women are underrepresented in elected office at all levels of government. One of the main explanations is the so-called ambition gap, which argues that women are less likely to run for elected offices even if they are qualified for the position.)

Study the Who Are Americans? infographic, and then answer the question. Women candidates are underrepresented as candidates relative to their population by what percentage?

Picture Latinos and Black Americans are represented in proportion to their percentage of the population, and this suggests that issues disproportionately affecting the Black and Latino communities will receive considerable attention by the government Overall, these data demonstrate that women and minorities face advantages as candidates and consequently, have been able to achieve parity in most elected positions.

Study the Who Are Americans? infographic, and then click on the statements in the passage that are not supported by the infographic. Who runs for office in the United States has an important influence on who eventually represents us in government. Although women are 51 percent of the U.S. population, only about a quarter of those who have run for office are women. The data on race and education present a more complex picture of diversity among those who run for office. Latinos and Black Americans are represented in proportion to their percentage of the population, and this suggests that issues disproportionately affecting the Black and Latino communities will receive considerable attention by the government.There is also a skew toward those with at least some college education or more running for office compared to those with a high school degree or less. Overall, these data demonstrate that women and minorities face advantages as candidates and consequently, have been able to achieve parity in most elected positions.

Correct Answer(s) Those with greater education levels are more likely to report contributing money to a political campaign. Those with greater education levels are more likely to report attending a political rally or event. Incorrect Answer(s) Less-educated individuals are more likely to report working or volunteering for a campaign. Generally speaking, more individuals report working or volunteering for a campaign than contributing money to a political campaign regardless of education levels.

Study the Who Participates? infographic, and then answer the question. Study the Who Participates? infographic, and then answer the question.

Picture Party unity votes reached a 60-year high in 2010 in the Senate. The years after 1990 were characterized by a much greater degree of partisan polarization than were the years prior to 1970.

Study the graph, and then complete the following statements.

Probably not. The Supreme Court has equated campaign spending to free speech, so this type of restriction would be held as an unconstitutional restriction on free speech.

Suppose that Congress passed the "Block Billionaires from Buying Elections Act" that restricts the amount of money candidates can use to finance their own campaigns to $999,999. The Supreme Court has agreed to hear the case. Is the law constitutional?

Correct Answer(s) the Vietnam War civil rights Incorrect Answer(s) the size of the national government economic protectionism slavery

The "New Deal" Coalition that developed in the 1930s system was eventually undone by conflicts over which of the following issues?

Picture Correct Answer(s) Lawyers were overrepresented in the U.S. House and Senate relative to their percentage in the population. Members of the U.S. House and Senate were on average significantly older than the population. Incorrect Answer(s) Those with military service were underrepresented relative to their numbers in the U.S. population. Foreign-born individuals were represented in the U.S. Senate in proportions similar to their percentage of the population.

The Who Are Americans? infographic presents data on demographics and occupations of members of the House and Senate and total U.S. population during 2019. Study the infographic, and then answer the question. Identify the correct and incorrect statements.

theory of the unitary executive vesting clause

The _____________ suggests that Congress has little power to restrain policy making by the president and executive branch. Supporters of this theory often point to the ___________ in the Constitution as suggesting all executive power belongs to the president to control the executive branch with only those few exceptions listed in the Constitution.

Party Polarization (Polarization makes compromise in politics more difficult.)

The current party system is most characterized by which of the following?

The gender gap refers to the tendency of women to favor Democrats, whereas men favor Republicans. (The gender gap reflects the fact that women tend to prioritize issues emphasized by the Democratic Party, whereas men tend to prioritize issues emphasized by the Republican Party.)

The gender gap refers to the tendency of ________ to favor Democrats, whereas _________ favor Republicans.

a vote to override supported by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress (The two-thirds majority is a fairly high bar, and thus relatively few vetoes are overridden.While vetoes are relatively uncommon, the high veto override threshold means that most presidential vetoes that do occur will be sustained.)

What is required for Congress to override a presidential veto?

