Final Exam
Marie has a 2½-year-old daughter. The babysitter has been calling her daughter "naughty" and "a bad girl" when the child is uncooperative. The babysitter says that the little girl doesn't understand what she is saying so it doesn't matter. Marie is unsure about what to do. Based upon information presented in this chapter, what would you say to Marie? a. Marie should not worry about what the babysitter is doing because her daughter is too young to understand. b. Marie should tell her daughter that what the babysitter says about her is untrue. c. Marie should tell her daughter that she is loved to make up for what the babysitter says. d. Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter's developing self-understanding.
. Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter's developing self-understanding.
The epigenomeis the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls the expression of a. hereditary material. b. recessive genes. c. the zygote. d. histones.
a. hereditary material.
At approximately what age do children begin to demonstrate Selman's second stage of friendship and learn that the needs and perspectives of other persons must be considered carefully? a. 5 b. 8 c. 11 d. 14
b. 8
Coded sections of DNA that help cells construct the proteins that influence physical and psychological characteristics are called a. chromosomes. b. genes. c. histones. d. zygotes.
b. genes.
Children use various strategies to protect their self-esteem. Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection? a. Child who is highly successful academically b. Child with high self-esteem c. Child with low self-esteem d. Child who is highly successful athletically
c. Child with low self-esteem
Based on research, at what age do children begin to exhibit evidence of emotion regulation? a. Around the age of three b. Around the age of two c. Around one year of age d. Young infancy
d. Young infancy
The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of a. self-concept. b. attachment. c. intelligence. d. conscience.
d. conscience.
Vygotsky pointed out that children do not independently construct a definition for each a word they learn, but rather they learn the meanings that the surrounding culture has ascribed to each word. This central concept in Vygotsky's theory is called a. scaffolding. b. operational thought. c. tools and signs. d. mediated learning.
d. mediated learning.
The set of cognitive processes involved in intentionally controlling our own behavior, determining what we pay attention to, setting goals, and choosing our responses to stimuli is called what? a.Representational thought b.Adaptations c.Assimilations d.Executive functions
d.Executive functions
Vygotsky believed that parents and other more advanced thinkers of a culture promoted cognitive development of children or novice learners. What term is used to define this type of help that promotes learning? a.Elaborating b.Orienting c.Duplicating d.Scaffolding
d.Scaffolding
Which child's self-concept is boosted most by demonstrating high competence in musical performance? a. A child who demonstrates no natural musical competence b. A child who demonstrates natural musical competence c. A child who thinks musical performance is insignificant d. A child who thinks musical performance is very important
. A child who thinks musical performance is very important
Gisela is a 6-year-old Peruvian girl who lives with her family on a farm in a rural village. She often helps her father take produce to a market to sell. She does not know how to read, but she understands the cost of items and can make change without errors. Sophie is a 6-year-old who lives in the US. She is in the 1stgrade, is making great progress in learning to read and write, and is gaining skill in computer use. What is the best way to explain the development of these two children? a. The progression of cognitive development is not universal; it is different for children in different cultures. b. The processes involved in cognitive development are similar across cultures, but the specific kinds of knowledge acquired may differ depending upon children's culture. c. The content of children's knowledge is similar across cultures, but the processes involved in cognitive development differ depending upon children's culture. d. Cognitive development is the same for all children, regardless of culture.
The processes involved in cognitive development are similar across cultures, but the specific kinds of knowledge acquired may differ depending upon children's culture.
Massage therapy for infants has been very successful in promoting weight gain and social interaction, and in decreasing distress in low-birth-weight infants. Based upon developmental research, what is the best explanation for this? Infants' bodies take in more nutrients when they are touched as they nurse. b. Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most effective avenue for soothing and regulating the newborn. c. When the infant is massaged, its attachment to the caregiver is strengthened. d. Crying and other distress is reduced because the infant is paying attention to the person giving the massage.
Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most effective avenue for soothing and regulating the newborn.
Typical prenatal development depends on which of the following? a. The genome to code in the absence of environmental inputs b. The genome to code and the environment to provide inputs c. Properly timed gene expression without environmental inputs d. Environmental inputs and deregulated genetic coding
Typical prenatal development depends on which of the following?
