final exam study sheet

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Integrated pest management (IPM) involves the use of which of the following to limit pest damage to agricultural crops?

All of the above

Modern agricultural practices can cause serious environmental damages such as_______.

All of the above

Reorienting agricultural systems is a complex task because the technical challenges are intertwined with social and economic issues such as land tenure and availability of foreign aid for developing countries. The magnitude of future agricultural effects on the environment will be influenced by many factors, including:

All of the above

The data collected in the United States census can be used to...

All of the above

Which element is an important component in fertilizer?

All of the above

Which of the following describe the advantages of producing biodiesel from switchgrass instead of corn?

All of the above

Which of the following is an advantage of using biomass instead of corn as a source of ethanol?

All of the above

Which of the following were identified as nitrogen sources prior to World War I?

All of the above

C3. Which of the following are human activities increase atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations?

All of the above -Combustion of fossil fuels -Deforestation -Emissions from landfills and wastewater treatment -Agriculture and livestock production

In the last 30 years, what fraction of the earth's natural resources have been consumed?

1/3

7.3) Approximatly what percentage of energy moves up through the trophic system when an organism is consumed?

10%

4.1) A primary producer captures 10,000,000 calories through photosynthesis, how much energy would be obtained by a tertiary consumer in this system?

10,000 calories

A change in pH from 6.0 to 8.0 represents a _________ change in the pH of the water.

100X

Since the mid-1990s, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has approved ______ genetically engineered (GE) crops for unrestricted sale, including strains of corn, soybeans, cotton, potatoes, wheat, canola, and papaya.

Scientists estimate that modern humans evolved roughly...

130,000 years ago

11.12) What proportion of the world's population does not have access to safe drinking water?

17%

On average, only about _____ percent of Earth's surface is suitable for agriculture without any physical constraints.

17%

What proportion of the world's population does not have access to safe drinking water?

17%

According to FAO's estimates, livestock production generates _______ percent of world greenhouse gas emissions (more than the transport sector), accounts for _____ percent of world water use, and is probably the largest sectoral water pollution source.

18 / 8

18/8

In which decade did the human population growth rate peak?

1960s

It took until 1804 for the global human population to reach 1 billion. When did the human population reach 5 billion?

1987

On average, only about _____ percent of Earth's surface is suitable for agriculture without any physical constraints.

2.5%

On average, only about _____ percent of Earth's surface is suitable for agriculture without any physical constraints.

2.5%

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention), finalized in 1982, created a comprehensive framework for nations' use of the oceans. How far from shore does the jurisdiction of each state, under the LOS Convetion, extend?

200 miles

Approximately how large would a solar farm using photovoltaic cells need to be in order to generate the same amount of electric power as a large cola power plant?

25 km2

Aquatic biomes (marine and freshwater) cover of the Earth's surface and include rivers, lakes, coral reefs, estuaries, and open ocean

3/4

What fraction of the earth's surface is covered by water?

3/4

Calculate the growth rate experienced by a population of 100 individuals where there were 15 births, 5 deaths, and a net migration of 20

30%

Calculate the growth rate experienced by a population of 100 individuals where there were 15 births, 5 deaths, and a net migration of 20.

30%

Nuclear power provides roughly what percentage of global total energy consumption?

According to the video, around the world rice is an important source of nutrition providing ________ percent of the calories for ______ percent of the population.

60 / 50

According to the video, around the world rice is an important source of nutrition providing ________ percent of the calories for ______ percent of the population.

60/50

The North Pacific Gyre is a plastic debris accumulation area driven by currents and weather systems in the Northern Pacific Ocean. In the North Pacific Gyre, what is the ratio, by mass, of plastic debris to zooplankton?

6:1

A pH of _________ is considered neutral.

7.0

Researchers from the University of Hawaii analyzed plastic debris in beach sand. What percent of the collected debris was made of plastic?

72%

Fossil fuels make up roughly what percent of the world's total energy consumption?

80%

According to a recent study, how many people live within the 10 meter coastal zone world-wide?

>600 million

a river that no longer flows from beginning to end

A "Disconnected River" is _____.

The area that runs along the river or stream, close to the water

A "Riparian Area" is defined as _______.

How did industrialization increase the human population growth rate?

A and B only

In addition to questioning whether agricultural and nutritional goals might be more effectively met using more traditional approaches, critics have raised many concerns about GE foods, including _______.

A and C

Extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal

According to Annie Leonard, textbooks report that all our stuff goes through a system called the Materials Economy. What does this system consist of?

Epipalagic, Mesopalagic, Bathypalagic, Abyssalpalagic

As one travel from the surface to the bottom of the oceans, the zone that are traversed occour in which order?

Biologists collected crabs from tidepools and tested their response to temperature in the laboratory. What did they find was the crab's reaction to an increase in water temperature?

As temperature increased, crab heart rate increased until it stopped

W2. Choose the TRUE statement.

As the pH decreases, water becomes more acidic. As water becomes more basic, the pH increases

Choose the TRUE statement.

As the pH decreases, water becomes more acidic. As water becomes more basic, the pH increases.

Uncommitted to the treaty on economic ground: only having signed but not ratified the treaty

At what level of involvement is the U.S. with regard to the Kyoto Protocol?

Change driven by new external geophysical conditions such as rising average temperatures resulting from global climate change is termed

Autogenic Succession

Change driven by the inhabitants of an ecosystem, such as forests regrowing on abandoned agricultural fields is termed

Autogenic Succession

Which of the following are basic limits of Agriculture?

Available technologies

In 2001, what did climate scientists conclude?

Average global temperature had increased by 1°C by the burning of fossil fuels

Since the vast majority (94%) of the planet's water is saline and contained within the oceans, how do supplies of freshwater exist?

Because over the oceans evaporation dominates and on land precipitation dominates

linear / exponential

Because water is virtually incompressable, under water pressure icreases in a ___________ manner, unlike in the atmosphere where pressure changes in a ___________ manner.

Why is seawater intrusion due to over withdrawal of groundwater increasingly a threat to coastal aquifers globally?

Because world populations are increasing particularly rapidly in coastal areas

Planned Obsolescence

Beginning in the 1950s, American industrial producers decided to shift towards making products that were designed to only be used for a short time and to be replaced soon after purchase. Which of the following describes this kind of production and use?

The increase in concentration of a chemical in organisms that reside in environments contaminated with low concentrations of various organic compounds.

Bioaccumulation

Broad geographic zones whose plants and animals are adapted to different climate patterns are called _________.

Biomes

Which of the following were identified as nitrogen sources prior to World War I?

Bird guano, Saltpeter mines, Livestock manure

In the US from the 1920s to the early 21st century, what direction has the average number of hours worked and amount of money spent annually changed?

Both the average number of hours worked and money spent annually have gone up

When the supply of energy and nutrients influences ecosystem activities at higher trophic levels by affecting the amount of energy that moves up the food chain, the ecosystem is said to be controlled from the ________.

Bottom- up

Biomes

Broad geographic zones whose plants and animals are adapted to different climate patterns are called

What are BFRs?

Brominated Flame Retardants

5.5) Carbon dioxide is considered the most important greenhouse gas because

CO2 is emitted in far larger quantities than other greenhouse gasses

What insecticide was banned in the USA but has caused problems in bird species?

DDT

This trophic level is responsible for processing organic material and returning nutrients to the ecosystem.

Decomposers

Algal blooms, while algae are photosynthetic, often results in ___________ of DO in the water.

Decrease

An extreme __________ in DO can cause loss of fitness in aquatic species.

Decrease

An extreme __________ in pH can cause a decrease in fitness of aquatic species.

Decrease

An increase in FC in the water usually causes __________ in the DO of the water.

Decrease

If the net flow rate of a given resource is negative, then the stock will...

Decrease

Introduction of Human or Animal waste into the water may result in _________ of DO in the water.

Decrease

What is the primary driver of population growth in the United States?

Decreasing death rate

Modern agricultural practices can cause serious environmental damages such as_______.

Depletion of normal river flows, Salinization of agricultural lands, Nitrogen seepage into water bodies or ground water

What are some of the ecological benefits that rivers with natural flood periods provide?

Deposition of nutrient-rich sediments on flood plains, Scouring out of channels, Replenishment of ground water

11.19) True or False: Saltwater intrusion due to groundwater over withdrawal in coastal areas is the only mechanism that causes salination of freshwater.

False, Correct, agricultural irrigation can also lead to increased salinity.

11.7) True or false: Globally, groundwater should be thought of as a large underground lake or river.

False, the vast proportion of groundwater fills very small spaces between rocks and sediment grains.

The year 2007 marked a milestone for the human population because...

For the first time more people lived in cities than in rural areas

5.3) Carbon dioxide is the most significant of the anthropogenic greenhouse gasses. Which of the following is not a natural source of CO2?

Fossil fuel combustion

How many toxic pollutants does American industrial production admit to releasing every year?

Four billion pounds a year

Increased heat absorption by the oceans, resulting in expansion of the water Increased erosion of seashores, raising the ocean bottom and increasing sea level

From the following, choose two that are ways that climate change is predicted to result in increased sea level?

The full range of habitat types in which a species can exist and reproduce without any competition from other species is called its

Fundamental Niche

The majority of crude oil production is converted into what product (Mark all that apply)?

Gasoline

The majority of crude oil production is converted into what product?

Gasoline

False

Generally speaking, plant and animal biodiversity is uniformly distributed across the planet.

Which of the following energy systems does not utilize the Earth's solar energy flux?

Geothermal Power

Monoculture refers to ____

Growing a single species of crop over a large area

Monoculture refers to _____.

Growing a single species of crop over a large area

Monoculture refers to _____.

Growing a single species of crop over a large area Correct

4. Circular currents in the world's oceans are called _________ an in the Northern Hemisphere they rotate _________,while in the Southern Hemisphere the rotate ____________.

Gyres, Clockwise, Counterclockwise

The atmosphere responds more rapidly to temperature changes than do the oceans because the atmosphere _________ than water.

Has a lower specific heat capacity

For a city to be classified as a "megacity" it must...

Have more than 10 million inhabitants

Which of the following would not be considered an acute illness?

Heart Disease

Which of the following would not be considered an acute illness? Select one:

Heart Disease

Which of the following would not be considered an acute illness?

Heart disease

Major obstacles to the implementation of nuclear power include

High Relative Cost, Safety Concerns, Environmental Impacts, Security Concerns

Climate scientists believe that CO2 levels during the Eocene period (55 million to 38 million years ago) were _______ they are today.

Higher than

Working shorter days leaves more time and energy to understand and participate in politics

How are work hours and political participation linked?

Pumps water out of the aquifer, draining the water level

How can pumping water up from wells affect the water level in nearby streams and river?

Careless handling during transit or shipping Carried to sea via urban storm drains

How do nurdles make it into the ocean?

Insulating the planet by trapping heat and preventing it from leaving the atmosphere

How does earth's natural greenhouse effect work?

Advertising that promotes shopping and purchasing new goods

How does the industry of goods production encourage consumers to keep shopping and buying new goods?

The worlds water absorbs energy as it changes from liquid to gas, circulates through the atmosphere and releases the stored heat during precipitation.

How does water vapor redistribute energy from the sun around the globe?

Tripled

How has the amount of microplastics in the Central North Pacific Ocean changes over the last decade?

Through a monitoring well

How is groundwater collected and sampled?

It's different because both the magnitude and the rate of change are both higher

How is the change in atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature, like we've seen in the last 150 years, different from previous historical fluctuations?

Four billion pounds a year

How many toxic pollutants does American industrial production admit to releasing every year?

They had little support for the shorter workday vision

How was Kellogg's altered workday viewed by his fellow business leaders?

One advantage of hydropower over solar and wind power is __________

Hydropower output can be raised or lowered to quickly meet demand

One advantage of hydropower over solar and wind power is...

Hydropower output can be raised or lowered to quickly meet demand

One advantage of hydropower over solar and wind power is...

Hydropower output can be raised or lowered to quickly meet demand Correct

_____________ in nitrate levels in the humans and fish bloodstreams can cause a decrease in hemoglobin levels

Increase

_____________ in turbidity often results in an increase in nutrients in the water.

Increase

W7. Low DO levels can have all the following effects except:

Increase in algal blooms

Low DO levels can have all the following effects except:

Increase in algal blooms is Correct

After rejecting the Kyoto Protocols, what did the US do?

Increase their carbon emissions to 20% above the 1990 levels

From the following, choose two that are ways that climate change is predicted to result in increased sea level?

Increasing glacier freezing, drawing water up the shore line

The Green Revolution helped world food production to increase at a rate faster than population growth from 1950 onward by______.

Increasing the availability of synthetic fertilizers and irrigation

As of 2005 which region had the lowest dependency ratio?

Europe

How frequently does the United States census occur?

Every 10 years

1.9) Which of the following is FALSE?

Evidence can prove a hypothesis true.

Mimicry

Evolving to appear similar to another successful species or to the environment in order to dupe predators into avoiding the species, or dupe prey into approaching the species is called

The exploitation of renewable resources is limited primarily by...

Exploitable Flow

8.1) According to Annie Leonard in "The Story of Stuff", textbooks report that all our stuff goes through a system called the Materials Economy. What does this system consist of ?

Extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal

According to Annie Leonard in "The Story of Stuff", textbooks report that all our stuff goes through a system called the Materials Economy. What does this system consist of ?

Extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal

According to Annie Leonard in "The Story of Stuff", textbooks report that all our stuff goes through a system called the Materials Economy. What does this system consist of?

Extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal

According to Annie Leonard, textbooks report that all our stuff goes through a system called the Materials Economy. What does this system consist of?

Extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal

1.13) Science and creativity do not fit together.

False

3.1) True or False: All animals sexaully reproduce.

False

3.5) Sexual reproduction always increases fitness. True or False?

