Final Exam Multiple Choice Questions
14. After a high fat meal, following absorption, which of the following carry the dietary lipids into the bloodstream? A. Chylomicrons B. VLDLs C. HDLs D. Micelles E. A and B
A
15. Which of the following will not increase the risk for osteoporosis? A. Being female B. Over 65 years of age C. Being African American D. Smoking E. Abusing alcohol
C
16. ATP synthase can produce ATP using as a direct energy source: A. Energy from the conversion of glucose to pyruvate B. Energy from the oxidation of pyruvate producing CO2 and H2O C. Energy from a proton gradient established in the mitochondria D. Energy derived from the breakdown of NADH and FADH E. Energy from the metabolism of amino acids
C
65. Which of the following statements is true concerning glycogenesis? A. It is stimulated by insulin. B. It is inhibited by epinephrine. C. It requires ATP. D. A and B. E. A, B and C
E
66. Which of the following minerals are found in bone? A. Magnesium B. Sodium C. Calcium D. A and C E. A, B and C
E
69. Which of the following can be used to generate ATP? A. ketogenic amino acids B. glucogenic amino acids C. fatty acids D. B and C E. A, B and C
E
7. Which of the following can stimulate hormone sensitive lipase? A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Epinephrine D. A and C E. B and C
E
77. Which of the following statements about aging IS TRUE? A. The rate of aging can be influenced by nutrition and exercise B. Aging is controlled in part by genetic make-up C. Nutrient needs of older adults are different than those of young adults. D. A and C E. A, B and C
E
13. Which of the following statements IS TRUE if blood levels of phosphorus are low? A. 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 is synthesized B. 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 is not synthesized C. Calcium levels will decrease D. Osteoclast activity will be reduced E. None of the above are true
A
1. During prolonged exercise (more than 30 minutes), which fuel source is primarily utilized? A. Lipids B. Glucose C. Equal amounts of lipids and glucose D. proteins E. equal amounts of lipids, glucose and proteins
A
1. The Respiratory Quotient (RQ) for fat is less than the RQ for carbohydrate because A. The metabolism of fat consumes more oxygen relative to the production of carbon dioxide than the metabolism of carbohydrates B. The metabolism of fat consumes less oxygen relative to the production of carbon dioxide than the metabolism of carbohydrates C. It takes longer to mobilize fat from adipocytes compared with blood glucose D. Enzymatic proteins are needed to mobilize fat E. C and D
A
1. Transamination is the process in which a non-essential amino acid A. is converted into other amino acids. B. loses its amino group which is then converted into urea. C. is used for gluconeogenesis. D. is converted into an essential amino acid.
A
11. Which of the following statement(s) concerning iron IS/ARE TRUE? A. In the enterocyle, iron can be bound to ferritin for storage in the Fe+3 state (FeIII) B. Iron enters the blood from the enterocyte after conversion to the Fe+2 state (FeII) by ceruloplasmin C. Iron is stored primarily in the kidneys and in muscle tissue, bound to ferritin D. Most of the iron in the body is excreted in bile, and very little is reused E. Iron ingested as part of myoglobin must be split off of the heme before it can enter the enterocyte.
A
12. Approximately 40% of the East Asian population will have facial flushing following alcohol ingestion because A. They have a polymorphism in the gene for acetaldehyde dehydrogenase B. They have a polymorphism in the gene for alcohol dehydrogenase C. They have a slower absorption time for alcohol D. They have a faster absorption time for alcohol E. None of the above are correct
A
15. Which of the following statements concerning pregnancy IS/ARE TRUE? A. Vitamin B12 is transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy B. There is no increased need for iron during pregnancy, as the mother is not menstruating C. During the first trimester of pregnancy, about an additional 340 kcals per day is recommended D. A and B E. A, B and C
A
16. Under conditions of low Ca, which of the following statements IS/ARE TRUE? A. Enzymes responsible for producing active vitamin D are increased. B. Osteoclast activity is decreased C. Calcitonin is released and parathyroid hormone levels are low. D. A and B E. B and C
A
17. Regular aerobic exercise can do all of the following EXCEPT A. Decrease heart stroke volume B. Increase size and number of muscle cell mitochondria C. Increase lean body tissue D. Decreases resting heart rate E. Increases VO2 max
A
19. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin C ARE TRUE? A. Vitamin C aids with the intestinal absorption of iron B. Vitamin C strengthens collagen by binding to collagen fibers, thereby allowing crosslinking of the fibers. C. Vitamin C works as an antioxidant by being incorporated into cell membranes D. Like vitamin D, vitamin C works as a steroid hormone E. A deficiency in vitamin C during pregnancy increases the risk of spinal bifida
A
2. Which of the following statements concerning lactation IS/ARE TRUE? A. Lactation involves both the synthesis and the movement of milk to the nipple B. Milk let-down is triggered by the hormone prolactin C. Mature milk is produced within 24 hours of the birth of the baby D. Even if a nursing mother is exposed to pesticides, these chemicals will not enter breastmilk E. A and B
A
20. If the diet is deficient in the amino acid tryptophan, which of the following might occur? A. Niacin (B3) may become deficient B. Riboflavin (B2) may become deficient C. Thiamine (B1) may become deficient D. A and B E. A and C
A
20. In order to remove excess nitrogen from protein catabolism, A. the liver deaminates the amino acid and produces ammonia B. the liver transanimates the amino acid and produces ammonia C. the excess nitrogen is expelled into urine as ammonia D. the kidney breaks down the amino acid to release urea E. none of the above
A
21. During periods of high exercise intensity, which fuel source provides the majority of the energy needed? A. muscle glycogen B. plasma free fatty acids C. muscle triglycerides D. liver glycogen E. plasma glucose
A
21. Which of the following could occur with a deficiency in selenium? A. A reduction in the levels of the thyroid hormone T3 B. transamination of the amino acid tyrosine would not occur C. oxidative stress would decrease D. liver glycogen stores would decrease E. liver triacylglycerides stores would decrease
A
21. Which of the following statements IS TRUE? A. Retinoic acid can affect gene expression B. Retinol binds to opsin to create the visual protein, rhodopsin C. Retinal circulates in the blood D. A and B E. A, B and C
A
25. Pregnant women were warned in a US public health notice to avoid eating fish because A. Some fish contain high levels of mercury contamination B. Fish are often contaminated with harmful bacteria C. Fish do not contain any healthy fatty acids D. Some fish are contaminated with cobalt E. Pregnant women were not warned about fish eating
A
25. Which of the following statements about pernicious anemia IS TRUE? A. This type of anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor B. People with pernicious anemia need to take oral supplements of vitamin B12 C. This type of anemia causes microcytic anemia which is indistinguishable from the anemia caused by a folate deficiency D. A and B E. A, B and C
A
29. Amino acids that can be converted to pyruvate are called A. Glucogenic amino acids B. Ketogenic amino acids C. Non-essential amino acids D. Essential amino acids
A
29. Vitamin C is important in collagen formation because A. It acts as a co-enzyme for a reaction that creates hydroxyproline B. It protects collagen damage by oxidative stress due to its antioxidant properties C. It is incorporated into cell membranes of collagen-producing cells, providing stability D. A and B E. B and C
A
3. Nutrients that yield energy (ATP) are: A. carbohydrates, proteins and lipids B. carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins C. carbohydrates and lipids D. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals E. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water
A
30. One function of the _________________ is to transfer nutrients and oxygen from the maternal blood to the baby through a network of blood vessels. A. placenta B. zygote C. chorionic membrane D. amniotic sac E. none of the above
A
30. Which of the following statement(s) concerning zinc IS TRUE? A. Zinc is important for gene regulation B. An increase in zinc intake will also increase copper absorption C. Ceruloplasmin regulates the amount of zinc that moves from the enterocyte into the blood D. Zinc deficiency can occur in people consuming a diet low in phytates E. Zinc deficiency can occur in people consuming foods or beverages from galvanized containers
A
