final part 1

UL refers to which of the following statements?

"Tolerable Upper Intake Limit" is a nutrient intake above which the risk for harm begins to increase

RAR receptors

*affects nuclear receptors and gene transcription* trans

Michael weighs a lean 165 lbs (75 kg). He is taking an amino acid supplement that according to the label, provides "a powerful blend of 20 individual amino acids." Each serving gives him 600mg of amino acids. What percentage of his protein DRI does each tablet provide?

,1.0%

A study looked at the relationship between low dietary fiber intake and the increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Which of the following is not a potential confounder as we have defined the term in class? A. Smoking B. Lack of exercise C. Genetics D. High fat intake E. All are potential confounders

,C. Genetics

The sodium potassium pump relies on energy from the hydrolysis of _____ into ____, which attaches a ____ group onto the pump and causes a conformational change.

- ATP - ADP - Phosphate

What are two methods of DRI implementation used to positively affect the health of the public

- Achieve recommended and adequate intake for food-based guidance - Consider distribution of intake for groups

What value of the DRI is used when RDA value of nutrient cannot be determined

- Adequate intake

Which of the following is not true regarding protein quality? - The quality of a protein depends on its digestibility and amino acid composition - High quality proteins are typically of animal origin - Animal proteins have a digestibility of 70% - Protease inhibitors and amylase inhibitors are defense mechanisms against predation

- Animal proteins have a digestibilty of 70%

What are the eating disorders?

- Anorexia nervosa - Obesity - Bulimia nervosa - Binge eating - Female athlete triad

Which answer does not contain at least one indispensable amino acid: a. Histidine, Leucine b. Threonine, Cysteine c. Isoleucine, Valine d. Asparatate, Glutamate

- Asparatate and Glutamate

Muscle ______ or ______ is the loss of muscle mass

- Atrophy - Sarcopenia

Insulin is secreted by the _____ cells in the pancreas and glucagon is secreted by the _____ cells in the pancreas

- Beta - Alpha

The process of gluconeogenesis is regulated by the hormone insulin that is produced by the ______ in the pancreas

- Beta cells

All of the following are various function of Vitamin A except: - Immunity - Blood clotting - Vision - Growth and differentiation of epithelial, nervous, bone, and other tissue

- Blood clotting

Research has suggested that an individual will decrease their chances of developing which 3 types of cancers when a proper amount of Vitamin D is absorbed into the body

- Breast - Colon - Prostate

Melatonin regulates what human rhythm and what important bodily function

- Circadian rhythm - Sleep

Which of the following are pathways in which thiamin is used a. glycogenesis b. citric acid cycle c. Calvin cycle d. pentose phosphate pathway

- Citric acid

During bone remodeling, which proteins are secreted by osteoblast cells a) Collagen protein matrix b) Osteocalcin c) Both A & B d) None of the above

- Collagen protein matrix - Osteocalcin

Daniel Rudman, who postulated the idea of conditional essentiality, listed what requirements for the nutrient in the event that a nutrient was withheld from the diet?

- Decline in plasma level of the nutrient into the subnormal range - Appearance of chemical, structural, or functional abnormalities - Correction of both these by a dietary supplement of the nutrient

Daniel Rudman, who postulated the idea of conditional essentiality, listed these requirements for the nutrient in the event that a nutrient was withheld from the diet

- Decline in plasma level of the nutrient into the subnormal range - Appearance of chemical, structural, or functional abnormalities - Correction of both these by a dietary supplement of the nutrient

Vitamin D2 or ______ is found in certain plants and is chemically synthesized. _______ of cholecalciferol is synthesized by animals and found in animal-based foods

- Ergocalciferol - Vitamin D3

Chemical substances that are essential for the body are called what?

- Essential nutrients

Which of the following are considered essential nutrients, according to Alfred Harper

- Fatty acids - Water - Amino Acids

Phytic acid binds which ions, decreasing absorption?

- Fe - Zn - Ca - Mg (NOT copper)

Hormones in Fasted State

- Glucagon - Epinephrine (catecholamines) - Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - Ghrelin

Glycogen synthase is inhibited by ________, _______ and _______.

- Glucagon - cAMP - Epinephrine

_____ can be completely oxidized for energy or stored as ______

- Glucose - Glycogen

An individual experiencing a zinc deficiency may show all of the following symptoms except: - Abnormally short stature - High plasma glucose levels - Poor wound healing - Delayed sexual maturation

- High plasma glucose levels

Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy are a. hypersensitive pain receptors b. oxygen deficiency c. increased touch sensitivity d. muscle cramping

- Hypersensitive pain receptors

What is not considered a potential risk of having a very high protein diet? - Increased risk of dehydration - Reduced calcium absorption associated with potential bone damage - Increased risk of obesity - Increase workload on kidneys

- Increased risk of obesity

Hormones in Fed State

- Insulin - Gastrin - CCK - Secretin - GLP-1

Which two hormones increase due to protein effects on satiety and hunger control?

- Insulin - Glucagon

Which are the most important hormones for glucose metabolism? Which sside of the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway do they increase

- Insulin (gluconeogenic) - Glucagon (Glycolytic)

The two organs responsible for absorption of calcium in response to PTH are A. Liver and lung B. Liver and Kidney C.Liver and intestine D.Kidney and small intestines

- Kidney - Small intestine

Which deficiency disease can result from a lack of adequate protein intake?

- Kwarshiorkor - Marasmus

The ketones produced via fatty acid oxidation pathway are produced in the _______

- Liver

Where are long chain fatty acids synthesized within the body

- Liver - Adipose tissue

Bile is produced by the ____, but is stored in the ______, until it travels to the ______, where it emulsifies ______, a macronutrient

- Liver - Gall bladder - stomach - Lipid

Roles of protein in the body

- Makes up muscle, skin, organs, blood - Catalysts - Messengers (hormones) - Immunoprotectors - Transporters - Buffers pH in blood - Help regulate fluid balance

What substances are included in the category of disaccharides? A. Galactose, Fructose, Maltose B. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose and Trehalose C. Sucrose, Glucose, Trehalose D. Maltose, Galactose, Lactose and Trehalose

- Maltose - Sucrose - Trehalose - Lactose

What can happen to one if they do not treat phenylketonuria

- Mental retardation - Cognitive and behavioral abnormalities

Where does the process of digestion begin and what enzyme is excreted?

- Mouth - Amylase

The urea cycle occurs where in the body

- Muscle cells - Liver cells - RBC

Products of b-oxidation:

- NADH - FADH2 - pyruvate

Synthesis of FAs requires

- NADPH - fatty acid synthase - bicarbonate - CoA

Synthesis of FAs requires ______, _____, _____ & ______.

- NADPH - fatty acid synthase - bicarbonate - CoA

Through the process of ______, water moves from areas of _____ solute concentration to areas of ______ solute concentration

- Osmosis - Low - High

Vitamin K is provided as mostly as ______ from plant foods

- Phylloquinone

A healthy adult should be in ______, while a healthy child should be in ______

- Protein balance - Positive protein balance

The RDA of carbohydrates covers the basic glucose needs of the body without resorting to four things, which are

- Proteolysis - Gluconeogenesis - Lipolysis - Ketosis

Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate in the cytosol. Oxidation of malate to ________ requires ________ as the hydrogen receptor and generates _________. a. citrate, FAD, FADH b. acetyl co A, NAD, NADH c. pyruvate, FAD, FADH c. pyruvate, NADP, NADPH

- Pyruvate - NADP - NADPH

The two major receptors for reinoic acid are ______ and ______. One of which forms a heterodimer with Vitamin D and thyroxin receptor

- RAR - RXR

The DRI is made up of the following systems of measurement

- RDA - EAR - AMDR - AI - UL

List three of the 5 reference values that Dietary Reference Intakes include

- RDA - EAR - UL - AI - AMDR

DRI lacks what for cholesterol?

- RDA - EAR - UL - AI (from human milk)

The conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) involves the:

- Removal of an iodine molecule

Cell differentiation is to ______ as ______ is to 11-cisretinal

- Retinoic acid - binds to opsin

______ controls the production of _____ in the thyroid

- TSH - Thyroxine

Tryptophan is used in

- The synthesis of melatonin and serotonin - Synthesis and release correspond with darkness - Regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep

Which of the following are functions of proteins

- Transportation - Signaling - Structural - Catalytic

Nutrients in which EAR is defined by function

- Vit B12 (maintaining hematological status) - Choline (Maintain liver function) - Vit E (prevent hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis) - Riboflavin - Selenium

Which antioxidants work by first trapping and stabilizing a single electron from a free radical?

- Vit C - Vit E - beta-carotene

Nutrients in which EAR is defined by tissue storage

- Vit D (Serum 25-OH cholecalciferol) - Vit B6 (Plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate ≥ 20 nmol/L) - Vit A (Adequate liver stores) - Iodine (Thyroid accumulation & turnover) - Magnesium

Endogenous cholesterol synthesis in the liver includes the formation of what?

- acetoacetyl CoA - HMG Co-A - mevalonic acid

3 endpoints for determining nutrient requirements

- amount of nutrient that achieves full functions - amount of the nutrient that the body needs to achieve and maintain homeostasis - food intake of nutrients

Components that allow phospholipids to associate with water

- choline - phosphate - inositol

What components allow phospholipids to associate with water?

- choline - phosphate - inositol

Oxidative pathways of glucose:

- glycolysis - the TCA cycle - electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

molecules capable of forming stable free radicals

- iron - Vit E - Zinc - beta-carotene - Vit C

molecules capable of forming stable free radicals

- iron - Vit E - zinc - beta-carotene - vit C

What substances are secreted by adipose tissue?

- leptin - adipsin - visfatin

Carbohydrates are stored as polysaccharides in the body because it lowers the ______ pressure, which allows more storage of sugar with less _____ in the liver

- osmotic - glycogen

Decreasing the amount of ________ and _________ intake will limit the urine output.

- protein - Sodium

3 active forms of Vitamin A

- retinol - retinal - retinoic acid

Myelin is composed of ______ and _______

- sphingolipids - Phospholipids

Decreasing the amount of ________ and _________ intake will limit the urine output.

- water - Sodium

Research has suggested that an individual will decrease their chances of developing which 3 types of cancers when a proper amount of vitamin D is absorbed into the body?

-Breast, colon, and prostate cancer

Describe ways to be safe when taking dietary supplements.

-Don't take more than you should or more than the label says; -don't take it cause it says natural and assume it is safe; -once you hit a certain amount of a supplement it because a drug -don't purchase from Asia or Mexico -no hormones -tell your doctor -ask your doctor especially

If I have excess sodium causing an increase extracellular fluids how would that affect blood levels.

-Increase in Blood Levels meaning increase of blood pressure.

Match the following energy releasing B-complex vitamins with their functions: a. Riboflavin b. B6 c. Pantothenic acid d. Niacin e. Thiamin

-Riboflavin: component of cofactor for single electron transport -B6: synthesis of heme and serotonin; decreases effects of steroid binding hormones -Pantothenic acid: forms part of Acetyl CoA; metabolism of alcohol and other macromolecules -Niacin: anabolism of cholesterol, fatty acids, and other macromolecules -Thiamin: required for aerobic metabolism of glucose and for formation of pentose sugars in the pentose phosphate pathway

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

-aka hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt -occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells -two major functions: producing NADPH and serving as a source of ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis

What is the average AI for Calcium in adults?

1,000-1,200 mg

Calcitriol is a shorter term for the chemical structure:

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

We obtain Vit D from UV light from the sun converting a form of cholesterol to cholecalciferol in the skin. It is then metabolized to the most biologically active form, which is called ______.

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

We obtain vitamin D from UV light from the sun converting a form of cholesterol to cholecaciferol in the skin. It is metabolized to the most biologically active form which is called _______?

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

State three appropriate nutrition diagnoses for Señora Mendez. For each one, describe: * one potential nutrition intervention, and * a nutrition-related indicator that could be used to monitor and evaluate Señora Mendez Please separate your answers with numbers.

1. She can be diagnosed with low vitamin D levels. A possible nutrition intervention could be adding a vitamin D supplement into her daily life. A recommended vitamin D supplement would have roughly 2000 IU per day. This can be tracked simply by a dietitian or clinician asking her if she is taking her supplement. A more specific approach would be taking blood samples and determining the plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (ensuring that they are no longer low and that the supplement has been helpful). 2. She can also be diagnosed with low intake of DHA/EPA (omega 3). This was known via her food diary which largely excluded foods sources containing DHA/EPA. One possible nutrition intervention would be a higher calorie diet, consisting of some fish that is high in omega 3 (yet is low in mercury, such as salmon). A way to monitor this would be to ask her to keep a food diary, and ensuring that there are foods high in DHA/EPA in her diet throughout the rest of her pregnancy. 3. Lastly, a third nutrition diagnosis for Señora Mendez would be low caloric intake. This is related to her nausea, and is evidenced by low weight gain and seen by her dietary history. A nutrition intervention would simply be getting her to eat more, specifically foods that do not make her nauseous (carb-rich). A nutrition indicator would be weight gain and tracking of her nutrition. Dehydration signs are important to look out for too. All three of those are possible nutrition-related indicators that could be used to monitor her weight gain and increase her caloric intake.

3 characteristics of the DASH diet

1. high K and Mg intake, 2. high Ca intake, 3. low Na intake

Consuming more whole eggs would be the least efficient way of increasing your intake of which B vitamin? 1. Thiamin 2. Niacin 3. Riboflavin 4. Pantothenic Acid

1. thiamin

If preterm milk contains approximately 13 grams of protein per liter, how much protein is Taylor getting from human milk each day? (1 liter = 33.8 ounces)

1.54 g/day

Calculate how much weight might need to be lost, given an initial body weight, in order to see significant reductions in health risk

10- 20% of initial weight. if 200lbs you would need to lose 20-40 lbs

Which of the following is the average AI for Calcium in adults

1000 to 1200 mg/day

Which of the following is the average AI for calcium in adults

1000 to 1200 mg/day

Which of the following is the average AI for calcium in adults?

1000-1200 mg/d

This form of Vitamin A binds to the protein opsin to form rhodopsin

11-cis-retinal

This form of vitamin A binds to the protein opsin to form rhodopsin

11-cis-retinal

Which form of Vitamin A binds to the protein opsin to form rhodopsin?

11-cis-retinal

Which of the following foods are appropriate for a pregnant woman to consume?

12 ounces per week of salmon, 12 ounces per week of canned light tuna, 12 ounces per week of catfish

How many ounces of term donor milk will provide the amount of calories he needs?

12.6

What is the minimum amount of weight Abby should gain (in pounds) in order to see an increase in fertility and an improvement in hormone levels? Note: only write the number. You may include a decimal if necessary.

13.25 pounds

What is the RDA for carbohydrate intake

130 g/day

What is the RDA for carbohydrate intake?

130g/day

DRI for sodium

1500mg/day

Beta oxidation removes ______ carbons from the fatty acid chain

2

FADH creates ___ ATP

2

FADH2 creates ___ ATP

2

FADH2 creates _____ ATP

2

How many pyruvate are produced from the breakdown of one molecule of glucose during glycolysis? • 4 Pyruvate • 3 Pyruvate • 1 Pyruvate • 2 Pyruvate

2

In beta oxidation, FADH2 creates _____ ATP

2

How many pyruvate are produced from the breakdown of one molecule of glucose during glycolysis

2 pyruvate

Check all boxes that are active forms of vitamin A (answers in bold here): 1. beta-carotene 2. retinol 3. retinal 4. 11-cis-retinol 5. retinoic acid

2, 3, 5

How many pyruvate and ATPs are produced when one molecule of glucose is broken down

2,4

How many pyruvate molecules and ATPs are produced when one molecule of glucose is broken down

2,4

Gestational diabetes is prevalent in _____ percent of US pregnancies?

2-10%

What is the recommended period of time that people should sun bath their hands, feet, arms, and face to obtain sufficient vitamin D stores?

2-3 times a week for a period of 30-50% of the time it takes to get a sunburn

What is the recommended period of time that people should sun bathe their hands, feet, arms and face to obtain sufficient Vit D stores?

2-3 times per week for a period of 30-50% of the time it takes to sunburn

Why is white bread enriched with riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin? 1. To increase the value of the product to the consumer - people are willing to pay more for products fortified with vitamins 2. To replace the nutrients lost during milling so that white bread has as many B vitamins as whole grain bread, this avoiding potential diseases resulting from people assuming all bread has the same levels of vitamins 3. To replace nutrients lost during commercial baking. As these nutrients are not lost during baking in a home kitchen, fours are not enriched. 4. Children, the age group among which the highest frequency of B vitamin deficiencies occur in the United States, are also the age group most likely to consume white bread

2. To replace the nutrients lost during milling so that white bread has as many B vitamins as whole grain bread, this avoiding potential diseases resulting from people assuming all bread has the same levels of vitamins

There are a total of _____ amino acids, _____ of which the body cannot synthesize on its own. These amino acids which cannot be synthesized are referred to as _____ and are required to be consumed in the diet.

20, 9, essential

There are a total of ________ amino acids, _______ of which the body cannot synthesize on its own. These amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the body on its own are referred to as ___________ and are required to be consumed in the diet.

20, 9, essential

Couples having regular, unprotected intercourse have a _____ chance of a conception within a given menstrual cycle.

23-30%

What is the UL of iron

230 mg/day

What is the upper level of iron

230 mg/day

How many calories does he need now?

252

How many pyruvate are produced from the breakdown of one molecule of glucose during glycolysis? How many ATP molecules?

2; 4

How many carbons are in one molecule of pyruvate

3

NADH creates __ ATP

3

The active form of thyroid hormone contains how many iodine atoms

3

The active form of thyroid hormone contains how many iodine atoms?

3

Taylor was born spontaneously after 29 weeks of gestation while his mother was hospitalized with an infection. At birth, Taylor was 800 g. Taylor was fed donor milk until his mother was well enough to begin pumping milk. What was Taylor's weight percentile at birth?

3-10%

What are the 2 main ketone bodies produced via the FA oxidation pathway?

3-hydroxybutyrate & acetoacetate

2 Main Ketone bodies

3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate

What is the main function of Coenzyme A in metabolism? 1. Converting pyridoxine to pyridoxal phosphate 2. Assisting antioxidant molecules near the electron transport chain to prevent unnecessary oxidation 3. Acetylating enzymes to turn them on or off 4. Reducing NADP to NADPH

3. Acetylating enzymes to turn them on or off

How much protein does Taylor need daily?

3.2 g/day

______ ATP are formed by oxidative phosphorylation

32

1 lb of fat = how many calories worth of stored energy

3500

Calculate the number of calories that theoretically would need to be expended to lose a certain number of pounds of fat.

3500 calories per fat

At 37 years of age, Senora Mendez was in her 23rd week of pregnancy and expecting her second child. Or so she thought, until an ultrasound detected twins. Her pre-pregnancy weight was 142 pounds and her BMI was 23. Senora Mendez's weight-gain progress has been poor due to nausea and vomiting experienced in the first half of pregnancy. Otherwise, she was experiencing a normal pregnancy for women expecting twins. Concerns about her weight-gain progress and the nutritional needs of women with twin gestation prompted her certified-nurse midwife to prescribe a prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement and to refer her to a registered dietitian/certified diabetes educator. A nutritional assessment completed during week 25 of pregnancy identified that she wad gained 14 pounds since conception, and that her typical dietary intake excluded food sources of EPA and DHA. Her plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was below 24 nmol/L, indicating low vitamin D status. No other nutrition-related problems were identified. How much weight should Señora Mendez gain while pregnant?

37 - 54 pounds

Preterm birth

37 weeks gestation

How many ounces of preterm human milk would provide the needed amount of calories per day?

4

dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

4 D's of pellagra

Ruth was born at 24 weeks gestation. At 8 months of age (postnatal life), what is her gestation-adjusted age?

4 months

the amount of protein synthesized by muscles throughout the body each day is likely to be ______ the amount of protein consumed in the daily diet

4-6 times greater than

What is the coenzyme form of thiamin? 1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 2. Acetyl CoA 3. Thiamin Triphosphate (TTP) 4. Thiamin Diphosphate (TDP)

4. Thiamin Diphosphate (TDP)

The breakdown of glucose by glycolysis and the TCA cycle yields ____ ATP, _____ NADH and ____ FADH2.

4; 10; 2

How many enzymes are needed for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ?

5

_____ enzymes are needed for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

5

List the components of the DASH diet and explain why it is believed to be beneficial

5 servings of fruits/veggies a day 2.7 servings low fat dairy Low fat Sodium restricted to 3,300 mg/day daily It is suppose to lower blood pressure enough to reduce the need for medication

Research shows that ______% of iron in human milk is absorbed, and _____ % of iron in infant formula is absorbed. (New data may be coming out that this may not be accurate, but it is what we know currently).

50, 7

Identify the recommendation for general carbohydrate intake as a percent of total calories

50-60%

If a family does not want to supplement their fully or partially breastfed child with vitamin D, research shows that a maternal intake of _____ IU/d of Vitamin D could achieve substantial progress toward improving both maternal and neonatal nutritional vitamin D status and is not too excessive

6400

In linoleic acid, which carbon is the first double bond located in regard to the methyl end a. 6th b. 3rd c. 2nd d. 1st

6th

In linoleic acid, which carbon is the first double bond located in regards to the methyl end

6th

What is the digestibility of plant proteins?

70% because protease and amylase inhibitors

If Michael wants to add muscle how much protein should he aim for a day?,

75-150g/day

What is the digestibility of animal proteins

90%

If Michael is a typical American how much protein is likely to be getting from his diet?,

90-120g/day

Taylor has no major health complications other than being born prematurely. According to the AAP, how many calories should he be consuming daily (using his birth weight)?

96

Very low birth weight

< 1500 grams

Low birth weight

< 2500 grams

At 9 weeks of age, he was up to 4.6 lb (2.1 kg) and was taking 2 to 3 oz per feeding between 4-5 times per day. What percentile was Taylor at 9 weeks of age?

< 3

Early preterm births

< 32 weeks gestation

During the synthesis of long chain fatty acids, citrate serves as the intermediate transfer of acetyl CoA from the mitochondria to the cytosol; it starts by cleavage of citrate to acetyl CoA. Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate in the cytosol. Oxidation of malate to ________ requires ________ as the hydrogen receptor and generates _________.

????

A conditionally essential nutrient typically ___ essential and ___ but becomes essential when synthesis is ____ A. not, synthesized, inadequate B. is, obtained only in food, inadequate C. not, synthesized, adequate D. not, obtained only in food, inadequate

A

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland, known as ____________, is carried by the bloodstream to the kidneys to be saved and used for regulating water balance in the body. A. ADH B. TSH C. ghrelin D. T4

A

Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are examples of what? A.Bile Acids B. Hydrochloric acids C. Amino Acids

A

Contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle occurs in response to which nutrient? a) Calcium b) Phosphorus c) Magnesium d) Sodium

A

Conversion of amino acid to glucose is accelerated by high: A.Glucagon:insulin ratios and glucocorticoids B. insulin C. Oxytocin D. Estrogen

A

In Linoleic acid, which carbon is the first double bond located in regards to the methyl end? A. 6th B. 3rd C. 2nd D. 1st

A

In which of these organs would gluconeogenesis not occur? a. Pancreas b. Liver c. Kidney

A

Pellagra can cause symptoms including scaly sores, vomiting, and dementia. Pellagra maycaused by an inability to absorb niacin or the amino acid _______. A. Tryptophan B. Lysine C. Methionine D.Leucine

A

The channels in the sodium potassium pump open in response to _____________ in transmembrane voltage. A. Depolarization B. Repolarization C. Hyperpolarization D. Afterhyperpolarization

A

What are the two PUFA? A. Linoleic and linolenic B. calcium and phosphorus C. fat and acid D. muscle and protein.

A

What is the RDA for carbohydrate intake? A. 130 g/day B. 100 g/day C. 60 g/day D. 120 g/day

A

What is the upper level of iron? a. 230 mg/day b. 40 mg/day c. 113 mg/day d. 100 mg/day

A

Which of the following is not an effect epinephrine and norepinephrine has on metabolism? a. Stimulates gluconeogenesis b. Stimulates glycogenolysis c. Stimulates lipolysis d. Increases metabolic rate

A

Which of the pathways is not the catabolic pathway of lipid metabolic? A. β-oxidation B. TCA cycle C. Pyruvate decarboxylation D. Cholesterol conversion

A

Which vitamin is fat soluble and aids in cataract, stroke, and diabetes prevention: a. Vitamin E b. Vitamin D c. Vitamin A d. Vitamin C

A

In which of the following scenarios would fluoride supplementation be needed?

A 6+ months of life if the water in the mother's diet is not fluoridated

Neurotransmitters are stored in the ___ as vesicles until stimuli arrive to affect their release

A and B: axon and nerve axon terminal

amyloid plaques

A characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in which clusters of dead or dying neurons become mixed together with fragments of protein molecules.

Which of the following diet should someone with diabetes consume?

A diet consisting of foods such as low-fat meat and dairy, fish, dried beans, fruit, vegetables, and low glycemic index foods

Kwashiorkor

A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza.

Marasmus

A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies.

Which is least likely to stimulate gastric secretions?

A drop in pH of the stomach contents NOT: -aroma of food triggering vagus nerve -endocrine mechanisms releasing epinephrine in fear -sudden presence of food in stomach

GLUT4

A glucose transporter found in adipose tissue and muscle that responds to glucose concentration in peripheral blood with low Km.

Myelin

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

Identify where the vast majority of sodium comes from in the diet, as well as good sources for potassium and explain how that affects the ability to meet the respective DRIs.

A lot of salt in the diet comes from processed foods. Potassium comes from fruits/veggies/legumes.(Black eyed Peas; Potato w/ Skin) Average Americans do not meet the DRI (Potassium: Need 4700mg/day; get 2400) (Sodium: Max 1500mg/day; more than double)

Opsin

A membrane protein bound to a light-absorbing pigment molecule.

Beta Oxidation

A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

What vitamins form the "antioxidants?"

A, C, E

Michael's mother gave him several bottles of One-A-Day multivitamins when he went off to college in the fall because she knew he wouldn't be eating many fruits and vegetables if she wasn't around. During winter break he admitted that he was only taking them every few days when he remembered to take them at all. Which of the following would be a correct response for his mother to make? A. "That's OK. The DRIs are really based on average intake over time -- you don't need to get Vitamin C every day." B. "They're called One-A-Day because you really do need to get as close to 100% of what's recommended every day. So please try harder to remember to take them.",

A. "That's OK. The DRIs are really based on average intake over time -- you don't need to get Vitamin C every day."

Allows you control to a much greater degree a wide variety of variables, including genetics A. Animal study B. Clinical trial C. Epidemiological study D. All of the above E. None of the above,

A. Animal study

Omega-3 fatty acids A. Can reduce blood clotting B. Can reduce cholesterol absorption C. Can prevent the oxidation of LDL D. Can reduce serum triglyceride levels

A. Can reduce blood clotting

Cannot claim to treat prevent or cure a disease. A. Dietary supplement B. Drug C. Book D. A and B E. None of the above,

A. Dietary supplement

Monica has an app on her phone that tracks her nutrient intake. Over the last few weeks she's been averaging 150g of carbohydrates a day. Her friend George says "You really need ore carbs! The DRI is 300g and your intake is only half that. Which of the following statements concerning George's recommendation is/are correct? A. George is wrong. Monica would first need to know what her total calorie intake is before she could determine if her intake is too low (or too high). B. George is right. The DRI is 300g and Monica's intake is marginal so she should be consuming more carbs.,

A. George is wrong. Monica would first need to know what her total calorie intake is before she could determine if her intake is too low (or too high).

Which of the following statements concerning high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is correct? A. HFCS begins as cornstarch. B. HFCS is pure (100%) fructose C. Obesity rates have increased in the US as HFCS consumption has increased even though total calorie intake from simple sugars has decreased. D. Manufacturers like to use HFCS, even though it's ore expensive than sugar, because it's sweeter. E. All of the above,

A. HFCS begins as cornstarch.

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the regulation of food? A. Health-related claims can be made on labels based on a food's nutrient content and the FDA does not approve the claim before the product goes to market. B. Because of "rounding" rules a product can say that it has "0" grams of something when it really does contain that compound. C. While the FDA regulates many terms that might be used on a food label, this does not prevent a manufacturer from using an unregulated name in misleading way, for example in the name of the food. D. Ingredients must be listed in descending order by weight. E. All of the above,

A. Health-related claims can be made on labels based on a food's nutrient content and the FDA does not approve the claim before the product goes to market.

Monique is looking at the results of her food diary analysis and sees that she has averaged 45% of the DRI for calcium 245% of the DRI for folate, and is getting 25% of her total calories from fat. Which of the following accurately describes her levels of intake? A. Her calcium intake would be classified as marginal but her fat intake is fine. B. Her calcium and fat intake would both be classified as marginal. C. Her folate intake would be classified as excess. D. B and C

A. Her calcium intake would be classified as marginal but her fat intake is fine.

Carries cholesterol out to cells for their use A. LDL B. HDL C. VLDL D. Chylomicron

A. LDL

________ include water. A. Macronutrients B. Micronutrients C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B

A. Macronutrients

Used to make compounds that help to regulate blood pressure blood clotting, and inflammation A. Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids B. Phospholipids C. Triglycerides D. Cholesterol E. None of the above,

A. Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids

Bicarbonate comes from here A. Pancreas B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine E. Liver

A. Pancreas

Lowering LDL and lowering HDL A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids B. Monounsaturated fatty acids C. Trans fatty acids D. Saturated fatty acids

A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Which of the following statements concerning protein is incorrect? A. Protein is absorbed in the form of di and tripeptides. B. Only about 15% of the total protein in the diet needs to be in the form of the essential amino acids. C. The essential amino acids are so-called because they are the ones that you can't make. D. Amino acids differ from one another because of differences in the size shape, and chemical characteristics of their side groups. E. All of the above are correct,

A. Protein is absorbed in the form of di and tripeptides.

Is absorbed into the body as glucose and fructose A. Sucrose B. Fructose C. Lactose D. Glucose E. None of the above

A. Sucrose

Is the same as refined white sugar A. Sucrose B. Fructose C. Lactose D. Glucose E. None of the above

A. Sucrose

Is what bees used to make honey A. Sucrose B. Fructose C. Lactose D. Glucose E. None of the above

A. Sucrose

Which of the following is/are CORRECT regarding the Daily Values? A. The Daily Values are derived from the DRIs and are used for food labeling only. B. The terms Daily Value (DV) and Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) are interchangeable. C. The Daily Values are an appropriate tool for individuals to use to asses the adequacy of their diets. D. A and C E. All of the above

A. The Daily Values are derived from the DRIs and are used for food labeling only.

If I'm lactose intolerant: A. The lactose would not get absorbed but would still get digested causing gas. B. The lactose would get absorbed but my immune system would not be able to break it down, causing diarrhea. C. I need to avoid all dairy products to prevent symptoms from occurring. D. A and C E. B and C,

A. The lactose would not get absorbed but would still get digested, causing gas.

Marilyn has decided to add more fiber to her diet so she brings home some "high fiber" breakfast bars. Which of the following is/are correct regarding high fiber foods like this? A. They are made with a variety of purified fibers such as inulin and sugarcane fiber. B. The fiber that they contain has been show to have the same health benefits as fiber from whole foods. C. The fiber that they contain tends to be very gooey which means that they will be really messy to eat. D. A and B E. All of the above,

A. They are made with a variety of purified fibers such as inulin and sugarcane fiber.

A web site discussing sugar substitutes says "zero calories means zero energy." This is: A. True. If there are no calories then it contains none of the macronutrients that provide energy. B. False. Vitamins can also give us energy even though they do not contain any calories.,

A. True. If there are no calories then it contains none of the macronutrients that provide energy.

Food Processing: Likely to be destroyed A. Vitamins B. Minerals C. Fiber D. A and B E. All of the above

A. Vitamins

Decreased pancreatic function A. Weight loss B. Fatty diarrhea C. Protein deficiency D. Drug toxicity

A. Weight loss

A conditionally essential nutrient typically ____ essential and ____ but becomes essential when synthesis is ____ A. not, synthesized, inadequate B. is, obtained only in food, inadequate C. not, synthesized, adequate D. not, obtained only in food, inadequate

A. not, synthesized, inadequate

The amount of urine excreted is based on intake, while the amount of nitrogen excreted relates to formation of _____ A.Protein, water, and sodium intake; urea B. Water intake; protein C. Protein intake; water D. Protein, water, and sodium intake; Na

A. protein, water, and sodium intake; urea

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland, known as ___, is carried by the bloodstream to the kidneys and is used for regulating water balance in the body

ADH

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland, known as ______, is carried by the bloodstream to the kidneys to be saved and used for regulating water balance in the body

ADH

What hormone regulates the body's retention of water by increasing reabsorption in the kidney's collecting ducts? A. Vasopressin (ADH) B. Gastrin C. Glucagon D. Leptin

ADH

What value of DRI is used when the RDA value of nutrient cannot be determined?

AI

The rate of glycolysis is affected by an increase in the activity of ______.

ANYTHING ENDING IN KINASE

The rate of glycolysis is affected by an increase in the activity of:

ANYTHING ENDING IN KINASE

Which molecule is required to bind to the myosin head to detach the cross bridge and then subsequently hydrolyzes to return the myosin to its resting state

ATP

Which molecule is required to bind to the myosin head to detach the cross-bridge and then subsequently hydrolyzes to return the myosin to its resting state?

ATP

_________ is required to bind to the myosin head to detach the cross-bridge and then subsequently hydrolyze it to return the myosin to its resting state?

ATP

In the decarboxylation of pyruvate, what does Thiamin create after the reaction?

Acetyl CoA

What is the main function of Coenzyme A in metabolism?

Acetylating enzymes to turn them on or off

What protein filaments are the main components of the sliding filament process of contraction in the muscel

Actin and myosin

What protein filaments are the main components of the sliding filament process of contraction in the muscle

Actin and myosin

What transport method uses energy to transport nutrients across the mucosal cells

Active mediated transport

What transport method uses energy to transport nutrients across the mucosal cells? A. Passive diffusion B. Passive transport C. Mediated transport D.Active mediated transport

Active mediated transport

Which enzyme is not involved in beta oxidation

Acyl CoA carboxylase

Which of the enzyme is not involved in beta oxidation a. Acyl-Coa dehydrogenase b. enol coa hydratase c. 3-ketothiolase d. acetyl- coa carboxylase

Acyl-Coa carboxylase

What hormone helps the kidneys retain sodium?

Aldosterone NOT: PTH Antiduretic hormone calcitonin

Identify examples of diseases whose risk increase with obesity.

All chronic diseases are at risk Can cause infertile, problems during pregnancy

Conditionally essential nutrients are those that cannot be synthesized to adequate quantities by some individuals (Ex- boron and chromium). What is the requirement for a conditionally essential nutrient as termed by Daniel Rudman?

All of the above; A decline in plasma level of the nutrient into the subnormal range, appearance of chemical, structural, or functional abnormalities, and correction of both these by a dietary supplement of the nutrient

According to Alfred Harper, which of the following are considered essential nutrients?

All of the above; water, fatty acids, and amino acids

Which one of these is not used to create glucose: -pyruvate -lactate -glycerol -amino acids

All of them can be used

Thyroxine

Also called thryoid hormone, thyroxine is produced and secreted by follicle cells in the thyroid gland. it targets all cells in the body and increases overall body metabolism.

Explain why you should or should not give Abby treatments of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, or gonadotropin releasing hormone.

Although fertility may increase via GnRH, FSH, or LH, women who are underweight and get pregnant via hormone therapy are twice as likely to give birth to small for gestation age babies (SGA) than women who gained weight and got pregnant without the use of hormones. As such, the best route for Abby would be to encourage her to gain weight, in order to ensure the health and growth of her future baby. She should not be given hormone treatments.

Discuss whether or not Taylor's weight gain is approprite.

Although he is less than the third percentile, his weight gain is appropriate because he is still gaining about 20.6 grams per day at a steady rate. He has gained 1.3 kg in the last 9 weeks (63 days). That is roughly 1300 grams over 63 days, which comes out to 20.6 grams of weight gain per day, which is appropriate and steady for a preterm infant.

Step 1: 50g, 1 hour OGTT (> 135-140 mg/dL) AND Step 2: 100g, 3 hour OGTT (2 cut-offs)

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Which screening method is best for testing for GDM?

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology

75 g, 2 hour OGTT •Fasting Values > 92 mg/dL OR •1-hour Values > 180 mg/dL OR •2-hour Values > 153 mg/dL

American Diabetes Association

When ________ are adequate, the mTOR pathway stimulates blastocyst growth and invasion, increasing chances of conception.

Amino acids

What is a nutrient requirement?

Amount of intake for the body to achieve homeostasis • Nutrient balance that achieves full functions of that nutrient • Regulation of food intake

Define the terms anaerobic and aerobic exercise and differentiate between the two with respect to the types of fuel used during each and their sources

Anaerobic - does not use oxygen; uses glycogen as an energy source which comes from storage in the muscles. Aerobic: Does use oxygen; uses glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

Give an example of a type of exercise that is completely anaerobic and one that is completely aerobic.

Anaerobic - ice hockey Aerobic - marathon running

Which of the following is not true regarding protein quality

Animal proteins have a digestibility of 70%

All of the following are signs of iron deficiency anemia except: Tiredness Headaches Depression Anxiety

Anxiety

All of the following are signs of iron deficiency anemia except: - Tiredness - Headaches - Depression - Anxiety

Anxiety

All of the following are signs of iron deficiency anemia except

Anxiety?

Appetite

Appetite is a desire or willingness to eat

What area of the brain is targeted by hormones in order to produce a response to hunger or satiety?

Arcuate hypothalamus

Which of these is not a B vitamin?

Ascorbic acid

Which of the following does not contain at least one indispensable amino acid

Aspartate, glutamate

A decrease in concentration of what molecule will decrease glucose use and increase the rate of ketogenesis? A. Citrate B. Oxaloacetate C. Acetyl CoA D. acetoacetate

B

A deficiency in calcium, which many women are affected by, can result in the failure to maintain adequate bone mass, also known as ______________ . A. Ossification B. Osteoporosis C. Cellular differentiation D. Crohn's Disease

B

All of the following are pharmacological uses of Vitamin E except: A. Decrease the progression of Alzheimer's B. Treat those with hypertension C. Reduce the risk of prostate cancer D. Reduce Asthma symptoms

B

Fatty plaque formation cause by the inflammation of lipids can be reversed by which of the following types of lipoproteins? a. LDL b. HDL c. IDL d. VLDL

B

Our body mainly uses what molecule to make anti-inflammatory PGE3 and LTB5 molecules? a. DHA b. EPA c. Arachidonic acid d. GLA

B

What enzyme is used to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA? a. Pyruvate carboxylase b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase c. Pyruvate transferase d. Pyruvate hexokinase

B

What substances are included in the category of disaccharides? A. Galactose, Fructose, Maltose B. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose and Trehalose C. Sucrose, Glucose, Trehalose D. Maltose, Galactose, Lactose and Trehalose

B

Which eiconsaoid produces prostaglandins and thromboxanes, modulates CV and renal function, blood coagulation, and inflammation? A. COX B. Lipooxygenase C. Cytochrome P450

B

Which molecule is required to bind to the myosin head to detach the cross-bridge and then subsequently hydrolyzes to return the myosin to its resting state? A. Calcium B. ATP C. ADP D. Sodium E. Acetylcholine

B

Which of the following is NOT considered an antioxidant that helps prevent oxidative damage in the body? A. Vitamin C B. Magnesium C. Selenium D. Vitamin E

B

he synthesis of collagen depends on a crucial step. Which of the following answer choices names that step? a) Esterification b) Hydroxylation c) The addition of an ether group d) The removal of an amino group from the proline component

B

Which is not a rate determining step in gluconeogenesis? a) pyruvate carboxylase b) hexokinase c) glucose-6-phosphatase d) fructose-1,6-bisphophatase

B- glycolysis rate determinant

What enzyme is used to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

B-pyruvate dehydrogenase

The DRI for digestible carbohydrate represents: A. Only the minimum necessary to fuel the brain and central nervous system. B. An amount designed to encourage consumption of natural sources of carbohydrates that are also good sources of other nutrients as well.

B. An amount designed to encourage consumption of natural sources of carbohydrates that are also good sources of other nutrients as well.