False

: For compounds or pollutants to contaminate water resources, the compounds must be water soluble.

False

According to one estimate it requires two kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of poultry, four to make one kilogram of pork, and seven to produce a kilogram of beef. However, only thirteen gallons of oil are needed to produce a single cow.

False

The Green Revolution helped world food production to increase at a rate faster than population growth from 1950 onward by______.

Increasing the availability of synthetic fertilizers and irrigation

Agricultural pests include_____.

Insects, Mammals such as mice and rats, unwanted plants (weeds), Fungi, Microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses

12.2) How does earth's natural greenhouse effect work?

Insulating the planet by trapping heat and preventing it from leaving the atmosphere

The video talks about IPM, which stands for ______.

Integrated Pest Management

False

According to the video, only about 25% of the nitrogen applied to fields as fertilizer is actually absorbed by the crops planted in the fields.

False

According to the video, only about 25% of the nitrogen applied to fields as fertilizer is actually absorbed by the crops planted in the fields.

False

Globally, groundwater should be thought of as a large underground lake or river.

False

In the video, under the IPM system any amount of plant damage by herbivorous pests requires the application of pesticides.

False

In the video, under the IPM system any amount of plant damage by herbivorous pests requires the application of pesticides.

False

In the video, under the IPM system no matter how much plant damage from herbivorous pests is observed, pesticides are never to be applied.

False

In the video, under the IPM system no matter how much plant damage from herbivorous pests is observed, pesticides are never to be applied.

False

In the video, when researchers found that early fertilizer application was to blame for high levels of nitrogen in the agricultural runoff, and showed farmers that by applying fertilizer during planting rather than months before planting, the farmers changed their fertilization practices and the problem was solved.

False

Climate researchers report that modelling climate change is complicated because the climate system contains many feedbacks. What do they mean by feedbacks?

Interactions between components of the climate system that can either magnify or constrain climate change

Where do the toxic ingredients in industrial production go?

Into workers through exposures

False

Lethal water-based diseases are not a threat to human health in the developed world.

False

Organic agriculture and sustainable agriculture are the same concepts, just different terms for not using synthetic fertilizers, GMO crops, or antibiotics for livestock.

False

Organic agriculture and sustainable agriculture are the same concepts, just different terms for not using synthetic fertilizers, GMO crops, or antibiotics for livestock.

False

Recently, all major trends in water supply and water quality in Europe and North America are very negative.

False

Saltwater intrusion due to groundwater over withdrawal in coastal areas is the only mechanism that causes salination of freshwater.

False

The science on water-related diseases is a well-established field and there is very little new to learn about the major water-related human health threats.

False

True or False Organic agriculture and sustainable agriculture are the same concepts, just different terms for not using synthetic fertilizers, GMO crops, or antibiotics for livestock.

False

True or False. Biofuel researchers are using an enzyme isolated from heat tolerant bacteria to break cellulose chains into their sugar components.

False

True or False. Developing countries tend to have lower dependency ratios than developed nations.

False

True or False. Economies tend to be less polluting during the early stages of economic development because they first adapt inexpensive technologies that are comparatively efficient.

False

True or False. Energy produced by burning biofuels is "Carbon-Neutral", causing no net change in atmospheric CO2.

False

True or False. Excess Nitrogen in water supplies can inhibit algal growth and can cause aquatic food webs to collapse

False

True or False. Excess Nitrogen in water supplies can inhibit algal growth and can cause aquatic food webs to collapse.

False

True or False. In the United States most of the best geothermal resources are located East of the Mississippi river.

False

True or False. Stripping hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels or obtaining it by splitting water using electricity or heat is technically difficult but the hydrogen produced contains more energy then was consumed in the stripping/splitting process.

False

True or False. Vehicle emissions are not a significant source of Nitrogen pollution.

False

True or False: All areas of the globe are experiencing the same level of increased heating due to climate change

False

True or False: Energy is recycled during decomposition

False

True or False: Marine Debris is dominantly an ocean-based problem. It is due to ocean-based sources including fishing vessels, stationary platforms, cargo ships and derelict fishing equipment.

False

True or False: Microplastics can easily be filtered out of ocean water.

False

True or False: The reduced caribou population will only have impacts on the natural ecosystem and food chain.

False

Water resources are distributed around the world evenly in space and time

False

While agriculture consumes significant quantities of energy (Farmers use energy directly to heat and cool buildings, operate equipment, pump irrigation water, and transport products to market), it does not consume large quantities of fossil fuels.

False

11.3) True or False: Recently, all major trends in water supply and water quality in Europe and North America are very negative.

False, Correct! Recently, both water quality and water supply have shown marked improvements in Europe and North America

C5. How is the change in atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature, like we've seen in the last 150 years, different from previous historical fluctuations?

It's different because both the magnitude and the rate of change are both higher

How is the change in atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature, like we've seen in the last 150 years, different from previous historical fluctuations?

It's different because both the magnitude and the rate of change are both higher is Correct

Quickly and unexpectedly

Jared Diamond reports that, according to history, when once-powerful societies collapse, they tend to do so ______ ?

Species are typically larger, grow more slowly, have fewer offspring and spend more time parenting them are termed ________.

K-selected

What did articles in the magazines Forbes and BusinessWeek report was the outcome of Kellogg's 6-hour workday?

Kellogg prospered while the workers embraced the new schedule and contributed to their families, home and communities

A single kind of organism or a small collection of different kinds of organisms that occupy a vital ecological niche in a given location is called a ___________.

Keystone Species

What does Leonard in "The Story of Stuff" report as missing from the simple delineation of the Materials Economy?

Limited natural resources, People and how they fit in, Energy and pollution costs, Government regulation

Because water is virtually incompressable, under water pressure icreases in a ___________ manner, unlike in the atmosphere wherepressure changes in a ___________ manner.

Linear and Exponential

4.3) Do the following characteristics better describe an r or K selected species?

Long gestation period → K selected Large number of offspring per litter → r selected Short time to reach reproductive maturity → r selected Long breeding interval → K selected

What are the caribou running from?

Longer mosquito season

Which of the following is not considered part of a hydrocarbon system?

None of the above so not Source Rock, Reservoir, Trap, Cap Rock

E1. Which of the following is not considered a fossil fuel?

None of the above -Natural Gas -Oil -Coal

Biofuels are valuable substitutes for imported oil in the transport sector because they can be used in most conventional engines with minor adjustments. Which of the following plants were NOT discussed as sources of biofuels?

Oak Trees

Oak trees

Coral Bleaching

One impact of the changing climate observed in coral reefs is _____:

r-selected

Organisms that tend to be small, short-lived, opportunistic, and to grow through irregular boom-and-bust population cycles are termed

Which form of solar power is more commonly seen on homes and commercial buildings?

Photovoltaic Cells

8.5) Beginning in the 1950s, American industrial producers decided to shift towards making products that were designed to only be used for a short time and to be replaced soon after purchase. Which of the following describes this kind of production and use?

Planned Obsolescence

All the world's beaches Remote islands Uninhabited coast lines Inhabited coast lines

Plastic debris is found littered on _____

What is meant by "the technology may give us license to continue doing what we've always done"?

Polluters will go on polluting the water because now there will be someone at the end of the pipe cleaning and purifying it

What is meant by " the technology may give us license to continue doing what we've always done"?

Polluters will go on polluting the water because now there will be someone at the end of the pipe cleaning and purifying it

Where does much of water supply contamination occur?

Pollution in the vadose zone and then on to groundwater

11.10) What are the two features of soils, sediment and rock that influence groundwater movement?

Porosity and permeability

What are the two features of soils, sediment and rock that influence groundwater movement?

Porosity and permeability

Which element is an important component in fertilizer?

Potassium, Nitrogen, Phosphorous

What are nurdles?

Pre-production plastic pellets

With world population projected to rise from 6.5 billion in 2006 to roughly 10 billion by 2050, and growing demand for meat in developing countries, world grain production may have to double in coming decades. One potential solution currently at the experimental stage is ______.

Precision agriculture

Captain Charles Moore emphasizes that governments should focus on ____ to reduce plastic marine debris.

Preventing plastics from reaching the watershed and ocean

By moving to new territory, what are the caribou giving up?

Rich foliage in the valleys?

Which of the following impacts of global climate change have already been observed?

Rising sea levels, Changes in snow cover, Higher global average temperatures, Changes in growing seasons

Which of the following fertility patterns is incorrect?

Rural families tend to have fewer children than city dwellers

11.15) What can happen if groundwater well pumping in coastal areas reduces the water table to below sea level?

Salt water can flow into the aquifer

What can happen if groundwater well pumping in coastal areas reduces the water table to below sea level?

Salt water can flow into the aquifer

Which of the following are possible outcomes of overuse of groundwater?

Salt water intrusion into underground aquifers, Reduced surface flow, Depletion of estuaries and deltas as river mouths

What problems were Orange County facing that prompted them to build the Groundwater Replenishment System?

Saltwater intrusion into groundwater from the ocean Over-pumped underground aquifers running low

Where does water from America's toilets usually end up?

Sanitized and piped to streams

Which of the following illnesses is caused by nutritional deficiencies?

Scurvy

What are the predators of the horseshoe crab?

Sharks and sea turtles

Confining animals on large-scale livestock farms to maximize efficiency______.

Stresses animals and promotes disease transmission, Makes it easier to control the amount and type of feed they receive Incorrect, Makes it easier to administer medications and growth supplements

W5. Which of the following is NOT a reason that turbidity is measured and studied?

Studying turbidity can tell us about how basic or acidic water is.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that turbidity is measured and studied?

Studying turbidity can tell us about how basic or acidic water is.

4.4) Fires are important to the Fort Ord maritime chaparral communities because it disrupts which of the following ecological processes:

Succession

A fundamental concept in ecology that refers to the more or less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community is termed

Succession

An abandoned agricultural field transitions back to forest and sun-tolerant weeds and herbs appear first, followed by dense shrubs like hawthorn and blackberry. After about a decade, birches and other small fast-growing trees move in, sprouting wherever the wind blows their lightweight seeds. In 30 to 40 years, slower-spreading trees like ash, red maple, and oak take root, followed by shade-tolerant trees such as beech and hemlock. What ecological concept does this example illustrate?

Succession

The observed sudden decline and recovery of the zooplankton population was tied to a regime shift. What is a regime shift?

Sudden rearrangement of oceanic cold and warm water masses

Which of the following environmental factors was NOT manipulated in the Jasper Ridge experiments? During the Jasper Ridge experiment, scientists harvested the plant biomass to assess differences between plots. The plant biomass was described as_______.{ ~The plant matter above the ground ~The plant matter below the ground ~The soil around the roots of the plants =All of the above ~Only "A" and "B"}

Sunlight and CO2

has a lower specific heat capacity

The atmosphere responds more rapidly to temperature changes than do the oceans because the atmosphere _________ than water.

What color is the blood of the horseshoe crab and why is this?

The blood is blue due to copper

The Clean Water Act

The central U.S. law regulating water quality is _______.

What is the greatest movement of life on the planet?

The daily migration of ocean zooplankton up the water column

Niche Partitioning

The process by which natural selection drives competing species into different patterns of resource use or different niches, and coexistence is obtained through the differentiation of their realized ecological niches is called

8.2) Along the Material Economy system, "The Story of Stuff" describes several examples of externalized costs. What are externalized costs?

The real costs that are not captured by the price we pay

Along the Material Economy system, "The Story of Stuff" describes several examples of externalized costs. What are externalized costs?

The real costs that are not captured by the price we pay

Along the Material Economy system, Leonard describes several examples of externalized costs. What are externalized costs?

The real costs that are not captured by the price we pay

How does water vapor redistribute energy from the sun around the globe?

The worlds water absorbs energy as it changes from liquid to gas, circulates through the atmosphere and releases the stored heat during precipitation.

2.5) According to Crash: A Tale of Two Species, for what purpose are horseshoe crabs currently and legally being harvested by human?

Their blood is used for medical research

What does TDS stand for and what does it generally indicate?

Total dissolved solids - a measure of water purity based on the amount of trace elements in the water

What does TDS stand for and what does it generally indicate?

Total dissolved solids - a measure of water purity based on the amount of trace elements in the water Correct

Where do most toxic compounds in products come from?

Toxic ingredients in processing

Bioaccumulation

Toxins and contaminants can move up the food web and organisms at higher trophic levels can be threatened, even if the pollutant is introduced to the environment in very small quantities through a process known as

How has the amount of microplastics in the Central North Pacific Ocean changed over the last decade?

Tripled

_______ occur when predators in a food chain suppress the abundance of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation (or herbivory if the intermediate trophic level is an herbivore).

Trophic Cascades

Which terrestrial geographic zones tend to have the highest plant and animal biodiversity?

Tropical

Species are not uniformly spread among Earth's biomes. Which of the following statements accurately reflects this statement?

Tropical areas generally have more plant and animal biodiversity than high latitudes

10.2) Generally speaking, plant and animal biodiversity is uniformly distributed across the planet.

True

3.6) True or False: Some organisms can change sex: from female to male in their lifetime.

True

Excessive groundwater pumping from wells can drain nearby rivers and streams.

True

Scientists predict that the world's water and water cycles will be profoundly affected by climate change.

True

The low rate of energy transfer between trophic levels makes decomposers generally more important than producers in terms of energy flow.

True

True or False. Carbon capture and sequestration is the process of injecting carbon dioxide into rock formations

True

True or False. Carbon capture and sequestration is the process of injecting carbon dioxide into rock formations.

True

True or False. Energy produced by burning biofuels is Carbon-neutral.

True

True or False. Gas can be produced at much greater depths than oil.

True

True or False. The majority of energy in Iceland is produced using geothermal power systems.

True

True or False. The unit cost of providing basic infrastructure and services is lower in cities than in rural areas.

True

True or False. Winds are driven by changes in atmospheric temperature and pressure.

True

True or False: Plastic debris researchers collect marine plastic debris and sort it based on size class and material.

True

True or False: Some tiny plastic marine debris are small enough to blend in with the ocean's plankton

True

True or False: The low rate of energy transfer between trophic levels makes decomposers generally more important than producers in terms of energy flow.

True

11.14) True or False: Excessive groundwater pumping from wells can drain nearby rivers and streams.

True - Good! Excessive pumping changes groundwater flow patterns and as a result, the infiltration of rivers and streams can increase and reduce surface flow.

False- Some ecosystems could benefit from climate change, at the same time that many are harmed

True or False: All ecosystems will be harmed by climate change.

False

True or False: CÓ is the only greenhouse gas we need to be concerned about

True - Good! Excessive pumping changes groundwater flow patterns and as a result, the infiltration of rivers and streams can increase and reduce surface flow.

True or False: Excessive groundwater pumping from wells can drain nearby rivers and streams.

true

True or False: Excessive groundwater pumping from wells can drain nearby rivers and streams.

False

True or False: For compounds or pollutants to contaminate water resources, the compounds must be water soluble.

false

True or False: For compounds or pollutants to contaminate water resources, the compounds must be water soluble.

False

True or False: Greenhouse gases are, by definition, only emitted as a result of human activity:

False

True or False: Lethal water-based diseases are not a threat to human health in the developed world.

false

True or False: Lethal water-based diseases are not a threat to human health in the developed world.

False

True or False: Marine Debris is dominantly an ocean-based problem. It is due to ocean-based sources including fishing vessels, stationary platforms, cargo ships and derelict fishing equipment.

True

True or False: Plastic debris researchers collect marine plastic debris and sort it based on size class and material.

False

True or False: Recently, all major trends in water supply and water quality in Europe and North America are very negative.

False

True or False: Saltwater intrusion due to groundwater over withdrawal in coastal areas is the only mechanism that causes salination of freshwater

True

True or False: Scientists predict that the world's water and water cycles will be profoundly affected by climate change.

True

True or False: Some tiny plastic marine debris are small enough to blend in with the ocean's plankton

False

True or False: The science on water-related diseases is a well-established field and there is very little new to learn about the major water-related human health threats.

False

True or False: Water resources are distributed around the world evenly in space and time.

False - Some areas are expected to become wetter and some dryer

True or False: With climate change, all areas are expected to become warmer and dryer.

False

True or false: Globally, groundwater should be thought of as a large underground lake or river.

false

True or false: Globally, groundwater should be thought of as a large underground lake or river.

7.5) Fish such as tuna have a high content of mercury because____.

Tuna are piciverous fish, that eat other fish

At what level of involvement is the U.S. with regard to the Kyoto Protocol?

Uncommitted to the treaty on economic ground: only having signed but not ratified the treaty

Watershed

What is the basic geologic spatial unit that scientists focus on to characterize an area's water supply and water quality?

A point source has a distinct temporal and spatial origin; a nonpoint source is diffuse and has no clear single origin

What is the difference between a point source and a nonpoint source of water pollution?

Waterborne disease are caused by drinking water containing infectious viruses or bacteria, while water-related insect vectors are insects that breed in or on water, and spread disease

What is the difference between waterborne diseases and water-related insect vectors?

Plastic can fragment into smaller particles Plastic debris can be taken into the food chain Plastic debris can sink to become part of the ocean bottom

What is the fate of plastic debris floating in the ocean?

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

What is the most broadly-supported international agreement on climate change?

Over-pumped underground aquifers running low, Saltwater intrusion into groundwater from the ocean, Rapidly expanding population with correspondingly expanding "poopulation"

What problems were Orange County facing that prompted them to build the Groundwater Replenishment System? Choose 3 issues from the list:

17%

What proportion of the world's population does not have access to safe drinking water?

To capture and clean the river water and help more of it trickle into the groundwater basin

What were the objectives of Orange County when they went into "hyper-beaver" mode along the Santa Ana River and build the Prado Wetlands?

What is ghost fishing?

When abandoned fishing gear continues to unintentionally entrap marine animals

7.1) What is biomagnification?

When compounds resist microbial decomposition, are passed along the food chain and increase in concentration towards the top

What is biomagnification?

When compounds resist microbial decomposition, are passed along the food chain and increase in concentration towards the top

Top down

When ecosystems are more strongly influenced by the abundance of organisms at high trophic levels in the ecosystem, the ecosystem is said to be controlled from the

Competitive Exclusion Principal

When organisms of different species compete for the same resources in the same habitat, one species will commonly be more successful in this competition and exclude the second from the habitat. This is referred to as the

Measuring global average temperature because the climate can't have changes that much from its current state

Which of the following is not an important paleoclimate record that scientists have studied to better understand the earth's past climate history

Volcanoes

Which of these is NOT a force involved in the mixing of ocean waters?

Tropical

Which terrestrial geographic zones tend to have the highest plant and animal biodiversity?

A level of phosphate over 0.1mg/L indicates

a reason to be concerned as eutrophication can occur.

W11. A level of phosphate over 0.1mg/L indicates

a reason to be concerned as eutrophication can occur.

Integrated pest management (IPM) involves the use of which of the following to limit pest damage to agricultural crops?

a. Agricultural practices b. Biological control agents c. Introduction of large numbers of sterile male insects d. Timed application of synthetic chemical pesticides and e. Application of pheromones and juvenile hormones f. All of the above is Correct

Presence of ________ can increase the turbidity of water.

a. Algae b. Suspended sediment c. Organic particles d. All of these are correct

What effect are rising global temperatures having on the world's oceans?

a. All of the above

Which of the following are possible outcomes of overuse of groundwater?

a. All of the above

Plastic debris is found littered on _____ .

a. All the world's beaches b. Remote islands c. Uninhabited coast lines d. Inhabited coast lines

Hydropower produces electricity without producing significant air pollution. However, hydropower has several negative environmental effects including...

a. Altering river flow rates b. Blocking the migration of aquatic species c. Changing water temperature, nutrient concentrations, and dissolved Oxygen d. Killing or displacing species when reservoirs are flooded Answer: e. All of the Above

True or False: Recently, all major trends in water supply and water quality in Europe and North America are very negative.

a. False Correct! Recently, both water quality and water supply have shown marked improvements in Europe and North America

True or False: Water resources are distributed around the world evenly in space and time.

a. False Correct, differences in climate and weather regimes as well as topography and geology all create differences in surface water storage and availability.

True or false: Globally, groundwater should be thought of as a large underground lake or river.

a. False Correct, the vast proportion of groundwater fills very small spaces between rocks and sediment grains.

True or False: All ecosystems will be harmed by climate change.

a. False- Some ecosystems could benefit from climate change, at the same time that many are harmed

How many toxic pollutants does American industrial production admit to releasing every year?

a. Four billion pounds a year

Micro plastics are pieces of plastic that are less than 5 mm of length. Which of the following are sources of microplastics?

a. Fragmentation of large piece of plastic b. Nurdles c. Microbead scrubbers found in face and body washes and exfoliants

Major obstacles to the implementation of nuclear power include

a. High Relative Cost b. Security Concerns c. Safety Concerns d. Environmental Impacts Answer: e. All of the Above

Which of the following impacts of global climate change have already been observed?

a. Higher global average temperatures b. Rising sea levels c. Changes in snow cover d. Changes in growing seasons e. All of the these are Correct

During global cooling periods, also known as ice ages, global ocean levels were lower because __________.

a. Huge volumes of water were trapped in glaciers and continental ice sheets

What is false about hydropower?

a. Hydropower is safe for humans and animals.

Important findings from the Vostok ice-core studies include:

a. In the past 650,000 years,temperature fluctuations have been accompanied with fluctuations in CO2 b. CO2 concentrations documented since the industrial revolution are the highest in 650,000 years c. In the past 650,000 years, CO2 concentrations have never exceeded 300 parts per million d. Climate change is not always slow or steady

Other experiments around the country are verifying the results at Jasper Ridge, and most have found that if you wish to increase plant biomass by increasing carbon dioxide levels, you must ______.

a. Increase nitrogen

9.1) Plastic debris is found littered on _____ .

a. Inhabited coast lines b. All the world's beaches c. Remote islands e. Uninhabited coast lines Answer: d. All of these

Agricultural pests include_____.

a. Insects b. Mammals such as mice and rats c. Unwanted plants (weeds) d. Fungi e. Microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses Answer: f. All of the Above

Agricultural pests include_____.

a. Insects b. Mammals such as mice and rats c. Unwanted plants (weeds) d. Fungi e. Microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses f. All of the Above is Correct

The burning of biomass in primitive stoves ________ (Mark all that apply).

a. Is a low impact and relatively harmless practice b. Is an inefficient use of energy resources c. Releases large quantities of pollutants d. Is an uncommon practice in developing countries e. B and C only Correct

Why is it so surprising that tropical glaciers in high mountains near the equator have also been found to be melting, something that hasn't happened for thousands of years?

a. It's surprising because the temperature at high altitude near the equator is very stable and doesn't fluctuate much between summer and winter.

9. During a/an event, Pacific water temperatures become unusually cold and cold-water upwelling increases along western South America and unusually wetweather in Asia and drier than normal conditions in much of the United States occours.

a. La Nina

During a/an event, Pacific water temperatures become unusually cold and cold-water upwelling increases along western South America and unusually wet weather in Asia and drier than normal conditions in much of the United States occours.

a. La Nina

What percentage of the world's freshwater is readily available for human use?

a. Less than 1 %

What does Leonard in "The Stor of Stuff" report as missing from the simple delineation of the Materials Economy?

a. Limited natural resources b. Energy and pollution costs d. People and how they fit in e. Government regulation

In contrast to planned obsolescence, what is perceived obsolescence?

a. Marketing: the goods are not designed to fail, but consumers are encouraged to throw things away because they seem old or outdated

How did industrialization increase the human population growth rate?

a. Mechanized agriculture increased food production b. Improvements in medical care and public health services c. Decreased desired family size d. All of the above Answer: e. A and B only

How did industrialization increase the human population growth rate?

a. Mechanized agriculture increased food production b. Improvements in medical care and public health services c. Decreased desired family size d. All of the above e. A and B only are Correct

How have New England tree species such as hemlock, white pine, maple, beech and hickory responded to the changing climate?

a. Migrating northward

Why doesn't the American public see or come in contact with the toxic by-products of and wastes from industrial production?

a. Most of the toxic compounds are shipped off to other countries

An interaction where both species benefit but the relationship may not be essential for either is termed ________.

a. Mutualism

.Which element is an important component in fertilizer (Mark all that apply)?

a. Nitrogen b. Phosphorous c. Potassium d. All of the Above is Correct

These are the essential, and often limited mineral nutrients required for ecosystem health.

a. Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium

a. Over-planting resistant crops could promote increased resistance among pests b. Over-planting of GE crops will eliminate the market for organically grow crops c. GE crops or animals will hybridize with and alter the genetic makeup of wild species d. A and B e. A and C is Correct

What is one expected effect of climate change on undesirable species:

a. Overall increase in undesirable species as the conditions that support them increase worldwide

What does Leonard report as missing from the simple delineation of the Materials Economy?

a. People and how they fit in b. Limited natural resources c. Government regulation d. Energy and pollution costs

What is the fate of plastic debris floating in the ocean?

a. Plastic can fragment into smaller particles b. Plastic debris can be taken into the food chain c. Plastic debris can sink to become part of the ocean bottom

9.3) What is the fate of plastic debris floating in the ocean?

a. Plastic debris can be taken into the food chain b. None of these d. Plastic can fragment into smaller particles e. Plastic debris can sink to become part of the ocean bottom Answer: c. All of these

Where does much of water supply contamination occur?

a. Pollution in the vadose zone and then on to groundwater

What are the two features of soils, sediment and rock that influence groundwater movement?

a. Porosity and permeability

What effect are rising global temperatures having on the world's oceans?

a. Raising sea levels b. Altering precipitation patterns d. Increasing global ocean heat content e. Melting sea ice

Which of the following scenarios was NOT suggested as an explanation for the unique ratio of common and rare species in the tropical rainforests?

a. Rare species are self-pollinating, eliminating the need for mobile pollinators,

Effects of large-scale agriculture include ______

a. Reduced biodiversity b. Fragmented natural ecosystems c. Diverted or polluted fresh water resources d. Altered the nutrient balance of adjacent and downstream ecosystems Answer: e. All of the above

Effects of large-scale agriculture include ______

a. Reduced biodiversity b. Fragmented natural ecosystems c. Diverted or polluted fresh water resources d. Altered the nutrient balance of adjacent and downstream ecosystems e. All of the above is Correct

Effects of large-scale agriculture include ___________ (Mark all that apply).

11.18) Which of the following are negative impacts of salinization of freshwater resources:

a. Reduction of drinking water c. Toxic to plants d. Compaction of soils Answer: All of the above

11.17) What are some of the ecological benefits that rivers with natural flood periods provide?

a. Replenishment of ground water d. Deposition of nutrient-rich sediments on flood plains e. Scouring out of channels Answer: b. All of the above

Which of the following is not considered part of a hydrocarbon system?

a. Reservoir b. Cap Rock c. Source Rock e. Trap Answer: d. None of the Above

Major obstacles to the implementation of nuclear power include ________________.

a. Safety Concerns b. High Relative Cost c. Environmental Impacts d. Security Concerns e. All of the Above is correct

What can happen if groundwater well pumping in coastal areas reduces the water table to below sea level?

a. Salt water can flow into the aquifer

Which of the following are the closest relatives to the horseshoe crab? (hint there are 2 correct answers)

a. Spiders d. Scorpions

Confining animals on large-scale livestock farms to maximize efficiency______.

a. Stresses animals and promotes disease transmission b. Makes it easier to control the amount and type of feed they receive c. Makes it easier to administer medications and growth supplements Answer: d. All of the above

Confining animals on large-scale livestock farms to maximize efficiency______.

Which of the following environmental factors was NOT manipulated in the Jasper Ridge experiments?

a. Sunlight

According to the video, excess nitrogen applied to fields leaves the fields and is transported to ____.

a. The atmosphere b. Surface water c. Ground water Answer: d. All of the above

What color is the blood of the horseshoe crab and why is this?

a. The blood is blue due to copper.

What is different about the increase in CO2 concentrations and temperature estimated for the Eocene period (55 million to 38 million years ago) compared with the current anthropogenic increase?

a. The increase in CO2 in the Eocene likely occurred over tens of millions of years, whereas anthropogenic CO2 increase is on the scale of hundreds of years

When we buy a cheap product that's cheaper than all the real associated costs, who pays for the hidden costs?

a. The natural environment where the raw materials were extracted c. The indigenous people who have lost environmental quality d. Toxic pollution by-products of production e. The factory workers who are exposed to unsafe working conditions

Along the Material Economy system, "The Story of Stuff" describes several examples of externalized costs. What are externalized costs?

a. The real costs that are not captured by the price we pay

When considering ecosystem functions such as trophic levels in food webs, migrations of various species, and population decline how does a decline in horseshoe crabs affect the larger ecosystem picture, if a decline does at all?

a. The spawning of the horseshoe crabs is timed with the red knot migration and a decline in horseshoe crabs will negatively affect the red knot population.

What important human health impact related to toxic compounds has not yet been studied ?

a. The toxicity of combined compounds

Where does the large proportion of purchased goods go one year after purchase?

a. The vast majority are thrown away as trash

1) What does 'potable' mean in terms of water?

a. The water is drinkable

Why are BFRs so toxic to the ecosystem?

a. They are resistant to biodegradation and accumulate up the food chain

Why are plastics so harmful in the environment?

a. They can absorb, transport and release toxic compounds b. Animals accidentally eat and feed plastic debris to offspring c. They can transmit toxic compounds to organisms through the food chain

What were the objectives of Orange County when they went into "hyper-beaver" mode along the Santa Ana River and build the Prado Wetlands?

a. To capture and clean the river water and help more of it trickle into the groundwater basin

When ecosystems are more strongly influenced by the abundance of organisms at high trophic levels in the ecosystem, the ecosystem is said to be controlled from the ________.

a. Top down

Which of the following is not considered part of a hydrocarbon system?

a. Trap b. Reservoir c. Cap Rock d. Source Rock e. None of the Above is correct

The video suggests that the "Engineers" of the tropical rainforest ecosystem are the ___.

a. Trees,

The genetic composition of the photosynthetic bacteria prochlorocaucus changes due to depth and light availability.

a. True

There is more species diversity in one half of a hectare (1/2 X 1 acre) of tropical rainforest than in the entirety of North America.

a. True

True or False: Plastic debris researchers collect marine plastic debris and sort it based on size class and material.

a. True

True or False: Scientists predict that the world's water and water cycles will be profoundly affected by climate change.

a. True

True or False: Some tiny plastic marine debris are small enough to blend in with the ocean's plankton

a. True

Dissolved Oxygen in water can be increased through______.

a. Turbulence b. Wave action c. Photosynthesis d. None of these e. All of these are Correct

What is the most broadly-supported international agreement on climate change?

a. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

In the Desert Southwest of the US, the water problem is not enough rainfall. What is the problem in Florida?

a. Water pollution from agriculture and ranching

Climate change has been observed to make several major weather system alterations with major impacts globally. How is climate change associated with more frequent dust storms from Africa reaching the Caribbean?

all of the above c. Climate change is increasing drought throughout Africa, resulting in drier conditions and more dust d. Climate change is altering the North Atlantic Oscillation to drive more dust storms from Africa e. Climate change is rapidly warming the Indian Ocean, altering major air circulation patterns

Which of the following are ways in which climate changes is expected to change hydrologic cycles and weather patterns?

altering annual rainfall in many regions, producing more extreme weather-both rain and droughts, shifting the typical paths of storms

1.7) If you design a test that involves manipulating some factor in a system to see how that affects some outcome, you're designing a/an

an experiment

True or False: The science on water-related diseases is a well-established field and there is very little new to learn about the major water-related human health threats.

b. False Correct, scientists are continuously learning new information about water-related diseases, how they're spread and how infectious agents behave.

True or False: Lethal water-based diseases are not a threat to human health in the developed world.

b. False While many more people die from water-related diseases in developing nations, outbreaks of water-related diseases still occur in the developed world.

True or False: For compounds or pollutants to contaminate water resources, the compounds must be water soluble.

b. False non-aqueous phased liquids (like fuels and hydrocarbons) do not mix well with water, but still can be important contaminants in surface and ground water.

9. The photosynthetic bacteria prochlorocaucus is a very large and genetically complex organism.

b. Flase

What was the main technological development that allowed the drilling of tropical glaciers?

b. Helicopters capable of operating at high altitudes c. Development of biodiesel to run the equipment d. Solar Panels and an electric drill

What are GCMs?

b. Highly detailed computer models that simulate the complex climate systems to understand the effects of each component

Because the park is so large and so many areas are difficult to reach, park managers are forced to use "Remote Sensing" techniques to study species within the park. What type of remote sensing techniques does the park employ to differentiate the types of vegetation within the park?

b. Images from a NASA camera mounted to an aircraft

Other experiments around the country are verifying the results at Jasper Ridge, and most have found that if you wish to increase plant biomass by increasing carbon dioxide levels, you must ______.

b. Increase nitrogen

After rejecting the Kyoto Protocols, what did the US do?

b. Increase their carbon emissions to 20% above the 1990 levels

How is the change in atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature, like we've seen in the last 150 years, different from previous historical fluctuations?

b. It's different because both the magnitude and the rate of change are both higher

In contrast to planned obsolescence, what is perceived obsolescence?

b. Marketing: the goods are not designed to fail, but consumers are encouraged to throw things away because they seem old or outdated

In the 2007 IPCC report, what areas on the planet were expected to experience more warming? Where less warming?

b. More warming in the high northern latitudes and over land ; less warming over the southern oceans and North Atlantic

What is transpiration?

b. Movement of water out of plants, from the soil

What is meant by " the technology may give us license to continue doing what we've always done"?

b. Polluters will go on polluting the water because now there will be someone at the end of the pipe cleaning and purifying it

What are nurdles?

b. Pre-production plastic pellets

Jared Diamond reports that, according to history, when once-powerful societies collapse, they tend to do so ______ ?

b. Quickly and unexpectedly

In contrast to the previous 1000 years, in the last 150 years, global average surface temperatures have ____ by 0.6 °C∓0.2 °C.

b. Risen

What are the predators of the horseshoe crab?

b. Sharks and sea turtles.

The CWA requires states to identify "impaired" water bodies and develop Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements for these systems. What are TMDLs?

b. TMDLs specify the maximum levels of specific pollutants that can be discharged into impaired water bodies from point and nonpoint sources

The horseshoe crab blood has a special adaptation due to natural selection, what is this adapation?

b. The adaptation allows them a clotting ability much like white blood cells in humans that helps fight off bacteria.

A "Riparian Area" is defined as _______.

b. The area that runs along the river or stream, close to the water

In the first half of the 20ths century, American industry established a shift in their production strategy. What was this shift?

b. The shift from fulfilling basic human needs to creating new ones

Humans use energy and have found ways to have energy for light and heat and cooking. The film discusses transitions of energy. Which of the following BEST describes the transition from wood to coal?

b. The transition from wood to coal was good in that it saved the forests and provided an energy source that was easier to transport so more people could use it. It also burned better and cleaner than wood.

Researchers have found marine plastic debris:

b. Throughout the water column

Why does the county use hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet light in their water treatment?

b. To further purify the water and remove any organic compounds

Where do most toxic compounds in products come from?

b. Toxic ingredients in processing

b. Trophic cascades

Which terrestrial geographic zones tend to have the highest plant and animal biodiversity?

b. Tropical

Species are not uniformly spread among Earth's biomes. Which of the following statements accurately reflects this statement?

b. Tropical areas generally have more plant and animal biodiversity than high latitudes

True or False: Excessive groundwater pumping from wells can drain nearby rivers and streams.

b. True - Good! Excessive pumping changes groundwater flow patterns and as a result, the infiltration of rivers and streams can increase and reduce surface flow.

At what level of involvement is the U.S. with regard to the Kyoto Protocol?

b. Uncommitted to the treaty on economic ground: only having signed but not ratified the treaty

Where is ground water found?

b. Under the ground in small pores and fractures found in large rock formations

What is the most broadly-supported international agreement on climate change?

b. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

When studying the riparian ecosystems of Yellowstone and in particular the willows, the park managers examine the size and density of the species, as well as the "browse history". When individuals grow above "browse height", they are said to have reached "release height" and a trophic cascade results. Which of the following statements best describes this situation?

b. When willows grow tall enough that the elk are unable to reach their leaves the tree is free to continue to grow and increase habitat for other species within the park,

The world's water supply is allocated between major reserves including:

b. all of the above

15. _____________ is the point at which there is just enough light for a plant to survive. At thispoint all the food produced by photosynthesis is used up by respiration.

b. compensation zone

_____________ is the point at which there is just enough light for a plant to survive. At this point all the food produced by photosynthesis is used up by respiration.

b. compensation zone

6. During periods when the thermohaline circulation slowed down temperatures in the Norther Hemisphere __________, while during periods when the thermohaline circulation sped up temperatures in the Norther Hemisphere ____________.

b. decreased, increased

During periods when the thermohaline circulation slowed down temperatures in the Norther Hemisphere __________, while during periods when the thermohaline circulation sped up temperatures in the Norther Hemisphere ____________.

b. decreased, increased

4. Currently, the prediction of an El Nino event is ____________.

b. performed using complex computer models

Currently, the prediction of an El Nino event is ____________.

b. performed using complex computer models

12. ______________ are microscopic plants that live in the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of freshwater and are the foundation of the marine food chain.

b. phytoplankton

______________ are microscopic plants that live in the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water and are the foundation of the marine food chain.

b. phytoplankton

Geography has a profound impact on ecosystems because global circulation patterns and climate zones set basic physical conditions for the organisms that inhabit a given area. The most important factors are

b. temperature ranges, moisture availability, light, and nutrient availability

2. A precursor to an El Nino event is the _________________ trade winds.(NOTE: trade winds are named for where they originate, not the direction they travel)

b. weakening of easterly

How does water vapor redistribute energy from the sun around the globe?

c. The worlds water absorbs energy as it changes from liquid to gas, circulates through the atmosphere and releases the stored heat during precipitation.

What does TDS stand for and what does it generally indicate?

c. Total dissolved solids - a measure of water purity based on the amount of trace elements in the water

Where do most toxic compounds in products come from?

c. Toxic ingredients in processing

The video suggests that the "Engineers" of the tropical rainforest ecosystem are the ___.

c. Trees,

What is the basic geologic spatial unit that scientists focus on to characterize an area's water supply and water quality?

c. Watershed

What is ghost fishing?

c. When abandoned fishing gear continues unintentionally entrap marine animals

What is biomagnification?

c. When compounds resist microbial decomposition, are passed along the food chain and increase in concentration towards the top

How are work hours and political participation linked?

c. Working shorter days leaves more time and energy to understand and participate in politics

Does drinking water from our natural environment come into contact with sewage water?

c. Yes, most American's drinking water has come in contact with treated sewage water in streams or rivers

14. _____________ is the sum of a suite of biologically-mediated processes that transport carbonfrom the surface euphotic zone (the depth of the water that is exposed to sufficient sunlight forphotosynthesis to occur) to the ocean's interior.

c. biological pump

_____________ is the sum of a suite of biologically-mediated processes that transport carbon from the surface euphotic zone (the depth of the water that is exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur) to the ocean's interior.

c. biological pump

A precursor to an El Nino event is the _________________ trade winds. (NOTE: trade winds are named for where they originate, not the direction they travel)

c. weakening of Easterly

c. Bottom-Up

What are BFRs

c. Brominated Flame Retardants

CO2 is considered the most important greenhouse gas because:

c. CO2 is emitted in far larger quantities than other greenhouse gases

What are oceanic gyres?

c. Circular ocean currents that drive accumulations of plastic debris

Scientists have been drilling ice cores in the arctic for decades. Which of the following is NOT an advantage to drilling ice cores from glaciers in the tropics?

c. The tropic glaciers are much easier for scientists to reach

Mine collapses, water pollution, acid rain, scar the landscape, sulfuric acid that causes acid rain, flooding of mines leading to acidic water in lakes, rivers, streams and leaching of toxic heavy metals into water sources.

coal

The burning of which fossil fuel releases the most carbon per unit energy produced?

coal

An interaction where one species benefits and one is harmed is termed _________.

commensalism

The ratio of common and rare species within a given area is different in the Tropical Rainforest than it is in other terrestrial biomes such as the Boreal Forests of New England (NE). Which of the following sets of ratios was suggested in the video for the Tropical Rainforest?

d. 15% common species / 85% rare species,

When was the IPCC created?

d. 1988

Aquatic biomes (marine and freshwater) cover of the Earth's surface and include rivers, lakes, coral reefs, estuaries, and open ocean

d. 3/4

How old is the horseshoe crab species?

d. 350 milliion years

Researchers from the University of Hawaii analyzed plastic debris in beach sand. What percent of the collected debris was made of plastic?

d. 72%

In 1926 wolves were removed from Yellowstone. They were reintroduced in 1995 in part because the park managers observed which of the following situations within the park?

d. A decrease in wolves resulted in an increase in elk, which meant a decrease in vegetation and a decrease in beaver habitat,

ENVS201_Reading_Questions Climate Change Which of the following impacts of global climate change have already been observed?

d. All of the above

Micro plastics are pieces of plastic that are less than 5 mm of length. Which of the following are sources of microplastics?

d. All of the above

What is the fate of plastic debris floating in the ocean?

d. All of the above

Why are plastics so harmful in the environment?

d. All of the above

The water table is:

d. An underground area located at the top of the saturated zone of ground water

To make sure that all plots experienced the same conditions other than those being manipulated, each site was outfitted with heat lamp structures to ensure______remained constant.

d. Bird droppings

What are BFRs

d. Brominated Flame Retardants

CO2 is considered the most important greenhouse gas because:

d. CO2 is emitted in far larger quantities than other greenhouse gases

Global warming potential (GWP) is a unit used to compare the estimated climate impact of a greenhouse gas in comparison to an equivalent amount of

d. Carbon Dioxide

The video explains that the scientists use oxygen isotope ratios to estimate the atmospheric temperature when the ice froze; what have they found that seems to follow the temperature trend for the last 650,000 years?

d. Carbon dioxide levels

What did a recent review of more than 40 scientific studies find were the broad impacts of climate change on plants animals and natural ecosystem processes?

d. Earlier spring events, range shift northwards and a shift in organismal communities towards those that are more heat-tolerant

Midway Atoll is a small, coral-reef basd island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Midway Atoll is important wild life refuge for seabirds. What percent of albatross chicks died on the Atoll due to plastics being fed plastic debris by their parents?

e. 40%

Where do the CO2 emissions resulting from human activities go?

e. 60% to the atmosphere 20% to the ocean and 20% to terrestrial ecosystems

Plastic debris is found littered on _____ .

e. All of the above

Reducing the water level in streams and rivers can negatively affect _______

e. All of the above

To prevent further "ecological collapse" in Florida due to agriculture and ranching, the video suggests that which of the following must be changed from the Current Practices to Alternative Practices?

e. All of the above

What does Leonard report as missing from the simple delineation of the Materials Economy?

e. All of the above

To perform photosynthesis, phytoplankton require light from the sun as well as________.

e. All of these

The video describes the geology of Florida as a "Karst Landscape", which refers to the dissolution of underground rocks, resulting in large underground caves and eventually sinkholes at the surface. What is the effect of this "Karst Landscape" on water quality in the area?

e. Both "A" and "B"

The video explains that the scientists use oxygen isotope ratios to estimate the atmospheric temperature when the ice froze; the also use the presence of another chemical (sulfates) to identify ______ in the ice core records.

e. Droughts

How many toxic pollutants does American industrial production admit to releasing every year?

e. Four billion pounds a year

What is a basin?

e. Geographic area that contributes all its surface water to a river system

During global cooling periods, also known as ice ages, global ocean levels were lower because __________.

e. Huge volumes of water were trapped in glaciers and continental ice sheets

How does earth's natural greenhouse effect work?

e. Insulating the planet by trapping heat and preventing it from leaving the atmosphere

Where do the toxic ingredients in industrial production go?

e. Into workers through exposures

What is xylem ( pronounced "zie-lem")?

e. Micro tube structures in trees to carry water upwards

Scientists have been drilling ice cores in the arctic for decades. Which of the following is NOT an advantage to drilling ice cores from glaciers in the tropics?

e. The tropic glaciers are much easier for scientists to reach

How is groundwater collected and sampled?

e. Through a monitoring well

In 1991, what event added 20 million tons of new aerosols to the stratosphere and served to reduce the planet's surface by up to 1.3 °F annually for the following three years?

e. Volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines

3. Which of these is NOT a force involved in the mixing of ocean waters?

e. Volcanoes

Which of these is NOT a force involved in the mixing of ocean waters?

e. Volcanoes

A serious illness in fish called brown blood disease and an illness in humans called methemoglobinemia are caused by

excessive amounts of nitrate or nitrate.

W10. A serious illness in fish called brown blood disease and an illness in humans called methemoglobinemia are caused by

excessive amounts of nitrate or nitrate.

11. The amount of the photosynthetic bacteria prochlorocaucus in the oceans fluctuates greatly over time.

false

Energy is recycled during decomposition

false

The full range of habitat types in which a species can exist and reproduce without any competition from other species is called its

fundamental niche

The world's water supply is allocated between major reserves including

ground water, ice caps, oceans

1.10)Proposed explanations for a fairly narrow set of phenomena, based on prior experience, scientific background knowledge, preliminary observations and logic are

hypothesis

A powerful storm with lots of precipitation will likely cause ____________ in turbidity of the water.

increase

The burning of biomass in primitive stoves...

is a low impact and relatively harmless practice

The burning of biomass in primitive stoves...

is very inefficient and generates large quantities of pollutants but during our quiz ilearn messed up and the answer was B and C.

W8. Which level of fecal coliform colonies is safe for swimming?

less than 200 colonies/100mL of water

Which level of fecal coliform colonies is safe for swimming?

less than 200 colonies/100mL of water is Correct

An interaction where one species benefits and the other is not affected is termed ___________.

mutualism

Disturbance of landscape, spills and leaks that cause ocean pollution, acid rain, photochemical smog, global climate change, potential leaks from transport and pipelines.

oil and gas drilling

Ecology is the study of

relationships in the natural world.

A fundamental concept in ecology that refers to the more or less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community is termed

succession

A fundamental concept in ecology that refers to the more or less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community.

succession

C6. Why is it so surprising that tropical glaciers in high mountains near the equator have also been found to be melting, something that hasn't happened for thousands of years?

t's surprising because the temperature at high altitude near the equator is very stable and doesn't fluctuate much between summer and winter.

temperature ranges, moisture availability, light, and nutrient availability

1.8) Uncertainty and error in science refers to

the level of confidence in a number.

12. The genetic composition of the photosynthetic bacteria prochlorocaucus changes due to depth and light availability.

true

True or False. Gas can be produced at much greater depths than oil.

true

True or False. The unit cost of providing basic infrastructure and services is lower in cities than in rural areas.

true

Measuring the amount of suspended particles in a sample of water is a measure of

turbidity

W3. Measuring the amount of suspended particles in a sample of water is a measure of

turbidity

W1. Which of the following can decrease DO levels in water?

warm water, high bacteria, cloudy weather

Which of the following can decrease DO levels in water?

warm water, high bacteria, cloudy weather is Correct

Which of the following is not considered a fossil fuel?

(None of the Above) b. Coal c. Natural Gas d. All of the Above e. Oil

How was Kellogg's altered workday viewed by his fellow business leaders?

. They had little support for the shorter workday vision

compensation zone

. _____________ is the point at which there is just enough light for a plant to survive. At this point all the food produced by photosynthesis is used up by respiration.

In the last 30 years, what fraction of the earth's natural resources have been consumed ?

.1/3

Within six months after purchase, what proportion of purchased goods are still in use?

According to the video, it is currently believed that over _________ of the photosynthesis, and therefore oxygen production occours in the oceans.

1/2

In the last 30 years, what fraction of the earth's natural resources have been consumed ?

1/3

How old is the horseshoe crab species?

350 milliion years

Burning coal accounts for what percent of the world's electricity production?

40%

In 1930, what change did the Kellogg Company, the world's leading producer of ready-to-eat cereal, announce?

A decrease in the work day to 6 hours with an increase in the hourly wage

11.22) What is the difference between a point source and a nonpoint source of water pollution?

A point source has a distinct temporal and spatial origin; a nonpoint source is diffuse and has no clear single origin.

What is the difference between a point source and a nonpoint source of water pollution?

A point source has a distinct temporal and spatial origin; a nonpoint source is diffuse and has no clear single origin.

What is marine debris?

A regional phenomena occurring in coastal nations with excessive use of plastic waste

Keystone species

A single kind of organism or a small collection of different kinds of organisms that occupy a vital ecological niche in a given location is called a

Realized Niche

A species' can be thought of as its range in practice, or the range of habitat types from which it is not excluded by competing species.

What is an artesian well?

A well drilled into an aquifer under pressure, requiring no pumping to get water flow

Farmers can increase agriculture yields by_____

A,B and C

Actual demand for food, Expansion of agricultural lands, Opportunities for increased yields, Availability of water and chemical fertilizers, Global climate change

Farmers can increase agriculture yields by_____.

Adding energy and materials, Increasing the efficiency of energy conversion and allocation to the harvested product, Reducing losses that occur during the growing process

How does the industry of goods production encourage consumers to keep shopping and buying new goods?

Advertising that promotes shopping and purchasing new goods

Increase their carbon emissions to 20% above the 1990 levels

After rejecting the Kyoto Protocols, what did the US do?

Which of the following are causes of increasing salinity of freshwater resources?

Agricultural irrigation, Widespread use of salt for de-icing roads, Groundwater over extraction and salt water intrusion in coastal areas

Integrated pest management (IPM) involves the use of which of the following to limit pest damage to agricultural crops?

Agricultural practices, Biological control agents, Introduction of large numbers of sterile male insects, Timed application of synthetic chemical pesticides and Incorrect, Application of pheromones and juvenile hormones

The most important biogeochemical cycle(s) affecting ecosystem health are the __________.

All of the Above

According to the video, excess nitrogen applied to fields leaves the fields and is transported to ____.

All of the above

Agricultural pests include_____

All of the above

Confining animals on large-scale livestock farms to maximize efficiency______.

All of the above

Effects of large-scale agriculture include ______

All of the above

Hydropower produces electricity without producing significant air pollution. However, hydropower has several negative environmental effects including...

All of the above

E6. Major obstacles to the implementation of nuclear power include

All of these -Safety Concerns -High Relative Cost -Environmental Impacts -Security Concerns

10. To perform photosynthesis, phytoplankton require light from the sun as well as________.

All of these: Nitrogen Phosphorus Carbon Dioxide Incorrect Micronutrients such as Silicone and Iron

Major obstacles to the implementation of nuclear power include

All the above

Change driven by new external geophysical conditions such as rising average temperatures resulting from global climate change is termed

Allogenic succession

The real costs that are not captured by the price we pay

Along the Material Economy system, Leonard describes several examples of externalized costs. What are externalized costs?

Succession

Mutualism

An interaction where both species benefit but the relationship may not be essential for either is termed

Competition

An interaction where both species involved are harmed and population growth rates are reduced is termed

Predation or Parasitism

An interaction where one species benefits and one is harmed is termed

Commensalism

An interaction where one species benefits and the other is not affected is termed

The water table is

An underground area located at the top of the saturated zone of ground water

Climate change due to the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities

Anthropogenic climate change is defined as

Preventing plastics from reaching the watershed and ocean

Captain Charles Moore emphasizes that governments should focus on ____ to reduce plastic marine debris.

The most important biogeochemical cycle(s) affecting ecosystem health are the __________.

Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle, Water Cycle

Global warming potential (GWP) is a unit used to compare the estimated climate impact of a greenhouse gas in comparison to an equivalent amount of

Carbon Dioxide

The maximum population a habitat can support on a continuing basis is called the...

Carry capacity

The maximum population a habitat can support on a continuing basis is called the...

Carrying Capacity

The number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can support before resource limitations reduce survival is called _________.

Carrying Capacity

Fertility rates have been falling in nearly every country since the 1950's. However most of the exceptions to this pattern are found in...

Central and Western Africa

W6. Changes in pH may be caused by all of the following except:

Changes in the type of fish in the water

Changes in pH may be caused by all of the following except:

Changes in the type of fish in the water is Correct

2.4) Who is credited with identifying Natural Selection as the force driving Evolution?

Charles Darwin

Gyres, Clockwise, Counterclockwise

Circular currents in the world's oceans ar called _________ an in the Northern Hemisphere they rotate _________, while in the Southern Hemisphere the rotate ____________.

What are oceanic gyres?

Circular ocean currents that drive accumulations of plastic debris

12.3) Anthropogenic climate change is defined as: Select one:

Climate change due to the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities

Anthropogenic climate change is defined as:

Climate change due to the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities

C2. Anthropogenic climate change is defined as:

Climate change due to the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities

Interactions between components of the climate system that can either magnify or constrain climate change

Climate researchers report that modelling climate change is complicated because the climate system contains many feedbacks. What do they mean by feedbacks?

Higher than

Climate scientists believe that CÓ levels during the Eocene period (55 million to 38 million years ago) were _______ they are today

Syngas is produced by processing which of the following sources

Coal

The burning of which fossil fuel releases the most carbon per unit energy produced?

Coal

What is the least expensive and most readily available non-renewable energy resource?

Coal

Simultaneous evolution of two or more species of organisms that interact in significant ways is called

Coevolution

An interaction where one species benefits and the other is not affected is termed ___________.

Commenalism

10.11) An interaction where one species benefits and the other is not affected is termed

Commensalism

Which of the following scenarios was NOT suggested as an explanation for the unique ratio of common and rare species in the tropical rainforests?

Common species are more numerous and stronger, so they only grow in the best areas,

10.8) An interaction where both species involved are harmed and population growth rates are reduced is termed _________.

Competition

An interaction where both species involved are harmed and population growth rates are reduced is termed _________.

Competition

Competitive Exclusion Principle

What are aerosols and how do they relate to global climate change?

Compounds suspended in the atmosphere that reflect heat energy from the sun

"Population momentum" refers to..

Continued population growth after a fall in birth rates

"Population momentum" refers to...

Continued population growth after a fall in birth rates

Due to climate change, what new territory are the caribou seeking?

Cooler uphill areas

How do the ecologists track the Porcupine River caribou population over time?

Counting caribou based on aerial photos

In the video, even though the researchers found that early fertilizer application was to blame for high levels of nitrogen in the agricultural runoff, and showed farmers that by applying fertilizer during planting rather than months before planting, ______ still insisted on early and high levels of nitrogen application.