31. Histones can be regulated by A. Acetylation and deacetylation of lysine residues on histone tails B. Genetically reducing the number of histones produced. C. Clipping off the histone tails D. A and C E. A, B and C
A
31. Which of the following nutrients can be converted to triacylglycerol for storage in adipose tissue? A. Fat, Carbohydrates, and Protein B. Fat only C. Carbohydrates only D. Fat and Carbohydrates only E. Protein only
A
33. Succinyl-CoA can be formed by A. Complete oxidation of fatty acid with an odd number of carbons B. Complete oxidation of linoleic acid C. Complete oxidation of alpha linolenic acid D. Complete oxidation of cholesterol
A
33. Which of the following statements concerning food safety IS TRUE? A. Both international and federal organizations are involved in food safety B. 50% of all pathogens found in food are caused by 7 pathogens C. The threshold effect is the idea that any microorganisms in a food will cause a foodborne illness D. A and C E. A, B and C
A
36. Chyme is neutralized in the small intestine by secretions from the A. Pancreas B. Gallbladder C. Liver D. Stomach E. Large intestine
A
37. Eddie Murphy goes to his doctor complaining of fatigue and shortness of breath. What nutritional deficiencies might the doctor suspect? A. iron, folate, B12 B. iron, B12 (cobalamine), copper C. B6 (pyridoxal phosphate), vitamin D, vitamin C D. iron, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin)
A
38. As electrons pass through the electron transport chain, what is the final acceptor of the electrons in the chain? A. Oxygen B. Water C. CO2 D. NADH E. ATP Synthase
A
39. In the first step of the Citric Acid Cycle, Acetyl CoA combines with A. Oxaloacetate B. Glucose C. Citric Acid D. NADH E. Pyruvate
A
4. Which of the following are monosaccharides? A. Fructose, galactose, glucose B. Fructose, maltose, galactose C. Sucrose, glucose, lactose D. Glucose, sucrose, galactose E. Maltose, sucrose, lactose
A
40. Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of A. fructose and glucose B. galactose and glucose C. 2 molecules of glucose D. 2 molecules of galactose E. none of the above
A
40. Which of the following statements IS/ARE TRUE? A. Following a drop in blood pressure, renin is released which converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I B. To reduce high blood pressure, drugs that increase angiotensin-converting enzyme can be prescribed C. Aldosterone raises blood pressure by decreasing Na/K pumps, thereby leading to increased Na reabsorption which leads to increased water retention resulting in increased blood volume and increasing blood pressure D. A and B E. A, B and C
A
40. Which of the following statements concerning the Dutch Mothers Study IS TRUE? A. It allowed researchers to study long term effects on offspring following maternal nutritional deprivation B. It allowed researchers to understand that what mothers ate had little effect on their offspring C. It was the first widespread study on the effects of genetic polymorphisms and diet interactions on maternal offspring D. It was the first study to demonstrate that eating traditional Dutch food was far superior in promoting healthy babies
A
44. An example of a complex carbohydrate is A. glycogen B. glucose C. maltose D. None of these are complex carbohydrates. E. All of these are complex carbohydrates.
A
44. Which of the following statements concerning ethanol metabolism IS TRUE? A. Ethanol metabolism takes place primarily in the liver B. About 40% of the East Asian population has a polymorphism in the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase C. Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) will initially metabolize low levels of ethanol D. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde E. Acetaldehyde is broken down to succinate in the final metabolic step
A
44. Which of the following statements concerning fiber IS/ARE TRUE? A. Contains chemical bonds that cannot be cleaved by human enzymes B. Is readily absorbed, therefore promotes a healthy digestive tract C. Is found in both meat and plant foods D. A and B E. A, B and C
A
50. Complete beta oxidation of the fatty acid stearic acid (C:18) results in A. 9 acetyl CoA, 8 NADH and 8 FADH2 B. 9 acetyl CoA, 9 NADH and 9 FADH2 C. 18 acetyl CoA, 18 NADH and 18 FADH2 D. Stearic acid cannot be used for beta oxidation E. none of the above
A
50. Which statement best describes metabolism? A. The sum of all chemical changes in the cells, tissues or the body. B. Metabolism is the process of making ATP. C. Metabolism is the process of making new proteins, new lipids, and nucleic acids. D. Metabolism is the process of digesting and absorbing food. E. None of the above
A
51. Which of the following statements about the basal metabolic rate IS TRUE? A. The basal metabolic rate is the number of calories you would burn even if you slept all day and night. B. The basal metabolic rate is not affected by body size or muscle mass. C. The basal metabolic rate is not affected by age. D. The basal metabolic rate accounts for about 20% of the total metabolic rate. E. Activity will not increase the basal metabolic rate.
A
53. Which of the following statements concerning the basal metabolic rate (BMR) IS TRUE? A. BMR decreases with age B. Males have a lower BMR compared with females C. BMR is the number of calories you burn while exercising D. A and B E. A, B and C
A
55. Which of the following statements concerning pregnancy ARE TRUE? A. Vitamin B12 is transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy B. There is no increased need for iron during pregnancy, as the mother is not menstruating C. During the first trimester of pregnancy, about an additional 500 kcals per day is recommended D. A and B E. A, B and C
A
6. Which of the following statements concerning VO2 max IS/ARE TRUE? A. VO2 max is the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense exercise B. It is not a measure of cardiovascular fitness C. VO2 max is not affected by the genetics of the individual, but rather the amount of training D. A, B and C E. A and C
A
63. Concerning heme iron and nonheme iron, which of the following statements IS TRUE? A. Heme iron enters the enterocyte bound to porphyrin B. Once inside the enterocyte, both heme iron and nonheme iron are moved onto transferrin for storage within the enterocyte C. Nonheme iron always enters the enterocyte in the +3 (ferric) form D. A and C E. A, B and C
A
7. _____________ facilitate absorption of lipids into enterocytes from the lumen of the small intestine. A. Micelles B. Chylomicrons C. High density lipoproteins D. Very low density lipoproteins E. Bile
A
72. What does the complete oxidation of palmitate, a 16 carbon fatty acid, demonstrate? A. The body produces more ATP by burning fat than by burning glucose. B. The body produces less ATP by burning fat than by burning glucose. C. The body produces the same amount of ATP by burning fat as by burning glucose. D. The body produces a net negative amount of ATP by burning fat. E. The body produces a net negative amount of ATP by burning glucose.
A
8. Which of the following statements concerning B12 (cobalamine) IS FALSE? A. Because vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin, it is mainly excreted in the urine B. For absorption, B12 must be bound to intrinsic factor, which is produced by parietal cells in the stomach C. B12 bound to intrinsic factor binds to receptors expressed on enterocytes. D. A deficiency in B12 can result in pernicious anemia E. B12 is necessary for the maintenance of myelin
A
8. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin E IS/ARE TRUE? A. The activity of vitamin E can be restored by vitamin C B. Because vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin, it cannot protect cell membranes from free radicals C. Vitamin E deficiency in newborns can lead to excessive blood clotting D. A and B E. A, B and C
A
10. Which of the following statements concerning the Bouchard twin studies IS TRUE? A. These studies demonstrated that people who consume a caloric excess will gain the same amount of weight B. Weight gain and weight loss are under genetic control C. Differences in weight gain and weight loss are related to the types of macronutrients consumed. D. A diet high in protein does not lead to weight gain to the same extent as a diet high in carbohydrates
B
37. Which of the following concerning cholecystokinin (CCK) IS/ARE TRUE? A. Increases stomach emptying B. Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to expel bile C. Stimulates release of pepsinogen by enterocytes D. A and B E. A, B and C
B
12. Which of the following statements describes EAR (estimated average requirement)? A. The EAR is set by adding a safety factor to the RDA to meet 97% of the specific nutrient needs for a population B. The EAR is the amount of nutrient that if everyone in the population consumed, 50% of the population would obtain enough to meet their requirements. C. The EAR is set when there is insufficient scientific evidence to calculate an RDA. D. The EAR provides the highest level of a nutrient that can be consumed safely- just below the toxic range.
B
14. Which if the following statements about parathyroid hormone (PTH) IS/ARE TRUE? A. Is produced when blood calcium levels are high B. Is produced when blood calcium levels are low C. It stimulates the liver to produce active vitamin D3 D. A and B E. B and C
B
15. The storage form of carbohydrates in mammals is A. Starch B. Glycogen C. Amylase D. Amylopectin E. A and B
B
18. The amino acid pool can be used for all of the following: A. ATP production B. Synthesis of glucose C. Synthesis of vitamins D. A and B E. A, B and C
B
23. Which of the following statements concerning electrolytes IS TRUE? A. Drinking an excessive amount of water can lead to an increase in the amount of Na relative to the amount of water in the body B. Hyponatremia can result in brain swelling due to water leaving blood vessels C. Symptoms of dehydration do not occur until at least 5% of body weight as water has occurred. D. Na/K pumps in the kidney tubules will be decreased, thus helping to retain water E. The kidney will release angiotensinogen
B
25. Fats and oils contain how many calories per gram? A. 6 B. 9 C. 4 D. 7 E. 12
B
26. Which of the following statements concerning calcium needs during pregnancy IS TRUE? A. The fetus has a high need for calcium, which it will get from the mother by increasing osteoclast activity B. Increased estrogen levels of the pregnant mother causes increased calcium absorption to meet the needs of the fetal requirement for calcium C. All pregnant mothers require a calcium supplement. D. The fetus retains most of the calcium it needs during the first trimester of development.
B
26. Which of the following statements concerning calcium needs during pregnancy IS TRUE? A. The fetus needs increased Ca, which it will get from the mother by bone resorption. B. Increased estrogen levels of the pregnant mother causes increased Ca absorption for the needs of the fetus. C. All pregnant mothers require a calcium supplement. D. The fetus retains most of the calcium it needs during the first trimester of development. E. None of these statements are true.
B
27. Monogenic forms of obesity A. are very common and contribute greatly to the obesity epidemic. B. are rare. C. are highly influenced by the environment. D. can be treated with genetically modified organisms. E. None of the above are true.
B
28. Adequate amounts of retinoic acid can prevent blindness by A. combining with opsin to produce the visual pigment rhodopsin B. regulating the normal differentiation of epithelial cells of the cornea C. acting to promote rod cell growth D. working as an antioxidant E. none of the above
B
3. During low intensity exercise, which of the following are the primary fuel source? A. glucose B. free fatty acids C. muscle triglycerides D. muscle glycogen E. liver glycogen
B
3. The fatigue felt during and within minutes after intense exercise is likely due to A. small microtears in the muscles B. glycogen depletion in the muscles C. drop in blood pressure D. increase in blood pressure E. lack of liver triglycerides
B
35. The most abundant component of the very low density lipoprotein is A. cholesterol B. triglyceride C. phospholipid D. protein E. all of the above are in equal proportion
B
35. Which statement best describes functional foods? A. All foods are functional foods. B. A food which demonstrates a benefit beyond basic nutrition. C. A food that is synthetically produced by the food industry. D. A food that acts like an antioxidant. E. C and D are correct
B
36. Which of the following nutrients ALL play a role in bone formation? A. zinc, vitamin D and selenium B. vitamin C, Ca, vitamin D, copper C. Ca, zinc, vitamin D, niacin (vitamin B3) D. Iron, vitamin D, selenium E. Ca, vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid
B
36. Which of the following statements concerning food additives IS TRUE? A. A substance used in packaging of a food is not considered a food additive B. Vitamins added to a food is an example of a direct additive C. Peanut butter cannot contain any insect or rodent filth D. A and B E. None of the above
B
37. Which of the following statements concerning epigenetics IS TRUE? A. It involves a change to the DNA sequence B. Heritable changes can be passed to the next generation without changing the DNA sequence C. Epigenetic changes can only occur by a dietary deficiency D. An example of an epigenetic mechanism is telomere shortening E. Epigenetic changes, for the most part, are random events.
B
38. Which of the following statements concerning genetically modified foods IS TRUE? A. The FDA act of 1995 requires that any food product that contains material from genetically modified plants must be labeled as such B. Golden rice is an example of genetic engineering C. Genetically modified foods can be sold as organic, as long as it's labeled properly and grown under organic conditions D. A and B E. None of the above are true
B
39. Healthy weight pregnant women need to increase their macronutrient intake A. throughout pregnancy B. during the 2nd and 3rd trimester C. during the 3rd trimester D. during the 1st and 3rd trimester E. Healthy weight pregnant women do not need to increase their macronutrient intake
B
39. Healthy weight pregnant women need to increase their macronutrient intake A. throughout pregnancy B. during the 2nd and 3rd trimester C. during the 3rd trimester D. during the 1st and 3rd trimester E. Healthy weight pregnant women do not need to increase their macronutrient intake at any time in the pregnancy.
B
39. The key enzyme responsible for clearing chylomicrons from the blood after a meal is A. cholesterol esterase B. lipoprotein lipase C. pancreatic lipase D. bile E. hormone sensitive lipase
B
4. The only portion of a triglyceride molecule containing three 18 carbon fatty acids (linoleic acid (18:2, n-6), α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) and oleic acid (18:1, n-9)) that could be used for glucose synthesis is: A. oleic acid B. glycerol C. linoleic acid D. α-linolenic acid E. all of the above
B
41. The storage form of carbohydrates in mammals is A. starch B. glycogen C. amylase D. amylopectin E. A and B
B
41. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin A IS/ARE TRUE? A. Retinal can be interconverted with retinol and retinoic acid B. Not all carotenoids can be converted to vitamin A C. Retinoic acid binds to opsin to form the visual pigment, rhodopsin D. A, B and C E. B and C
B
42. For a healthy college student, upon waking up in the morning after 8 hours of sleep, which of the following statement IS/ARE TRUE? A. Glucose levels in the blood will be low B. Glucose levels in the blood will be in the normal range C. Glucose levels in the blood will be high D. Insulin levels will be increased E. A and D
B
42. Which of the following statements concerning telomeres IS TRUE? A. Telomeres help protect mRNA from degradation B. Telomeres are a region of repetitive DNA at the end of chromosomes C. Shortened telomeres are associated with increased lifespan D. A and B E. A, B and C
B
43. The key enzyme responsible for removing fatty acids from chylomicrons in the plasma after a meal is A. cholesterol esterase B. lipoprotein lipase C. pancreatic lipase D. bile E. hormone sensitive lipase
B
45. Glucagon A. inhibits gluconeogenesis and stimulates glycolysis. B. stimulates gluconeogenesis and stimulates glycogenolysis. C. inhibits gluconeogenesis and stimulates glycogenolysis. D. inhibits gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycogenolysis. E. stimulates glycogenesis and stimulates gluconeogenesis.
B
46. Which of the following statements about dietary supplements IS TRUE? A. Dietary supplement manufacturers must prove to the FDA that a supplement is safe before it can be placed on the market B. FDA is responsible for showing that dietary supplement is unsafe before it can be removed from the market C. Dietary supplements are considered food additives for the purpose of regulations D. B and C E. A and C
B
47. Brush border enzymes are produced by which cells? A. Gastric chief cells B. Enterocytes with microvilli C. Pancreatic cells D. Salivary glands
B
47. Under conditions of high blood glucose, which of the following occur(s)? A. glucagon is secreted B. insulin is secreted C. glycogenolysis is increased D. A and C E. B and C
B
5. In response to low blood glucose, which of the following process(es) occur? A. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis B. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis C. Release of insulin and gluconeogenesis D. Glucose transporters are upregulated in the enterocyte E. Reduced release of growth hormone
B
5. You have been walking in a hot desert for an hour, but unfortunately you forgot to bring water. What is the response of your body to this environmental condition? A. You immediately became thirsty. With no water to quench your thirst, your body released ADH (anti- diuretic hormone) followed by renin. B. Your body released ADH. With no water, you then began to feel thirsty. C. The solutes in your blood decreased, stimulating the release of ADH. D. Your body released aldosterone, followed by a feeling of thirst.
B
52. A disease typically of children which is caused by a protein deficiency in the presence of adequate energy is A. Marasmus B. Kwashiorkor C. Beri-Beri D. Pellagra
B
52. The majority of Energy Expenditure during the day, other than BMR, comes from A. Exercise thermogenesis B. Non-exercise thermogenesis C. Thermal effect of food D. Both A and B contribute equally to energy expenditure E. Neither A nor B nor C are involved in energy expenditure
B
53. About 20% of the energy expenditure comes from A. Thermic effect of food B. Activity C. Basal metabolic rate D. Cardiovascular system
B
59. Which of the following statements concerning fat storage in adipose tissue IS TRUE? A. Excess energy consumed as fat can enter adipose tissue directly via chylomicrons. B. Excess energy consumed as carbohydrate must first go to the liver to be made into triglycerides. C. Hormone sensitive lipase signals fat cells to store excess triglycerides. D. A and B E. A, B and C
B
6. Trans fats A. have hydrogens on the same side of the double bond B. have hydrogens on the opposite side of the double bond C. are fully saturated D. B and C E. none of the above is characteristic of trans fats
B
6. Which of the following statements concerning a saturated fatty acid IS/ARE TRUE? A. They are saturated with double carbon-carbon bonds B. They contain no double carbon-carbon bonds C. There are several saturated fatty acids that are essential-they cannot be made by the body but are required for good health. D. B and C E. A and C
B
73. Which group of individuals is most likely to face Vitamin K deficiency? A. Adults over the age of 65 B. Newborns C. Post-menopausal women D. Children between the ages of 5 and 15 E. Pregnant women
B
39. Shortly after eating a meal high in fat, which of the following would be elevated in the blood? A. Micelles B. Chylomicrons C. Chylomicrons and VLDL[GWD1] D. Chylomicrons and micelles E. Micelles and VLDL [GWD1]Both accepted as correct
B/C
11. Which of the following IS NOT an epigenetic mechanism? A. miRNA B. methylation of cytosine C. genetic polymorphisms D. histone acetylation
C
12. Which one of the following vitamins is part of coenzyme A? A. B1 (thiamine) B. B12 (cobalamine) C. B5 (pantothenic acid) D. B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) E. B7 (biotin)
C
18. Assume you are hiking in the desert and you forgot your water bottle. Which of the following would NOT OCCUR? A. You begin to sweat B. You get thirsty C. The osmolarity of your plasma decreases D. ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is released E. Urine is concentrated
C
18. Complete oxidation of a 20 carbon fatty acid yields A. 10 molecules of acetyl CoA, 10 molecules of NADH and 10 molecules of FADH2 B. 20 molecules of acetyl CoA, 20 molecules of NADH and 20 molecules of FADH2 C. 10 molecules of acetyl CoA, 9 molecules of NADH and 9 molecules of FADH2 D. 19 molecules of acetyl CoA, 8 molecules of NADH and 8 molecules of FADH2
C
18. Which of the following statements concerning sodium (Na) intake and/or hypertension IS/ARE TRUE? A. Na intake is not associated with hypertension B. Hypertension is associated with a decreased risk of stroke C. Some people are "salt-sensitive" and do not secrete salt quickly, causing blood pressure to increase D. Some people are "salt-sensitive" and secrete salt quickly, causing blood pressure to increase
C
22. Which of the following is needed for cells to take up LDLs? A. Insulin is required for cells to take up LDLs B. Lipoprotein lipase present on the surface of cells which line the small blood vessels C. LDL receptors located on the surface of cells allow for binding of LDLs and subsequent entry D. Hormone sensitive lipase is needed for the uptake of LDLs by cells and the LDL receptor E. Diffusion at the cell surface is needed for the uptake of LDLs by cells
C
22. Which of the following statements concerning thiamine (B1) IS/ARE TRUE? A. Forms FAD and FMN B. Can be synthesized from tryptophan C. Is essential for ATP production from the metabolism of glucose D. Is part of coenzyme A E. Deficiency can result in a disease called pellagra
C
22. You caught a virus on a cruise ship and become very ill with vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following will occur? A. Renin is released, which then converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II B. Release of ADH (antidireutic hormone) will be inhibited C. Aldosterone will be released by the action of angiotensin II D. Na/K pumps in the kidney tubules will be decreased, thus helping to retain water E. The kidney will release angiotensinogen
C
27. Dietary intake of nutrients that meets the needs of almost all healthy individuals is the A. EER B. CDE C. RDA D. EAR E. UL
C
28. Which of the following statements concerning active vitamin D (1,25 hydroxyvitamin D3) IS/ARE TRUE? A. The last hydroxylation step for activation occurs in the liver B. Following a drop in blood calcium levels, active vitamin D will stimulate the production of PTH (parathyroid hormone) C. Active vitamin D3 stimulates mRNA production for calcium transport proteins in the enterocyte D. B and C E. A, B and C
C
29. Which of the following fatty acids is considered essential from a nutritional standpoint? A. arachidonic acid (20:4) B. docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) C. alpha-linolenic acid (18:3) D. palmitic acid (16:0) E. palmitoleic acid (16:1)
C
3. Following absorption, which of the following nutrients enter the hepatic portal vein to travel to the liver? A. Cholesterol B. Long chain fatty acids C. Galactose D. Fiber E. Micelles
C
31. A deficiency in iodine can lead to a goiter because: A. thyroid stimulating hormone decreases B. the conversion of T4 to T3 cannot occur C. thyroid stimulating hormone increases D. B and C E. A and B
C
35. Which of the following metabolic processes can be carried out anaerobically (without oxygen) A. Formation of acetyl coA B. Citric acid cycle C. Glycolysis D. A and C E. A, B and C
C
36. All of the following are true about pre-eclampsia EXCEPT: A. Pre-eclampsia is associated with high blood pressure with fluid retention and excretion of protein in urine B. Pre-eclampsia can lead to eclampsia C. Pre-eclampsia is caused by having gestational diabetes D. Pre-eclampsia can be dangerous to the baby E. All of the above are true
C
36. The major site(s) of gluconeogenesis is/are: A. adipose tissue, using glycerol as a gluconeogenic substrate B. skeletal muscle, using lactate as a gluconeogenic substrate C. liver D. A and C E. A, B and C
C
38. Which of the following statements concerning riboflavin IS TRUE? A. Can by synthesized from tryptophan B. Forms NAD and NADP C. Forms FMN and FAD D. Can be broken down and used for energy E. A deficiency of riboflavin causes pellagra
C
4. A respiratory exchange ratio of 1 indicates- A. Both carbohydrates and lipids are being used a fuel B. Only lipids are being used as a fuel source C. Only carbohydrates are being used as the fuel source D. Only proteins are being used as a fuel source E. The respiratory exchange has nothing to do with fuel use
C
40. Aldosterone works to increase blood pressure by A. inhibiting renin release B. constricting blood vessels C. increasing Na/K pumps in the kidney D. reducing Na retention E. none of the above describe aldosterone action
C
40. Which of the following ARE NOT characteristics of bulimia nervosa? A. Feeling out of control B. Recurrent binge-eating C. High self-esteem. D. A and B E. A, B and C
C
41. A deficiency of which of the following leads to microcytic anemia? A. Vitamin B12 B. Folic acid C. Iron D. Vitamin C E. Zinc
C
42. Concerning lipid transport, which statement IS TRUE? A. Chylomicron remnants are formed by peptidases acting on chylomicrons in the blood vessels B. HDLs are higher in triglyceride than cholesterol C. LDLs contain a higher proportion of cholesterol than do other lipoproteins D. Chylomicrons are the smallest lipoprotein and contain the greatest proportion of triglycerides E. A and C
C
44. The role of secretin in digestion is to A. Stimulate secretion of HCl and pepsinogen by gastric glands in the stomach. B. Stimulate contraction of the gallbladder to expel bile. C. Inhibit gastric secretion and motility. D. Cleave disaccharides into monosaccharides. E. Induce a sense of hunger.
