History Exam 1
Aztecs
-The "Mexica people" -expand by conquering others around them -very feared and powerful because of killing methods
What were the technologies that enabled Europeans to explore West across the Atlantic?
Development of the caravel, invention of the quadrant and compass
Bartolome de Las Casas
Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans
William Penn
Founder of Pennsylvania
Middle Colonies
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico
Encomienda System
Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of conquered non-Christians
Identify the statement that describes the French treatment of Natives
The French had great admiration for the Native societies, and as a result they frequently adopted Native ways
Roanoke Colony
The first attempted colony in the Americas. It ultimately failed
Transculturation
taking two different cultures and mixing them to create a new culture
Puritanism
the beliefs of a group of English Protestants who regarded the reformation of the Catholic church
Atlantic Slave Trade
the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas
Tenochtitlan
the capital, where Aztecs lived
Anglicization
the process of adopting English culture in the American colonies
Reformation
A movement for religious reform
What country had a large naval fleet and could have located America before Columbus?
China
Mayflower Compact
A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good
Tobacco
Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown
What is a characteristic of a matrilineal society?
Children become members of their mothers family, not their father's
Which present-day state was fully contained within New Netherland when the Dutch surrendered the entire region to the English in 1664?
New Jersey
Salem Witch Trials
Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterward, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.
Black Legend
The image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitive colonizer
True or False: The Salem witch trials revealed serious issues with Massachusetts's system of justice and, as a result, the court of Salem was dissolved by the governor and all prisoners were released.
True
Pilgrims
first Puritans to arrive in America
Mayans
-14 million inhabitants -corn was the main crop -complex writing and math system
What were the key characteristics of the repartimiento system?
-Natives were required to perform a fixed amount of labor -Natives remained legally free
Identify the statements that describe the population in the Spanish colonies
-Wives of colonists were required to leave Spain and join their husbands in the colonies -All single men required to marry -Persons born in Spain were the minority of the population
Why did Virginia and Maryland shift toward a reliance on slave labor?
The freedoms Pennsylvania offered European settlers led to a decrease in indentured servants sailing for Virginia and and Maryland, causing those settlements to seek alternative labor services
Why did Christopher Columbus bring back ten inhabitants from Hispaniola back to Spain?
To convert to them to Christianity
Metacom
Wampanoag leader
Chesapeake
a Native American tribe who inhabited the area surrounding what is now known as Hampton Roads, Virginia.
Consumer Revolution
a flood of new, affordable goods became available to the public
What does mestizo mean?
a mixed person
caravel
a ship capable of long-distance travel
Chinampa Agriculture
creation of land by packing soiling together -what Aztecs used
John Smith
early leader of Jamestown
Animism
humans are a part of a world imbued with spirits
plantation
large estate farmed by many workers
King Phillips War
most dramatic and violent war between Natives and New Englanders
Olaudah Equiano
sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography
Middle Passage
the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.
Virginia Company
trading company that promised colonists would enjoy "all liberties" of those residing in "our realm of England"
Indentured Servants
voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a certain time in exchange for passage to America
What were the innovations Native Americans lacked that limited the development of agriculture to certain regions?
wheeled vehicles and domesticated animals
When the English took over New York from the Dutch, they continued to allow religious toleration but minimized the rights the Dutch had given to which of the following groups of people?
women and blacks
Identify the statements that describe women and the household economy in the colonies.
-All members of the family, including women, were required to contribute in order to support the family. -Women contributed by managing the cooking, cleaning, and assisting with farming chores, among other responsibilities.
Identify the statements that describe staple crops and why they were so important to settlers.
-Because of the lack of credit and money, colonists had to rely on creating their own wealth, and farming staple crops was a reliable source of revenue. -Crops such as tobacco and rice that were produced for the world market created great wealth for the farmers.
In the late eighteenth century, there was a stark difference between a "society with slaves" and a "slave society." Identify the statements that describe life for Blacks in Virginia's "slave society."
-Blacks were tried in separate courts from whites. -Blacks had to be able to demonstrate that they were free or show passes from their owners if found off the plantation. -Blacks were not allowed to own arms.
Mississippian Mound Builders
-Earliest civilization in North America -Built large community centers -commercial + government center
Why was landownership important to English settlers?
-It gave men the right to vote in most colonies -It gave men control over their own labor
Identify the statements that describe poverty in the colonies in the eighteenth century.
-Poor colonists were viewed as lazy and responsible for their own poverty. -Half the wealth in the colonies was held by the richest 10 percent. -Poverty was not as widespread in the colonies as it was in England.
Incas
-South America -Ruled by emperor who Incas believed that a "divine nature" -worshipped their ancestors and believed that after dying, a person's spirit remained present
backcountry
A frontier region extending through several colonies, from Pennsylvania to Georgia
Pocahontas
A native Indian of America, the daughter of Chief Powhatan -supposedly saved John Smith from death
Bacon's Rebellion
A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land
Quakers (Society of Friends)
A religious group that believed in the equality of men and women before God; supported nonviolence and religious tolerance
Columbus thought he found a route to Asia and encountered Indians but really he found _____ and encountered _______
America, Native Americans
Salutary Neglect
An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
Slave Code of 1705
Enacted by the House of Burgesses, the code categorized slaves as property that could be bought and sold, fought over in court, and inherited.
True or False: An important strategy in England's attempt to subdue the Irish in the 17th century was to integrate them into English society.
False
Jamestown
First permanent English settlement in North America
What were John Winthrop's beliefs about the concept of liberty?
He believed that true freedom required individuals to submit to both religious and secular authorities
race
Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.
Powhatan
Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Cahokia
Mound Builder's most famous mound which was home to 38,000 people and was the largest settled community
Pueblo Revolt
Native American revolt against the Spanish, and expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt
Squanto
Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.
Split Inheritance
Only manage land that you conquer -what Incas used
Columbian Exchange
People, beliefs, food, resources, and diseases transferred between the new world and the old world
What was the first permanent colony established in present-day US territory?
Puerto Rico
John Winthrop
Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"
Congregationalists
Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within
conquistadors
Spanish conquerors
reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain