History Exam 1

Aztecs

-The "Mexica people" -expand by conquering others around them -very feared and powerful because of killing methods

What were the technologies that enabled Europeans to explore West across the Atlantic?

Development of the caravel, invention of the quadrant and compass

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of conquered non-Christians

Identify the statement that describes the French treatment of Natives

The French had great admiration for the Native societies, and as a result they frequently adopted Native ways

Roanoke Colony

The first attempted colony in the Americas. It ultimately failed

Transculturation

taking two different cultures and mixing them to create a new culture

Puritanism

the beliefs of a group of English Protestants who regarded the reformation of the Catholic church

Atlantic Slave Trade

the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Tenochtitlan

the capital, where Aztecs lived

Anglicization

the process of adopting English culture in the American colonies

Reformation

A movement for religious reform

What country had a large naval fleet and could have located America before Columbus?

China

Mayflower Compact

A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

What is a characteristic of a matrilineal society?

Children become members of their mothers family, not their father's

Which present-day state was fully contained within New Netherland when the Dutch surrendered the entire region to the English in 1664?

New Jersey

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterward, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Black Legend

The image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitive colonizer

True or False: The Salem witch trials revealed serious issues with Massachusetts's system of justice and, as a result, the court of Salem was dissolved by the governor and all prisoners were released.

True

Pilgrims

first Puritans to arrive in America

Mayans

-14 million inhabitants -corn was the main crop -complex writing and math system

What were the key characteristics of the repartimiento system?

-Natives were required to perform a fixed amount of labor -Natives remained legally free

Identify the statements that describe the population in the Spanish colonies

-Wives of colonists were required to leave Spain and join their husbands in the colonies -All single men required to marry -Persons born in Spain were the minority of the population

Why did Virginia and Maryland shift toward a reliance on slave labor?

The freedoms Pennsylvania offered European settlers led to a decrease in indentured servants sailing for Virginia and and Maryland, causing those settlements to seek alternative labor services

Why did Christopher Columbus bring back ten inhabitants from Hispaniola back to Spain?

To convert to them to Christianity

Metacom

Wampanoag leader

Chesapeake

a Native American tribe who inhabited the area surrounding what is now known as Hampton Roads, Virginia.

Consumer Revolution

a flood of new, affordable goods became available to the public

What does mestizo mean?

a mixed person

caravel

a ship capable of long-distance travel

Chinampa Agriculture

creation of land by packing soiling together -what Aztecs used

John Smith

early leader of Jamestown

Animism

humans are a part of a world imbued with spirits

plantation

large estate farmed by many workers

King Phillips War

most dramatic and violent war between Natives and New Englanders

Olaudah Equiano

sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography

Middle Passage

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

Virginia Company

trading company that promised colonists would enjoy "all liberties" of those residing in "our realm of England"

Indentured Servants

voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a certain time in exchange for passage to America

What were the innovations Native Americans lacked that limited the development of agriculture to certain regions?

wheeled vehicles and domesticated animals

When the English took over New York from the Dutch, they continued to allow religious toleration but minimized the rights the Dutch had given to which of the following groups of people?

women and blacks

Identify the statements that describe women and the household economy in the colonies.

-All members of the family, including women, were required to contribute in order to support the family. -Women contributed by managing the cooking, cleaning, and assisting with farming chores, among other responsibilities.

Identify the statements that describe staple crops and why they were so important to settlers.

-Because of the lack of credit and money, colonists had to rely on creating their own wealth, and farming staple crops was a reliable source of revenue. -Crops such as tobacco and rice that were produced for the world market created great wealth for the farmers.

In the late eighteenth century, there was a stark difference between a "society with slaves" and a "slave society." Identify the statements that describe life for Blacks in Virginia's "slave society."

-Blacks were tried in separate courts from whites. -Blacks had to be able to demonstrate that they were free or show passes from their owners if found off the plantation. -Blacks were not allowed to own arms.

Mississippian Mound Builders

-Earliest civilization in North America -Built large community centers -commercial + government center

Why was landownership important to English settlers?

-It gave men the right to vote in most colonies -It gave men control over their own labor

Identify the statements that describe poverty in the colonies in the eighteenth century.

-Poor colonists were viewed as lazy and responsible for their own poverty. -Half the wealth in the colonies was held by the richest 10 percent. -Poverty was not as widespread in the colonies as it was in England.

Incas

-South America -Ruled by emperor who Incas believed that a "divine nature" -worshipped their ancestors and believed that after dying, a person's spirit remained present

backcountry

A frontier region extending through several colonies, from Pennsylvania to Georgia

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, the daughter of Chief Powhatan -supposedly saved John Smith from death

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

Quakers (Society of Friends)

A religious group that believed in the equality of men and women before God; supported nonviolence and religious tolerance

Columbus thought he found a route to Asia and encountered Indians but really he found _____ and encountered _______

America, Native Americans

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Slave Code of 1705

Enacted by the House of Burgesses, the code categorized slaves as property that could be bought and sold, fought over in court, and inherited.

True or False: An important strategy in England's attempt to subdue the Irish in the 17th century was to integrate them into English society.

False

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America

What were John Winthrop's beliefs about the concept of liberty?

He believed that true freedom required individuals to submit to both religious and secular authorities

race

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Cahokia

Mound Builder's most famous mound which was home to 38,000 people and was the largest settled community

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish, and expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Squanto

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.

Split Inheritance

Only manage land that you conquer -what Incas used

Columbian Exchange

People, beliefs, food, resources, and diseases transferred between the new world and the old world

What was the first permanent colony established in present-day US territory?

Puerto Rico

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Congregationalists

Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within

conquistadors

Spanish conquerors

reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain