Final Exam
Consider the following passage: Some people think that you should try new things even if you know you will fail, for the sake of experience. I disagree. If you try something and fail, you will embarrass yourself! Plus, your failure could ruin your reputation, preventing you from getting more opportunities. Besides, if you try something and fail, you'll waste time that you could have spent on a better chance of success. Of the following claims, which are used to directly support the claim "you should not try something if you know you will fail"?1. If you try something and fail you will embarrass yourself.2. If you try something and fail, your reputation will be ruined.3. If you try something and fail, you will lose opportunities.4. If you try something and fail, you will waste time that you could have spent on a better chance of success.5. If you try something and fail, you do not gain any meaningful experience.
1, 3, 4
It is not the case that Emily will win the game only of she wears her lucky sneakers. When translating the above argument what logical connectors are needed to most accurately represent the argument?
A tilde and a horseshoe
"Of course, your minister says he believed in God. He would be unemployed otherwise" This is an example of which fallacy:
Ad hominem
Consider the following argument: Nick says it'll be too dangerous to be downtown on New Year's Eve, what with the threats of riots now that congress has repealed Obamacare. But it's just him being his usual boring self. He's irritating, lame, and never any fun. Let's go anyway! Which fallacy does it commit?
Ad hominem
Consider the following passage: The government should not ban Muslim women from wearing a burqa in public spaces. Such a ban would be xenophobic, which is against the principles of our government. It would also cause tension in the Muslim community. For the ban makes Muslim women uncomfortable around men. Which of the statements, if any, should not appear in an argument map of the passage?
All statements should be mapped
If the Celtics win, then their coach will be fired.The Celtics won.So, their coach was fired. This argument is best described as:
An instance of Modus Ponens
What cognitive bias does this passage exhibit: At the Prada store in Soho, I saw this very cute sundress that retailed for $1800. Imagine my delight when I saw a knock-off at Macy's for only $500! I bought it immediately.
Anchoring Bias
Consider the following passage: I suggest that you carefully rethink your position, Ms. Davis. The right thing to do is to give us the keys to the safe. Why would you endanger your own life for this bank? The manager has never cared about you. Come on, hand them over. We'll let you go home safely if you do. The argument contained in this passage commits the fallacy of:
Appeal to force
Consider the following argument: Look, I've been on my feet all day, and I'm down for night shifts next week. I'm doing all this for you and the kids, you know. I'm the only person earning a paycheck in this family, and I have to send a lot of it to the nursing home for my Ma. It's not too much to ask for you to go get me a gin and tonic, is it? Oh, and you should look in on little Jo -- I think I hear her crying again. Which fallacy does it commit?
Appeal to pity
Consider the following passage: We should not buy this house, Teri-Ann. My reason? It's that the estate agent didn't tell us that there hadn't been any serious crimes committed here—so there was probably a murder or two back in the 1970s. I've seen plenty of scary movies where terrible things happen. I don't want to live in a haunted house! The argument contained in this passage commits the fallacy of:
Argument from ignorance
Consider the following passage: Ghosthunters is such an excellent TV show! They find all sorts of evidence of paranormal activity. I think we ought to call them to check out our basement. After all, we don't know that the previous tenant didn't kill someone and bury them down there, so there's likely a ghost or two flying around! The argument contained in this passage commits the fallacy of
Argument from ignorance
What cognitive bias does this reasoning exhibit? Air travel is so dangerous. I read another article last week about the Boeing 737 Max, the model that causes two crashes in the past year. I'm definitely driving to Toronto instead—no flying for me!
Availability bias
What cognitive bias does this reasoning exhibit? The police and fire departments definitely have more dangerous jobs than say, loggers or fishermen. I mean, I'm always hearing about police or fire department injuries or deaths on the news. I really worry about them.
Availability bias
Consider the following passage: Come on, Walter, we ought to study hard and do as well as we possibly can on this exam. So, we should hit the books and get the best grade on this test. The argument contained in this passage commits the fallacy of:
Begging the question/circular reasoning
Consider the following passage: I really think that there's a change coming in our society. For far too long, schools have been underfunded, and teachers have been underpaid. But my professor ran a survey in my education classes at college, and found that over 95% of students believed that the government should spend more on education, increasing teacher resources and salaries. So I'm pretty confident that attitudes in our society are changing, and that teachers will be far better paid in the future. The argument contained in this passage commits the fallacy of
Biased Sample
What are we doing if we are performing a truth analysis for an inductive argument?
Checking for cogency
What are we doing if we are performing a truth analysis for a deductive argument?
Checking for soundness
What are we doing if we are performing a logical analysis of a deductive argument?
Checking for validity
What cognitive bias is at play in the following scenario? Even though he has read very little philosophy, Donald Trump is convinced that he could take and pass a PhD exam in philosophy. "Not only will I pass the exam," said Trump, "but I will also Ace the exam."
Dunning Kruger Effect
What cognitive bias does this exhibit? Pablo, a philosopher with a newly earned Phd, was asked to join his local pub's trivia team which focuses on questions related to philosophy, ethics, and history. Even though Pablo wrote his dissertation on the history of greek thought, he wasn't overly confident that he would help his team win.
Dunning Kruger effect
Consider the following argument: Your laptop computer is enormous! It's practically a brick, and must weigh a ton! How do you manage carrying it around with you all the time - don't you get backache? Mine is much smaller, and weighs about half as much. Still, I guess yours must have a bigger processor and speakers to mine, which would be cool. Which fallacy does it commit?
Fallacy of division
Consider the following argument:The Boston Celtics play great team defense, so it follows that each player on the Celtics plays great defense. Which fallacy does this argument commit:
Fallacy of division
A joint premise is a premise that provides a reason when added to the conclusion of an argument
False
An inductive argument. can be cogent and weak.
False
Conclusions give evidence to support the premises of an argument.
False
Confirmation Bias is the tendency people have to overemphasize personal or ethical characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others' behavior.
False
For an argument to be strong it must be cogent.
False
If an argument takes the form of denying the antecedent, them it is always valid
False
In everyday conversation, one should make each and every tacit premise upon which one is relying fully explicit.
False
In sentential logic, we represent disjunctions with a triple bar.
False
Most biases occur in system 2 thinking.
False
No more than two joint premises can be bracketed together in an argument map
False
The Dunning Kruger Effect is a type of cognitive bias that involves favoring information that confirms your previously existing beliefs or biases. We tend to notice information that conforms with what we already think, and ignore evidence to the contrary.
False
To translate a conditional statement into sentential logic the wedge is used to connect two simple statements.
False
Consider the following passage: When it comes to purchasing a new car, it's a no brainer: you've got to either go with a local car dealership, or else try your luck finding an online broker. But the Internet is a bad option - you just don't know who you're dealing with. So you'll have to go local - and it just so happens that my cousin Val could hook you up with a great deal! The argument contained in this passage commits the fallacy of
False dilemma
What cognitive bias does this reasoning exhibit? I just got a flu shot at my local clinic, but Betty refused to get one when she went to her doctor. We had both been worried about bad side effects. I told her that my clinic nurse practitioner told me that out of 100 people getting a flu shot, 98—99 people have no side effects at all. That sounded good to me. Betty said, "Wow—that's not what my doctor told me. She said that 1—2% of people who get the flu shot have fever or aches as a result. I don't have time to be sick, so I didn't get it".
Framing effect
What cognitive bias does the following reasoning exhibit? Jenny and Johnny both failed their first chemistry test. Jenny was upset, but reminded herself that she had slept badly the night before and had a headache during the test, which made it hard for her to concentrate. When Johnny told Jenny her failed, she said to him, "well, it's totally your fault. You probably just spent too much time playing video games online instead of studying. You've got to be less lazy and learn to value your classes!"
Fundamental attribution error
What cognitive bias does this reasoning exhibit? I asked my friend Allen to lend me $20, and he said he didn't have the money. I bet he's lying—I really need it and he's just being selfish and mean to me. I guess he's not really my friend.
Fundamental attribution error
Of the following statements, which ones are bi-conditionals?
He will get the job, if and only if she gets the job as well
What logical operators are needed to best translate the following compound statement? She will become a lawyer only if she doesn't fail the bar exam.
Horseshoe and tilde
"You will be liked by your family only if you win the lottery." When converting this statement into sentential logic what logical operator would we use to translate this compound statement?
Horshoe
If the bike is red, then the car is orange.If the car is orange, then the boat is green.So, if the bike is red, then the boat is green. This argument is best described as:
Hypothetical Syllogism
Is the following argument most charitably classified as inductive or deductive? Most insects have six legs. What's crawling up my thigh is an insect. So, what's crawling up my thigh probably has six legs.
Inductive
Is the following argument most charitably classified as inductive or deductive? The New York Jets, although a talented team, won't win more than 8 games this season. I recognize that it's possible they could win more but it's very unlikely due to their terrible quarterback play by Zach Wilson and the abrupt injury of Aaron Rodgers.
Inductive
All management consultants are bald. Peter is bald. So, Peter is a management consultant.
Invalid
Anyone who lives in the city of Fall River, MA also lives on the Island of Martha's Vineyard.Mary doesn't live in Fall River, MA. So, Mary doesn't live on Martha's Vineyard. This argument is best described as:
Invalid
If Serena Williams retires, then Venus Williams will retire.Venus Williams did retire.So, Serena Williams retired. This argument is:
Invalid
If he loves them , then he'll buy them flowers.He bought them flowers.So, he must love them. This argument is best described as:
Invalid
Consider the following argument: ① We should not give in to the demands of terrorists. ② Giving in to their demands would convince them that their tactics work. ③ If terrorists are convinced that their tactics work, they will be encouraged to terrorize again in the future. ④ We do not want to encourage terrorists to terrorize. In a map of the argument, what is the role of ③?
It is a joint premise that, together with ② and ④, supports ①
Consider the following argument: Expulsion from school may deter bad behavior. So anyone who cheats on an exam should be expelled from school. A copy of the exam solutions was found in Harriet's bag. So she should be expelled. In a map of the argument, where should the following additional information be placed, and what effect would it have? Harriet was physically abusive to one of her classmates.
It is a new independent premise that directly supports the conclusion, and has the effect of strengthening the argument.
Consider the following argument: Expulsion from school may deter bad behavior. So anyone who cheats on an exam should be expelled from school. A copy of the exam solutions was found in Harriet's bag. So she should be expelled. In a map of the argument, where should the following additional information be placed, and what effect would it have? Harriet says that she has no idea how the solutions got in her bag.
It should be added to join statements 2 and 3, and has the effect of weakening the argument.
Consider the following argument: Since the subway train didn't stop at this platform, it must have been an express train. Which of the following tacit premises does this argument rely upon?
Only express trains don't stop at each platform
Consider the following argument: Over the last year, we've run twenty psychology experiments on all sorts of topics, and in each case given a small financial incentive to encourage people to participate. Look at this list of participants. Notice anything? Right? I just realized that Maddie's volunteered in at least half of them, and Frank has probably come to all but three. They must both be really hard up for cash. Should we offer to buy them lunch? Which fallacy does this argument commit?
Post Hoc
Consider the following passage: I tell you, the cat at the local hospice is spooky. She's usually skittish, but last month she jumped up and let Mrs. Andrews pet her. The very next night Mrs. Andrews passed away. And a week ago she was fawning over Mr. O'Reilly, just before he died. I don't know how she does it, but it must be some sort of curse: she kills anyone who strokes her. The argument contained in this passage commits the fallacy of
Post Hoc
Every Time that rooster crows, the sun comes up. The rooster must be very powerful and important. This is an example of the which fallacy:
Post hoc
From the 2012 Presidential Debate: In the second debate between Mitt Romney and Barack Obama, a woman asks how the two men will "limit the availability of assault weapons." Neither man answered that specific question. Instead, Obama talked about catching violence before it gets out of control, and Romney focused on good schools and raising children in two-parent homes.Both candidates were committing which fallacy:
Red Herring
Consider the following argument: To grow healthily, flowers require water, sunlight, and soil. Sharanjit plants her flowers in fresh soil, and places them in a sunny spot near the window. She can expect them to grow healthily. Which of the following tacit premises does this argument rely upon?