Credit Unions

CÓ is emitted in far larger quantities than other greenhouse gases

CÓ is considered the most important greenhouse gas because

Yes, most American's drinking water has come in contact with treated sewage water in streams or rivers

Does drinking water from our natural environment come into contact with sewage water?

Between the years 1970 and 2005 the overall energy efficiency of the United States..

Doubled

According to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which of the following energy efficiency upgrades has the greatest annual return on investment?

Duct Sealing

According to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which of the following energy efficiency upgrades has the greatest annual return on investment?

Duct sealing

El Nino

During a/an ___________ event, coastal upwelling in the eastern Pacific dwindles or stops and warm, moist air rises over the west coasts of North and South America, causing heavy rains and landslides as droughts occur in Indonesia and other Asian countries

La Nina

Huge volumes of water were trapped in glaciers and continental ice sheets

During global cooling periods, also known as ice ages, global ocean levels were lower because __________.

decreased, increased

Changes in the earth's gravitational pull

During the Pleistocene Epoch (the last two million years), scientists have documented frequent and dramatic temperature swings that are likely due to:

What is the reported link between the increasing rate of asthma among children and coral health reduction in the Caribbean.

Dust storms from Africa appear to be driving both phenomena

Long term _____________ in turbidity will likely cause a decrease in fitness of aquatic species.

Increase

A model that suggests that organisms that are able to move will distribute themselves according to the amount of food available, with higher concentrations of organisms located near higher concentrations of food is called the

Ideal Free Distribution Model

. In the past 650,000 years,temperature fluctuations have been accompanied with fluctuations in CÓ, Climate change is not always slow or steady, In the past 650,000 years, CÓ concentrations have never exceeded 300 parts per million Incorrect, CÓ concentrations documented since the industrial revolution are the highest in 650,000 years

Important findings from the Vostok ice-core studies include:

A decrease in the work day to 6 hours with an increase in the hourly wage

In 1930, what change did the Kellogg Company, the world's leading producer of ready-to-eat cereal, announce?

Marketing: the goods are not designed to fail, but consumers are encouraged to throw things away because they seem old or outdated

In contrast to planned obsolescence, what is perceived obsolescence?

Water pollution from agriculture and ranching

In the Desert Southwest of the US, the water problem is not enough rainfall. What is the problem in Florida?

Both the average number of hours worked and money spent annually have gone up

In the US from the 1920s to the early 21st century, what direction has the average number of hours worked and amount of money spent annually changed ?

The shift from fulfilling basic human needs to creating new ones

In the first half of the 20ths century, American industry established a shift in their production strategy. What was this shift?

1/3

In the last 30 years, what fraction of the earth's natural resources have been consumed?

According to the I=PAT equation proposed by Ehrlich and Holdren, how would a society's environmental impact change if the population were to increase?

Increase

An extreme __________ in temperature can cause a decrease in fitness of aquatic species.

Increase

An increase in human and/or animal waste in the water will result in _________ of Fecal Coliform Bacteria.

Increase

An increase in nitrogen levels in the water will likely cause _________ in algae in the water.

Increase

An increase in phosphate levels in the water will likely cause _________ in algae in the water.

Increase

An increase in turbidity will likely cause ______________ in temperature of the water.

Increase

In contrast to planned obsolescence, what is perceived obsolescence?

Marketing: the goods are not designed to fail, but consumers are encouraged to throw things away because they seem old or outdated

Which of the following is not an important paleoclimate record that scientists have studied to better understand the earth's past climate history:

Measuring global average temperature because the climate can't have changes that much from its current state

How did industrialization increase the human population growth rate?

Mechanized agriculture increased food production, Improvements in medical care and public health services

How did industrialization increase the human population growth rate?

Mechanized agriculture increased food production; Improvements in medical care and public health services

6.4) The major biome that includes CSUMB is

Mediterranean Forrest

Fragmentation of large piece of plastic Nurdles Microbead scrubbers found in face and body washes and exfoliants

Micro plastics are pieces of plastic that are less than 5 mm of length. Which of the following are sources of microplastics?

False

Microplastics can easily be filtered out of ocean water.

40%

Evolving to appear similar to another successful species or to the environment in order to dupe predators into avoiding the species, or dupe prey into approaching the species is called

Mimicry

What is the effect on caribou of climate change's altered winter snowfall?

More snow leaving less access to dried lichen (wintertime Caribou food)

What is the effect on caribou of climate change's altered spring storms?

More spring rainfall - higher river levels drowning calves during migration

Warmer temperatures in Alaska is resulting in

More winter rain and snow

Warmer temperatures in Alaska is resulting in:

More winter rain and snow

Why doesn't the American public see or come in contact with the toxic by-products of and wastes from industrial production?

Most of the toxic compounds are shipped off to other countries

10.9) An interaction where both species benefit but the relationship may not be essential for either is termed ________.

Mutualism

An interaction where both species benefit but the relationship may not be essential for either is termed ________.

Mutualism

What's the relationship between the National Happiness of a country and the quantity of goods they own?

Negatively correlated - more goods less happiness

10.4) _________ describes the amount of energy that remains available for plant growth after subtracting the fraction that plants use for respiration.

Net Primary Productivity

Niche Partitioning

These are the essential, and often limited mineral nutrients required for ecosystem health.

Nitrogen, Phosphate, Potassium

10.7) These are the essential, and often limited mineral nutrients required for ecosystem health.

Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium

An increase in temperature will usually cause__________ in turbidity.

No Change

An increase in DO will cause _________________ in the temperature of the water.

No change

An increase in temperature will usually cause__________ of the water pH.

No change

Does the increase in Alaskan temperature make survival easier for the caribou and other native organisms?

No, because the change in climate is very rapid and the organisms won't have time to adapt

Which of the following is not considered part of a hydrocarbon system?

None of the Above

Which of the following is not considered a fossil fuel?

None of the Above as in... Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

Which of the following is not considered a fossil fuel?

None of the above

Which of the following is not considered part of a hydrocarbon system?

None of the above

One degree

Over the past thousand years, average global temperatures have varied by less than

Over-planting resistant crops could promote increased resistance among pests, GE crops or animals will hybridize with and alter the genetic makeup of wild species

What problems were Orange County facing that prompted them to build the Groundwater Replenishment System? Choose 3 issues from the list:

Over-pumped underground aquifers running low, Saltwater intrusion into groundwater from the ocean, Rapidly expanding population with correspondingly expanding "poopulation"

What problems were Orange County facing that prompted them to build the Groundwater Replenishment System?

Over-pumped underground aquifers running low, Saltwater intrusion into groundwater from the ocean, and Rapidly expanding population with correspondingly expanding "poopulation"

In her 1962 book Silent Spring, biologist and author Rachel Carson drew wide-scale public attention to the environmental effects of ______.

Pesticides

In her 1962 book Silent Spring, biologist and author Rachel Carson drew wide-scale public attention to the environmental effects of ______

Pesticides

In her 1962 book Silent Spring, biologist and author Rachel Carson drew wide-scale public attention to the environmental effects of ______.

Pesticides

According to the video, the continued use of pesticides on rice crops did not have the desired effect of eliminating herbivorous pests and increasing crop yields because _____.

Pesticides did not just kill the herbivorous pests, but also the predators of those pests

According to the video, the continued use of pesticides on rice crops did not have the desired effect of eliminating herbivorous pests and increasing crop yields because _____.

Pesticides did not just kill the herbivorous pests, but also the predators of those pests

High levels of __________ are NOT considered to be a human health concern.

Phosphates

Where does water from toilets in Orange County end up?

Purified at the treatment facility and discharged into a small lake

Jared Diamond reports that, according to history, when once-powerful societies collapse, they tend to do so ______ ?

Quickly and unexpectedly

A species' ____________ can be thought of as its range in practice, or the range of habitat types from which it is not excluded by competing species.

Realized Niche

can be thought of as its range in practice, or the range of habitat types from which it is not excluded by competing species.

Realized Niche

Effects of large-scale agriculture include ______

Reduced biodiversity, Fragmented natural ecosystems, Diverted or polluted fresh water resources, Altered the nutrient balance of adjacent and downstream ecosystems

a. People b. Plants c. Animals All of the above

Reducing the water level in streams and rivers can negatively affect _______

Which of the following are negative impacts of salinization of freshwater resources

Reduction of drinking water, Compaction of soils, Toxic to plants

3.4) Biological fitness is defined as:

Relative survivorship and the number of offspring produced

What does a reverse osmosis filter do?

Removes all impurities from the water through tiny pores

72%

Researchers from the University of Hawaii analyzed plastic debris in beach sand. What percent of the collected debris was made of plastic?

Throughout the water column

Researchers have found marine plastic debris:

Because over the oceans evaporation dominates and on land precipitation dominates

Since the vast majority (94%) of the planet's water is saline and contained within the oceans, how do supplies of freshwater exist?

K-selected

Species are typically larger, grow more slowly, have fewer offspring and spend more time parenting them are termed

Which of the following are the closest relatives to the horseshoe crab?

Spiders & Scorpions

Which material accounts for more than 90% of global metal production?

Steel

Which of the following terms refers to the amount of material in a specific deposit/reservoir?

Stock

An alternative movement to the Green Revolution of the 1950s, ______ was started in the 1970s and criticized the Green Revolution for relying too heavily on pesticides and fertilizers.

Sustainable agriculture

An alternative movement to the Green Revolution of the 1950s, ______ was started in the 1970s and criticized the Green Revolution for relying too heavily on pesticides and fertilizers.

Sustainable agriculture

An alternative movement to the Green Revolution of the 1950s, ______ was started in the 1970s and criticized the Green Revolution for relying too heavily on pesticides and fertilizers.

Sustainable argiculture

Which of the following describe the advantages of producing biodiesel from switchgrass instead of corn?

Switchgrass can restore nutrients to the soil, Biodiesel produced from switchgrass produces more energy per unit, Switchgrass can sequester large quantities of Carbon

The CWA requires states to identify "impaired" water bodies and develop Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements for these systems. What are TMDLs?

TMDLs specify the maximum levels of overall pollution and unnatural substances allowed in to a system, based on aesthetic and ecosystem-perceived value.

Which of the following is NOT a primary producer?

Tadpole

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the turbidity of water?

Temperature

W4. Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the turbidity of water?

Temperture

TMDLs specify the maximum levels of specific pollutants that can be discharged into impaired water bodies from point and nonpoint sources

The CWA requires states to identify "impaired" water bodies and develop Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements for these systems. What are TMDLs?

The central U.S. law regulating water quality is _______.

The Clean Water Act

6:1

200 miles

The horseshoe crab blood has a special adaptation due to natural selection, what is this adaptation?

The adaptation allows them a clotting ability much like white blood cells in humans that helps fight off bacteria.

The plastic becomes brittle and fragments with sun exposure into smaller and smaller pieces, but the molecular structure is never broken down.

The article describes plastic as not biodegradable, but instead as photodegradable. Why is this a problem?

Transpiration is defined as______.

The evaporation of water from aerial parts of plants

8.4) When we buy a cheap product that's cheaper than all the real associated costs, who pays for the hidden costs?

The factory workers who are exposed unsafe working conditions b. The natural environment where the raw materials were extracted c. The indigenous people who have lost environmental quality e. Toxic pollution by-products of production Answer: d. All of these

C4. What is different about the increase in CO2 concentrations and temperature estimated for the Eocene period (55 million to 38 million years ago) compared with the current anthropogenic increase?

The increase in CO2 in the Eocene likely occurred over tens of millions of years, whereas anthropogenic CO2 increase is on the scale of hundreds of years

What is different about the increase in CO2 concentrations and temperature estimated for the Eocene period (55 million to 38 million years ago) compared with the current anthropogenic increase?

The increase in CO2 in the Eocene likely occurred over tens of millions of years, whereas anthropogenic CO2 increase is on the scale of hundreds of years is Correct

Match the following terms to the appropriate definitions: The increase in species richness that occurs from the poles to the tropics The number of individuals an environment can support When predators in a food chain suppress the abundance of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation When organisms of different species compete for the same resource in the same habitat, one species will commonly be more successful in this competition and exclude the second

The increase in species richness that occurs from the poles to the tropics → Latitudinal biodiversity gradient, The number of individuals an environment can support → Carrying capacity, When predators in a food chain suppress the abundance of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation → Trophic cascade, When organisms of different species compete for the same resource in the same habitat, one species will commonly be more successful in this competition and exclude the second → Competitive exclusion principle

How does the increased average temperature relate to mosquitos in Alaska?

The increased temperature is lengthening the mosquito season

What observation have biologists made regarding the tide pool species composition in relation to climate change?

The mix of tide pool species is changing with fewer species

When we buy a cheap product that's cheaper than all the real associated costs, who pays for the hidden costs?

The natural environment where the raw materials were extracted, The factory workers who are exposed unsafe working conditions, Toxic pollution by-products of production, The indigenous people who have lost environmental quality

Carrying capacity

The number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can support before resource limitations reduce survival is called

In general, when organisms are forced to live in warmer conditions than their optimal environmental conditions, what is the effect on the organism?

The organisms exhibit a stress response reducing survivorship with increasing disruption of environmental conditions

The article describes plastic as not biodegradable, but instead as photodegradable. Why is this a problem?

The plastic becomes brittle and fragments with sun exposure into smaller and smaller pieces, but the molecular structure is never broken down.

In response to climate change, what is happening to the Porcupine River caribou population?

The population is decreasing

Following the zooplankton reduction observed in the 1980s and 1990s, what happened to the zooplankton population?

The population rebounded and recovered

ice caps oceans ground water

The world's water supply is allocated between major reserves including:

In the first half of the 20ths century, American industry established a shift in their production strategy. What was this shift?

The shift from fulfilling basic human needs to creating new ones

The spawning of the horseshoe crabs is timed with the red knot migration and a decline in horseshoe crabs will negatively affect the red knot population.