Mr. Sanderson is a 1stgrade teacher. He believes in fostering children's tolerance for others, encouraging fairness, and promoting cooperative behavior. One of his classroom jobs involves leading the lunch line to the school cafeteria, a coveted role among the students. Vanessa has been line leader of the week. It is now the last day of the week and Mr. Sanderson asks Vanessa to allow Jeremy, a brand-new student, a chance to lead the line. Mr. Sanderson is upset with Vanessa when she refuses because he feels she is not being kind. What is the best explanation for Vanessa's behavior at this age? Vanessa is at the premoral stage and is unconcerned about other children. b. Vanessa can engage in needs-based reasoning but may still have difficulty weighing the needs of others against her own. c. Vanessa recognizes her duty to share, but she doesn't like the new student. d. Vanessa can't engage in needs-based reasoning so she is unaware that she is being selfish.
Vanessa can engage in needs-based reasoning but may still have difficulty weighing the needs of others against her own.
A counselor is concerned about a client's self-esteem. Which of the following provides a research-based rationale for concern? a. High levels of self-esteem increase the risk of mental health problems. b. Low levels of self-esteem cause people to act incompetently. c. Low levels of self-esteem are related to negative attributions about self and to depression. d. High levels of self-esteem contribute to hypervigilance and perceived need to protect oneself.
Low levels of self-esteem are related to negative attributions about self and to depression.
In a study of attachment formation by Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978), some mothers were less responsive to their babies' signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies, showed less warmth and affection than other mothers, and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the strange situation test, the children tended to fit which category of attachment? a. Securely attached b. Anxious ambivalent c. Avoidant d. Disorganized/disoriented
a. Avoidant
Which of the following is true about breastfeeding as compared to bottle-feeding? a. Breastfeeding guarantees that the infant will be securely attached to the mother. b. Breast milk contains beneficial antibodies and growth hormones not contained in formulas. c. Breastfeeding has no real advantages because modern formulas have all of the ingredients of breast milk. d. Breastfeeding is associated with less secure attachments.
a. Breastfeeding has no real advantages because modern formulas have all of the ingredients of breast milk.
Sam is at home with his two children, 3-year-old Daria and 6-week- old Keith. Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves her to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers' cognitive development, what would you tell Sam? a. Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet. b. Daria is probably exhibiting a stress response that suggests the family may need some counseling. c. Daria is probably exhibiting separation distress which is normal for children her age. d. Daria is probably exhibiting a failure to show empathy and needs more training in this area.
a. Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet.
What do research studies show about the role of gender identity among White children compared to minority (Black and Hispanic) children in the U.S.? a. Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for White children. b. Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for minority children. c. White children feel more pressure for gender conformity. d. Hispanic males feel less pressure for gender conformity.
a. Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for White children.
In Bronfenbrenner's multidimensional model of development, what aspect of the environment has the most immediate influence on a child's development? a. Microsystem b. Mesosystem c. Exosystem d. Macrosystem
a. Microsystem
Children's repeated interactions with others enhance their ability to decenter and to interpret others' thoughts, feelings, and desires. This ability to consider another's point of view is called what? a. Perspective taking b. Rehearsal c. Metacognition d. A script
a. Perspective taking
Some researchers emphasize the ability to recognize emotions (your own emotions and the emotions of others), to understand their meanings, to integrate this information with other kinds of cognition, and to manage or regulate emotions. This combination of abilities is called what? a. Cognitive development b. Emotional intelligence c. Stages of emotion d. Emotion schemas
b. Emotional intelligence
Seven-month-old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large city. Affordable, High-quality child care centers are very hard to find in her neighborhood. Which level of the environment, according to Bronfenbrenner's model, is limiting her access to high quality day care in her community? a. Macrosystem b. Exosystem c. Microsystem d. Mesosystem
b. Exosystem
Which of the following characteristics is most closely linked to children who exhibit prosocial or helping behaviors? a. High social anxiety b. Low social anxiety c. Hedonistic perspective d. Low needs-oriented reasoning
b. Low social anxiety
Elementary school teachers often ask students to engage in self-testing and other self-monitoring activities that help them think about their own thinking. Such activities are designed to promote which type of cognitive skills that improve memory? a. Language skills b. Metacognitive skills c. Narrative skills d. Processing speed
b. Metacognitive skills
Babies don't enter the world with a concept of self. Which of the following is an early indication that a young child's self-awareness is emerging? a. Pre-self b. Self-recognition c. Social referencing d. Secure attachment
b. Self-recognition
What type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of development? a. Short-term memory b. Sensory memory c. Working memory d. Procedural memory
b. Sensory memory
How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual? a. Until birth b. Through infancy c. Throughout life d. Until nutrition is balanced
b. Through infancy
Researchers do not agree on the question of what emotions are. However, they seem to agree that emotions serve functions in all of the following areas EXCEPT: a. survival. b. intelligence quotient. c. motivation of behavior. d. communication.
b. intelligence quotient.