C
44. Which of the following statements concerning bone IS/ARE TRUE? A. For most people, peak bone mass occurs around age 55. B. In women, the loss of bone mass slows down post menopause. C. During bone formation, osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity D. A and B E. B and C
C
45. Which of the following contains the highest proportion of cholesterol? A. Chylomicron B. VLDL C. LDL D. HDL E. IDL
C
49. Which of the following statements concerning ghrelin IS FALSE? A. It decreases after a meal. B. It is a peptide hormone. C. It is secreted into the intestine. D. A and C E A, B and C
C
52. Thiamin (vitamin B1) A. forms FAD and FMN B. can be synthesized from tryptophan C. is essential for ATP production from glucose D. is part of coenzyme A E. helps to maintain myelin
C
53. Which of the following statements about vitamin E IS TRUE? A. Vitamin E helps to protect the cell cytosol from oxidative damage. B. Vitamin E is transported to organs throughout the body in micelles. C. Vitamin E helps to protect the lipid membrane of cells from oxidative damage D. A and C E. None of the above
C
6. Which of the following statements concerning trace minerals/elements IS TRUE? A. Iron and calcium are both trace minerals/elements B. They are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day C. Trace minerals/elements are better absorbed when consumed in animal products rather than plant products D. Trace minerals/elements can be lost in cooking, as high heat will destroy many of them. E. None of the above
C
7. Under conditions of low iron A. expression of the genes for ferritin and transferrin receptor are up-regulated B. expression of the genes for ferritin and transferrin receptor are down-regulated C. expression of the genes for transferrin receptor is up-regulated and ferritin is down-regulated D. expression of the genes for transferrin receptor is down-regulated and for ferritin is up-regulated E. expression of the genes for transferrin is up-regulated and for ferritin is up-regulated.
C
70. Which of the following statement concerning Na intake and hypertension IS TRUE? A. Na intake is not associated with hypertension B. African-Americans have a lower prevalence of hypertension due to decreased salt intake C. Some people are "salt-sensitive" and do not excrete salt quickly, causing blood pressure to increase D. Some people are "salt-sensitive" and excrete salt quickly, causing blood pressure to increase E. All of the above are false
C
74. If blood glucose is high, which of the following does NOT occur? A. Muscles and adipocytes increase glucose uptake. B. Proteins and fats are synthesized. C. Increased gluconeogenesis in liver. D. The pancreas releases insulin. E. All of the above are true.
C
76. A deficiency of which of the following leads to microcytic anemia? A. Vitamin B12 B. Folic acid C. Iron D. Vitamin C E. Zinc
C
8. All of the following are true about High Density Lipoproteins EXCEPT A. made by the liver B. pick up cholesterol from cells C. become LDL particles as they release their cholesterol D. are the smallest sized lipoprotein E. contains phospholipids and proteins
C
8. Which B vitamin is part of coenzyme A? A. B2 (riboflavin) B. B6 (pyridoxine) C. B5 (pantothenic acid) D. B3 (niacin) E. B1 (thiamin)
C
Which of the following statements about vitamin E IS TRUE? A. Vitamin E helps to protect the cell cytosol from oxidative damage. B. Vitamin E is transported to organs throughout the body in micelles. C. Vitamin E helps to protect the lipid membrane of cells from oxidative damage D. A and C E. None of the above
C
16. Low levels of this mineral stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone
CALCIUM
11. Menkes disease
COPPER DEFICIENCY
10. Which of the following vitamins causes microcytic anemia when deficient and is involved in the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine? A. Vitamin B1 (thiamin) B. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) C. Vitamin B3 (niacin) D. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) E. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
D
10. Which vitamins contain sulfur? A. Thiamin (B1) B. Riboflavin (B2) C. Biotin (B7) D. A and C E. A, B and C
D
13. Which of the following statements concerning ethanol metabolism IS/ARE TRUE? A. Ethanol is primarily metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase. B. Ethanol consumed in large amounts will be metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase and by the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS). C. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase is necessary for complete metabolism of alcohol D. A, B and C E. A and B
D
14. Alcoholic liver disease caused by prolonged, heavy exposure to alcohol is due to A. Disruption of the intestinal barrier function B. Increased liver oxidative stress C. Activation of immune cells in the liver causing liver damage D. A, B and C E. A and C
D
17. Proteins can be used to generate ATP by A. breaking down the proteins into amino acids that are then all converted into acetyl CoA B. proteins are not used to generate ATP, but instead are used to build muscle C. breaking down the proteins into amino acids that will only enter the Krebs cycle D. breaking down the proteins into amino acids that can enter either glycolysis or Krebs cycle E. proteins are broken down by the electron transport chain to produce ATP
D
19. Which of the following statements about ascorbate IS/ARE TRUE? A. Ascorbate aids with the intestinal absorption of non-heme iron B. Ascorbate reduces ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+) C. Ascorbate reduces ferrous iron (Fe2+) to ferric iron (Fe3+) D. A and B E. A and C
D
2. As a result of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, only a small portion of the energy of glucose has been converted to ATP. At this point, the majority of the usable energy is contained in: A. Carbon dioxide B. acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) C. pyruvate D. NADH and FADH E. oxygen
D
20. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin K IS/ARE TRUE? A. Bacteria in the gut can make vitamin K B. There are several proteins involved in blood clotting that are vitamin K dependent C. Newborn infants can obtain adequate amounts of vitamin K from breastmilk D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
22. Which of the following statements concerning the basal metabolic rate IS TRUE? A. It is not affected by body size or muscle mass B. It is not affected by age C. The BMR is not influenced by male vs female D. The BMR is the number of calories you burn at rest, in a post-absorptive state. E. Activity will not affect the BMR
D
23. Which of the following statements concerning anaerobic metabolism IS/ARE TRUE? A. Can only be used for a short period of time, for example during a sprint. B. Generates a net of 2 ATP from the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. C. Fuel source used for anaerobic metabolism includes free fatty acids, proteins and glucose. D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
24. Which of the following contributes the most to weight gain in a normal pregnancy A. The fetus B. amniotic fluid C. maternal blood D. maternal fat E. placenta
D
25. Which of the following concerning digestive enzymes IS TRUE? A. Digestive enzymes slow down the breakdown of nutrients B. The same digestive enzymes that break down protein can also break down lipids C. Digestive enzymes themselves are changed in the chemical reactions which they are involved in D. Digestive enzymes are proteins E. None of the above are true
D
25. Which of the following statements IS TRUE? A. A deficiency in vitamin K can result in abnormal blood coagulation B. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidation C. The final step of vitamin D hydroxylation occurs in the liver D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
26. Which of the following statements concerning malnutrition IS TRUE? A. Malnutrition can be due to micronutrient deficiency. B. Obesity is a type of malnutrition. C. Malnutrition can increase susceptibility to infectious disease D. A, B and C. E. A and C.
D
27. A deficiency of riboflavin (vitamin B2) affects all of the following EXCEPT A. TCA cycle B. Breakdown of fatty acids C. Converting niacin to its active form D. Maintenance of myelin E. None of the above would be affected by a riboflavin deficiency
D
27. A deficiency of riboflavin affects all of the following EXCEPT A. TCA cycle B. Breakdown of fatty acids C. Converting niacin to its active form D. Maintenance of myelin E. None of the above would be affected by a riboflavin deficiency
D
28. Potential positive outcomes for genetically modified foods include: A. Increase in food output B. Help control food allergies C. Domination of food production D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
29. Which of the following statements concerning calcium IS TRUE? A. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body B. Bioavailability is decreased in the presence of phytates C. High levels of calcium stimulate parathyroid hormone release D. A and B E. None of the above
D
30. 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 A. is produced in the kidney B. is up-regulated under conditions of high Ca C. can act with parathyroid hormone to increase bone breakdown D. A and C E. A, B and C
D
31. Which of the following are retinoids? A. retinol and retinal B. retinoic acid C. beta carotene D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
32. An essential amino acid A. forms a complete protein B. is needed only by growing infants and children C. may prevent skin rashes D. cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts to meet the body's needs E. can be formed from a non-essential amino acid by the process of transamination which occurs in the liver
D
32. Which of the following statement concerning non-shivering thermogenesis IS/ARE TRUE? A. Is generated by uncoupling the hydrogen ion gradient from ATP synthase B. Is caused by genetic regulation of large muscle shivering to generate heat C. Is a major component of brown adipose tissue D. A and C E. B and C
D
32. Which of the following statements concerning childhood growth IS TRUE? A. It can be used as an indicator of the health and nutritional status of a child B. It is highly responsive to nutritional, infectious disease, and access to medical care effects C. It can predict subsequent health outcomes D. A, B and C. E. A and B.
D
33. Which of the following statements concerning kwashiorkor IS TRUE? A. children are typically affected B. caused by protein deficiency in the presence of adequate energy C. caused by a carbohydrate deficiency D.A and B E. A and C
D
34. Aerobic metabolism occurs in A. the cytoplasm of the cell B. the nucleus of the cell C. only in cells of the liver D. the mitochondria of the cell E. C and D
D
34. Concerning Type 1 diabetes, which of the following statements IS/ARE TRUE? A. Insulin is no longer being produced by the pancreas B. Liver will continue to synthesize glucose C. All cells of the body are starved for glucose D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
34. Which of the following are ways for you to acquire healthy, NC-grown food? A. Community-supported agriculture (CSA) B. Farmers' markets C. The USDA's Farm to School program D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
35. Which of the following are metabolic adaptations to exercise? A. Increase in size and number of mitochondria B. Increase in myoglobin content by 75-89% C. Increase in oxidative enzymes D. A, B and C E. A and B
D
35. Which of the following increase the risk of malnutrition in an elderly population? A. Lack of social support B. Dental problems C. Increased use of medications D. A, B and C E. B and C
D
37. Which of the following statement(s) about copper IS/ARE TRUE? A. Copper is involved in antioxidant protection as part of superoxide dismutase B. Copper is involved in production of some neurotransmitters C. Copper is used for an enzyme that produces melanin D. A, B and C E. A and B
D
38. Which of the following individuals would be at risk to develop a vitamin D deficiency? A. An individual with kidney disease. B. An individual who lives in a very northern climate and consumes a diet deficient in dairy products and fish. C. An individual with a tumor in the parathyroid gland, resulting in an overproduction of parathyroid hormone. D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
38. Which of the following statements about autophagy IS/ARE TRUE? A. Autophagy helps to break down damaged organelles to replace with new ones B. Increased autophagy is associated with increased lifespan C. Only cancer cells undergo autophagy D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
41. High intakes of zinc stimulate the synthesis of this protein in the enterocyte. A. Glutathione peroxidase B. Superoxide dismutase C. Transferrin D. Metallothionein E. Thyroid hormone
D
43. Hemoglobin consists of ______ protein subunits. Each protein subunit contains a heme molecule that is co-ordinated with iron in the ________state. Iron in the heme is co-ordinated to 4 __________atoms of the porphyrin, a nitrogen atom of the histidine residue of the hemoglobin protein and the sixth position can be occupied by __________. A. 4, +3, nitrogen, oxygen B. 4, +2, oxygen, nitrogen C. 2, +3, nitrogen, oxygen D. 4, +2, nitrogen, oxygen E. 1, +2, nitrogen, oxygen
D
43. Under conditions of low blood levels of calcium, which of the following statements IS/ARE TRUE? A. Parathyroid hormone levels drop, and calcitonin levels increase B. The final step for vitamin D activation in the kidney is blocked C. Nausea, vomiting, and constipation are symptoms of low blood calcium D. Parathyroid hormone levels increase E. Bone osteoblasts are activated.
D
43. Which are of the following statements concerning conditional amino acids for humans IS TRUE ? A. can never be obtained from the diet B. an example is cysteine, which is conditional only when methionine is in short supply C. can be essential at specific times, such as during premature infancy D. B and C E. A, B and C
D
45. The absorptive surface of the small intestine is increased by the presence of: A. lacteals B. gastric pits C. sphincters D. microvilli E. none of the above
D
45. Which of the following statements concerning gestational diabetes IS TRUE? A. Only obese mothers develop gestational diabetes B. Having gestational diabetes is not considered a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes after the pregnancy ends C. Gestational diabetes cannot be controlled with diet and exercise and must be treated with insulin D. Gestational diabetes increases the risk for pre-eclampsia E. Gestational diabetes is associated with dangerously low levels of maternal glucose
D
46. An example of a digestive hormone is A. lipase. B. amylase. C. pepsin. D. gastrin. E. All of the above
D
48. Which of the following can pass from the lumen of the intestine into the enterocyte without the input of energy? A. Fatty acids B. Fructose C. Amino acids D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
49. Which of the following statements concerning amino acids IS TRUE? A. Amino acids enter enterocytes by active transport. B. Deamination of amino acids results in the production of urea C. Ketogenic amino acids can be used in glycolysis. D. A and B. E. A, B and C.
D
5. Thiamin (vitamin B1) is essential for the production of ATP from glucose because A. It is part of the electron transport chain B. It forms the active coenzyme FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) C. It forms the active coenzyme NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) D. It is a coenzyme for the reaction that forms acetyl CoA from pyruvate E. None of the above
D
51. Genes that can influence energy expenditure can include A. Genes that affect eating behaviors B. Genes that effect activity preference C. Genes that influence metabolism D. All of the above
D
54. Which of the following individuals would be at risk to develop a vitamin D deficiency? A. An individual with kidney disease. B. An individual who lives in a very northern climate and consumes a diet deficient in dairy products and fish. C. An individual with a tumor in the parathyroid gland, resulting in an overproduction of parathyroid hormone. D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
56. Gestational diabetes is characterized by (during pregnancy): A. Difficulty gaining weight B. Low fasting blood glucose levels C. Decreased urinary output D. Elevated blood glucose levels E. All of the above.