Correct Answer(s) holding nomination elections Incorrect Answer(s) using get-out-the-vote drives to inform voters party leaders picking who they want to represent the party sending out emails and memos to party voters (Typically called primaries, these elections help select the candidate from the party to run against candidates from other parties for office.Many possible candidates vie to be their party's nominee. Nomination races allow a party to choose a single candidate to represent the party on the ballot. This allows its members to rally around the party's single candidate when voting for that office, preventing the party's vote from splitting between two candidates of the same party.)

To prevent having multiple candidates from the same party competing with one another in a general election, political parties take which of the following actions?

True (Both types of organizations have their uses in the vast universe that is the American campaign finance system.)

Unlike PACs, 527 organizations are not subjected to contribution limits and spending caps.

True (The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 and the Twenty-Fifth Amendment in 1965 helped formalize a long tradition of vice presidents assuming the presidency if the president died or was incapacitated.)

Vice presidents were not legally recognized as the first in line for presidential succession until the twentieth century.

Electoral Rules (Proportional representation systems tend to have more major parties than single-member, winner-take-all systems.)

What is the most important factor in determining how many major political parties a country has?

Correct Answer(s) coronavirus pandemic racial strife and mass protests Incorrect Answer(s) subprime lending war in the Middle East

What unique crises affected the 2020 presidential election?

Picture 35 (The youngest president was Theodore Roosevelt, who succeeded to the office after William McKinley was assassinated. The oldest president elected is Joseph Biden.)

What's the difference in age between the oldest president to assume office and the youngest?

Party identification (Party identification is the strongest cue for structuring individual voting behavior.)

When casting their ballots for candidates in races that are lesser known to voters, such as state comptroller, which cue do voters tend to rely on the most?

orrect Answer(s) going public State of the Union address Incorrect Answer(s) introducing a bill in Congress litigation in the courts

Which actions are the chief tactics presidents use to set the legislative agenda and recommend policy to Congress?

Correct Answer(s) television advertisements voter-mobilization drives town halls rallies Incorrect Answer(s)

Which activities may be part of a campaign?

Correct Answer(s) single-member district plurality system Incorrect Answer(s) multi-member district proportional representation (The system is winner-take-all: the person who wins the most votes (and not necessarily a majority) wins the election, and runners-up get no representation.The single-member district, winner-take-all system discourages third-party candidate support for fear of voters "wasting" their votes. The U.S. system is also called a "first-past-the-post" system because the candidate with the most votes wins the election even if they did not win a majority of the total votes.)

Which are the main characteristics of the American national electoral system?

Office of Management and Budget (The OMB is able to review and approve all legislation originating from federal agencies, as well as exercise control over budgeting.)

Which aspect of the Executive Office of the President gives the president the most influence over the nation's legislative policy?

National Security Council (The head of the National Security Council, the national security adviser, takes on roles of varying importance depending on the president they serve.)

Which group, organized within the Executive Office of the President and made up of designated Cabinet officials, offers advice to the president on national security?

Picture Correct Answer(s) Less than $20,000 a year Incorrect Answer(s) $40,000 to $75,000 a year More than $75,000 a year $20,000 to $40,000 a year (Although close, only 39 percent of this income category responded as independent.)

Which income group is most likely to say they are independent?

Correct Answer(s) drafting legislation developing policy proposals negotiating with lobbyists organizing hearings

Which of the following activities are performed by congressional staff?

Correct Answer(s) congressional control over spending Senate advice and consent authority term limits Senate treaty ratification authority congressional impeachment powers congressional veto override Incorrect Answer(s)

Which of the following are checks on the president that the framers wrote into the Constitution?

Correct Answer(s) Marceline is strongly pro-life, and she receives a phone call from a pro-life supporter of a local candidate. Jake is a doctor, and he receives a campaign mailer about a candidate's position on medical malpractice reform. Incorrect Answer(s) Simon works as an accountant, and he receives a generic robocall urging him to vote for a certain candidate. Finn is a supporter of free trade, and he watches a negative advertisement on TV during the local news.

Which of the following are examples of micro-targeting?

Correct Answer(s) The Cabinet makes no formal group decisions. The Cabinet consists of the secretaries of the major departments of the federal government. Each Cabinet member appointed by the president must be approved by the Senate. Incorrect Answer(s) The Cabinet is partially responsible to the Senate. The Constitution calls for a Cabinet but does not make specific requirements for its procedure.

