Final exam review
Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called
collaterals.
The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis.
cutaneous
Which of the following consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue, areolar tissue, and dense irregular connective tissue?
cutaneous membrane
The skin is sometimes referred to as the
cutaneous membrane.
Diabetes insipidus can be caused by
failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH.
Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)?
follicle-stimulating hormone
Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called
graded potentials.
Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?
hemidesmosomes
Lipid is concentrated with the cells of the
hypodermis.
The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the
hypodermis.
Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the cell
multipolar.
After death, rigor mortis lasts until
myofilaments are broken down.
The resting potential of a neuron is
-70mV
Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential.
3, 1, 2, 4
The following are major steps in the process of endochondral ossification
3, 1, 5, 4, 2.
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids is
ACTH
The stiffness that occurs at death, when actin and myosin molecules stay linked to each other in a contracted state, is due to a lack of
ATP.
Which of the following is one of the steps that ends a contraction?
Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.
Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial).
Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum
The least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
Basophils
Which of the following occurs in intramembranous ossification
Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is
GH
When foreign cells invade the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of
Lymphocytes
The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the
Stratum Corneum
The heart has to be able to regulate its contractions. Heart muscle, unlike skeletal muscle, cannot go into a tetanus. This is because
the heart muscle has to be able to consistently contract and pump blood in a controlled fashion.
Smooth muscle
uses primarily aerobic metabolism.
Another name for antidiuretic hormone is
vasopressin
Rickets is a condition marked by a softening and bending of bones that occurs in growing children, as a result of ________ deficiency.
vitamin D3
A difference between mucous membranes and serous membranes is
whether the cavity is open to the exterior or not.
Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains
why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis.
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to
Break Down
In response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases
Calcium Ions
Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle cells are striated.
The skin is also called the ________ membrane.
Cutaneous
The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called
Dendrites
Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called
Dermal Papillae
________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.
Diapedesis
Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true
GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood.
A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following
Hyperpolarization
Hormones from the ________, which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary.
Hypothalamus
Which statement is true regarding action potential propagation?
In salutatory conduction, the myelin is composed of fat, which insulates the axon membrane against sodium ion flow across the membrane.
What is the primary function of any serous membrane?
It minimizes friction between the opposing surfaces when an organ moves or changes shape.
Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of amoeboid movement are
Leukocytes
Most neurons in the brain are
Most neurons in the brain are
Place these steps of muscle contraction in the correct order.
Nerve impulse arrives at synapse, acetylcholine is produced, action potential is generated across sarcolemma, calcium is released, actin and myosin crosslink
Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes are known as
Nissl bodies
The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is the outer layer of
Schwann cells
Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?
Since it is vascularized, the hypodermis can absorb a lot of fluid
Upon the nerve impulse arriving at the axon terminal
acetylcholine is released.
The all-or-none principle states that
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
The presence of ________ strongly indicates that the long bone is still growing
an epiphyseal plate
Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the
anterior pituitary.
An increase in the diameter of growing bone is termed ________ growth.
appositional
Agglutinins
are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.
Interneurons
are found only in the central nervous system.
Smooth muscle cells
are spindle-shaped
The subcutaneous layer consists of
areolar and adipose tissues
What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?
areolar connective tissue
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the
astrocytes
The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the
astrocytes.
The ________ contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine.
axon terminal
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the cell body between them are called
bipolar.
The dermis is composed largely of
dense irregular connective.
Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in
depolarization.
This layer is composed of a high concentration of collagen fibers.
dermis
Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the
dermis.
The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the
dermis.
Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain
ependymal cells
Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the
epidermis
Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates
epiphyseal growth has ended.
Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?
increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis
Saltatory conduction
is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon
The hypodermis
is quite elastic.
The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called
keratin.
During continuous conduction
local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue along the membrane.
Which of the following is formed via intramembranous ossification?
mandible
Which membrane type lines cavities that communicate with the exterior and have moist surfaces?
mucous membranes
Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called
microglia.
Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in
monitoring sensory receptors in the dermis.
Which of the following is an agranulocyte?
monocyte
The specialized sarcolemma that contains acetylcholine receptors is the
motor end plate
Neurotransmitters that cause skeletal muscle contraction are normally stored in
motor neuron axon terminals.
Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells.
oils; lipid-soluble solvents
The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by
oligodendrocytes.
During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced with bone.
ossification
The posterior pituitary gland stores
oxytocin
Thick skin can be found on the
palms
The serous membrane that covers the exposed surfaces of enclosed organs such as the liver and stomach is called the
peritoneum.
The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function
prevent damage to the tissue
Functions of the skin include
regulating body temperature.
Botulism
results from a bacterial toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the axon terminals
The ________ layer of the dermis contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin.
reticular
Nonstriated, involuntary muscle is
smooth muscle
As a skeletal muscle contraction is initiated, acetylcholine binding alters the motor end plate membrane's permeability to
sodium ions
The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the
stratum basale.
The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the
stratum granulosum.
Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of
surface antigens.
Acetylcholinesterase is found within the
synaptic cleft.
Membranes that consist primarily of areolar tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue are called ________ membranes.
synovial
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,
they die
Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function are called
tracts.