D
57. Which of the following are retinoids? A. retinol and retinal B. retinoic acid C. beta carotene D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
58. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin K IS TRUE? A. Vitamin K is used in reactions involved in blood clotting B. Vitamin K is water soluble C. Vitamin K is important for bone mineralization and demineralization D. A and C E. A, B, and C
D
60. Which of the following hormones are involved in meal termination (satiation)? A. Peptide YY (PYY) B. Ghrelin C. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) D. A and C E. A, B, and C
D
67. In a healthy individual, a blood sample after an overnight fast would reveal? A. low glucose, high insulin B. low glucose, low insulin C. normal glucose, high insulin D. normal glucose, low insulin E. low glucose, normal insulin
D
68. Which of the following IS TRUE if you are placed in a cold environment? A. The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) B. TRH will stimulate the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C. TSH stimulates the kidney to reabsorb iodine for use in synthesizing thyroid hormones D. A and B E. A, B and C
D
7. Under conditions of high iron A. expression of mRNA for ferritin and transferrin receptor are up-regulated B. expression of mRNA for ferritin and transferrin receptor are down-regulated C. expression of mRNA for transferrin receptor is up-regulated and ferritin is down-regulated D. expression of mRNA for transferrin receptor is down-regulated and for ferritin is up-regulated E. expression of mRNA for transferrin is down-regulated and for ferritin is up-regulated.
D
71. Which of the following is the correct relationship among the 3 forms of Vitamin A? A. Retinol ßà Retinal ßà Retinoic acid B. Beta-carotene à Retinol à Retinal à Retinoic acid C. Beta-carotene à Retinal ßà retinol à retinoic acid D. Retinol ßà Retinal à Retinoic acid E. Beta-carotene ßà Retinal à Retinol
D
75. Which of the following about iron ARE TRUE? 1. Iron is an essential mineral. 2. Iron plays an important role as a carrier for oxygen. 3. Iron is important in temperature regulation and energy catabolism 4. Most iron in the body is conserved and reused. 5. Iron is highly toxic and is tightly regulated. A. 1, 2, and 5 only. B. 1, 2, 3, and 5 only. C. 1, 2, and 4 only. D. 1, 2, 4, and 5 only. E. All of the above are true.
D
78. As a result of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, only a small portion of the energy of glucose has been converted to ATP. At this point, the majority of the usable energy is contained in A. carbon dioxide B. acetyl coenzyme A C. pyruvate D. electron carriers NADH and FADH E. oxygen
D
79. Which of the following statements about B vitamins IS TRUE? A. They are all co-enzymes B. They provide energy for metabolism C. They are all water soluble D. A and C E. A, B and C
D
9. Excess intake of folic acid (vitamin B9) can mask which vitamin deficiency? A. Vitamin C B. Vitamin E C. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) D. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) E. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
D
9. Excess intake of folic acid can mask which vitamin deficiency? A. Vitamin C B. Vitamin E C. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) D. Vitamin B12 (cobalamine) E. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
D
9. Which of the following statements concerning amino acids IS/ARE TRUE? A. Every amino acid contains an amino group and an acid group B. Essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet C. Transamination is a process in which an essential amino acid can be created from a non-essential amino acid D. A and B E. A and C
D
Which of the following statements concerning dietary reference intakes (DRI) IS/ARE TRUE? A. There are different DRIs for different types of populations B. The DRIs provide a target of macronutrients and micronutrients that should be consumed each day C. The DRIs consist of both nutrient intake recommendations and energy intake recommendations D. A and C E. A, B and C [GWD1]Question thrown out
D
30. Under limiting carbohydrate supply, A. acetyl CoA usage is limited in the citric acid cycle B. acetyl CoA is converted to ketones C. ketones are produced which are a waste product and cannot be used for energy D. A, B and C E. A and B
E
11. Which of the following DO NOT affect ethanol absorption and clearance A. Physique B. Speed of alcohol intake C. Food intake D. Gender E. Time of day of alcohol ingestion
E
13. Which of the following are secreted by the pancreas? A. Bicarbonate ions B. Bile acids C. Trypsin D. A, B and C E. A and C
E
16. Which of the following statements concerning insulin IS/ARE TRUE? A. Released when blood glucose rises B. Decreases gluconeogenesis in the liver C. Stimulates protein synthesis D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
16. Which of the following statements concerning sodium-potassium (Na/K) pumps IS/ARE TRUE? A. They pump Na out of the cell and K into the cell B. Glucose and amino acid transport from the intestinal lumen into enterocytes depend on Na/K pumps. C. Touch (such as the point of your pencil touching your thumb) will cause Na to rush into the cell, causing depolarization. D. A and C E. A, B and C
E
17. All of the following are metabolic adaptations to exercise EXCEPT A. Enhanced glycogen sparing B. Increased size and number of muscle cell mitochondria C. Enhanced usage of fat at a submaximum intensity D. Increased myoglobin E. Decrease in citric acid cycle enzymes, thereby increasing ATP production
E
19. Post translational modification A. occurs during mRNA translation B. occurs with all proteins C. occurs in the nucleus D. all of the above are true E. none of the above are true
E
2. Which of the following are secreted by cells of the stomach? A. Mucus B. HCl C. Pepsin D. A and B E. A, B and C[GWD1] [GWD1]Both accepted as correct
E
2. Which of the following statements concerning lactation IS/ARE TRUE? A. Lactation involves both the synthesis and the movement of milk to the nipple B. Milk let-down is triggered by the hormone oxytocin C. Mature milk is produced within 6 hours of the birth of the baby D. A, B and C E. A and B
E
23. Which of the following statements about DNA methylation IS/ARE TRUE: A. DNA methylation is a random process B. Methylation of DNA occurs at CpG islands C. Hyper-methylation of DNA is frequently associated with reduced gene expression D. A and C E. B and C
E
24. Digestion in the small intestine is where pancreatic amylase converts the carbohydrate starch to A. glucose and sucrose B. fructose and glucose C. maltose and sucrose D. fructose and sucrose E. glucose and maltose
E
24. Which of the following statements concerning MyPlate IS/ARE TRUE? A. It was produced by the US government B. It provides a visual depiction of the types of food that should fill your plate C. It replaced MyPyramid D. B and C E. A, B and C
E
26. During carbohydrate limiting conditions, which of the following statements IS/ARE TRUE? A. Oxaloacetate is used by the liver to produce glucose B. Acetyl CoA entry into the citric acid cycle is impeded C. Acetyl CoA is converted to ketone bodies D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
28. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin B12 (cobalamin) IS/ARE TRUE? A. Deficiencies are rare due to the ability of the body to store and reuse B. For absorption, vitamin B12 must be bound to intrinsic factor C. Vitamin B12 deficiency can result in pernicious anemia D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
28. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) IS/ARE TRUE? A. B6 is a coenzyme for transamination reactions B. B6 deficiency can lead to microcytic anemia C. A deficiency in B6 can lead to high levels of homocysteine D. A and C E. A, B and C
E
30. Which of the following statement(s) concerning deamination IS/ARE TRUE? A. It is a necessary process in order to use the carbons of amino acids for ATP generation B. It produces ammonia C. The main organ to convert ammonia to urea is the kidney which then excretes the urea into the urine D. A and B E. A, B and C[GWD1] [GWD1]Both accepted as correct;
E
32. Neural tube defects: A. Can result from inadequate folate intake. B. Have a decrease incidence because of fortification of foods. C. Happen in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
32. The elderly can be at risk for malnutrition because A. Many take multiple medications that can affect nutritional status B. They may have dental problems C. They may have a decreased appetite D. A and C E. A, B and C
E
33. Which of the following have been shown to increase lifespan in animal models? A. increasing antioxidant systems B. increase in SIRT1 C. increasing insulin sensitivity D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
33. You have a patient with pellagra. Which of the following WOULD NOT be an expected symptom? A. dermatitis B. gastrointestinal symptoms C. fatique D. bright red tongue E. megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
E
34. Which of the following statement(s) concerning concentration gradients IS/ARE TRUE? A. Maintaining a concentration gradient is important for nerve conduction B. Na/K pumps work to maintain a concentration gradient by pumping K into the cell and Na out of the cell C. Na/K pumps require energy that can account for up to 40% of resting energy needs in an adult D. A and C E. A, B and C
E
34. Which of the following statement(s) concerning concentration gradients IS/ARE TRUE? A. Maintaining a concentration gradient is important for nerve conduction B. The distribution of fluid among body compartments depends on the concentrations of electrolytes and other solutes C. Na/K pumps require energy that can account for up to 40% of resting energy needs in an adult D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
37. Which of the following fuel sources are utilized during aerobic exercise (moderate intensity)? A. Muscle glycogen B. Blood glucose C. Triglycerides in muscle D. B and C E. A, B and C
E
4. Which of the following fuel sources are utilized during aerobic exercise (moderate intensity)? A. Muscle glycogen B. Blood glucose C. Triglycerides in muscle D. B and C E. A, B and C
E
41. Which of the following statements concerning a mucosal cell containing microvilli IS TRUE? A. They increase the absorptive capacity of the intestine B. They secrete enzymes used for fiber digestion. C. Each mucosal cell with microvilli is located near a lacteal and capillaries D. A, B and C E. A and C
E
42. Selenium is the known as the 21st amino acid because A. Selenium is covalently bound to several selenoproteins B. Selenium replaces sulfur in the amino acid cysteine, forming selenocysteine C. Selenium as part of cysteine has its own 3-nucleotide codon, which is normally a stop codon. D. A, B and C E. B and C
E
42. Which of the following statements concerning the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle) IS TRUE? A. Acetyl CoA used in the citric acid cycle can be made from glucose, fatty acids and amino acids B. CO2 is produced C. Electrons are removed for use in the electron transport chain D. A and C E. A, B and C
E
46. Which of the following can eliminate metabolic waste generated by nutrient metabolism? A. Skin B. Lungs C. Kidneys D. B and C E. A, B and C
E
46. Which of the following impacts on children's health are due to unhealthy food choices? A. Obesity B. Type 2 diabetes C. Hypertension D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
47. Which of the following are characteristics of anorexia nervosa? A. Intense fear of gaining weight B. Relatively low prevalence (occurrence), but high mortality C. Extreme focus on shape/weight D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
48. During carbohydrate limiting conditions, which of the following ARE TRUE? A. oxaloacetate is used by the liver to produce glucose B. acetyl CoA entry into the TCA cycle is impeded C. acetyl CoA is converted in the liver to ketone bodies D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
48. Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis IS TRUE? A. Primarily uses amino acids obtained from protein breakdown. B. Occurs in all organs of the body, and particularly in muscle cells. C. Is an energy-requiring process. D. Occurs when blood glucose levels are high. E. A and C
E
49. Which of the following statements concerning glycerol IS/ARE TRUE? A. Glycerol is the backbone of a triglyercide with 3 fatty acids attached B. Glycerol can be used to make ATP C. Glycerol can be used to make glucose D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
5. Which of the following is primarily used to deliver triglycerides to extra-hepatic (non-liver) tissues? A. chylomicron B. low density lipoprotein C. very low density lipoprotein D. A, B and C E. A and C
E
51. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D IS TRUE? A. Active vitamin D3 works in a negative feedback way by reducing the production of active vitamin D3 B. Active vitamin D3 works similar to a steroid hormone by regulating gene expression C. Adults deficient in active vitamin D3 may develop osteomalacia D. A and C E. A, B and C
E
61. Which of the following statements concerning lipid transport from the liver IS TRUE? A. Triglycerides made in the liver are incorporated into VLDL. B. LDLs are derived from VLDL and contain less triglyceride, but more cholesterol C. LDLs require a cell surface receptor to deliver their contents to cells D. A and B. E. A, B and C
E
62. Which of the following statements about the VO2 max IS TRUE? A. VO2 max is increased in trained athletes. B. VO2 max is obtained by collecting and measuring volume and oxygen concentration of inhaled and exhaled air. C. VO2 max is a good indicator of cardiovascular fitness. D. A and C. E. A, B and C
E
64. Concerning strategies about promoting purchasing of healthful food, which of the following IS TRUE? A. There are a number of factors involved, including cultural preferences and food pricing B. Partnerships with local farmers to provide and deliver affordable fresh produce should be promoted C. Providing community gardens in neighborhoods could improve healthful eating D. A and B E. A, B and C
E
1. Glycolysis requires oxygen A. TRUE B. FALSE
FALSE
21. Dietary proteins contribute to twice as many amino acids in the amino acid pool compared with the breakdown of body proteins. A. TRUE B. FALSE
FALSE
27. In order to enter adipocytes and deliver their triglycerides, VLDLs require a receptor on the surface of the adipocyte. A. TRUE B. FALSE
FALSE
3. Anaphylaxis is a type of food intolerance. A. TRUE B. FALSE
FALSE
9. Self-reported dietary restraint 'dieting' is consistently associated with weight loss. A. TRUE B. FALSE
FALSE
13. Macrocytic anemia
FOLATE DEFICIENCY
A low carbohydrate diet in a healthy adult will lead to ketoacidosis
False
Dietary cholesterol enters the portal vein and travels to the liver
False
Most of the water we intake is from food
False
Similar to carbohydrates, some vitamins can be used to generate ATP
False
Sodium-Potassium ATPase pump will pump Na into the cell and K out of the cell
False
20. Ferritin is the major storage protein for this mineral
IRON
17. Forms a complex with ATP to stabilize the molecule
MAGNESIUM
21. Most common is oleic acid, 18:1
MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
12. Pellagra
NIACIN DEFICIENCY
19. Major constituent of DNA and RNA
PHOSPHORUS
22. Most common is linoleic acid, 18:2
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
23. Each carbon in the chain is bound to two hydrogens
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
18. Hyponatremia is caused by too much water relative to the amount of this mineral in the body
SODIUM
10. Malnutrition is associated with 50% of child deaths worldwide and malnutrition has a higher rate in less developed countries. A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
17. Some lipids contains phosphorous, in addition to carbon, oxygen and hydrogen A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
4. Regular aerobic exercise can increase heart stroke volume A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
43. Changes in methylation status of DNA during late fetal or early postnatal development may cause regions of the genome to be undermethylated for life A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
45. Active transport accounts for most of calcium absorption when intakes are low or moderate A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
47. The proportion of energy from macronutrients recommended for adolescents is similar to that of adults, but the total amount of energy needed by teenagers exceeds adult needs. A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
5. The Delaney Clause states that food and color additives cannot be approved if they cause cancer in humans or animals. A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
50. Both vitamin A and vitamin D act at the level of gene transcription. A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
6. Twice as many amino acids in the amino acid pool come from recycled proteins versus dietary proteins. A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
7. Glycogenesis is the anabolic process of converting extra glucose into glycogen A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
8. 90% of foodborne illnesses are caused by 7 pathogens. A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
When blood volume decreases, aldosterone is used to increase the number of Na/K pumps, leading to increased Na reabsorption. A. TRUE B. FALSE
TRUE
49. Menkes disease results in a copper deficiency due to a defect in intestinal copper absorption
True
50. Metallothionein will bind both copper and zinc
True
Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to expel bile
True
In mammals, gastrin stimulates secretion of HCL
True
Intracellular fluid has the highest concentration of protein.
True
Phenylketonuria is a disease that prevents the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine
True
Selenium is considered the 21st amino acid because it replaces sulfur in cysteine
True
VLDL synthesis occurs in the liver and involves repackaging of both dietary-derived lipids and lipids synthesized in the liver from glucose
True
24. More likely to be liquid at room temperature
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
15. Blindness
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
14. Scurvy
VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY
When naming a fatty acid, start from the end with the methyl group and
count to the first carbon with the double bond