Children who suffer severe protein and calorie shortages at any age may experience stunted growth, a protuberant belly, and extreme apathy. This severe starvation syndrome is called a. lowest observable effect. b. kwashiorkor. c. Huntington's disease. d. proximo-distal development.
b. kwashiorkor.
Piaget's research with babies helped him theorize about infant cognition by focusing primarily on their: a. babbling patterns with other children. b.motor interactions with the environment. c.eating habits and intake quantities. d.DNA, blood type, and hereditary markers.
b. motor interactions with the environment.
One important lesson helping professionals can take from Piaget's and Vygotsky's work is that a. children must be expected to make independent progress, and not to be supported by adults in every task. b. understanding how young clients think can help in structuring interventions that build effectively on existing knowledge and meanings. c. stages of cognitive development proceed regularly, and are not altered by individual experiences. d. language learning is not necessary for children to make progress in problem solving.
b. understanding how young clients think can help in structuring interventions that build effectively on existing knowledge and meanings.
When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone, but succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task, the child is working in his or her a.area of representational thought. b.zone of proximal development. c.preoperational stage. d.zone of scaffolding.
b. zone of proximal development.
Based on Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages, what is the positive outcome of the industry versus inferioritystage that typically occurs between the ages of 6 and 12? a. Fidelity b. Willpower c. Competence d. Purpose
c. Competence
Which of the following does the body release to help put an end to the stress response? a. Epinephrine (adrenaline) b. Cytokines c. Cortisol d. Dopamine
c. Cortisol
Alex is 22 months of age. He knows that he should not play with his food at the dinner table, but he sometimes plays anyway. His parents can usually redirect his behavior with simple reminders about what he should be doing. What is happening cognitively to help him grow in self-control? a. With repeated experience, Alex is constructing representations of standards for everyday behavior that serve as guidelines for behavior. b. Alex knows that he will be embarrassed if he gets caught playing with his food. c. Alex can decenter sufficiently to understand that he needs to focus on his food in order to stay healthy. d. Alex is now less cognitively egocentric and can see his mother's perspective.
With repeated experience, Alex is constructing representations of standards for everyday behavior that serve as guidelines for behavior.
One factor that promotes higher self-esteem among minority group members is a. a strong and positive racial or ethnic identity. b. being a member of a smaller, rather than a larger, social group. c. making social comparisons to members of other cultural groups. d. incorporating reflected appraisals in construction of self.
a strong and positive racial or ethnic identity.
The scientific usage of the word theoryis best described as a. a proposed explanation whose status is conjectural and untested. b. a personal opinion that is part of one's worldview. c. a tested and supported explanation that synthesizes a large body of information to account for known facts or phenomena. d. an explanation of facts or phenomena that fits with an individual's best assessment of a situation.
a tested and supported explanation that synthesizes a large body of information to account for known facts or phenomena.
Imagine that you are counseling a 6thgrader on how to improve her study skills so that she will remember more information on tests. Not only do you teach her some memory strategies, you also encourage her to engage in self-testing so that she will begin self- monitoring, that is, keeping track of how well she is remembering new material. What kind of skill is this type of self-monitoring? a. A metacognitive skill b. A preoperational skill c. A declarative memory d. A social cognitive skill
a. A metacognitive skill
In Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy? a. A working model of self, of others, and of relationships. b. Basic trust in others, but not a sense of self or of relationships. c. A sense of the power structure of a family. d. A belief in God.
a. A working model of self, of others, and of relationships.