Which of the following statements about the president's Cabinet are correct?

Correct Answer(s) Party loyalties are fairly stable but can change over time. Partisan loyalty has a large impact on voters' evaluations of candidates and their vote choice. Incorrect Answer(s) Party affiliation is only weakly related to voters' candidate choice in presidential elections. Partisan affiliation plays a much stronger role in presidential elections compared to state legislative races.

Which of the following statements about the role of partisanship in elections are true?

The Democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton, raised substantially more money than the Republican candidate, Donald Trump.

Which statement about campaign fundraising in 2016 is most accurate?

Picture Those who have run for office generally have higher levels of education (i.e., some college or more) than the U.S. population. (Among those who have run, only 19 percent have only high school education or less, whereas 38 percent of the U.S. population has only high school education or less.)

Which statement is correct?

Correct Answer(s) The minority party leader in the Senate generally has more power than the minority party leader in the House. The House has more party leadership positions than does the Senate. The majority leader in the Senate holds a higher position of power than does the majority leader in the House. Incorrect Answer(s) The Speaker of the House's counterpart in the Senate is the president pro tempore. The House elects its leadership every two years, and the Senate every six.

Which statements are accurate regarding the leadership positions in the Senate and House?

Correct Answer(s) The president might face Congress being controlled by the opposition party. Congress has the power of the purse. The president does not control foreign leaders' actions. The Senate must confirm many of the most important presidential appointments. Incorrect Answer(s) The public pays attention to the president.

Which statements describe limits to presidential power?

They could raise and spend far more money on their own. (The last presidential candidate to accept public funding was Republican John McCain in 2008. He was outspent by Democrat Barack Obama by a wide margin.Candidates who accept federal funds are bound to strict spending limits, whereas candidates who do not accept federal funds are free to spend as much as they like. Both Biden and Trump had little incentive to limit their own fundraising.)

Why have most major party candidates declined federal funding for their presidential campaigns recently?

Picture Men 50-64 White >$75k (Surveys have shown that Republicans get the most support from upper- and high-income voters.Surveys have shown that the Republican Party gets most of its support from White voters.Surveys have shown that middle-aged adults tend to support Republicans at the highest rates.Surveys have shown that although most men identify as independent, more men identify as Republican than Democrat.)

Within each demographic group (gender, age, race, education, and income) in the chart, identify which members of the group tend to have the greatest proportion of support for the Republican Party.

Roll-Call Party unity (Party unity votes have been increasingly common in Congress over the past 50 years as the parties have grown more internally cohesive, causing polarization between the parties to grow.)

____________- votes provide a record of individual members' support or opposition to a proposal. If at least 50 percent of one party takes a position and at least 50 percent of the other party takes the opposite position, then it is considered a ______ Vote

the power to approve treaties (The Constitution gives only the Senate the power to approve treaties negotiated by the president.)

Which power is granted to the Senate but not to the House?

Correct Answer(s) There were more than 20 candidates vying for the Democratic nomination. The Democratic primary featured the most diverse field of candidates to date. Incorrect Answer(s) Joe Biden showed a strong advantage from the very beginning of the Democratic primaries, preventing other candidates from gaining their footing to win delegates. The Democrats had a brokered convention that nearly led to Pete Buttigieg winning the nomination.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about the 2020 Democratic Party.

Correct Answer(s) Women were underrepresented in the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate when compared to the percentage of women in the U.S. population. Incorrect Answer(s) Women were represented in the U.S. Senate in proportion to their percentage of the U.S. population. Women were represented in the U.S. House in proportion to their percentage of the U.S. population.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about women's representation in Congress.

The national party itself (The parties write the procedural rules for themselves.The parties adopt their own internal rules and procedures in an attempt to appeal to certain groups within the party. In the case of the 1972 rule change, the Democrats had a disastrous and divisive convention in Chicago in 1968, prompting calls for significant reform from within the party.)

