Final Exam note cards

If a substance measures pH 7 on the pH scale, that substance: a. has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions b. may be lemon juice c. has a greater concentration of OH- and H+ ions d. probably lacks OH- ions

A. Has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions

A solution containing a low concentration of dissolved substances and a high concentration of free water is termed: a. hypotonic b. hypertonic c. isotonic d. water

A. hypotonic

Sulfur has an atomic number of 16, how many covalent bonds does one expect to form? A. 0 B. 2 C.6 D. 8

B. 2

When a high-energy bond of ATP is broken, primarily what happens to the released energy? a. Dissipates as heat b. Drives endergonic reactions within the cell c. polarizes the cell

B. Drives endergonic reactions within the cell

A solution containing a high concentration of dissolved substances and a low concentration of free water is termed: a. hypotonic b. hypertonic c. isotonic d. water

B. Hypertonic

A source of activation energy is usually? a. Chemical bond Energy b. Kinetic Energy c. Enzymes d. Molecules of oxygen

B. Kinetic Energy

CYTOKINESIS DOES NOT OCCUR BETWEEN CELL CYCLES

CYTOKINESIS DOES NOT OCCUR BETWEEN CELL CYCLES

All organic molecules contain: a. Carbon dioxide b. carbon monoxide c. Carbon and nitrogen d. Carbon and Hydrogen

Carbon and Hydrogen

Which property (or properties) of water enables water to function as a moderator of temperature for living organisms? a. Water has a high specific heat b. Water has a great heat of vaporization c. Water has a high heat of fusion d. All the above

D. All the above

A scientific explanation that is tentative and requires more investigation is termed a/an: a. Theory b. Fact c. Control D. Hypothesis

D. Hypothesis

What determines the atomic number of an atom? a. number of electrons in the outermost shell b. total number of energy units c. arrangement of neutrons in the atomic nucleus d. number of protons in the atomic nucleus

D. Number of protons in the atomic nucleus

The movement of water and only water from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration following a concentration gradient is termed: a. Passive transport b. Flood c. Diffusion D. Osmosis

D. Osmosis

Atoms share electrons in unequally what type of bond? a. ionic b. covalent c. peptide d. polar covalent

D. Polar covalent

what "buds off" of the Golgi complex? a. nuclei b. cytoskeleton c. ribosomes d. vessicles

D. Vessicles

in pea seeds, round (R) is dominant to wrinkled (r) and yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y). What percentage of round yellow seeds is expected from the cross: RrYY x RRYy a. 100% b. 75% c. 50% d. 25%

a. 100 %

during glycolosis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules produced? a. 2 b. 4 c. 34 d. 38

a. 2

Which is an example of a compound? a. CO2 b. Carbon c. atomic nucleus d. planet earth

a. CO2

Biological molecules are primarily joined by: a. Covalent Bonds b. Ionic Bonds c. Hydrogen bonds d. Disulfide bonds

a. Covalent Bonds

which cellular component packages hydrolytic enzymes and forms lysosomes? a. Golgi complex b. smooth ER c. mitochondrion d. cytoskeleton

a. Golgi complex

Where do the energy-capturing reactions of photosynthesis occur? a. Thylakoids b. Cytoplasm c. Stroma d. Matrix

a. Thylakoids

a man who carries a harmful sex-linked gene will pass the gene on to: a. all of his daughters b. half of his daughters c. half of his sons d. all of his sons

a. all of his daughters

if two normal parents have an albino child: a. both parents are heterozygous b. albinism is dominant c. the butler did it d. the next child must be normal

a. both parents are heterozygous

which pair of organelles is responsible for energy supply to eukaryotic cells? a. chloroplasts and mitochondria b. chloroplasts and ribosomes c. Golgi bodies and ribosomes d. mitochondria and lysosomes

a. chloroplasts and mitochondria

Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration because oxygen. a, combines with hydrogen ions to form water b. combines with carbon to form carbon dioxide c. combines with carbon dioxide and water to form glucose d. reduces glucose to carbon dioxide and water

a. combines with hydrogen ions to form water

cytokinesis refers to the division of the: a. cytoplasm b. mitochondria c. nucleus d. centrioles

a. cytoplasm

sister chromatids are: a. duplicate chromosomes held together by a common centromere b. specialized gamete forming cells c. Non- functional chromosomes d. homologous pairs of chromosomes

a. duplicate chromosomes held together by a common centromere

When one gram of each of the following is oxidized, which yields the greatest amount of energy? a. fat b. glucose c. glycerol d. hemoglobin

a. fat

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called: a. glycolysis b. respiration c. phosphorylation d. chemiosmosis

a. glycolysis

how do fatigued human muscle cells repay an oxygen debt? a. lactic acid is converted into pyruvic acid by cells b. the cells convert glucose into pyruvic acid c. the tired cells increase production of ATP d. the cells increase CO2 production

a. lactic acid is converted into pyruvic acid by the cells

which organelle extracts energy from food molecules and stores it in the high energy bonds of ATP? a. mitochondria b. chloroplasts c. ribosome d. centriole

a. mitochondria

when oxygen is present: a. most cells utilize aerobic respiration b. most cells will carry on fermentation and produce lactic acid c. most bacteria and yeast will carry on fermentation

a. most cells utilize aerobic respiration

in exergonic chemical reactions: a. reactants have more energy than products b. reactants have less energy than products c. reactants and products have equal amounts of energy

a. reactants have more energy thatn products

the hydrophobis tails of a phospholipid bilayer are oriented toward the: a. interior of the plasma membrane b. extracellular fluid surrounding the cell c. cytoplasm of the cell d. nucleus of the cell

a.interior of the plasma membrane

A pigment that absorbs blue green light and reflects red and yellow light is: a. phycocyanin b. carotenoid c. chlorophyll d. melanin

b. Carotenoid

what is the genotype of a dominant individual if some of its offspring show the recessive phenotype? a. DD b. Dd c. dd d. cannot tell without more information

b. Dd

Normal human sperm cells receive: a. X chromosomes only b. Either an X or a Y chromosomes c. Exactly the same genetic information as the body cells d. Y chromosomes only

b. Either an X or a Y chromosomes

if a round pea has a wrinkled parent, the round pea is: a. RR b. Rr c. rr d. Haploid

b. Rr

Hydrogen bonds form between: a. atoms of hydrogen gas b. atoms of hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen c. atoms of oxygen in water molecules d. atoms of hydrogen and carbon

b. atoms of hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen

a region of attachment for two sister chromatids is the: a. centriole b. centromere c. aster d. basal body

b. centromere

reciprocal exchange of genetic material between similar chromosomes is called: a. synapsis b. crossing-over c. tetrad formation d. meiosis

b. crossing-over

if, in a heterozygous individual, only one allele is expressed in the phenotype, that allele is: a. Normal b. Dominant c. Potent d. Recessive

b. dominant

in unsaturated fats, fatty acid tails have one or more: a. single covalent bonds b. double covalent bonds c. disulfide bridges d. peptide bonds

b. double covalent bonds

Males always inherit sex-linked traits from their fathers: a. true b. false

b. false

sex-linked traits affect only sexual characteristics a. true b. false

b. false

which of the following is a haploid (n)? a. zygote b. gamete (sex cell) c. muscle cells d. embryo

b. gamete (sex cell)

The genetic make-up of an individual is its: a. phenotype b. genotype c. mutation d. gene pool

b. genotype

The ability of an organism to direct changes is its internal as well as it's external environment is termed: a. responsiveness b. Homeostasis c. metabolism d. evolution

b. homeostasis

During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle apparatus? a. prophase b. metaphase c. anaphase d. telophase

b. metaphase

cell division usually occurs as two events, namely: a. interphase and mitosis b. mitosis and cytokinesis c. nuclear division and chromosomal division d. interphase and cytoplasmic division

b. mitosis and cytokinesis

What is active transport? a. diffusion of molecules within a cell b. movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gradient c. movement of molecules into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient. d. the movement of molecules into or out of a cell using special proteins and not requiring an expenditure of energy

b. movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gradient

Which of the following has the greatest amount of kinetic energy? a. tank of gasoline b. moving car c. hot car engine d. cool air surrounding engine

b. moving car

the diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane is termed? a. facilitated diffusion b. osmosis c. active transport d. exocytosis

b. osmosis

Meiosis: a. occurs in most somatic cells of animals b. produces spores or gametes depending on the organism c. produces diploid cells d. occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle

b. produces spores or gametes depending on the organism

what is the ultimate source of energy for most forms of life? a. heat b. solar c. thermal d. chemical

b. solar energy

The urinary bladder is protected from leaking by cell to cell junctions called: a. desmosomes b. tight junctions c. gap junctions d. plasmodesmata

b. tight junctions

within the protein matrix of the plasma membrane, what is the role of transport and channel proteins? a. passage of amino acids is prevented by these proteins b. transport and channel proteins allow movement of salts and sugars through the plasma membrane c. these specific proteins may set of cellular changes such as cell division or hormone secretion d. these specific proteins are cell surface attachment sites

b. transport and channel proteins allow movement of salts and sugars through the plasma membrane

a recessive allele is one: a. that is not expressed as strongly as a dominant allele b. whose effect is masked by a dominant allele c. that appears only in a heterozygote d. that produces no effect when present in the homozygous condition

b. whose effect is masked by a dominant allele

The cell produced by the fusion of an egg and a sperm is the: a. polar body b. zygote c. gonad d. gamete

b. zygote

Human body cell nuclei contain: a. 46 pairs of chromosomes b. 44 pairs c. 23 pairs d. 22 pairs

c. 23 pairs

each sperm cell of a horse contains 32 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are there in each of the horse's body cells? a. 16 b.32 c. 64 d. either 16 or 64

c. 64

What determines the specific function of a protein? a. exact sequence of amino acids b. number of disulfide bonds c. a hydrophilic head attached to a hydrophobic tail d. fatty acids as monomers

c. A hydrophilic head attached to a hydrophobic tail

most cell growth occurs during: a. prophase b. s phase c. G1 phase d. G2 phase

c. G1 phase

Which of the following represents a molecule characterized by polar covalent bonding? a. NaCl b.H2 C. H2O d. C-C

c. H2O

which sequence accurately reflects the flow of electrons in photosynthesis? a. Photosystem I--Photosystem II ---H2O---NADH b. Photosystem II---photosystem I---NADP---H2O c. H2O---Photosystem II---Photosystem I----NADP d. Photosystem I---Photosystem II---NADP---H2O

c. H2O---Photosystem II---Photosystem I----NADP

hydrophilic molecules: a. form strong hydrogen bonds among themselves b. are neutral and polar c. readily dissolve in water d. all are correct

c. Readily dissolve in water

Human intelligence is influenced by: a. heredidty only b. environmental factors only c. both heredity and environmental factors d. very poorly understood factors not yet identified and not related to genetics

c. both heredity and environmental factors

in general the net movement of molecules in a fluid is in response to the: a. pressure gradient b. electric gradient c. concentration gradient d. heat gradient

c. concentration gradient

in coupled reactions, energy from the exergonic reaction must ne transferred to the endergonic reaction via: a. molecular oxygen b. catalysts c. energy carrier molecules d. chemical products

c. energy carrier molecules

which of the following literally adds membrane to the plasma membrane of the cell? a. phagocytosis b. active transport c. exocytosis d. plasmolysis

c. exocytosis

in sexually reproducing organisms, the source of chromosomes in the offspring is: a. almost all from one parent, the father b. almost all from one parent, the mother c. half from the father and half from the mother d. a random mixing of chromosomes from both parents

c. half from the father and half from the mother

meiosis results in the production of: a. diploid cells with unpaired chromosomes b. diploid cells with paired chromosomes c. haploid cells with unpaired chromosomes d. haploid cells with paired chromosomes

c. haploid cells with unpaired chromosomes

all cells possess the following components except: a. cytoplasm b. genetic material c. nuclear membrane d. plasma membrane

c. nuclear membrane

the physical manifestation of an organisms genes is its: a. environment b. genotype c. phenotype d. genetic code

c. phenotype

an individual who is a "carrier" for a sex-linked trait like hemophilia: a. is always female b. is heterozygous for recessive condition c. shows the dominant phenotype d. all are correct

c. shows the dominant phenotype

Which of the following provides long term energy storage for plants? a. Glucose b. Glycogen c. Starch d. Cellulose

c. starch

Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are all examples of: a. fatty acids b. waxes c. steroids d. amino acids

c. steroids

An amino acid always contains which two functional groups? a. -OH and -CH3 b. -COOH and -H2PO4 c. -NH2 and -OH d. -COOH and -NH2

d. -COOH and -NH2

humans possess: a. 2 pairs of sex chromosomes and 46 pairs of autosomes b. 2 pairs of sex chromosomes and 23 pairs of autosomes c. 1 pair of sex chromosomes and 46 pairs of autosomes d. 1 pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes

d. 1 pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes

the energy of the movement of electrons down their concentration gradient via electron transport within the chloroplasts and mitochondria is used to generate molecules of: a. H2O B. CO2 C. C-H-O D. ATP

d. ATP

cell plate formation in plants is accomplished by the: a. endoplasmic reticulum b. spindle fibers c. cytoskeleton d. Golgi complex

d. Golgi complex

in humans the sex of the offspring is determined by the: a. autosomes carried by the egg cell b. autosomes carried by the sperm cell c. sex chromosomes carried by the egg cell d. sex chromosomes carried by the sperm cell

d. Sex chromosomes carried by the sperm cell

Nucleotides occur in a. ATP b. DNA c. RNA d. All are correct

d. all are correct

a colorblind woman marries a normal man. Which of the following is true of their children? a. all will be colorblind b. all daughters will be normal and all sons will be carriers c. all daughters will be colorblind and all sons will be normal d. all daughters will be carriers and all sons will be colorblind

d. all daughters will be carriers and allsons will be colorblind

Glycolysis begins in the ________ and ends in the _____. a. cytoplasm, mitochondria b. cytosol, nucleus c. matrix, cytoplasm d. cytoplasm, cytoplasm

d. cytoplasm, cytoplasm

What primarily determines the shape of cells that lack cell walls? a. nucleus b. endoplasmic reticulum c. cytosol d. cytoskeleton

d. cytoskeleton

the metabolic breakdown of one molecule of glucose harvests the greatest amount of energy during? a. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. matrix reactions d. electron transport

d. electron transport

when does chromosome replication occur in a eukaryotic cell? a. prophase b. metaphase c. anaphase d. interphase

d. interphase

what is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration? a. ATP b. NADH c. Carbon Dioxide d. oxygen

d. oxygen

The framework of microtubules that develops in the prophase stage and eventually moves the chromatids away from each other is the: a. cell furrow b. kinetochore b. centriole d. spindle apparatus

d. spindle apparatus

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