Which of the following types of diabetes is incorrectly matched with the description? A. Characterized by hyperglycemia: Type 1 and type 2 B. Can occur in children: Type 1 only C. Associated with increased risk for blindness kidney failure, amputations, and heart disease: Type 1 and type 2 D. Can only be treated with small, frequent meals that contain some protein and fat: Neither type 1 or type 2,

B. Can occur in children: Type 1 only

Plant sterols A. Can reduce blood clotting B. Can reduce cholesterol absorption C. Can prevent the oxidation of LDL D. Can reduce serum triglyceride levels

B. Can reduce cholesterol absorption

Soluble fiber A. Can reduce blood clotting B. Can reduce cholesterol absorption C. Can prevent the oxidation of LDL D. Can reduce serum triglyceride levels

B. Can reduce cholesterol absorption

When food manufacturers were told to remove animal fats from their foods and replaced them with hydrogenated oils the only dietary component that actually went away completely as a result was: A. Trans fatty acids B. Cholesterol C. Saturated fatty acids,

B. Cholesterol

Must demonstrate effectiveness to the FDA before it an be sold. A. Dietary supplement B. Drug C. Book D. A and B E. None of the above

B. Drug

Must demonstrate safety to the FDA before it can be sold. A. Dietary supplement B. Drug C. Book D. A and B E. None of the above

B. Drug

The cable channel TLC had a show called "Picky Eaters" that presented people with unusual eating patterns. Imagine a person named Mark on that show who eats the exact same thing from each of the 5 food groups (dairy meat/alternate, fruit, vegetable, grain) every day. Now imagine that the narrator says, "Well, even though Mark eats only 5 things, at least they represent each group so he doesn't have to worry about not getting enough of the essential nutrients." This statement is: A. True. Variety within groups is not really that important as long as there is variety across groups. B. False. Not all foods within a group are equally good contributors to individual nutrient intake so variety within a group is important as well.,

B. False. Not all foods within a group are equally good contributors to individual nutrient intake so variety within a group is important as well.

Decreased gall bladder function A. Weight loss B. Fatty diarrhea C. Protein deficiency D. Drug toxicity

B. Fatty diarrhea

Can be converted to glucose in the liver A. Sucrose B. Fructose C. Lactose D. Glucose E. None of the above

B. Fructose

Fructose uses ______ to enter the blood stream

B. GLUT-5

Carries cholesterol back to the liver A. LDL B. HDL C. VLDL D. Chylomicron

B. HDL

I was perusing the Cargill chemical company site and came upon a listing for their Clear Valley 65 high oleic canola oil which was described as "a high-stability canola oil that combines extreme heat resistance [and] high oxidative stability..." It has greater oxidative stability because, as compared to regular canola oil, it: A. Has more double bonds B. Has fewer double bonds,

B. Has fewer double bonds

____________ are required in mg and mcg amounts. A. Macronutrients B. Micronutrients C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B

B. Micronutrients

Lowering LDL and no effect on HDL A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids B. Monounsaturated fatty acids C. Trans fatty acids D. Saturated fatty acids

B. Monounsaturated fatty acids

Based on your understanding of both the structure of lactose and the characteristics of the simple sugars when milk is treated with lactase, it must become: A. Less sweet B. More sweet,

B. More sweet

Creates a fatty "moat" that restricts the movement of compounds between the inside and outside of cells A. Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids B. Phospholipids C. Triglycerides D. Cholesterol E. None of the above

B. Phospholipids

Which of the following macronutrients is/are correctly matched with it percent contribution to energy use at rest? A. Carbohydrate: 45-65% B. Protein: 10-15% C. Fat: 20-35% D. All are correct E. None are correct

B. Protein: 10-15%

There is no absorption or reabsorption of a macronutrient in this part of the tract. A. Pancreas B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine E. Liver

B. Stomach

There is no % Daily Value listing for protein for most products on the Nutrition Facts label because: A. There is no easy way to differentiate between higher and lower quality protein so the FDA decided not to include it. B. The FDA does not consider protein intake to be a significant public health issue. C. There is no easy way to account for essential versus nonessential amino acids so the FDA decided not to include it.

B. The FDA does not consider protein intake to be a significant public health issue.

A website lists various seafood (fish scallops, etc.) and meats (beef, chicken, etc.) as having low glycemic indexes. You wouldn't have to run the test to know this because: A. They are all high in protein and protein delays stomach emptying. B. They are all animal products and animal products, with the exception of mammalian milk, do not contain carbohydrates.,

B. They are all animal products and animal products, with the exception of mammalian milk, do not contain carbohydrates.

Roberta has a disease that affects the sphincter between her stomach and small intestine. Which of the following is/are correct regarding her condition? A. She has a condition that affects a type of longitudinal muscle. B. This condition will affect the ability of her stomach to control the release of its contents into the small intestine. C. This condition will increase the total digestion and absorption of the nutrients in her food because of the rapid release of stomach contents into the small intestine. D. B and C E. All of the above

B. This condition will affect the ability of her stomach to control the release of its contents into the small intestine.

An article from a medical website on digestion and absorption says the following: "Even when your digestive enzymes are flowing freely and in the right amounts they may only be able to break down and extract about 40 to 50 percent of your food's true nutrient value." Which of the following statements concerning this quote is/are correct? A. This statement is true. Digestion and absorption is, overall, relatively inefficient as there are many dietary components that can interfere with its activity. That's why we need to eat a relatively large amount of food to get all the nourishment that we need. B. This statement is false. The efficiency of digestion and absorption is more in the 90+% range, a reflection of the need to be able to survive on limited food availability over the history of humankind.,

B. This statement is false. The efficiency of digestion and absorption is more in the 90+% range, a reflection of the need to be able to survive on limited food availability over the history of humankind.

If the DRIs for fat and carbohydrate were expressed in absolute gram amounts as they are for vitamins and minerals a consequence could be: A. Too many people consuming more than they should leading to toxic effects. B. Too many people consuming more than they should, leading to weight gain.,

B. Too many people consuming more than they should, leading to weight gain.

A friend of yours says that he has an amino acid supplement that he thinks will help you focus better while you are taking this test. It contains a large amount of the amino acid tyrosine. If you had actually taken it you would be: A. Experiencing significantly improved mental clarity because of the increased levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. B. Unaffected tyrosine supplement do not increase levels of amines in the body. C. Drooling on your paper as you slump over asleep pin your chair from increased levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

B. Unaffected tyrosine supplement do not increase levels of amines in the body.

Which of the following anthropometric methods is correctly matched with its description? A. Bioelectrical impedance: Needs to be done by a trained evaluator B. Underwater-weighing: The most accurate way to measure body composition C. Skin-fold thickness: A good way to measure body composition at home D. Weight for height: The way doctors monitor childhood growth E. None of the above

B. Underwater-weighing: The most accurate way to measure body composition

Melissa is trying to lose weight so she has reduced her calorie intake. When she kept her food diary she found that her protein intake was 61% of the DRI. Should she be worried that her intake is too low? A. No. Of course when you restrict calories you restrict everything 61% is still fine especially since it is above marginal. Eating more protein would just make it harder to lose weight. B. Yes. The protein DRI assumes that calorie intake is adequate. She really needs to increase her intake to closer to 100% or else she risks losing lean tissue, which would make it even more difficult to lose weight.,

B. Yes. The protein DRI assumes that calorie intake is adequate. She really needs to increase her intake to closer to 100% or else she risks losing lean tissue, which would make it even more difficult to lose weight.

Tryptophan metabolism uses and generates NAD and NADP, which requires vitamin ______. Tryptophan metabolism yields _________

B6; acetyl-CoA

Why is it so difficult to quantify the requirements for nutrients when there is so much knowledge about their metabolism?

