Final Exam Oceanography
72) Organisms which feed directly on plants, algae, and other animals are called ________. A) autotrophic B) bacteriovores C) carnivores D) herbivores E) omnivores
E
8) Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? A) Coccolithophores B) Corals C) Foraminiferans D) Phosphorites E) Radiolarians
E
85) Overall, as many as two ________ new marine and terrestrial species are discovered each year. A) dozen B) hundred C) million D) score E) thousand
E
87) Which of the following feeds closest to the primary producing population? A) Anchovy B) Humans C) Mako shark D) Tuna E) Zooplankton
E
90) Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 20.9% of the world marine fishery? A) Coastal and coral systems B) Nontropical shelves C) Open ocean D) Tropical shelves E) Upwellings
E
81) Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock? A) Evaporative salts B) Manganese nodules C) Phosphorite D) Sand and gravel E) Sediments rich in tin
A
61) Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by common dolphins and bat stars? A) Kingdom B) Phylum C) Class D) Order E) Family
A
66) Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? A) Dredge B) Gravity corer C) Long line D) Rotary corer E) Seiche disk
A
67) Algae, plants, archaea, and photosynthetic bacteria are examples of ________ organisms. A) autotrophic B) consumer C) decomposer D) heterotrophic E) siliceous
A
71) Organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton are called which of the following? A) Holoplankton B) Meroplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton
A
73) Which of the following plankton are the largest? A) Macroplankton B) Phytoplankton C) Picoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton
A
74) Plankton that measure between 2 to 20 centimeters are classified, based on size, as which of the following? A) Macroplankton B) Phytoplankton C) Picoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton
A
78) Which of the following terms describes organisms living on or in the ocean bottom? A) Benthos B) Fungi C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae
A
79) Ninety eight percent of marine species belong to which of the following? A) Benthos B) Fungi C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae
A
79) The sand star Astropectean is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic
A
80) Sharks are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic
A
76) All animals capable of moving independently of the ocean currents are called ________. A) Animalia B) Benthos C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae
C
76) Clams are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic
C
77) Which of the following includes most adult fish, marine mammals, marine reptiles, and some marine invertebrates? A) Animalia B) Benthos C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae
C
30) Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
D
31) Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
D
1) Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates belong to the kingdom ________. A) Animalia B) Fungi C) Archaebacteria D) Plantae E) Protista
A
1) Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called ________. A) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment B) biogenous sediment C) hydrogenous sediment D) cosmogenous sediment
A
10) When compared to their warmer water counterparts, cold-water plankton often ________. A) are larger in size B) are smaller in size C) exhibit countershading D) have more spines and ornamentation on the cell wall E) reproduce asexually only
A
102) The Canadian government declared which of the following completely off-limits to fishing in 2003? A) Cod B) Flounder C) Haddock D) Halibut E) Herring
A
102) Which of the following results in the temperature range experienced by the ocean to be substantially less than that on land? A) Deeper penetration of solar energy in the ocean B) Freshwater freezes at a lower temperature than saltwater C) The greater mixing on the continents versus the marine environment D) The increased evaporation over land compared to the ocean E) The lower heat capacity of water compared to rocks
A
114) Due to concerns about mercury or other contaminants you should limit your consumption of all of the following except ________. A) Alaska Wild Salmon B) Albacore Tuna C) Orange Roughy D) Sharks E) Swordfish
A
12) The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately ________. A) 1% B) 10% C) 30% D) 50% E) 90%
A
123) The zone that has no light is called the ________ zone. A) aphotic B) disphotic C) euphotic D) hyperphotic E) hypophotic
A
126) The bathypelagic and ________ zones represent over 75% of the living space in the oceanic province. A) abyssopelagic B) epipelagic C) euphotic D) mesopelagic E) nektopelagic
A
127) Animals that live in the abyssopelagic and ________ zones feed mostly upon one another. A) bathypelagic B) epipelagic C) euphotic D) mesopelagic E) nektopelagic
A
13) The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the ________. A) abyssal plain far from a continent B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) crest of a mid-ocean ridge
A
13) The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is ________. A) polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters B) polar waters, tropical waters, temperate waters C) temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters D) temperate waters, tropical waters, polar waters E) tropical waters, temperate waters, polar waters
A
136) The ________ zone includes more than 80% of the benthic environment. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic
A
137) The ocean floor of the ________ zone is covered by soft oceanic sediment, primarily clay. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic
A
14) An organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities is referred to as ________. A) euryhaline B) hypertonic C) hypotonic D) isotonic E) stenohaline
A
15) Productivity in polar oceans is ________. A) light-limited B) nutrient-limited C) oxygen-limited D) light- and nutrient-limited E) nutrient- and oxygen-limited
A
15) Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) biogenous C) hydrogenous D) lithogenous E) volcanogenic
A
16) Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment ________. A) microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris B) microscopic spherules and abyssal clays C) biogenous oozes and macroscopic meteor debris D) abyssal clays and evaporites E) biogenous oozes and evaporites
A
17) The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are ________. A) tektites B) oozes C) clays D) silt E) evaporites
A