Over the last century, researchers have held various views of stress and adaptation. Which of the following alters physiological functions temporarily as the body deals with an acute stressor? a. Allostasis b. Homeostasis c. General adaptation syndrome d. Set-point model
a. Allostasis
At 10 months of age, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Suzie's mother, Anne, wants to be a good caregiver, but Suzie's fussiness and intensity have made her feel like a failure. Anne sometimes finds herself withdrawing from Suzie and not responding when Suzie cries, because she feels like it will do no good. What advice should Anne's counselor give her? a. Anne has been too responsive to the baby's crying. She needs to refuse to go to the baby when it cries to teach Suzie to be more independent. b. Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to crying will help Suzie regulate her emotions. c. It really doesn't matter what Anne does. Of course Suzie needs to be fed, diapered, and so on, but Anne's responsiveness will not affect whether Suzie cries a lot or a little. d. Anne's counselor should not advise on this matter.
a. Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to crying will help Suzie regulate her emotions.
Parents who give reasons for the rules they set in ways their children can understand are using what disciplinary approach? a. Induction b. Power assertion c. Withdrawal of love d. Permissiveness
a. Induction
Current research, contrary to Freud's predictions (in his psychoanalytic theory of moral development), indicates that signs of moral development begin to emerge at what age? a. By one year b. Toddler age c. 3 to 4 years of age d. By middle childhood
3 to 4 years of age
In Piaget's work with children, he established that a child's process of assimilating new information involves modifying what the child already knows to make the new information fit. This aspect of adaptation is known as what? a. Executive function b.Intersensory integration c.Accommodation d.Intermodal perception
Accommodation
When clinicians assess a client's presenting problem(s) in order to plan for treatment, which of the following approaches to diagnosis reflects a developmental viewpoint? Consider those issues in a client's life which result from multifinality. b. Count the number of symptoms currently manifested in order to reach a specific diagnosis. c. Assess the person's level of symptomology on a checklist and assign a diagnosis only when a certain percentile has been reached. d. Assess the nature of the problem by considering the person's unique history, interpersonal context, and challenges in the extrapersonal environment.
Assess the nature of the problem by considering the person's unique history, interpersonal context, and challenges in the extrapersonal environment.
Cultures that emphasize the needs of the group over individual needs, who value social relationships more than personal goals, and who see failure as a step toward self-improvement are defined by what label? a. Individualistic b. Conventionalist c. Moralistic d. Collectivist
Collectivist
Researchers have identified cultural structures and values that are relevant to parenting. For which of the following cultural groups is independencethe traditional value orientation? a. European American b. Latino American c. Native American d. African American
European American
Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory is based on stages of reasoning and understanding ability (cognition). Which stage describes the cognition of children during most of their years of schooling from elementary through middle school (typically ages 7 through 12)? . Operational b. Concrete operational c. Sensorimotor d. Formal operational
b. Concrete operational
What is the current assumption of modern multidimensional theories about the role of nature versus nurture in development? a. Environment influences development more than heredity. b. Heredity influences development more than environment. c. Heredity and environment are interdependent. d. Heredity and environment independently influence development.
Heredity and environment are interdependent.
Phillipa's husband, Manuel, is worried about her plan to return to full-time employment when their baby is 6 months old. He is afraid that there will be a negative effect on the baby's attachment to her mother. Phillipa suggests that she and Manuel discuss the pros and cons of day care with a counselor. What would a well-informed counselor advise this couple? a. If Phillipa continues to provide sensitive, responsive care when she is with the baby, and if the day care is good quality, then the baby should still form a secure attachment to Phillipa. b. No matter how good the mothers' care or the day care is, leaving the baby in day care each day will put the baby at high risk for forming an insecure attachment to her mother. c. As long as the day care quality is good, evenif Phillipa is too tired and busy to be responsive and sensitive, the baby should form a secure attachment to her mother. d. There is no reliable information available to counselors that would help them to advise this couple.
If Phillipa continues to provide sensitive, responsive care when she is with the baby, and if the day care is good quality, then the baby should still form a secure attachment to Phillipa.
Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of chronic stress on the body? The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is compromised. b. There are no effects on the immune system, and only short-term effects on the cardiovascular system. c. There are no effects on the cardiovascular system, but long-term effects on the skeletal muscles. d. There are no lasting effects on the body - when the stress ends all physical systems return to normal.
The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is compromised.
Which of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus' developing brain? a. Fetal brain development is almost totally dependent upon the fetus' genetic inheritance because it has no environmental experience in the womb. b. The development of the lower, primitive areas of the brain depends upon nature but the higher levels depend upon nurture. c. Mothers can advance the fetus' intelligence significantly by speaking out loud in foreign languages during pregnancy. d. The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound.