In 1972, the Democratic Party changed its convention rules and required that state delegations to the national convention include women and members of minority groups in proportion to their representation among the party's membership in that state. Which group made this rule change and has power over the national party's rules?

private bill pork barrel Several representatives earmark money in an economic stimulus bill for projects in their district.-pork barrel A representative introduces a bill that grants citizenship to an immigrant so she can attend a state university.-private bill A congressman inserts language into a bill that builds a bridge with federal money.-pork barrel A member of Congress writes a bill that exempts a constituent from Medicaid limits for one year.-private bill

Match the appropriate category to each hypothetical instance of patronage.

organizationally driven-grassroots campaign statewide campaign-mass media campaign local campaign-grassroots campaign money-intensive-mass media campaign

Match the type of campaign with the campaign characteristics that describe it.

True (Although this used to take up whole days—sometimes even weeks—in the years before 1952, there have been few contested conventions in the post-World War II era.)

National conventions no longer spend much time on debating the selection of the presidential nominee for their party.

House 25 years old at least 7 years 2 years 1-53 per state (depends on population) Local Senate 30 years old at least 9 years 6 years 2 per state statewide

The table presents key differences between the House and Senate. Drag the labels to the appropriate place on the table. Minimum age of members U.S. citizenship Length of term Number representing each state Constituency

Congressional committees may investigate a program and choose to change or eliminate it. (Changing or eliminating a program is among the possible results of oversight by congressional committees.)

Which statement about Congress's oversight capacity is accurate?

Full committees may use the recommendations resulting from subcommittee hearings or hold their own hearings. (Subcommittee recommendations are not automatically accepted by the full committee, which may hold separate hearings on the same legislation.)

Which statement about the committee deliberation of a bill is accurate?

Correct Answer(s) Multiple referral increases the power of the leadership. Multiple referral is more common in the U.S. House than the U.S. Senate. Complex bills that concern many different issues may be assigned to different standing committees. Incorrect Answer(s) Multiple referral gives each individual legislator a veto over legislation and therefore produces more bipartisan legislation. Multiple referral reduces the leaders' power and increases committee power.

Which statements regarding multiple referral are true?

Incumbents (Incumbents tend to win re-election at very high rates.)

Which term describes a candidate who is running for re-election to a position in Congress that she already holds?

False (Parties often lead on issues, introducing them to the public, rather than strictly following the public's preferences. Many parties expand their platforms into new issues and policies to attract new voters and undermine support for their rival parties.)

A party will only support an issue if their constituents favor such policies.

Correct Answer(s) Federalists Jeffersonians Incorrect Answer(s) Republicans Whigs

Conflicts in Congress between northeastern merchants and southern farmers in the first few Congresses resulted in political elites in each group organizing their supporters. This resulted in which two political parties?

Correct Answer(s) spending money on "party-building" activities recruiting candidates voter registration drives Incorrect Answer(s) selecting nominations offering jobs in exchange for support

After the decline of party machines, state and local party organizers have become active in which of the following ways?

Correct Answer(s) draft the party's campaign platform nominate the party's presidential candidate Incorrect Answer(s) cast their votes in the electoral college name the party's gubernatorial candidates

At the Democratic and Republican national conventions, what do delegates meet to do?

Picture Correct Answer(s) The Speaker and majority leader of the U.S. House need the support of a majority of his or her caucus. The Speaker has appointment power over the Policy Committee, which appoints the Campaign Committee. Incorrect Answer(s) Members of the majority party have little control over committee membership and chairpersons. The House Speaker has very little control over the Rules Committee because it is elected by the majority party caucus.

Based on the diagram, which statements are correct?

The Senate alone has the right to approve or deny the president's appointments of federal judges. Approval for these nominees requires a simple majority.

Complete the following statement to accurately describe aspects of congressional oversight.

The bicameral structure of the U.S. Congress produces many distinguishing features, including the constituencies to whom these members are accountable. Whereas all senators are elected statewide, most representatives are selected from small congressional districts.

Complete the following statement.

Picture 5 (Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Montana, and New Hampshire had turnout rates in that range.)

