Final exam review

Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called

collaterals.

The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis.

cutaneous

Which of the following consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue, areolar tissue, and dense irregular connective tissue?

cutaneous membrane

The skin is sometimes referred to as the

cutaneous membrane.

Diabetes insipidus can be caused by

failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH.

Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)?

follicle-stimulating hormone

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called

graded potentials.

Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?

hemidesmosomes

Lipid is concentrated with the cells of the

hypodermis.

The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the

hypodermis.

Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the cell

multipolar.

After death, rigor mortis lasts until

myofilaments are broken down.

The resting potential of a neuron is

-70mV

Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential.

3, 1, 2, 4

The following are major steps in the process of endochondral ossification

3, 1, 5, 4, 2.

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids is

ACTH

The stiffness that occurs at death, when actin and myosin molecules stay linked to each other in a contracted state, is due to a lack of

ATP.

Which of the following is one of the steps that ends a contraction?

Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.

Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial).

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

The least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

Basophils

Which of the following occurs in intramembranous ossification

Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is

GH

When foreign cells invade the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of

Lymphocytes

The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the

Stratum Corneum

The heart has to be able to regulate its contractions. Heart muscle, unlike skeletal muscle, cannot go into a tetanus. This is because

the heart muscle has to be able to consistently contract and pump blood in a controlled fashion.

Smooth muscle

uses primarily aerobic metabolism.

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is

vasopressin

Rickets is a condition marked by a softening and bending of bones that occurs in growing children, as a result of ________ deficiency.

vitamin D3

A difference between mucous membranes and serous membranes is

whether the cavity is open to the exterior or not.

Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains

why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis.

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to

Break Down

In response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases

Calcium Ions

Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle cells are striated.

The skin is also called the ________ membrane.

Cutaneous

The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called

Dendrites

Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called

Dermal Papillae

________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.

Diapedesis

Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true

GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood.

A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following

Hyperpolarization

Hormones from the ________, which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary.

Hypothalamus

Which statement is true regarding action potential propagation?

In salutatory conduction, the myelin is composed of fat, which insulates the axon membrane against sodium ion flow across the membrane.

What is the primary function of any serous membrane?

It minimizes friction between the opposing surfaces when an organ moves or changes shape.

Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of amoeboid movement are

Leukocytes

Most neurons in the brain are

Most neurons in the brain are

Place these steps of muscle contraction in the correct order.

Nerve impulse arrives at synapse, acetylcholine is produced, action potential is generated across sarcolemma, calcium is released, actin and myosin crosslink

Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes are known as

Nissl bodies

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is the outer layer of

Schwann cells

Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?

Since it is vascularized, the hypodermis can absorb a lot of fluid

Upon the nerve impulse arriving at the axon terminal

acetylcholine is released.

The all-or-none principle states that

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

The presence of ________ strongly indicates that the long bone is still growing

an epiphyseal plate

Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the

anterior pituitary.

An increase in the diameter of growing bone is termed ________ growth.

appositional

Agglutinins

are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.

Interneurons

are found only in the central nervous system.

Smooth muscle cells

are spindle-shaped

The subcutaneous layer consists of

areolar and adipose tissues

What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?

areolar connective tissue

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

astrocytes

The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the

astrocytes.

The ________ contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine.

axon terminal

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the cell body between them are called

bipolar.

The dermis is composed largely of

dense irregular connective.

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in

depolarization.

This layer is composed of a high concentration of collagen fibers.

dermis

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the

dermis.

The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the

dermis.

Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain

ependymal cells

Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the

epidermis

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates

epiphyseal growth has ended.

Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?

increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis

Saltatory conduction

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon

The hypodermis

is quite elastic.

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called

keratin.

During continuous conduction

local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue along the membrane.

Which of the following is formed via intramembranous ossification?

mandible

Which membrane type lines cavities that communicate with the exterior and have moist surfaces?

mucous membranes

Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called

microglia.

Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in

monitoring sensory receptors in the dermis.

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

monocyte

The specialized sarcolemma that contains acetylcholine receptors is the

motor end plate

Neurotransmitters that cause skeletal muscle contraction are normally stored in

motor neuron axon terminals.

Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells.

oils; lipid-soluble solvents

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by

oligodendrocytes.

During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced with bone.

ossification

The posterior pituitary gland stores

oxytocin

Thick skin can be found on the

palms

The serous membrane that covers the exposed surfaces of enclosed organs such as the liver and stomach is called the

peritoneum.

The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function

prevent damage to the tissue

Functions of the skin include

regulating body temperature.

Botulism

results from a bacterial toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the axon terminals

The ________ layer of the dermis contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin.

reticular

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle is

smooth muscle

As a skeletal muscle contraction is initiated, acetylcholine binding alters the motor end plate membrane's permeability to

sodium ions

The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the

stratum basale.

The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the

stratum granulosum.

Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of

surface antigens.

Acetylcholinesterase is found within the

synaptic cleft.

Membranes that consist primarily of areolar tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue are called ________ membranes.

synovial

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,

they die

Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function are called

tracts.