The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound.
Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to Piaget's theory? a. Piaget firmly believed that children who were at a particular stage of cognitive development had the same level of understanding in all areas, such as understanding causality, morality, agency, etc. b. Piaget believed that children's progress through the stages could vary. For example, very intelligent children could skip a stage. c. Piaget believed in the dynamic quality of stages and understood that children in the same stage could vary greatly in their specific understanding of causality, morality, and so forth. d. Piaget believed that children could vary in their understanding of morality but that their understanding of causality was the same for all children within a particular stage
a. Piaget firmly believed that children who were at a particular stage of cognitive development had the same level of understanding in all areas, such as understanding causality, morality, agency, etc.
Robert and Nadine both have been laid off. The couple has inadequate access to food or health care. When they realize that Nadine is pregnant, they feel desperate, and they talk to a social worker at a local clinic about their situation. The social worker is able to provide them with referrals to a food outlet, but she is unable to find a prenatal care clinic that provides free services in their neighborhood. Considering the effects of multiple risk factors, what is the most likely potential value of the social worker's efforts? a. Risk factors are reduced, so their unborn child is likely to be better off even with the limited help the social worker provided. b. Their unborn child is not likely to be benefited by eliminating only one risk factor. c. The unborn child might have been benefited if prenatal care were found, but improving prenatal nutrition does not reduce risks. d. The health care and stress factors of the parents will only be important after the child is born.
a. Risk factors are reduced, so their unborn child is likely to be better off even with the limited help the social worker provided.
According to recent views, the "Me" includes the material self, social self, and spiritual self. These aspects of self are defined by which term? a. Self-concept b. Self-esteem c. Self-advocacy d. Self-efficacy
a. Self-concept
Infants' early relationships with caregivers are believed to lay the groundwork for the child's interactions with others. What other aspect of the child's future is believed to be shaped by these early relationships? a. Self-concept b. Intelligence c. Cognitive development d. Social referencing
a. Self-concept
Carla, a bright, energetic 7-year-old, has lost four gloves during the past few weeks. Her mother is annoyed at the need to keep replacing gloves. Carla notices that her little brother is amused that Carla is in trouble, and she formulates the theory that her brother is stealing the gloves just to get her into trouble. Carla is convinced that she is right. She refuses to entertain her mother's suggestion that Carla is often so distracted that she does not keep track of her possessions. Carla is displaying a form of a. egocentrism. b. formal operational thought. c. reversibility. d. domain specific knowledge.
a. egocentrism.
When environmental factors influence how hereditary material functions, this set of processes (involved in controlling genetic expression) is called a. epigenesis. b. translation. c. transcription. d. mitosis.
a. epigenesis.
Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex. She has been depressed since Alex's birth and is frequently withdrawn. Because of Bea's depression, we can expect that Alex, in comparison to other 4-month-olds, will display a. less self-regulation. b. more active face-to-face interactions. c. less crying and distress. d. more fearfulness and turning away.
a. more fearfulness and turning away.
. Dylan, a 9-year-old, is manipulative in his interactions with his friends. He does not use physical aggression, but he often tries threats and scare tactics to get what he wants. Dylan's interpersonal orientation would be described as a. other-transforming. b. reciprocal. c. mature for his age. d. self-transforming.
a. other-transforming.
Eight-year-old Marquita has spent a great deal of time learning basic addition facts. When she solves a complex addition problem in school, she pulls these facts out of memory. Marquita is using a ____________ strategy to help her solve addition problems. a. retrieval b. reversible c. production d. counting on
a. retrieval
The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income, and occupation is called a. socioeconomic status. b. social standing. c. social class. d. economic class.
a. socioeconomic status.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what did he call the stage children typically experience during the preschool years, beginning around the age of 2? a. Preoperational b.Sensorimotor c.Adaptation d.Self-regulation
a.Preoperational
At what age does a child seem to exhibit the phase of self-development that includes self-recognition, early self-esteem, and feelings of autonomy? a. 0-6 months b. 15-24 months c. 24-36 months d. After the age of 3
b. 15-24 months
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which negatively affects children's school performance, is linked to atypical variations in brain development. What is the incidence of ADHD among school-age children? a. Less than 1% b. 5-10% c. 2-3% d. More than 15%
b. 5-10%
Mrs. Harmon, the mother of 18-month-old Bryce, is concerned that Bryce has not learned to speak very well. He has a limited vocabulary and seems content to point to the things he wants. Based on her reading of several child development books, Mrs. Harmon believes that Bryce should have progressed further in language learning. Mrs. Harmon fears that Bryce is not keeping up developmentally. Based on your understanding of the timing of developmental stages, what would be your best advice? a. Don't pay attention to developmental milestones and treat each child as an individual. b. Since Bryce appears developmentally delayed, he should be referred immediately for a speech and language evaluation. c. Developmental stages can be useful guidelines, but there is a range of normal development within stages. d. Mrs. Harmon should use exercises such as flashcards with Bryce to increase his knowledge of vocabulary.
c. Developmental stages can be useful guidelines, but there is a range of normal development within stages.
What part of the brain is the largest, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system structures? a. Midbrain b. Hindbrain c. Forebrain d. Cerebellum
c. Forebrain
Children learn that acting or dressing like the other gender does not change their gender. What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing this permanence of gender category membership? a. Gender stability b. Gender allegiance c. Gender constancy d. Gender roles
c. Gender constancy
Among cognitive changes that benefit memory during a child's development, which one plays the big part in making it easier for children to learn more depth in a domain of knowledge? a. Increase in the child's processing speed b. Increase in the child's logical thinking skills c. Increase in the child's knowledge base d. Increase in the child's language skills
c. Increase in the child's knowledge base
Theoretical models that portray development as a continuous process emphasize which of the following? a. Stages of change b. Steps on a ladder of change c. Incremental change d. Periods of stability
c. Incremental change
Based on Harter's view of the domains of self-concept, when does scholastic or academic competence emerge as a domain or dimension of self-concept? a. Adolescence b. College years c. Middle to late childhood d. Early childhood
c. Middle to late childhood
Among our contemporary ideas about children's development, which of the following seems to be directly influenced by Vygotskian theory? a. Our practices should be based on stages of development. b.Our views on the topic focus on heredity and genetic influences. c.Our ideas on the topic are shaped by our culture. d.Our research on the topic emphasizes preoperational
c. Our ideas on the topic are shaped by our culture.
During which period of prenatal development do most of the body's structures and organ systems form? a. Period of the fetus b. Period of the zygote c. Period of the embryo d. Period of 4 weeks prior to full term
c. Period of the embryo
Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons, Jason and Keith. When she comes home from her job, she likes to spend time playing with them, preparing their favorite foods, and letting them watch their favorite TV shows. She describes herself as a "soft touch" when it comes to her children. Lately she has been hearing complaints about 6-year-old Jason's behavior in school. Annette thinks the teacher is being too hard on her son. She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children. Which style best describes Annette's parenting? a. Authoritarian b. Authoritative c. Permissive d. Neglecting-uninvolved
c. Permissive
According to many studies, which domain of self-concept correlates highly with overall self-esteem from late childhood through adulthood? a. Peer acceptance b. Athletic competence c. Physical appearance d. Physical competence
c. Physical appearance
The attachment system between an infant and caregiver serves three purposes including which of the following? a. Cognitive stimulation b. Behavior control c. Protection d. Social adjustment
c. Protection
Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky investigated children's cognitive growth. What was the emphasis of his central theory of cognitive development? a. Progression of stages of development b.Level of education and economic status of a child's parents c.Role of culture and society d.Rate of development of a child's language skills
c. Role of culture and society
Which of the following illustrates that infants have natural strategies for coping with their emotions? a. Negative affect system b. Positive affect system c. Still-face paradigm d. Baseline episode
c. Still-face paradigm
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate representation of his ideas? a. An individual cannot progress to a later stage unless the earlier stage has been resolved successfully and completely. b. Successful progression through the stages of development depends upon effective resolution of the Oedipal crisis. c. Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern. d. Highly intelligent individuals can skip specific stages and make progress at a faster rate than other people.
c. Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern.
Sigmund Freud developed a psychoanalytic theory about three aspects of adult personality. According to Freud, which of these aspects is the last to emerge during development? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Autonomy
c. Superego
After birth, neurons reproduce at a rapid rate. When does the brain stop producing new neurons? a. The brain stops producing neurons during adolescence. b. The brain stops producing neurons after infancy. c. The brain produces neurons throughout the lifespan. d. The brain stops producing neurons in early adulthood.
c. The brain produces neurons throughout the lifespan.