18) In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the winter months ________. A) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease B) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease C) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures increase D) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease E) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease
A
19) The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies camouflaging them against the water-air interface is ________. A) countershading B) cryptic coloration C) defensive coloration D) disruptive coloration E) warning coloration
A
2) The process by which energy is derived from solar radiation that is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called ________. A) photosynthesis B) chemosynthesis C) upwelling D) visible light E) biomass
A
2) Which of the following associations is correct? A) Kingdom Animalia—sponges B) Kingdom Fungi—phytoplankton C) Kingdom Eubacteria—bacteria in hydrothermal vents D) Kingdom Plantae—blue-green algae E) Kingdom Protista—mushrooms
A
20) Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are ________. A) less than 30% biogenous material B) more than 30% biogenous material C) more than 30% hydrogenous material D) less than 30% neritic material E) more than 30% neritic material
A
21) Neritic marine environments would be found ________. A) associated with continental shelves B) at mid-ocean ridges C) deep in the ocean basin D) in subduction zones E) within a deep-sea trench
A
24) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Siliceous ooze B) Quartz sand C) Rock fragments D) Clay E) Volcanic ash
A
24) Organisms with small bodies, extremely large mouths, and sharp teeth are likely to be found in the ________. A) bathypelagic zone B) epipelagic zone C) intertidal zone D) neritic province E) photic zone
A
24) The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in the ________. A) coastal areas B) bathypelagic zone C) mesopelagic zone D) tropical areas E) upwelling areas
A
29) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Lower rates of photosynthesis B) High light levels C) Increased nitrogen concentration D) Increased phosphorus concentration E) Upwelling
A
3) Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by ________. A) a glacier B) a river delta C) organisms D) a volcanic eruption E) the wind
A
31) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Anthophyta B) Chlorophyta C) Chrysophyta D) Phaeophyta E) Pyrrophyta
A
33) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Autotrophic B) Carnivorous feeding C) Deposit feeding D) Filter feeding E) Suspension feeding
A
35) The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
A
36) Siliceous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
A
37) Calcareous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
A
38) Stromatolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
A
39) Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
A
40) Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. A) colder higher B) Colder Lower C) Warmer Higher D) Warmer lower
A
41) The concentration of which of the following nutrients limits productivity in the waters near Antarctica and the Galapagos Islands? A) Iron B) Nitrogen C) Phosphorus D) Silica E) Sodium
A
41) Which of the following domains is a group of simple, microscopic, bacteria-like creatures that includes methane producers and sulfur oxidizers that inhabit deep-sea vents and seeps? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya
A
42) The dissolution of the thick tests of foraminifers below the CCD is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. A) destruction B) dilution C) ecology D) erosion E) productivity
A
44) Which of the following are high energy charged particles, originating in outer space? A) Cosmic Rays B) Gamma Rays C) Ultraviolet Radiation D) Visible Light E) X-rays
A
48) Which of the following types of algae is responsible for the name of the Sargasso Sea? A) Brown algae B) Green algae C) Purple algae D) Red algae E) Yellow algae
A
49) Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled animals? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Plantae
A
50) Which of the following kingdoms contains species that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Plantae
A
51) Which marine ecosystem has the highest average net primary productivity? A) Algae beds and coral reefs B) Estuaries C) Freshwater swamp and marsh D) Open Ocean E) Upwelling zone
A
51) Which of the following kingdoms also includes humans? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Plantae
A
52) Which marine ecosystem has average net primary productivity comparable to a tropical rainforest? A) Algae beds and coral reefs B) Estuaries C) Freshwater swamp and marsh D) Open Ocean E) Upwelling zone
A
54) The number of dead zones has ________ every decade from the1960s into the twenty-first century. A) doubled B) tripled C) quadrupled D) quintupled E) increased ten-fold
A
61) In polar region oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. A) available sunlight only B) both available sunlight and nutrient supply C) nutrient supply only D) salinity E) water temperature
A
84) The flow of nutrients through a biotic community is ________. A) cyclic and multidirectional B) cyclic and unidirectional C) noncyclic and multidirectional D) noncyclic and unidirectional
A
86) Individual members of a feeding population in a food chain are generally ________ in size and ________ numerous than their prey. A) larger less B) Larger more C) Smaller less D) Smaller More
A
87) The most likely total number of species on Earth is estimated to be between ________. A) 6 and 12 million B) 12 and 40 million C) 100 and 200 million D) 600 and 900 million E) 1 and 2 billion
A
88) The most recent international project to assess the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life was called which of the following? A) Census of Marine Life B) History of Marine Animal Populations C) International Census of Marine Microbes D) Systematic Census of the Ocean E) The Ocean Biogeographic Information System
A
91) The current number of documented marine species represent about ________ of all known species on Earth. A) 13% B) 17% C) 21% D) 26% E) 30%
A
91) Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 18.7% of the world marine fishery? A) Coastal and coral systems B) Nontropical shelves C) Open ocean D) Tropical shelves E) Upwellings
A
93) Most marine species inhabit the benthic environment because it ________. A) is less stable than the planktonic environment B) is more stable than the planktonic environment C) is a prime habitat for life D) is less stable than the terrestrial environment E) doesn't have any sunlight
A
101) Water's viscosity is a ________ to planktonic organism and a ________ to nektonic organisms. A) help help B) help hindrance C) hindrance help D) hindrance hindrance E) Water's viscosity has no impact on both planktonic and nektonic organisms.