Considering only 2020 primaries, how many states had a turnout rate in the 40-46 percent range?

convicts or acquits the individual charged-senate involves a vote requiring a simple majority-House initiates the impeachment process-House involves a vote requiring a two-thirds majority-senate charges an individual with "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"-House

Contrast the roles that the House and Senate play in the impeachment and conviction process by matching each chamber to its correct roles.

the process occurring after the census that allocates congressional seats among the 50 states - apportionment the apportionment of voters into districts in a manner that provides an unfair advantage to one group over another-gerrymandering the process of redrawing congressional or state legislative districts in a state to account for population shifts within the state.-redistricting

Drag each item on the left to its matching item on the right.

Correct Answer(s) Almost all campaigns make use of public-opinion polls of likely voters. Campaigns make use of big data to inform their campaign strategies. Campaigns more often engage in micro-targeting. Incorrect Answer(s) Campaigns rarely employ negative ads because they are generally ineffective.

How are campaigns different now compared to several decades ago?

Correct Answer(s) by providing sample legislation to members of Congress by keeping "scorecards" to rate how faithfully members of Congress vote on particular issues by placing former congressional staffers in important lobbying positions Incorrect Answer(s) by encouraging members of Congress to retire and begin working for an interest group

How can interest groups influence Congress?

Correct Answer(s) These groups are not subject to the spending limits of the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act. These groups cannot coordinate directly with campaigns. Incorrect Answer(s) These groups have been ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. These groups do not have to disclose where they get their money.

How do 527s and 501(c)(4)s differ from more traditional campaign finance groups such as political action committees?

The House minority leader on a committee could decide to grant a member only 30 minutes to speak on the bill. In the Senate, the leadership could not limit the speaker's time to 30 minutes.

How does the leadership's control of floor debate in the House differ from the leadership's control of floor debate in the Senate?

Correct Answer(s) Members of Congress are less likely to pass bills the president objects to. Members of Congress may adjust the bill to suit the president's preferences. Incorrect Answer(s) Members of Congress can easily override a president's veto. Members of Congress cannot pass any bill if the president objects to it.

How does the presidential veto influence legislation?

Correct Answer(s) Party leaders make less use of conference committees, instead "ping-ponging" bills back and forth between the House and Senate. Large omnibus appropriations bills are more common. Incorrect Answer(s) Open rules are more common in the House. Multiple referral is less common in the House.

How has the legislative process changed over time?

6 (Because the two Independents (Senators Angus King and Bernie Sanders) caucused with the Democrats, Democrats generally had 47 votes, whereas Republicans held 53 seats of the 100. This produced a six-seat advantage for Republicans (or 6 percent).The majority party accrues important advantages in the U.S. House and Senate, not only in terms of voting but also setting the agenda. In 2019, the Democrat-controlled House passed several measures that were not taken up by the Republican-controlled Senate.)

How many percentage points advantage did the Republicans hold over the Democrats in the U.S. Senate? Hint: The two Independents caucused with the Democrats.

67-overturn presidential veto 60-invoke cloture 1-submit a hold 51- Pass a Bill

How many senators are needed to carry out each of the following actions?

Correct Answer(s) Both have chairpersons usually chosen based on seniority. They are both permanent committees. Incorrect Answer(s) They each contain members from both chambers. They both have the power to report legislation.

In which ways is the House Ways and Means Committee (a standing committee) comparable to the joint committee that deals with taxation?

House -more likely to encourage specialization -gives leadership more control over process -more organized body Senate -more deliberative body (House leaders are considerably more influential than their counterparts in the Senate, who must often grapple with autonomous senators.)

Match each congressional chamber to its correct feature(s).

removed limits on how many PACs or candidates an individual can give to-McCutcheon et al. v. FEC (2014) introduced idea that campaign contributions count as speech-Buckley v. Valeo (1974) government could not restrict independent expenditures by corporations or unions-:Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Match the U.S. Supreme Court case to the effect it had on campaign spending.

Federalists -creation of national bank -protective tariffs Jeffersonian Republicans -free trade -promotion of agricultural interests (The Jeffersonian Republicans supported free trade, which benefited their southern agricultural base.In the first party system, which pitted the Federalists against the Jeffersonian Republicans, the parties differed on the size of the national government, regional interests, and free trade or protectionism. The Federalists positions were largely favored by elites and did not attract widespread support. The Jeffersonian Republicans, who later evolved into the Democratic Party, were successful at attracting the widespread support of the middle and lower classes.)

Match the political parties and their key issues during the first party system.

incumbent member of majority party incumbent member of minority party challenger candidate from majority party challenger candidate from minority party

Order the political candidates on their likelihood of attracting campaign donations from interest groups from most likely to least likely.

House bill proposed bill is referred to committee bill receives a committee markup bill goes to the Rules Committee bill receives a vote on the floor of the House bill goes to the Senate floor president signs into law

Place these actions in order from the earliest to the latest in the life of a House bill (assuming all actions occur).

Picture The 2018 midterm election experienced relatively high turnout compared to previous midterm elections. However, some groups participated more than others. The gender breakdown of the electorate was fairly even, with women comprising a slightly higher proportion of the electorate. Older voters, particularly those over the age of 45, voted at a high level, comprising 65 percent of the electorate. Higher income voters were overrepresented in the electorate relative to their composition in the population by 26 percent. Finally, there were also significant differences across racial and ethnic groups. White voters had the largest gap between their portion in the population and representation in the electorate.

The following passage analyzes patterns from the 2018 midterm election data. Read the passage and correct any mistakes.

Correct Answer(s) Omnibus appropriation bills allow the party leaders to establish their own priorities. Omnibus appropriation bills combine small appropriations bills into a single large package, which is often easier to pass. Incorrect Answer(s) Omnibus appropriation bills always allow the minority party members greater success in getting their programs funded. The funding passed through an omnibus appropriations bill will be available for six years rather than two years.

What advantages do omnibus appropriations bills provide?

Correct Answer(s) The Rules Committee does not process proposed legislation into official bills. There is no counterpart committee in the Senate. The Rules Committee focuses on procedural, rather than substantive, matters. Incorrect Answer(s) It only meets once a year. It sanctions representatives who have ethical violations.

What makes the House Rules Committee so unique?

Plurality system (To win in the plurality system, one candidate need only receive the most votes in the election.Most American elections are plurality elections, though a number of states have a majoritarian requirement. In majoritarian elections, if no candidate wins a majority of votes, a runoff election follows to determine a winner.)

Which form of electoral system is most common in the United States?

Picture Black -underrepresented Latino -underrepresented Asian -underrepresented White -overrepresented

Which groups were overrepresented in the electorate given their percentages in the population, and which were underrepresented relative to their proportion of the population?

Correct Answer(s) interest-group coalitions constituency concerns Incorrect Answer(s) Supreme Court review leadership PAC proposals

Which of the following are external sources of influence on congressional policy making?

Correct Answer(s) mobilization of conservative interest groups population clustering Incorrect Answer(s) mobilization of liberal interest groups presidential intervention strengthening of party leadership in Congress

Which of the following are major reasons for why Congress has become more politically polarized in recent years?

Correct Answer(s) mobilizing voters regulating the number of people seeking office accomplishing legislative goals Incorrect Answer(s) keeping money from influencing political outcomes ensuring the government respects civil liberties

Which of the following are the three fundamental problems of democracy that political parties solve?

Correct Answer(s) Most such districts occur because of the geographic concentration of minority populations. The Supreme Court has generally opposed the creation of such districts. They occur when more than 50 percent of the people living in the district come from a minority racial or ethnic background. Incorrect Answer(s) Most majority-minority districts are represented by White members in Congress.

Which of the following are true about majority-minority districts?

Correct Answer(s) House leadership has more power over its members than does the Senate leadership. Local interest groups have greater influence with House members. House members are more likely to specialize in specific legislative fields. Incorrect Answer(s) The House is more deliberative, giving air to a wider variety of discussions. New ideas or the goals of new interests are more likely to thrive in the House. House members are more capable of taking the long view and developing legislation or policies over years at a time.

Which of the following are ways in which the operation of the House differs from the operation of the Senate?

Correct Answer(s) Party platforms represent compromises by the various groups in the party. They are statements of policy positions. Incorrect Answer(s) Party platforms are widely read by citizens. Politicians are bound to uphold the positions in their party's platforms. (Politicians are not required to support any of the positions in their party's platforms. Nonetheless, they may support any number of platform positions due to preference overlap.The party platforms are best viewed as internal party documents that show the priorities of the party's supporters at the time they were written.)

Which of the following statements about political party platforms are correct?

Correct Answer(s) Party unity has been higher in the twenty-first century than it was in the 1970s and 1980s. Party unity is generally based on members sharing ideological preferences. Incorrect Answer(s) Party unity reached an all-time high in the 1960s. The capacity for party unity is generally higher in the Senate than in the House.

Which of the following statements about the nature of party unity in voting are accurate?

Correct Answer(s) Looking at the electorate as a whole, party identification is stable. Individuals rarely change their party identification. Incorrect Answer(s) Individuals commonly change their party identification. Looking at the electorate as a whole, party identification is volatile. Individuals never change their party identification.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the stability of party identification?

picture Correct Answer(s) Biden did better among Republicans than Trump did among Democrats. People who identify with a particular party give the vast majority of their votes to that party. Incorrect Answer(s) Democrats were the most likely group of the three to vote for third-party candidates. Independents were evenly split between the candidates.

Which of the following statements are supported by this figure?

Correct Answer(s) A bit more than one-third of the electorate identifies as independent. Most independent voters tend to support one party more than the other. Incorrect Answer(s) Roughly one-half of the electorate identifies as independent. Each independent voter is as likely to vote for one party as the other.

Which of the following statements are true regarding political independents?

Correct Answer(s) Committees no longer are as central and important to the legislative process as they once were due in part to partisan divisions. Committee leaders are generally selected based on seniority, though recently chairs have also been selected based on loyalty to the party. Incorrect Answer(s) Minority party members have been given very few seats on congressional committees. Committees are now required to report all legislation with a recommendation, eliminating their gatekeeping ability.

Which of these statements about the organization and authority of congressional committees are true?

Picture Overrepresented Groups Whites Underrepresented Groups Asians Hispanics Blacks

Which racial groups were overrepresented in the U.S. Senate relative to their population, and which were underrepresented?

Correct Answer(s) There are more independent voters now than ever before. Party identification has gotten stronger among active voters. Incorrect Answer(s) Party identifiers are increasingly issuing "split-ticket" ballots. More people are identifying as weak partisans than ever before. The number of independent voters is at an all-time low.

Which two (possibly contradictory) statements best reflect the current state of parties in the electorate?

Correct Answer(s) working-class Whites religious conservatives Incorrect Answer(s) upper-middle-class professionals African American voters (The Democrats' support for abortion and gay rights pushed conservatives to join the Republican Party.Changes in party policy over time have shifted the composition of the two major parties' bases. Today's Republican base is largely composed of economic and social conservatives as well as White southerners)

Which two groups did the Republican Party add to its coalition during the 1980s?

The major parties absorb their programs and their popular ideas. (For example, many socialists felt that President Roosevelt's New Deal adopted their party's program.Major parties regularly co-opt the programs of minor parties and thus attract the minor party's supporters.)

Why are third parties often short-lived?

Correct Answer(s) Party leaders are rarely willing to offer monetary support unless a candidate can raise some funds on his or her own. Even running for a lower office requires raising large sums of money. Candidates expect to have their lives scrutinized during a campaign. Incorrect Answer(s) Political parties do not invest a lot of energy in candidate recruitment.

Why can it be challenging to find quality candidates to run for office?

Correct Answer(s) to support the candidates' positions to show disapproval of the major parties Incorrect Answer(s) to get their preferred candidate elected (In many cases, a vote for a minor-party candidate is a "protest" vote.Voters tend to support minor-party candidates for symbolic, rather than pragmatic, reasons.)

Why do voters often support third-party candidates?

Correct Answer(s) It may be more effective with viewers because internet users seek out information. It is cheaper. It offers more possibilities for free advertisement. Incorrect Answer(s) The online audience is more susceptible to persuasive messages.

Why might digital media be more effective than television ads?

Correct Answer(s) They often support legitimate district projects. They help promote compromise among members of Congress. Incorrect Answer(s) Earmarks help prevent scandals in Congress. They help reduce government spending.

Why might pork barrel spending be a useful thing for Congress?