Final Exam

T/F For bacteria living in benthic regions of a lake, exponential growth could continue even if the carrying capacity of the environment was exceeded provided nutrients were unlimited.

FALSE

If an owl is moved from a mature evergreen forest to a mature hedgerow in a suburban neighborhood, the owl's ________ has been changed.

Habitat

T/F With the advent of photosynthesis and the subsequent production of oxygen by photosynthetic organisms, most of the anaerobic organisms present on Earth became extinct because oxygen was actually toxic to these organisms.

True

All the following would be considered homologous structures, EXCEPT __________.

a butterfly's wing

Which of the following is likely to be a consequence of the burning of large areas of tropical rain forest to make way for croplands?

an increase in atmospheric CO2

The wings of birds and insects share similar functions but evolved from different structures; therefore, these wings are said to be

analogous

For most of human history, the global population remained __________ people.

below 10 million

Global warming is most likely due to the impact of human activity on the __________.

carbon cycle

Which of the following refers to the population size that an ecosystem can sustainably support over the long term?

carrying capacity

Vestigial structures, homologous structures, and biochemical similarities all provide evidence of __________.

decent from a common ancestor

When naming a life-form, which of the following two taxonomic categories is used?

genus and species

Movement of individuals into or out of the population, called gene flow, impacts evolution of populations because

it leads to a redistribution of alleles

Which of the following can affect the makeup of the gene pool within a population?

mutation, natural selection, and migration

In each local environment, living organisms have evolved to possess the traits necessary to survive and reproduce. This concept is called

natural selection

Anaerobic refers to lack of __________.

oxygen

All of the red squirrels living on a college campus would be a(n)

population

The largest reservoir of phosphorus is __________.

sediment and sedimentary rock

In the process of biological magnification, the concentration of mercury would likely be highest in which of the following organisms?

shark

Genetic drift is most likely to affect __________.

small populations

Which of the following would be most affected by biological magnification of toxins?

tertiary consumer

The biogeochemical cycles involve the cycling of key molecules and elements between a reservoir, an exchange pool, and __________.

the biomass

1. area in which the species is distributed 2. the role of an organism in its community 3. the location of a particular organism; characterized by certain chemical and physical features 4. A community of organisms and the physical environment in which they live 5. all populations of all species occupying the same geographical area

1. community 2. Niche 3. geographical range 4. habitat ecosystem

1. A bee drinking nectar from a flower 2. A blow fly feeding on a corpse 3. A human eating a dinner of broccoli, baked potatoes and steak 4. A cow feeding on a grass in a field 5. A plant producing high energy carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, using energy from the sun

1. herbivore 2. decomposer 3. omnivore 4. herbivore 5. producer

1. greenhouse gas 2. Acid Rain 3. Hydrocarbons 4. Smog

1. produced by burning of fossil fuels and deforestation; contributes to global warming 2. formed as water vapor reacts with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides 3. pollutant that can be derived from pesticides used in agriculture setting 4. nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons reacting with each other in the presence of water vapor and sunlight

The evolution of eukaryotic cells began approximately ________ years ago.

1.7 billion?

Approximately ________% of the stored energy of an organism at one level of a food web is transferred to the tissues of the organism that consumes it at the next level of the food web.

10

Commercial logging by European countries in the Ivory Coast has reduced the pristine 70 million acres of forests that once existed to about

5-7 million acres

What percent of Earth's water is fresh water?

<1

The figure above shows an evolutionary tree. At which of the following locations does this map indicate extinction?

A and D

The largest hole in the ozone layer occurs in the stratospheric layer over

Antarctica

Based on the figure above, which one of the following appears to be in the direct ancestral path of modern humans?

Australopithecus afarensis

The ozone layer can be destroyed by pollutants such as

CFCs

The figure above shows an ecological pyramid. Which level of this pyramid contains the primary producers?

D

In which one of the following geographic locations is the climax community characterized by the presence of large slow-growing deciduous trees?

Northeastern United States

Which of the following exhibits the LEAST biodiversity?

a field of soybeans

According to public health officials, all of the following may be caused by water pollutants EXCEPT which one?

accommodation to allergies

Power plants are undergoing a process known as "scrubbing" that is expected to reduce the extent of

acid rain

Which one of the following actions of humans has not contributed to the worldwide reduction in biodiversity?

biomass energy sources

Which of the following terms includes all of the others?

biosphere

The structure of human cytochrome c is the same as that of chimpanzees, but it differs from the structure of cytochrome c in chickens by 16 amino acids and in yeast by more than 50 amino acids. From these data, one could hypothesize that humans are most closely related evolutionarily to

chimpanzees

In the classification of organisms, a phylum is subdivided into

classes

Which one of the following statements accurately reflects the nature of climax communities?

climax communities are the most efficient in terms of energy utilization and exhibit the greatest species diversity

Succession leads to the establishment of a(n)

climax community

Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy source?

coal

Populations of species that occupy the same geographic area and interact with each other are collectively called a(n)

community

Woodpeckers, insects, bacteria, hawks, and raccoons are found to reside in the same forest. Studies of the interactions between these organisms would be at the level of a

community

Cytochrome c is a small protein that is found in present-day organisms. Comparison of the structure of cytochrome c from different organisms to infer evolutionary relationships would be part of the science involving

comparative biochemistry

Organisms that feed on the bodies of dead organisms are known as

decomposers

All of the following processes are involved in the carbon cycle, EXCEPT __________.

decomposition

Which problem is attributed primarily to the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCCFC) in refrigerators and aerosol cans?

depletion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere

A scientist is studying the flow of energy into and out of a rain forest as well as the usage of energy by the organisms that inhabit that area. This study would be at the level of a(n)

ecosystem

Which of the following consists of all the living things in a particular geographical area and the physical environment in which they live?

ecosystem

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the flow of energy through an ecosystem?

energy flows from the sun to producers to consumers

__________ flow(s) one-way through ecosystems while __________ is/are recycled.

energy; elements

Population sizes begin to stabilize near the carrying capacity when

environmental resistance begins to limit the population's biotic potential

Most precipitation reaching land results from

evaporation of water from oceans

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding fossils?

even though fossils from more than 200,000 different species have been found, the fossil record remains incomplete

T/F Comparative biochemistry is the science that examines similarities between molecules; the greater the difference between molecules that have the same function in two different species, the later the two species most likely diverged from a common ancestor.

false

T/F Random changes in the frequency of alleles of a population because of chance events is known as natural selection.

false?

In the classification of organisms, similar genera are grouped together into a

family

Which of the following are likely to first colonize an area after a community is disturbed in the process of succession?

fast-growing weeds

Most of the energy used by humans comes from which one of the following sources?

fossil fuels

Which of the following statements about fossils is true?

fossils are most likely to be found in sedimentary rock

Freshwater is most likely to be polluted

from runoff associated with urban areas' chemicals used in farming in rural areas

A renewable energy source that taps into heat produced deep below ground is called

geothermal

Creation of sustainable ecosystems cannot be achieved through

greater use of natural resources

Which of the following contributes the most to the loss of biodiversity?

habitat destruction

Which of the following statements best characterizes the biodiversity on Earth?

habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation of natural resources lead to loss of biodiversity

The figure above shows the skeletal structure of the forelimbs of several vertebrates. Because these skeletal elements are similar in form and are believed to have evolved from a common ancestral structure, they are said to be

homologous

Runoff containing excess agricultural fertilizer travels along rivers to the sea, where it _________.

leads to eutrophication

Large-scale evolutionary trends or changes that apply to whole groups of species are referred to as

macroevolution

The theory that individuals with certain traits are more fit for their local environment and therefore are more likely to survive and reproduce is known as

natural selection

In plants, ammonium is often converted to nitrate before it can be used by the plant. This process is known as

nitrification

Plant growth is most likely to be limited by the available supply of usable __________.

nitrogen

The process of converting nitrogen gas to ammonium is called

nitrogen fixation

Under natural conditions, the amount of nitrogen gas returned to the atmosphere by denitrification approximately balances

nitrogen fixation

All of the following are water pollutants EXCEPT __________.

ozone

Which biogeochemical cycle does NOT include exchange with the atmosphere?

phosphorus

In the early Earth, the development of ________ created oxygen gas in the atmosphere.

photosynthesis

All of the following are practices that promote sustainability, EXCEPT __________.

planting large areas with the same crop

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the nitrogen cycle?

plants rely on animals for their usable nitrogen

Toxicants occurring in aquatic ecosystems are highly subjected to biological magnification, meaning the

pollutants occur in higher concentration in tissues of organisms higher up the food chain

Which one of the following is represented by the calculation: (number of births - number of deaths)/total population?

population growth rate

A human maintaining a vegan diet (containing no animal products) would be a __________

primary consumer

Trees undergoing photosynthesis in a mature forest can best be described as

primary producer

Which of the following pollutants is generally stored in dry locations because they remain a potential problem for thousands of years?

radioactive waste

The energy source raising the least concerns of pollution, environmental damage, or other risks is __________.

solar energy

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the water on Earth?

some semiarid and desert regions of the world have reached carrying capacity for humans due to the shortage of water

Which one of the following taxonomic categories is defined as a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring?

species

Which of the following is the primary source of the acid in acid precipitation?

sulfur dioxide from the burning of coal and oil for power

A particularly harsh winter kills off 90% of the individuals in a population of reindeer. The resulting population's gene pool is no longer representative of the original gene pool. This is an example of __________.

the bottleneck effect

In the 1940s, the population of whooping cranes in North America neared extinction, with fewer than 30 birds. It has since expanded to several hundred birds today. It is likely that these birds will exhibit very little genetic diversity. This is an example of

the bottleneck effect

Which statement describes the expected population growth in the next 50 years?

the greatest population growth is likely to occur in the least industrialized countries

Which of the following would be described as genetic drift?

the random changes that might occur in a gene pool as the result of a natural disaster that significantly reduced the size of a population

The shape of an ecological pyramid, with each successive layer being smaller than the one below it, can be explained most readily by __________.

the second law of thermodynamics

When two species contain identical or nearly identical molecules such as proteins, this suggests

the two species are in fact only one species displaying convergent evolution

Which of the following characterizes climax communities?

they are generally stable and long lived

T/F Microevolution refers to evolution of new species that occurs as a result of genetic changes.

true

T/F Once populations exceed the carrying capacity of the environment, environmental resistance increases.

true

Examination of the skeleton of whales shows bones similar to the human pelvic girdle. In whales, these bones would be considered __________.

vestigial structures