B
105) Stenothermal organisms are found predominantly in the ________. A) deep, coastal ocean B) deep, open ocean C) shallow, coastal ocean D) shallow, open ocean E) all parts of the ocean
B
111) If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? A) Crab: Dungeness B) Crab: King (imported) C) Crab: Stone D) Mussels (farmed) E) Oysters (farmed)
B
113) Most marine animals have specially designed fibrous respiratory organs called ________ that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide directly with seawater. A) bladder B) gills C) lobes D) lungs E) osmosis
B
114) Most fish need a minimum of ________ parts per million of dissolved oxygen in seawater to survive for long periods. A) 0.4 B) 4 C) 40 D) 400 E) 4,000
B
122) The zone that has small but measurable quantities of light is called the ________ zone. A) aphotic B) disphotic C) euphotic D) hyperphotic E) hypophotic
B
134) The ________ zone extends from a depth of 200 to 4000 meters. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic
B
135) The ________ zone corresponds generally to the continental slope. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic
B
14) Overproduction of organic matter resulting in anoxic conditions is attributed to ________. A) autotrophication B) eutrophication C) net primary productivity D) photoperiodicity E) phototropism
B
16) Osmotic pressure increases as the ________. A) difference in salinity decreases B) difference in salinity increases C) difference in temperature increases D) salinity increases E) temperature increases
B
16) Productivity in tropical oceans is generally ________. A) light-limited B) nutrient-limited C) oxygen-limited D) light- and nutrient-limited E) nutrient- and oxygen-limited
B
17) Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates? A) Equatorial downwelling zones B) Coastal upwelling zones C) Hypoxic zones D) Dead zones
B
20) Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is ________. A) bi-directional B) cyclical C) semi-conservative D) top down E) unidirectional
B
23) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Biogenous B) Calcareous C) Cosmogenous D) Hydrogenous E) Lithogenous
B
25) The sublittoral (subtidal) zone is the area ________. A) above the highest tide B) below the intertidal zone on the continental shelf C) between the highest high tide and the lowest low tide D) beyond the continental shelf E) where demersal and pelagic organisms are found
B
26) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Animalia B) Archaea C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista
B
28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Seagrasses B) Krill C) Jellyfish D) Floating E) Zooplankton
B
28) The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to ________. A) krill and other shellfish B) non-target species that are caught along with commercial species C) species caught as part of traditional fisheries D) species harvested for industrial purposes E) species raised in aquaculture settings
B
35) Primary productivity data of the oceans is collected using satellites which measure ________. A) biomass B) color C) oxygen D) radioactivity E) temperature
B
37) The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________. A) 20 meters B) 100 meters C) one kilometer D) one to two kilometers E) two to three kilometers
B
4) Which of the following is a biogenous sediment? A) Beach sand B) Diatom ooze C) Glacial deposits D) Clays E) Volcanic particles
B
40) When nutrients are not limiting productivity, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus in the tissues of algae is in the proportion of ________ (C:N:P). A) 16:16:01 B) 106:16:01 C) 16:106:01 D) 106:16:16 E) 106:106:1
B
42) When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean. A) deeper greater B) deeper lower C) less greater D) less lower
B
43) The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. A) destruction B) dilution C) ecology D) erosion E) productivity
B
45) Which of the following kingdoms includes single-celled organisms whose cells lack discrete nuclei and the internal organelles? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista
B
46) Which of the following kingdoms includes the blue-green algae? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista
B
47) Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
B
48) Chondrites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
B
49) Dead Man's Fingers is a kind of which of the following types of algae? A) Brown algae B) Green algae C) Purple algae D) Red algae E) Yellow algae
B
49) Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
B
58) Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and common dolphins? A) Phylum B) Class C) Order D) Family E) Genus
B
59) Productivity is limited by ________ in polar regions and by ________ in the low-latitude tropics. A) available sunlight available sunlight B) available sunlight nutrient supply C) nutrient supply available sunlight D) nutrient supply nutrient supply
B
59) Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and killer whales? A) Phylum B) Class C) Order D) Family E) Genus
B
6) Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) biogenous C) hydrogenous D) terrigenous E) volcanogenic
B
60) In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. A) available sunlight only B) both available sunlight and nutrient supply C) nutrient supply only D) salinity E) water temperature
B
63) In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the fall and by ________ in the spring. A) available sunlight available sunlight B) available sunlight nutrient supply C) nutrient supply available sunlight D) nutrient supply nutrient supply
B
67) Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples? A) Dredge B) Gravity corer C) Long line D) Rotary corer E) Seiche disk
B
68) Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms. A) autotrophic B) consumer C) decomposer D) producer E) siliceous
B
69) Which of the following is a phytoplankton? A) Copepod B) Dinoflagellates C) Foraminifers D) Noctiluca E) Radiolarian
B
7) Diatoms, important producers in the epipelagic open ocean, are members of the Division ________. A) Angiospermae B) Chrysophyta C) Chlorophyta D) Haptophyta E) Pyrrophyta
B
7) Most marine species are found in the ________. A) bathypelagic environment B) benthic environment C) mesopelagic environment D) oceanic environment E) pelagic environment
B
7) Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? A) Diatoms B) Foraminiferans C) Glauconite D) Phosphorites E) Radiolarians
B
70) Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following? A) Earth's climate change patterns B) Earthquake-generated heat from friction C) The mechanism that causes tsunamis D) The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor E) The properties of the deep crust
B
72) Organisms that spend only part of their lives as plankton are called which of the following? A) Holoplankton B) Meroplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton
B
73) Organisms which feed only on bacteria are called ________. A) autotrophic B) bacteriovores C) carnivores D) herbivores E) omnivores
B
73) Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth? A) Fossil Fuels B) Gas hydrates C) Living organisms D) Peat E) Soil
B
77) Arenicola is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic
B
78) Orchestoidea is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic
B
80) Which of the following terms describes organisms living on the surface of the sea floor attached to rocks? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna
B
81) Which of the following terms describes organisms living on the surface of the sea floor moving along the bottom? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna
B
82) Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements? A) Clathrate formation B) Deep-sea hotsprings C) Groundwater leaching D) Nodule and crust creation E) Sea floor methane seeps
B
86) The total number of cataloged species on Earth in both marine and terrestrial environments is currently 1.8 ________. A) thousand B) million C) billion D) trillion E) quadrillion
B
88) Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 35.6% of the world marine fishery? A) Coastal and coral systems B) Nontropical shelves C) Open ocean D) Tropical shelves E) Upwellings
B
9) Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics? A) Low carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures B) Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures C) Lots of carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures D) Low pressure and warmer temperatures E) Low pressure and colder temperatures
B
90) Recent work by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species has eliminated how many previously listed species because they were duplicate identities? A) Between 100,000 and 150,000 B) Between 150,000 and 200,000 C) Between 200,000 and 250,000 D) Between 250,000 and 300,000 E) More than 300,000
B
96) Which of the following often wind up as bycatch because fishers commonly used them to locate tuna? A) Birds B) Dolphins C) Rays D) Sharks E) Turtles
B
26) The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as ________. A) annual harvest that will balance natural mortality and predation B) largest catch that can be taken without overfishing C) largest catch that will cover the minimum cost of fishing D) maximum fishing effort allowed after overfishing occurs E) minimum catch that will still allow the population to increase
B
10) Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) biogenous C) hydrogenous D) lithogenous E) volcanogenic
C
100) Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management? A) Fisheries often encompass the waters of many different countries B) Inadequate guidance for minimally regulated new fisheries C) Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels D) That fishing limits are difficult to enforce internationally E) The environmental degradation of many ecosystems
C
103) The collapse of Atlantic cod stocks resulted in fishers seeking the deep-water Greenland ________, which is now in danger of becoming overfished throughout the Atlantic. A) flounder B) haddock C) halibut D) herring E) tilapia
C
104) Which of the following differences between warm-water and cold-water species is not directly caused by differences in water temperature? A) Cold water organisms reproduce later and less frequently than those in tropical waters. B) Floating organisms are physically smaller in warm waters than in colder waters. C) Total biomass of plankton in the tropics is far less than that found in high-latitude waters. D) Tropical organisms grow faster and have a shorter life expectancy than those in colder water. E) Warm-water species often have ornate plumage which is absent in the larger cold-water species.
C
105) Which of the following deep-water fish was originally called the toothfish and is now on the Seafood Watch List of fish to avoid purchasing? A) Alaskan Salmon B) Australian Slimehead C) Chilean Seabass D) Greenland Halibut E) Orange Roughy
C
106) The process of molecules moving through water from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration due to the random motion of molecules is called ________. A) conduction B) convection C) diffusion D) mixing E) osmosis
C
107) If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following Tuna should you avoid? A) Albacore (Canada & US Pacific, troll/pole) B) Bigeye (US farmed) C) Bluefin D) Tongol (US farmed) E) Yellowfin (US troll/pole)
C
109) If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? A) Sardines: Pacific (US) B) Striped Bass (farmed & wild) C) Tilapia (Asia farmed) D) Tilapia (US farmed) E) Trout: Rainbow (US farmed)
C
11) High-latitude ocean water tends to support large planktonic communities because ________. A) there are fewer predators that feed on plankton B) of the longer summer day length C) of higher dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations D) there is abundant light E) of higher dissolved carbon dioxide
C
110) If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? A) Arctic Char (farmed) B) Black Cod (Alaska & Canada) C) Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States) D) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) E) Saberfish (Alaska & Canada)
C
112) If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? A) Catfish (US farmed) B) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) C) Mahi mahi (imported longline) D) Salmon (Alaska wild) E) Striped Bass (farmed & wild)
C
113) If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? A) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) B) Halibut: Pacific (United States) C) Orange Roughy D) Salmon (Alaska wild) E) Striped Bass (farmed & wild)
C
12) Manganese nodules are an example of ________. A) biogenous sediments B) cosmogenous sediments C) hydrogenous sediments D) terrigenous sediments E) volcagenic sediments
C
121) The zone that extends from the surface to a depth where enough light still exists to support photosynthesis is called the ________ zone. A) aphotic B) disphotic C) euphotic D) hyperphotic E) hypophotic
C
124) The upper half of the ________ zone is the only place in the ocean where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. A) abyssopelagic B) bathypelagic C) epipelagic D) mesopelagic E) nektopelagic
C
132) The ________ zone is also known as the shallow subtidal zone. A) bathyal B) littoral C) sublittoral D) subneritic E) supralittoral
C
133) The inner ________ zone extends to the depth at which marine algae no longer grow attached to the ocean bottom. A) bathyal B) littoral C) sublittoral D) subneritic E) supralittoral
C
138) The ________ zone consists only of deep trenches along the margins of continents. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic
C
18) Sediments found on continental margins are called ________. A) continental B) estuarine C) neritic D) oceanic E) pelagic
C
19) In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. A) clay than in temperate waters B) coral debris than in tropical waters C) gravel than in tropical waters D) shell fragments than in temperate waters E) silt and sand than in tropical waters
C
2) High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? A) Clay-sized particles B) Cosmogenous sediments C) Large particles such as gravel D) Manganese nodules E) Silt-sized particles
C
21) A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via ________. A) carbonate dissolution B) deposit feeders C) fecal pellets D) precipitation E) wind
C
22) The euphotic zone is confined to the ________. A) abyssopelagic zone B) bathypelagic zone C) epipelagic zone D) mesopelagic zone E) neritic province
C
22) The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is ________. A) abyssal clay deposits B) manganese nodule deposits C) neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits D) neritic siliceous sediment deposits E) pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits
C
23) If 10,000 kilocalories (kcal) of energy were contained in the primary producers (trophic level 1), on average how many kcal of energy would you expect to be transferred to second-order consumers (trophic level 3)? A) 10,000 kcal B) 1,000 kcal C) 100 kcal D) 10 kcal E) 1 kcal
C
25) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Glaciers B) Rivers C) Siliceous ooze D) Turbidity currents E) Volcanic ash
C
27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Chalk B) Coccolithophores C) Diatoms D) Limestone E) Stromatolites
C
30) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Abyssopelagic B) Bathypelagic C) Benthopelagic D) Epipelagic E) Mesopelagic
C
30) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Avicennia (black mangrove) B) Rhizophora (red mangrove) C) Sargassum (Gulf weed) D) Spartina (marsh grass) E) Zostera (eelgrass)
C
35) Which of the following agencies defines life as "Life is a self-sustained chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution?" A) EPA B) FBI C) NASA D) NOAA E) POTUS
C
36) In the clearest ocean water, solar energy may be detected to depths of ________. A) 20 meters B) 100 meters C) one kilometer D) one to two kilometers E) two to three kilometers
C
39) The superkingdoms of life called Eubacteria is identical to which of the following? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya
C
40) Which of the following domains includes simple life-forms with cells that usually lack a nucleus? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya
C
43) When compared to the open ocean, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in coastal regions. A) deeper greater B) deeper lower C) less greater D) less lower
C
44) Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
C
45) Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
C
46) Marine phosphate is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment
C
50) Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity? A) Algae beds and coral reefs B) Estuaries C) Freshwater swamp and marsh D) Open Ocean E) Upwelling zone
C
52) Which of the following kingdoms includes 100,000 species of mold and lichen? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista
C
53) Which of the following kingdoms includes species that live with cyanobacteria or green algae to form lichen? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista
C
6) An example of an organism that might be part of the infauna is a ________. A) bull kelp B) crinoid C) lug worm D) shark E) tuna
C
60) Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by common dolphins and killer whales? A) Class B) Order C) Family D) Genus E) Species
C
62) In low latitude (tropical) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. A) available sunlight only B) both available sunlight and nutrient supply C) nutrient supply only D) salinity E) water temperature
C
64) In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the spring and by ________ in the fall. A) available sunlight available sunlight B) available sunlight nutrient supply C) nutrient supply available sunlight D) nutrient supply nutrient supply
C
66) Organisms within an ecosystem that break down dead and decaying remains and waste products of organisms for their own energy requirements are called ________. A) animals B) consumers C) decomposers D) heterotrophic E) producers
C
67) Which of the following types of plankton can photosynthesize and produce its own food? A) Holoplankton B) Photoplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Synthoplankton E) Zooplankton
C
69) Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms. A) autotrophic B) decomposer C) heterotrophic D) producer E) siliceous
C
71) Organisms which feed only on other animals are called ________. A) autotrophic B) bacteriovores C) carnivores D) herbivores E) omnivores
C
72) The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. A) coal B) ethanol C) gas hydrates D) rare-earth elements E) wind power
C
74) Barnacles are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic
C
74) Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? A) Gas hydrates B) Manganese nodules and crusts C) Petroleum D) Rare-earth elements E) Sand and gravel
C
75) Baleen whales are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic
C
75) Plankton that measure between 0.2 to 2 microns are classified, based on size, as which of the following? A) Macroplankton B) Phytoplankton C) Picoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton
C
80) Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere? A) At least fifty deep-ocean floor sites may contain extensive methane hydrate deposits. B) Methane is created when bacteria break down organic matter trapped in sea floor sediments. C) Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate. D) Sea floor methane seeps support a rich community of organisms that depend on the methane. E) Sudden releases of methane hydrates have been linked to underwater slope failures.
C
82) Whale sharks are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic
C
82) Which of the following terms describes organisms living buried in the sand, shells, or mud? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna
C
85) Most ecological efficiencies in natural ecosystems average about ________ percent. A) 2 B) 6 C) 10 D) 15 E) 20
C
89) How many known marine species have been catalogued by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species? A) Between 100,000 and 150,000 B) Between 150,000 and 200,000 C) Between 200,000 and 250,000 D) Between 250,000 and 300,000 E) More than 300,000
C
9) Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are ________. A) coccolithophorids B) cyanobacteria C) diatoms D) dinoflagellates E) radiolarians
C
92) Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 3.8% of the world marine fishery? A) Coastal and coral systems B) Nontropical shelves C) Open ocean D) Tropical shelves E) Upwellings
C
104) Which of the following deep-water fish was original called the slimehead and is now on the Seafood Watch List of fish to avoid purchasing? A) Alaskan Salmon B) Chilean Seabass C) Greenland Halibut D) Orange Roughy E) Patagonian Toothfish
D
106) Recent research has indicated that about ________ percent of seafood sold with a sustainable label is not meeting the criteria of sustainability. A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25 E) 50
D
11) Which of the following is a biogenous sediment? A) Evaporites B) Halites C) Manganese nodule D) Phosphates E) Stromatolites
D
12) A common body shape that streamlines an organism in the marine environment is a flattened body that ________. A) has a wide, blunt front end B) tapers at the front end C) tapers at the top surface D) tapers at the back end E) tapers at the bottom surface
D
125) A dissolved oxygen minimum layer occurs in the ________ zone. A) abyssopelagic B) bathypelagic C) epipelagic D) mesopelagic E) nektopelagic
D
129) The ________ province extends from the spring high tide shoreline to a depth of 200 meters. A) bathyal B) littoral C) sublittoral D) subneritic E) supralittoral
D
130) The ________ province approximately encompasses the continental shelf. A) bathyal B) littoral C) sublittoral D) subneritic E) supralittoral
D
131) The zone between high and low tides coincides with the ________ zone. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic
D
14) Phosphate-rich nodules form in ________. A) continental shelf waters B) estuaries C) hydrothermal vent areas D) regions of upwelling E) mid-ocean ridges
D
19) In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the summer months ________. A) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and dissolved oxygen decreases B) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen decreases C) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen increases D) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen decreases E) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen increases
D
22) The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around ________. A) 75% B) 50% C) 30% D) 10% E) 5%
D
23) Organisms of the mesopelagic zone are characterized by ________. A) bioluminescence B) large, sensitive eyes C) no eyes D) bioluminescence and large, sensitive eyes E) bioluminescence and no eyes
D
26) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Coccolithophores B) Diatoms C) Foraminiferans D) Oolites E) Radiolarians
D
27) Catches above the maximum sustainable yield ________. A) can be increased to prevent overfishing B) produce decreased fishing effort C) result in increased populations of the target species D) result in overfishing E) result in underutilization of the target species
D
27) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Holoplankton B) Macroplankton C) Meroplankton D) Nektoplankton E) Picoplankton
D
29) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Littoral B) Sublittoral C) Subneritic D) Suboceanic E) Supralittoral
D
29) Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
D
3) In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called ________. A) biomass B) chlorophyll C) compensation depth D) primary productivity E) upwelling
D
3) Which of the following word pairs correctly link a descriptor with the way in which the organism lives in the ocean? A) benthos—drift B) benthos—swim C) nekton—bottom-dwelling D) nekton—swim E) plankton—bottom-dwelling
D
32) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Bacteriovores B) Carnivores C) Decomposers D) Biogeochemical cycle E) Herbivores
D
33) Abyssal clay is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
D
34) Glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment
D
34) What percent of the ocean's biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic primary productivity? A) 98.00% B) 98.50% C) 99.50% D) 99.90% E) 100%
D
38) The single most important factor that determines the distribution of life in the oceanic province is ________. A) diffusion B) pressure C) salinity D) sunlight E) temperature
D
4) Planktonic organisms that spend part of their life in planktonic form and the rest of their life as either benthos or nekton are called ________. A) bacterioplankton B) holoplankton C) macroplankton D) meroplankton E) zooplankton
D
47) Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled plants, all of which photosynthesize? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista
D
47) Which of the following types of algae is the most abundant and widespread of the marine macroscopic algae? A) Brown algae B) Green algae C) Purple algae D) Red algae E) Yellow algae
D
48) Which of the following kingdoms has only a few species living in the marine environment? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Plantae E) Protista
D
5) Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) biogenous C) hydrogenous D) lithogenous E) volcanogenic
D
5) The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynthetic rate is referred to as the ________ for photosynthesis. A) carbonate depth B) epipelagic depth C) euphotic zone D) compensation depth E) productive zone
D
53) Which marine ecosystem has the lowest average net primary productivity? A) Algae beds and coral reefs B) Estuaries C) Freshwater swamp and marsh D) Open Ocean E) Upwelling zone
D
54) Which of the following kingdoms includes species that function primarily as decomposers in the marine ecosystem? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Protista
D
56) Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator. A) eastern away from B) eastern toward C) western away from D) western toward
D
57) Which of the following toxins is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans? A) Ciguatera B) Dioxin C) Gonyaulax D) Karenia E) Mercury
D
62) Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? A) They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. B) They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. C) They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history. D) They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. E) They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years.
D
64) All organisms that drift with ocean currents are classified as ________. A) benthos B) fungi C) nekton D) plankton E) plantae
D
65) Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? A) Continental shelf B) Estuaries and lagoons C) Marine sediments on land D) The deep-ocean floor
D
66) Most of Earth's mass of living organisms consists of which of the following? A) Animalia B) Benthos C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae
D
68) Which of the following is a zooplankton? A) Coccolithophores B) Diatoms C) Dinoflagellates D) Radiolarian E) Virioplankton
D
68) Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? A) Dredge B) Gravity corer C) Long line D) Rotary corer E) Seiche disk
D
70) Organisms which feed directly on plants or algae are called ________. A) autotrophic B) bacteriovores C) carnivores D) herbivores E) omnivores
D
70) Which of the following plankton are the smallest? A) Bacterioplankton B) Meroplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton
D
71) The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________. A) biogeochemistry B) climatology C) historical oceanography D) paleoceanography E) plate tectonics
D
75) Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years? A) Gas hydrates B) Manganese nodules and crusts C) Phosphorite D) Rare-earth elements E) Sand and gravel
D
76) China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? A) Gas hydrates B) Manganese nodules and crusts C) Phosphorite D) Rare-earth elements E) Sand and gravel
D
77) The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? A) Dinosaurs B) Fish and amphibians C) Land based plants D) Microscopic organisms E) Peat and coal
D
79) Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? A) Carbon dioxide B) Ethane C) Hydrogen sulfide D) Methane E) Propane
D
8) A small size is advantageous for marine organisms because it ________. A) increases the ability to absorb nutrients B) increases the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism C) increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking D) increases thethe ability to absorb nutrients,the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism, and also increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking
D
8) Many of the organisms responsible for toxic red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning belong to the Division ________. A) Bacillariophyta B) Chlorophyta C) Phaeophyta D) Pyrrophyta E) Rhodophyta
D
81) Sea anemone are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic
D
83) The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________. A) cyclic and multidirectional B) cyclic and unidirectional C) noncyclic and multidirectional D) noncyclic and unidirectional
D
83) Which of the following terms describes organisms that live on the bottom yet also have the ability to swim or crawl through the water above the ocean floor? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna
D
84) Octopuses, crabs, and sea urchins are classified as which of the following? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna
D
89) Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 21.0% of the world marine fishery? A) Coastal and coral systems B) Nontropical shelves C) Open ocean D) Tropical shelves E) Upwellings
D
9) Planktonic organisms often have needle-like structures that ________. A) are used as a defense mechanism B) are used as paddles to catch ocean currents C) increase density D) prevent sinking E) serve as a "skeleton" to support the diatom
D
95) The overfishing of which of the following caused the closure of North Carolina's century-old bay scallop fishery in 2004? A) Cod B) Lobster C) Rays D) Sharks E) Surgeonfish
D
97) On average, close to ________ percent of the commercial catch is discarded as bycatch. A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25 E) 50
D
97) Phytoplankton use body size to keep afloat because a small body size ________ surface-area to volume ratio and ________ their frictional resistance. A) decreases decreases B) decreases increases C) Increases decreases D) Increases Increases E) There is no relationship between body size and floating
D
99) In 2003 the world fishing fleet spent over ________ billion to catch $80 billion worth of fish. A) $60 B) $80 C) $100 D) $120 E) $140
D
69) How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study? A) Less than 500 B) 500 to 1000 C) 1000 to 1500 D) 1500 to 2000 E) More than 2000
E
1) In primary production ________. A) carbon dioxide is released into the water B) oxygen is utilized by plants C) oxygen utilized by animals is less than the oxygen consumed by autotrophs D) proteins are made by animals E) there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms
E
10) Which of the following is not a marine seed-bearing plant? A) Eelgrass B) Mangroves C) Spartina alterniflora D) Surf grass E) Ulva
E
101) Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management? A) Fisheries often include a variety of ecosystems B) Inadequate guidance for minimally regulated new fisheries C) Limited scientific analysis D) Misreporting of catch and bycatch E) Over enforcement of international regulations
E
107) The process of water molecules moving through semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution is called ________. A) conduction B) convection C) diffusion D) mixing E) osmosis
E
108) If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? A) Arctic Char (farmed) B) Catfish (US farmed) C) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) D) Salmon (Alaska wild) E) Tuna: Canned (except troll/pole)
E
11) The percentage of biomass regularly decomposed within the euphotic zone is about ________. A) 1% B) 10% C) 30% D) 50% E) 90%
E
128) The ________ is covered with water only during periods of extremely high tides and when tsunami or large storm waves break on the shore. A) bathyal B) littoral C) sublittoral D) subneritic E) supralittoral
E
13) Organisms that cannot withstand large changes in temperature are referred to as ________. A) eurythermal B) euryhaline C) estuarine D) isothermal E) stenothermal
E
15) The movement of a substance in solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane in a living organism is called ________. A) active transport B) Brownian movement C) diffusion D) osmosis E) passive transport
E