An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness in the general population is called a. tertiary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. primary prevention. d. mediation.
c. primary prevention.
Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships. a. quantitative b. incremental c. qualitative d. cumulative
c. qualitative
Becky is struggling to learn her alphabet letters. Her kindergarten teacher, frustrated by failed attempts to teach her, says to Becky, "All the other girls and boys can write most of the letters and you can't even say their names." The teacher believes she is motivating the child to work harder by comparing Becky to the others. Which of the following predictions is most consistent with Cooley's theory of self-development? a. Becky will develop a sense of agency because she is more motivated to compete with her peers. b. Becky will not develop a sense of agency because she is not given adequate support. c. Becky will work harder to develop her sense of self-esteem. d. Becky will incorporate her teacher's negative evaluations into her construction of her own sense of self.
d. Becky will incorporate her teacher's negative evaluations into her construction of her own sense of self.
1. Which of the following widely held assumptions about children's cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget? a. Children are blank slates receiving knowledge. b.Knowledge is funneled into children. c.Children passively absorb information. d.Children construct their knowledge.
d. Children construct their knowledge.
Which of the following is true about strategies children use to help them solve math problems? a. Children always abandon less efficient strategies when they discover more efficient strategies. b. Only children who have formal schooling learn to use strategies. c. Flawed strategies, or "bugs," are typical only of children who lack formal schooling. d. Children occasionally use less efficient strategies after learning more efficient strategies.
d. Children occasionally use less efficient strategies after learning more efficient strategies.
Jacinta, the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy, is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning. Whose opinion of the situation is most consistent with what you have learned about infant cognitive development? a. Jacinta's sister, who believes the baby has been spoiled by too much attention and now has difficulty separating. b. Jacinta's mother, who believes the baby must have a physical problem that is causing him to be clingy. c. Manuel, the baby's father, who believes the boy must not like his babysitter. d. Jacinta's neighbor, who says her children went through this stage and Jacinta should try to be understanding and maintain a consistent environment.
d. Jacinta's neighbor, who says her children went through this stage and Jacinta should try to be understanding and maintain a consistent environment.
Based on Selman's work, what term is used to identify a child whose interpersonal orientation is manifested in aggressive or manipulative behaviors toward a friend? a. Reorienting b. Disorienting c. Self-transforming d. Other-transforming
d. Other-transforming
Based on the model of the structure of self-concept by Marsh and Shavelson, the non-academic self is divided into three areas: social, emotional, and a. Relational b. Spiritual c. Intellectual d. Physical
d. Physical
If a mother responds promptly to her baby's crying and baby's other signals, shows sensitivity and consistency, and holds the baby often, what quality of attachment is most likely to develop between mother and baby? a. Avoidant b. Anxious c. Disoriented d. Secure
d. Secure
What term do current writers use (in place of self) to represent the various aspects of self, incorporating such ideas as self-concept, self-regulation, and self-esteem? a. Inner-self b. Inner-being c. Self-representation d. Self-system
d. Self-system
An infant encounters a new situation and turns to her mom to get emotional information from her mom's facial expressions or vocal expressions. The infant uses this emotional information from Mom to shape her actions or response to the new situation. This is an example of what? a. Self-directed coping behavior b. Attachment c. Emotion schemas d. Social referencing
d. Social referencing
Tim is doing poorly in math. Although he knows he's not a very good math student, it does not concern him greatly. He spends most of his time after school playing hockey, a sport at which he excels. Tim's 5th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring, but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice. Furthermore, he reasons, two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does. Which process seems to enhance or protect Tim's self-esteem? a. Tim's self-criticism b. Tim's self-monitoring of his performance c. Tim's perspective-taking skills d. Tim's downward social comparison
d. Tim's downward social comparison
Developmentalists' definition of self-concept includes all of the following descriptors EXCEPT: a. Multifaceted b. Hierarchical structure c. Dynamic and changing d. Unidimensional
d. Unidimensional
According to Izard, the expressive behaviors of infants reveal basic emotions that include joy/happiness, interest, sadness, anger, disgust, and what other emotion? a. Fear b. Pride c. Confusion d. Shame
fear