What important human health impact related to toxic compounds has not yet been studied ?

The toxicity of combined compounds

What important human health impact related to toxic compounds has not yet been studied?

The toxicity of combined compounds

Where does the large proportion of purchased goods go one year after purchase?

The vast majority are thrown away as trash

a. Polluted water moves rapidly from the surface to the aquifer without biological filtration b. Sinkholes create direct access for polluted surface water to enter an aquifer Both "A" and "B"

The amount of nitrates in the water has increased, the amount of algae in the water has increased, and the amount of oxygen in the water has decreased increase increase decrease

The video tells us that as agriculture and ranching in Florida has increased, ______.

What has the Mississippi river water gone through by the time New Orleans residents drink it?

The water has been in and out of more than a dozen cities

What has the Mississippi river water gone through by the time New Orleans residents drink it? Select one:

The water has been in and out of more than a dozen cities

What does 'potable' mean in terms of water?

The water is drinkable

An underground area located at the top of the saturated zone of ground water

The water table is:

a. oceans b. ice caps c. ground water all of the above

The world's water supply is allocated between major reserves including:

Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium

These are the essential, and often limited mineral nutrients required for ecosystem health.

W9. What is good about fecal coliform bacteria?

They aid in digestion

What is good about fecal coliform bacteria?

They aid in digestion.

Why are BFRs so toxic to the ecosystem?

They are resistant to biodegradation and accumulate up the food chain

How was Kellogg's altered workday viewed by his fellow business leaders?

They had little support for the shorter workday vision

Decomposers

This trophic level is responsible for processing organic material and returning nutrients to the ecosystem

Researchers have found marine plastic debris

Throughout the water column

What were the objectives of Orange County when they went into "hyper-beaver" mode along the Santa Ana River and build the Prado Wetlands?

To capture and clean the river water and help more of it trickle into the groundwater basin

1.5) Why do Scientists analyze and interpret data?

To figure out how the data inform their hypotheses and theories.

Why does the county use hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet light in their water treatment?

To further purify the water and remove any organic compounds

Nitrogen Phosphorus Carbon Dioxide Micronutrients such as Silicone and Iron

To perform photosynthesis, phytoplankton require light from the sun as well as

a. Irrigation b. Fertilization c. Cultural All of the above

Why does Orange County put the water back into the ground after purifying it aka recharge into the aquifer with purified water?

To satisfy the public's psychological dilemma posed by drinking treated sewage water

Which of the following causes the greatest number of deaths in the United States each year?

Tobacco

What is the difference between waterborne diseases and water-related insect vectors?

Waterborne disease are caused by drinking water containing infectious viruses or bacteria, while water-related insect vectors are insects that breed in or on water, and spread disease

11.13) What is the basic geologic spatial unit that scientists focus on to characterize an area's water supply and water quality?

Watershed

What is the basic geologic spatial unit that scientists focus on to characterize an area's water supply and water quality?

Watershed

Brominated Flame Retardants

What are BFRs

Highly detailed computer models that simulate the complex climate systems to understand the effects of each component

What are GCMs?

Pre-production plastic pellets

What are nurdles?

Circular ocean currents that drive accumulations of plastic debris

What are oceanic gyres?

Deposition of nutrient-rich sediments on flood plains Scouring out of channels Replenishment of ground water

What are some of the ecological benefits that rivers with natural flood periods provide?

Porosity and permeability

What are the two features of soils, sediment and rock that influence groundwater movement?

Salt water can flow into the aquifer

What can happen if groundwater well pumping in coastal areas reduces the water table to below sea level?

Earlier spring events, range shift northwards and a shift in organismal communities towards those that are more heat-tolerant

What did a recent review of more than 40 scientific studies find were the broad impacts of climate change on plants animals and natural ecosystem processes?

Kellogg prospered while the workers embraced the new schedule and contributed to their families, home and communities

What did articles in the magazines Forbes and BusinessWeek report was the outcome of Kellogg's 6-hour workday?

The water is drinkable

What does 'potable' mean in terms of water?

People and how they fit in Limited natural resources Government regulation Energy and pollution costs

What does Leonard report as missing from the simple delineation of the Materials Economy?

Total dissolved solids - a measure of water purity based on the amount of trace elements in the water

What does TDS stand for and what does it generally indicate?

Removes all impurities from the water through tiny pores

What does a reverse osmosis filter do?

Increasing global ocean heat content Altering precipitation patterns Raising sea levels Melting sea ice

What effect are rising global temperatures having on the world's oceans?

What fraction of the earth's surface is covered by water?

The water has been in and out of more than a dozen cities

What has the Mississippi river water gone through by the time New Orleans residents drink it?

The toxicity of combined compounds

What important human health impact related to toxic compounds has not yet been studied?

A well drilled into an aquifer under pressure, requiring no pumping to get water flow

What is an artesian well?

The increase in CÓ in the Eocene likely occurred over tens of millions of years, whereas anthropogenic CÓ increase is on the scale of hundreds of years

What is different about the increase in CÓ concentrations and temperature estimated for the Eocene period (55 million to 38 million years ago) compared with the current anthropogenic increase?

When abandoned fishing gear continues unintentionally entrap marine animals

What is ghost fishing?

A regional phenomena occurring in coastal nations with excessive use of plastic waste

What is marine debris?

Polluters will go on polluting the water because now there will be someone at the end of the pipe cleaning and purifying it

What is meant by " the technology may give us license to continue doing what we've always done"?

A binding agreement between the world's industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gases 5% below 1990 levels

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

1988

When was the IPCC created?

Toxic ingredients in processing

Where do most toxic compounds in products come from?

Pollution in the vadose zone and then on to groundwater

Where does much of water supply contamination occur?

Sanitized and piped to streams

Where does water from America's toilets usually end up?

Purified at the treatment facility and discharged into a small lake

Where does water from toilets in Orange County end up?

Agricultural irrigation Groundwater over extraction and salt water intrusion in coastal areas Widespread use of salt for de-icing roads

Which of the following are causes of increasing salinity of freshwater resources?

Agriculture and livestock production Incorrect Deforestation Combustion of fossil fuels Emissions from landfills and wastewater treatment

Which of the following are human activities increase atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations?

Depletion of estuaries and deltas as river mouths Salt water intrusion into underground aquifers Reduced surface flow

Which of the following are possible outcomes of overuse of groundwater?

Producing more extreme weather - both storms and droughts Incorrect Altering annual rainfall in many regions Shifting the typical paths of storms

Which of the following are ways in which climate changes is expected to change hydrologic cycles and weather patterns?

Higher global average temperatures Rising sea levels Changes in growing seasons Changes in snow cover

Which of the following impacts of global climate change have already been observed?

High inland temperatures

Which of the following is NOT a required condition for hurricane development?

They can absorb, transport and release toxic compounds Animals accidentally eat and feed plastic debris to offspring They can transmit toxic compounds to organisms through the food chain

Why are plastics so harmful in the environment?

To satisfy the public's psychological dilemma posed by drinking treated sewage water

Why does Orange County put the water back into the ground after purifying it aka recharge into the aquifer with purified water?

It's surprising because the temperature at high altitude near the equator is very stable and doesn't fluctuate much between summer and winter.

Why is it so surprising that tropical glaciers in high mountains near the equator have also been found to be melting, something that hasn't happened for thousands of years?

Because world populations are increasing particularly rapidly in coastal areas

Why is seawater intrusion due to over withdrawal of groundwater increasingly a threat to coastal aquifers globally?

Because no scientists have have ever observed atmospheric carbon dioxide at today's level

Why is there a high degree of uncertainty in the predictions about future climate change?

Which of the following is not a concern or criticism of wind power?

Wind turbines increase air pollutants and green house gasses

increase, increase

Without phyotplankton in the oceans performing photosynthesis, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ________ and the atmospheric temperature would ________

As economies develop and mature, they tend to follow an energy path that moves from __________.

Wood → Coal → Oil and Gas

As economies develop and mature, they tend to follow an energy path that moves from..

Wood → Coal → Oil and Gas

How are work hours and political participation linked?

Working shorter days leaves more time and energy to understand and participate in politics

Does drinking water from our natural environment come into contact with sewage water?

Yes, most American's drinking water has come in contact with treated sewage water in streams or rivers

_____________ are microscopic animals that live in the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of freshwater.

Zooplankton

zooplankton

_____________ are microscopic animals that live in the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water.

biological pump

phytoplankton

______________ are microscopic plants that live in the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water and are the foundation of the marine food chain

True or False: The earth's climate has always been the same it is now.

a. False

1.12) If a plant receives fertilizer, then it will grow larger and produce more than a plant that does not receive fertilizer. This is an example of

a hypothesis

a. . Planned Obsolescence

In the last 30 years, what fraction of the earth's natural resources have been consumed?

a. 1/3

When was the IPCC created?

a. 1988

a. 200 miles

The older ice core records show that carbon dioxide levels range from a low of about 180 to 190 parts per million (ppm) to a high of 280 to 290 ppm. More recent ice core records show a level of ______ and an increase of _____ .

a. 320ppm and 2ppm/year

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

a. A binding agreement between the world's industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gases 5% below 1990 levels

In 1926 wolves were removed from Yellowstone. They were reintroduced in 1995 in part because the park managers observed which of the following situations within the park?

a. A decrease in wolves resulted in an increase in elk, which meant a decrease in vegetation and a decrease in beaver habitat,

Which of the following ecological situations or relationships was NOT discussed during the video?

a. A tree that produces small fruits that attract birds that also eat insects infecting the tree

What is false about nuclear energy?

a. Accidents are not a large concern because there have only been a few and they were caused by human errors so this can be fixed easily. People are not concerned about the safety.

a. Actual demand for food b. Expansion of agricultural lands c. Opportunities for increased yields d. Availability of water and chemical fertilizers e. Global climate change Answer: f. All of the above

a. Actual demand for food b. Expansion of agricultural lands c. Opportunities for increased yields d. Availability of water and chemical fertilizers e. Global climate change f. All of the above is Correct

Farmers can increase agriculture yields by_____.

a. Adding energy and materials b. Increasing the efficiency of energy conversion and allocation to the harvested product c. Reducing losses that occur during the growing process d. A and B Answer: e. A, B, and C

Farmers can increase agriculture yields by_____.

Integrated pest management (IPM) involves the use of which of the following to limit pest damage to agricultural crops?

True or False: With climate change, all areas are expected to become warmer and dryer.

a. False - Some areas are expected to become wetter and some dryer

Hydropower produces electricity without producing significant air pollution. However, hydropower has several negative environmental effects including ___________ .

a. Altering river flow rates b. Changing water temperature, nutrient concentrations, and dissolved Oxygen c. Blocking the migration of aquatic species d. Killing or displacing species when reservoirs are flooded e. All of the Above is Correct

What is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

a. An international organization of climate experts formed to study climate change and make recommendations to world governments

9.4) Why are plastics so harmful in the environment?

a. Animals accidentally eat and feed plastic debris to offspring c. They can absorb, transport and release toxic compounds d. They can transmit toxic compounds to organisms through the food chain Answer: b. All of these

Why is there a high degree of uncertainty in the predictions about future climate change?

a. Because no scientists have have ever observed atmospheric carbon dioxide at today's level

The increase in concentration of a chemical in organisms that reside in environments contaminated with low concentrations of various organic compounds.

a. Bioaccumulation

Which of the following describe the advantages of producing biodiesel from switchgrass instead of corn?

a. Biodiesel produced from switchgrass produces more energy per unit b. Switchgrass can restore nutrients to the soil c. Switchgrass can sequester large quantities of Carbon All of the Above is Correct

Which of the following is an advantage of using biomass instead of corn as a source of ethanol?

a. Biomass would provide an additional market for farmers b. Biomass is more abundant d. Biomass is not used as a food resource Answer: c. All of the Above

Which of the following were identified as nitrogen sources prior to World War I?

a. Bird guano b. Saltpeter mines c. Livestock manure Answer: d. All of the above

Which of the following were identified as nitrogen sources prior to World War I?

a. Bird guano b. Saltpeter mines c. Livestock manure d. All of the above is Correct

The most important biogeochemical cycle(s) affecting ecosystem health are the

a. Carbon Cycle c. Phosphorus Cycle d. Water Cycle e. Nitrogen Cycle Answer: All of the Above

a. Carbon dioxide levels

How do nurdles make it into the ocean?

a. Careless handling during transit or shipping b. Carried to sea via urban storm drains

The number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can support before resource limitations reduce survival is called _________.

a. Carrying capacity

During the Pleistocene Epoch (the last two million years), scientists have documented frequent and dramatic temperature swings that are likely due to:

a. Changes in the earth's gravitational pull

Which of the following is not considered a fossil fuel?

a. Coal b. Oil c. Natural Gas d. All of the Above e. None of the Above is the answer

An interaction where both species involved are harmed and population growth rates are reduced is termed _________.

a. Competition

What are aerosols and how do they relate to global climate change?

a. Compounds suspended in the atmosphere that reflect heat energy from the sun

One impact of the changing climate observed in coral reefs is _____:

a. Coral Bleaching

Modern agricultural practices can cause serious environmental damages such as_______.

a. Depletion of normal river flows b. Salinization of agricultural lands c. Nitrogen seepage into water bodies or ground water Answer: d. All of the above

Modern agricultural practices can cause serious environmental damages such as_______.

a. Depletion of normal river flows b. Salinization of agricultural lands c. Nitrogen seepage into water bodies or ground water d. All of the above is correct

The data collected in the United States census can be used to...

a. Determine placement of hospitals b. Determine the placement of schools c. Determine the impact of natural disasters d. Traffic planning Answer: e. All of the above

7. According to the video, if the downward pumping of CO2 in the oceans was stopped and the oceans were completly mixed,atmospheric CO2 levels would _______.

a. Double

According to the video, if the downward pumping of CO2 in the oceans was stopped and the oceans were completly mixed, atmospheric CO2 levels would _______.

a. Double

2. As one travel from the surface to the bottom of the oceans, the zone that are traversed occour in which order?

a. Epipalagic, Mesopalagic, Bathypalagic, Abyssalpalagic

As one travel from the surface to the bottom of the oceans, the zone that are traversed occour in which order?

a. Epipalagic, Mesopalagic, Bathypalagic, Abyssalpalagic

According to Annie Leonard in "The Story of Stuff", textbooks report that all our stuff goes through a system called the Materials Economy. What does this system consist of ?

a. Extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal

According to the video, in both laboratory and in field experiments an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide always resulted in an increase in plant biomass.

a. False

Since the year 1955, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have remained constant.

a. False

True or False: CO2 is the only greenhouse gas we need to be concerned about:

a. False

True or False: Greenhouse gases are, by definition, only emitted as a result of human activity:

a. False

a. When willows grow tall enough that the elk are unable to reach their leaves the tree is free to continue to grow and increase habitat for other species within the park,

A "Disconnected River" is _____.

a. a river that no longer flows from beginning to end

The atmosphere responds more rapidly to temperature changes than do the oceans because the atmosphere _________ than water.

a. has a lower specific heat capacity

Ecology is the study of

a. relationships in the natural world.

_____________ are microscopic animals that live in the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water.

a. zooplankton

What fraction of the earth's surface is covered by water?

a. ¾

In the last 30 years, what fraction of the earth's natural resources have been consumed ?

b. 1/3

b. 15% common species / 85% rare species,

b. 380ppm and 2ppm/year

Where do the CO2 emissions resulting from human activities go?

b. 60% to the atmosphere 20% to the ocean and 20% to terrestrial ecosystems

In the video, riparian ecosystems in Yellowstone were referred to as a biodiversity "hotspots", or areas of high biodiversity. It was suggested that what percentage of food and habitat for species was provided by riparian ecosystems?

b. 70%,

What is the difference between a point source and a nonpoint source of water pollution?

b. A point source has a distinct temporal and spatial origin; a nonpoint source is diffuse and has no clear single origin.

Which of the following ecological situations or relationships was NOT discussed during the video?

b. A tree that produces small fruits that attract birds that also eat insects infecting the tree

How does the industry of goods production encourage consumers to keep shopping and buying new goods?

b. Advertising that promotes shopping and purchasing new goods

Which of the following are negative impacts of salinization of freshwater resources:

b. All of the above

Why is there a high degree of uncertainty in the predictions about future climate change?

b. Because no scientists have have ever observed atmospheric carbon dioxide at today's level

Since the vast majority (94%) of the planet's water is saline and contained within the oceans, how do supplies of freshwater exist?

b. Because over the oceans evaporation dominates and on land precipitation dominates

Which of the following describe the advantages of producing biodiesel from switchgrass instead of corn?

b. Biodiesel produced from switchgrass produces more energy per unit c. Switchgrass can restore nutrients to the soil d. None of the Above e. Switchgrass can sequester large quantities of Carbon Answer: a. All of the Above

In the US from the 1920s to the early 21st century, what direction has the average number of hours worked and amount of money spent annually changed ?

b. Both the average number of hours worked and money spent annually have gone up

Anthropogenic climate change is defined as:

b. Climate change due to the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities

b. Droughts

1. El Nino events are predictable because the occour every four years.

b. False

10. Viruses have only negative effects on the photosynthetic bacteria prochlorocaucus.

b. False

8. The presence of the photosynthetic bacteria prochlorocaucus in the oceans, and the role they play has always been known.

b. False

El Nino events are predictable because the occour every four years

b. False

Generally speaking, plant and animal biodiversity is uniformly distributed across the planet.

b. False

Microplastics can easily be filtered out of ocean water.

b. False

Since the year 1955, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have remained constant.

b. False

The photosynthetic bacteria prochlorocaucus is a very large and genetically complex organism.

b. False

The presence of the photosynthetic bacteria prochlorocaucus in the oceans, and the role they play has always been known.

b. False

True or False: Greenhouse gases are, by definition, only emitted as a result of human activity:

b. False

True or False: Marine Debris is dominantly an ocean-based problem. It is due to ocean-based sources including fishing vessels, stationary platforms, cargo ships and derelict fishing equipment.

b. False

True or False: The earth's climate has always been the same it is now.

b. False

Viruses have only negative effects on the photosynthetic bacteria prochlorocaucus.

b. False

he amount of the photosynthetic bacteria prochlorocaucus in the oceans fluctuates greatly over time.

b. False

True or False: With climate change, all areas are expected to become warmer and dryer.

b. False - Some areas are expected to become wetter and some dryer

True or False: Saltwater intrusion due to groundwater over withdrawal in coastal areas is the only mechanism that causes salination of freshwater.

b. False Correct, agricultural irrigation can also lead to increased salinity.

How do nurdles make it into the ocean?

c. Both A & B

Within six months after purchase, what proportion of purchased goods are still in use?

c. 1%

5. According to the video, it is currently believed that over _________ of the photosynthesis, and therefore oxygen production occours in the oceans.

c. 1/2

What percent of net energy production at one trophic level is passed on to the next level?

c. 10%

What proportion of the world's population does not have access to safe drinking water?

c. 17%

c. 6:1

From the following, choose two that are ways that climate change is predicted to result in increased sea level?

c. A and C

When the water level of rivers and streams is decreased the Riparian System responds with _______.

c. A decrease in the number of plants and a decrease in the number of animals

In 1930, what change did the Kellogg Company, the world's leading producer of ready-to-eat cereal, announce?

c. A decrease in the work day to 6 hours with an increase in the hourly wage

What is an artesian well?

c. A well drilled into an aquifer under pressure, requiring no pumping to get water flow

How does the industry of goods production encourage consumers to keep shopping and buying new goods?

c. Advertising that promotes shopping and purchasing new goods

Important findings from the Vostok ice-core studies include:

c. All of the above

What are some of the ecological benefits that rivers with natural flood periods provide?

c. All of the above

What does Leonard in "The Stor of Stuff" report as missing from the simple delineation of the Materials Economy?

c. All of the above

Which of the following are causes of increasing salinity of freshwater resources?

c. All of the above

Which of the following are human activities increase atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations?

c. All of the above

When we buy a cheap product that's cheaper than all the real associated costs, who pays for the hidden costs?

c. All of these

What is marine debris?

c. Any persistent synthetic solid material emitted into water bodies and circulated globally

Why is geothermal energy considered renewable?

c. Because it uses thermal heat from the Earth that is not dependent on the sun.

Why is seawater intrusion due to over withdrawal of groundwater increasingly a threat to coastal aquifers globally?

c. Because world populations are increasing particularly rapidly in coastal areas

c. Bioaccumulation

Broad geographic zones whose plants and animals are adapted to different climate patterns are called _________.

c. Biomes

Which disease became prevalent for those involved with the coal industry?

c. Black lung disease

c. Climate change is increasing drought throughout Africa, resulting in drier conditions and more dust d. Climate change is altering the North Atlantic Oscillation to drive more dust storms from Africa e. Climate change is rapidly warming the Indian Ocean, altering major air circulation patterns

One impact of the changing climate observed in coral reefs is _____:

c. Coral Bleaching

What did a recent review of more than 40 scientific studies find were the broad impacts of climate change on plants animals and natural ecosystem processes?

c. Earlier spring events, range shift northwards and a shift in organismal communities towards those that are more heat-tolerant

11. Without phyotplankton in the oceans performing photosynthesis, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ________ and theatmospheric temperature would ________.

c. El Nino

According to Annie Leonard, textbooks report that all our stuff goes through a system called the Materials Economy. What does this system consist of?

c. Extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal

Circular currents in the world's oceans ar called _________ an in the Northern Hemisphere they rotate _________, while in the Southern Hemisphere the rotate ____________.

c. Gyres, Clockwise, Counterclockwise

7. Which of the following is NOT a required condition for hurricane development?

c. High inland temperatures

Which of the following is NOT a required condition for hurricane development?

c. High inland temperatures

After the reintroduction of wolves in 1995, park managers began to see changes in the riparian ecosystems. While they believe that the changes are due to the reintroduction of the wolves, they admit that there may have been a "possibly confounding factor" (PCF) that skewed the initial results. What was PCF mentioned in the video?

c. High precipitation years following the reintroduction of the wolves resulted in three consecutive years of floods complicating the assessment of riparian vegetation recovery

Climate scientists believe that CO2 levels during the Eocene period (55 million to 38 million years ago) were _______ they are today.

c. Higher than

How does earth's natural greenhouse effect work?

c. Insulating the planet by trapping heat and preventing it from leaving the atmosphere

Why is it so surprising that tropical glaciers in high mountains near the equator have also been found to be melting, something that hasn't happened for thousands of years?

c. It's surprising because the temperature at high altitude near the equator is very stable and doesn't fluctuate much between summer and winter.

Species are typically larger, grow more slowly, have fewer offspring and spend more time parenting them are termed ________.

c. K-selected

A single kind of organism or a small collection of different kinds of organisms that occupy a vital ecological niche in a given location is called a ___________.

c. Keystone species

Over the past thousand years, average global temperatures have varied by less than:

c. One degree

What is one expected effect of climate change on undesirable species:

c. Overall increase in undesirable species as the conditions that support them increase worldwide

c. Planned Obsolescence

Captain Charles Moore emphasizes that governments should focus on ____ to reduce plastic marine debris.

c. Preventing plastics from reaching the watershed and ocean

How can pumping water up from wells affect the water level in nearby streams and river?

c. Pumps water out of the aquifer, draining the water level

Which of the following is the BEST choice for the the woman in "A River Run Wild" views on dams?

c. She felt that nature was fine as it was and that building dams would change nature.

The central U.S. law regulating water quality is _______.

c. The Clean Water Act

The video tells us that as agriculture and ranching in Florida has increased, ______.

c. The amount of nitrates in the water has increased, the amount of algae in the water has increased, and the amount of oxygen in the water has decreased

What is different about the increase in CO2 concentrations and temperature estimated for the Eocene period (55 million to 38 million years ago) compared with the current anthropogenic increase?

c. The increase in CO2 in the Eocene likely occurred over tens of millions of years, whereas anthropogenic CO2 increase is on the scale of hundreds of years

The article describes plastic as not biodegradable, but instead as photodegradable. Why is this a problem?

c. The plastic becomes brittle and fragments with sun exposure into smaller and smaller pieces, but the molecular structure is never broken down.

What important human health impact related to toxic compounds has not yet been studied?

c. The toxicity of combined compounds

How was the transition to petroleum-based kerosene environmentally friendly?

c. The transition to petroleum-based kerosene was environmentally friendly because it meant people transitioned away from whale oil, therefore saving the whales.

d. High precipitation years following the reintroduction of the wolves resulted in three consecutive years of floods complicating the assessment of riparian vegetation recovery

What are GCMs?

d. Highly detailed computer models that simulate the complex climate systems to understand the effects of each component

How is the change in atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature, like we've seen in the last 150 years, different from previous historical fluctuations?

d. It's different because both the magnitude and the rate of change are both higher

What did articles in the magazines Forbes and BusinessWeek report was the outcome of Kellogg's 6-hour workday?

d. Kellogg prospered while the workers embraced the new schedule and contributed to their families, home and communities

_________ describes the amount of energy that remains available for plant growth after subtracting the fraction that plants use for respiration.

d. Net Primary Productivity

Where does water from toilets in Orange County end up?

d. Purified at the treatment facility and discharged into a small lake

Where does water from America's toilets usually end up?

d. Sanitized and piped to streams

What was the main technological development that allowed the drilling of tropical glaciers?

d. Solar Panels and an electric drill

6. A simplified version of the marine food web might look like ___________.

d. Sun->Phytoplankton->Zooplankton->Fish

A simplified version of the marine food web might look like ___________.

d. Sun->Phytoplankton->Zooplankton->Fish

Along the Material Economy system, Leonard describes several examples of externalized costs. What are externalized costs?

d. The real costs that are not captured by the price we pay

What has the Mississippi river water gone through by the time New Orleans residents drink it?

d. The water has been in and out of more than a dozen cities

Why does Orange County put the water back into the ground after purifying it aka recharge into the aquifer with purified water?

d. To satisfy the public's psychological dilemma posed by drinking treated sewage water

How has the amount of microplastics in the Central North Pacific Ocean changes over the last decade?

d. Tripled

What is the difference between waterborne diseases and water-related insect vectors?

d. Waterborne disease are caused by drinking water containing infectious viruses or bacteria, while water-related insect vectors are insects that breed in or on water, and spread disease

3. A prominant feature of an El Nino event is the bild-up of warm ocean waters in the _________.

d. Western Pacific

A prominant feature of an El Nino event is the bild-up of warm ocean waters in the _________.

d. Western Pacific

Without phyotplankton in the oceans performing photosynthesis, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ________ and the atmospheric temperature would ________.

d. increase, increase

Because water is virtually incompressable, under water pressure icreases in a ___________ manner, unlike in the atmosphere where pressure changes in a ___________ manner.

d. linear / exponential

Organisms that tend to be small, short-lived, opportunistic, and to grow through irregular boom-and-bust population cycles are termed _________.

d. r-selected

A fundamental concept in ecology that refers to the more or less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community.

d. succession

This trophic level is responsible for processing organic material and returning nutrients to the ecosystem.

decomposers

. As water temperature increases, the amount of DO in the water will ________.

decrease

A change in pH from 6.0 to 8.0 represents _________ in pH of the water.

decrease

Which of the following are human activities increase atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations?

deforestation, combustion of fossil fuels, agriculture and livestock production, Emissions from landfills and wastewater treatment

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