17) The majority of marine invertebrates are ________. A) adapted to life in the pelagic zone B) estuarine C) found only in benthic environments D) hypertonic with respect to their environment E) isotonic with respect to their environment
E
18) Compared to freshwater fishes, marine fishes ________. A) drink seawater and produce a large volume of urine B) do not drink seawater in an effort to conserve as much water as possible C) produce a large volume of dilute urine in an effort to rid their bodies of excess water D) tend to gain water by osmosis since their internal salt concentration is higher than that of seawater E) tend to lose water by osmosis since their internal salt concentration is lower than that of seawater
E
20) The seasonal temperature range in the deep ocean is usually ________. A) between −2° and 32°C B) between 0° and 15°C C) between 2° and 8°C D) between 8° and 25°C E) negligible
E
21) Energy flow in an ecosystem is ________. A) bi-directional B) cyclic C) semi-conservative D) top down E) unidirectional
E
25) The mass of a population of fish present at a given time is called its ________. A) diversity B) fish stock C) maximum sustainable yield D) recruitment mass E) standing stock
E
28) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Halite and other salts B) Manganese nodules C) Metal sulfides D) Phosphates E) Tektites
E
36) A good working definition of life does not need to incorporate that living things ________. A) are capable of reproduction B) can adapt to their environment C) can capture, store, and transmit energy D) can change through time E) contain carbon in their chemical makeup
E
38) A Secchi disk is used to measure water ________. A) acidy B) density C) salinity D) temperature E) transparency
E
39) Which of the following is not an important seawater nutrients needed by phytoplankton? A) Iron B) Nitrogen C) Phosphorus D) Silica E) Sodium
E
4) The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include ________. A) carbon dioxide B) nitrogen C) phosphorus D) carbon dioxide and nitrogen E) nitrogen and phosphorus
E
41) The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called ____. A) destruction B) dilution C) ecology D) erosion E) productivity
E
42) Which of the following domains includes complex organisms: multicellular plants, multicellular animals, fungi, and protoctists? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya
E
43) Which of the following domains has cells that house DNA in a discrete nucleus and contain structures that supply energy to build the cell and maintain its functions? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya
E
44) Humans are part of which of the following domains? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya
E
45) Sensors in the human eye are most efficient at detecting which of the following types or radiation? A) Gamma Rays B) Infrared Radiation C) Microwaves D) Ultraviolet Radiation E) Visible Light
E
46) Which of the following types of radiation is used to create images of the internal composition of something because it is able to pass through many materials opaque to light? A) Cosmic Rays B) Gamma Rays C) Infrared Radiation D) Ultraviolet Radiation E) X-rays
E
5) Nekton are restricted to particular ocean areas by ________. A) availability of food B) differences in water pressure with depth C) changes in salinity D) temperature variations with latitude and depth E) All of the above conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton.
E
55) Scientists currently have documented the existence of more than ________ dead zones worldwide. A) 100 B) 200 C) 300 D) 400 E) 500
E
55) Which of the following kingdoms includes a diverse collection of single-celled and multicelled organisms that have a nucleus? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista
E
56) Which of the following kingdoms include various types of marine algae and single-celled organisms called protozoa? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista
E
57) The fundamental unit of taxonomic classification is the ________. A) Phylum B) Order C) Family D) Genus E) Species
E
58) Blue whales time their migration through middle latitude and polar oceans to coincide with maximum ________ productivity. A) dinoflagellate B) photosynthetic bacteria C) phytoplankton D) primary E) zooplankton
E
6) The most abundant marine macroscopic algae are members of the Division ________. A) Bacillariophyta B) Chlorophyta C) Chrysophyta D) Phaeophyta E) Rhodophyta
E
61) Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes? A) Grain lithification B) Paleooceanography C) Porosity reduction D) Sediment compaction E) Suspension settling
E
63) What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments? A) Less than twenty percent B) Twenty to thirty percent C) Thirty to forty percent D) Forty to fifty percent E) More than fifty percent
E
64) The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is ________. A) angularity B) composition C) fabric D) provenance E) texture
E
65) Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called ________. A) animals B) consumers C) decomposers D) heterotrophic E) producers
E
92) So few of the world's species live in the ocean because the marine environment ________. A) doesn't have any sunlight B) is a poor habitat for life C) is a prime habitat for life D) is less stable than the terrestrial environment E) is more stable than the terrestrial environment
E
93) Tropical shelves and ________ contribute about the same percentage to the world marine fishery. A) coastal systems B) coral reefs C) nontropical shelves D) the open ocean E) upwellings
E
94) The recent abundance of the Maine Lobster in the North Atlantic Ocean is due to ________. A) a lobster fishing moratorium B) an on-shore breeding program C) human-induced climate change D) limiting fishing to one month a year E) the overfishing of cod
E
98) Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch. A) drift nets B) gill nets C) lobster traps D) long lines E) purse seine nets
E
98) Some planktonic marine organisms, especially those that live in warm water, have unusual appendages to increase their ________. A) body mass B) hunting skills C) overall size D) sexual attractiveness E) surface area
E
103) Much of the profound influence water temperature has on marine life is because cold water is ________ dense and has a ________ viscosity than warm water. A) less higher B) less lower C) more higher D) more lower E) There is no relationship between density and viscosity.
c