Sharanjit waters her flowers
"Marriage is defined as a man and a woman. If we change the definition to include gay couples then we will soon change it again to cover other things. The next thing you know, we will have people wanting to marry animals and inanimate objects. Therefore, we should not change the definition of marriage." This awful argument exemplifies which fallacy?
Slippery slope
Consider the following argument: Oh, no. If we were to let you get a puppy, then it'll grow up and die within a few years. You'll be really upset, and want to bury him in the garden. Soon you'll want another pet, which in turn will die, and need to be buried. Our garden's not that big, so we'll have to move house and go to the country. But your mother likes working in the city, and she'll end up leaving us. I'll turn to drink, and you and your sister will have to quit your jobs to look after me. I won't be able to give you an inheritance, either. No puppy for you, sport. Which fallacy does this argument commit?
Slippery slope
Consider the following passage: For the last month, great-aunt Matilda has been on a life-support machine in the hospital. She wouldn't want to live in this condition. I know that's difficult to hear, but it's true. We should turn off Matilda's life-support machine. Which of the statements, if any, should not appear in an argument map of the passage?
Statement three should not be mapped
Consider the following passage: Tanisha: After extensively researching the issue, I've come to the conclusion that we ought to increase taxation on those citizens who earn more than $500,000 annually. The increased revenue would go a long way towards helping us balance the budget, and it would also allow us to fund much needed community restoration projects. True, the richer members of our society will be slightly less rich; but the poorer member of our society will be vastly better off. Trevor: Wow, Tanisha - I had no idea you were in favor of theft. Stealing money from one person to give to another person is not something that I can get behind. This passage exhibits the fallacy of:
Straw man
Here is an inductive argument: Nicole is an excellent biology student. She dedicates herself to understanding the material and seems to pick things up quickly. Because of this, I believe she is likely to get an A in the course. Here is some new information about the argument: Nicole's partner is a biologist and they love to study 5 times a week after dinnerHow would this new information affect the argument?
This info would make the argument stronger
Here is an inductive argument: Nicole is an excellent biology student. She dedicates herself to understanding the material and seems to pick things up quickly. Because of this, I believe she is likely to get an A in the course. Here is some new information about the argument: Nicole will be missing two weeks of lectures due to an unexpected surgery she'll have to get right before the midterm exam.How would this new information affect the argument?
This info would make the argument weaker
A tacit premise is an unstated assumption upon which the argument relies
True
An argument can have all false premises AND a false conclusion.
True
An enthymeme is an argument that has an implied premise and/or conclusion.
True
An independent premise is a premise that provides direct support by itself.
True
An intermediate premise is a premise that is supported by another premise.
True
An unsound argument occurs when an argument is invalid and/or when at least one of the premises is false.
True
Anchoring bias is when we over-rely on the first bit of information given about an issue or fact.
True
It's possible for an argument to have one premise and a conclusion and still be valid.
True
The in-group/out-group bias is where we tend to evaluate behavior and worth according to whether individuals are part of our own circle or an external circle.
True
Usually, framing data according to positive features leads to much greater acceptance by observers than framing according to negative features.
True
All burgers contain meat. Veggie burgers are a type of burger. Therefore, veggie burgers contain meat. This argument is best described as:
Valid
Only Students drink Bud LightMary is not a student So, Mary definitely doesn't drink Bud Light. This argument is best described as:
Valid
Consider the following argument: There is currently a national coin shortage. This is an urgent social problem that would ordinarily be up to the federal government to fix. But the current administration is doing nothing about it. Thus, each responsible citizen should exchange any loose change they have for credit at a nearby grocery store. Which of the following tacit premises does this argument rely upon?
When the government fails to address urgent social problems, responsible citizens should do what they can to solve them.
Some people think that you should try new things even if you know you will fail, for the sake of experience. I disagree. If you try something and fail, you will embarrass yourself! Plus, your failure could ruin your reputation, preventing you from getting more opportunities. Besides, if you try something and fail, you'll waste time that you could have spent on a better chance of success. What is assumed when the claim "You will embarrass yourself if you try something and fail" is used to support the claim that you should not try something if you know you will fail?
You should not do anything that will cause you to embarrass yourself
Every argument that relies on an either/or statement commits the fallacy of black and white reasoning.
false
The only way to actively read is to create an arugment map
false
when translating statements into sentential logic, we represent the conjunction by using a wedge.
false
What cognitive bias does this reasoning exhibit? I'm so glad I work on the Green Team at work. Those Blue Team folks just don't cut it—I bet they just sit around and do nothing. Green Team is the best! Blue Team sucks!
in group/out group bias
When translating statements into sentential logic, we represent the conditional with a hook
true
Select the argument below that has the following map: ① ④ ↓ ↓ ②. ③ ↘︎ ↙︎ ⑤
① Astronomers study great cosmic events that cannot be repeated. So ② astronomy is a science that does not depend upon repeatable experiments. And ③ the science of botany does not rely upon repeatable experiments either. ④ Botanists work to discover, identify, and classify the various plant species on Earth. So ⑤ there are at least some sciences don't depend upon experimentation.
Select the argument below that has the following map: ④ ⑤ └───┘ ↓ ① ③ └───┘ ↓ ②
① I'm convinced that Mary deliberately hurt Jane. So, ② she ought to be punished. ③ Anyone who deliberately hurts someone should be punished. And ④ I saw Mary's cruel expression when Jane fell down the stairs. ⑤ The only way she'd have that cruel expression is if she was intending to do harm.
Select the argument below that has the following map: ② ③ ④ └────┘ ↓ ①
① That glass contains an alcoholic beverage. After all, ② it was either beer or cider that the barman poured into the glass. ③ Beer is an alcoholic beverage. And ④ cider is an alcoholic beverage, too.
Select the argument below that has the following map:
① The Lions are likely to lose this final game. ② Their star quarterback is sidelined with a knee injury. ③ The team's morale is low after two disappointing defeats. ④ This is a road game and they've done poorly on the road all season. And ⑤ I heard that the linebacker is being paid off to throw the game.
① The characters in that movie must have been puppets. After all, ② they could only have been puppets, real actors, or CGI special effects. But ③ real actors cannot fly through the air! And ④ the budget for the film was too small to cover CGI special effects. What is the correct map for this argument?
① ② ③ ↘ ↓ ↙ ④
Consider the following argument: ① Nothing in the large "Memory" box under my bed had any real monetary value. So ② the burglars who stole it won't be able to sell anything in it for much money. Thus, ③ those burglars are going to be mightily disappointed. What is the correct map for this argument?
① ③ └───────┘ ↓ ②
Consider the following argument: ① Krystal is either incredibly wealthy or incredibly foolish. ② She bought a pet lion for her private zoo. ③ Only people with too much money or too little sense would do that. ④ She's not incredibly wealthy. So ⑤ she's foolish. What is the correct map for this argument?
② ③ └──┘ ↓ ①. ④ ↘︎ ↙︎ ⑤
① Marx objects to social practices, like religion, that keeps people distracted from their material conditions. ② Marvel movies keep millions of people distracted for hours at a time. ③ Between ticket sales, tie-in comics and merchandise, digital and DVD copies, the studio has made billions of dollars in profits. ④ As a result, they have been able to make more movies and distract more people. So ⑤ Marx would object to Marvel movies. Which is the correct map for this argument?
③ ④ ↘ ↙ ② ① ↘ ↙ ⑤