Because individuals and populations vary in their metabolism and requirements due to genetic and environmental differences.

Identify some examples of good dietary sources (Iron)

Beef, enriched and whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and fortified foods Plant sources Iron can be better absorbed when Vitamin C is present.

Explain WHY an athlete might consume carbohydrate before, during and after exercise

Before to replenish liver glycogen and to top off total glycogen During exercise will percent hypoglycemia After: Replace muscle glycogen May also help to reduce protein breakdown

Low intakes of thiamin may lead to which disease?

Beriberi

The process of glucogenesis is regulated by hormone that is produced by the___ cells in the pancreas.

Beta cells

_______ and _______ are other forms of Vitamin A that are less important in the normal functioning of the eye

Beta-carotene 11-cisretinol

Which peptide hormone, located in the anterior pituitary, has the effect to inhibit the perception of pain a. proalactin b. growth hormone c. betha-endorphin d. follicile-stimulating hormone

Beta-endorphin

Insulin is secreted by the ___ cells in the pancreas and glucagon is secreted by the ___ cells in the pancreas

Beta; Alpha

Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are examples of

Bile acids

Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are examples of a. bile acids b. hydrochloric acids c. amino acids

Bile acids

Secretory IgA

Binds to microorganisms and prevent them from harming the body's tissues

All of the following are various functions of vitamin A except:

Blood clotting

During Bone remodeling, which proteins are secreted by osteoblast cells? Collagen protein matrix Osteocalcin Both A & B None of the above

Both

Vitamin D is capable of influencing differentiation in some cancer cells. WHich of the following is not a type of cancer affected by adequate vitamin D levels? breast bone skin brain

Brain

Vitamin D is capable of influencing differentiation in some cancer cells. Which of the following is not a type of cancer affected by adequate vitamin D levels

Brain?

Lysozyme

Breaks down the outer cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria

Research has suggested that an individual will decrease their chances of developing which 3 types of cancers when a proper amount of vitamin D is absorbed into the body

Breast, colon, and prostate cancer

Type II Diabetes

Breastfeeding increases LCPUFAs in skeletal muscle membrane

High blood pressure

Breastfeeding increases concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1

An individual with Persistent Adult Lactasia produces an enzyme in the ______ that individuals who do not have this condition are missing.

Brush border of the enterocytes NOT: liver muscle pancreas

In the fasted state, which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to increase the availability of glucose in the bloodstream? A: insulin B: ghrelin C: glucagon D: CCK

C

Of the following, which is NOT considered an essential nutrient: A. Water B. Iodine C. Biotin D. Iron

C

Since there are no dietary requirements for cholesterol what does the DRI lack? A. RDA or EAR B. AI or UL C. A & B D. None of the above

C

The RDA of carbohydrates covers the basic glucose needs of the body without resorting to four things, what are three of those four? A. Glycolysis, pyruvate breakdown, Krebs Cycle B. Glucose metabolism, pyruvate breakdown, gluconeogenesis C. Proteolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketosis D. Ketosis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, Krebs Cycle

C

The enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate is a. isomerase b. hexokinase c. lactate dehydrogenase d. pyruvate dehydrogenase

C

The first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that converts glucose into gucose-6-phosphate is a. phosho-fructokinase-1 b. Aldolase c. Hexokinase d. phospho hexose isomerase

C

These ketones produced via the fatty acid oxidation pathway are produced in the ______. A. Gall bladder B. Kidney C. Liver D. Pancreas

C

What action is GLP-1 most likely to complete when released by the pancreas? A. An increase in Red Blood Cell count B. Promote intramuscular protein synthesis C. Induce the ileal brake and keep blood glucose under control D. Cause drowsiness and a slower reflex response

C

What protein filaments are the main components of the sliding filament process of contraction in the muscle? A. ATP and Ca B. Cytokines C. Actin and Myosin D. All of the above

C

What role does cholesterol play in membrane stability? a. Increases Rigidity b. Increases Fluidity c. Both Increases and Decreases fluidity depending on the environment d. Cholesterol plays no role in membrane Stability

C

When fructose enters the glycolytic pathway in the liver, it bypasses regulation by the rate limiting step glycolytic enzyme _______________. A. Enolase B. Phosphofructokinase-1 C. Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase D. Pyruvate Kinase

C

Which cells are GLUT 4 transporters NOT insulin responsive in? A. Myocytes B. Heart cells C. Enterocytes D. Adipocytes

C

Which enzyme releases a triacylglycerol from a chylomicron or VLDL? A.Microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein B.Hormone-sensitive lipase C.Lipoprotein lipase D.Protein kinase A

C

Which of the following are pathways in which thiamin is used? (Check all that apply) A. Gluconeogenesis B. Citric acid cycle C. Calvin cycle D. Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

C

Which of the following is NOT a function of fat soluble vitamins? A. bone growth and development B. vision C. fatty acid synthesis D. blood clotting

C

Which of the following is NOT true regarding protein quality? a) The quality of a protein depends on its digestibility and amino acid composition b) High quality proteins are typically of animal origin c) Animal proteins have a digestibility of 70% d) Protease inhibitors and amylase inhibitors are defense mechanisms against predation

C

Which of the following is not a function of Vitamin B-6? A. Synthesis of serotonin B. Decreases effects of steroid binding hormones C. Coenzymes in oxidative reduction reactions D. Synthesis of heme

C

Which of the following is not true regarding fiber? A. Fiber can be found in whole grain products, legumes, vegetables and fruit B. There is no UL for fiber C. The AI for fiber decreases with age D. Soluble fiber lowers cholesterol, which can help prevent heart disease.

C

Which one of the following is not an example of Vitamin C's antioxidant activity? a) Found in the eye to protect against photolytically generated free radicals. b) White blood cells use vitamin C for protection against the reactive oxygen species produced during phagocytosis. c) Hepatocytes in the liver use vitamin to protect against free radicals generated by bile from the gall bladder d) In semen vitamin C protects DNA from oxidative damage.

C

Which vitamin is responsible for synthesizing the production of osteocalcin and fighting bone loss in individuals with osteoporosis? A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B C. Vitamin K D. Vitamin D E. Vitamin E

C

Which vitamin is water soluble and is involved in collagen synthesis, iron absorption, and immune function

C

Which vitamin is water soluble and is involved in collagen synthesis, iron absorption, and immune function: a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin D c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin E

C

here are long chain fatty acids synthesized within the human body? A. liver B. Adipose tissue C. Both A and B D. muscle tissue

C

Check all that apply; The following nutrients provide antioxidant effects against lipoperoxides: A. Vitamin B6 B. Vitamin K C. Vitamin E D. Beta Carotene E. Thiamin

C and D

How many Pyruvate molecules and ATPs are produced when one molecule of Glucose is broken down? A) 1,1 B) 1,2 C) 2,4 D) 4,6

C- 2 pyruvate and 4 ATP(2 are used though so net production is 2 ATP)

The __________________ of the kidneys recovers nutrients such as glucose, Ca2+, and amino acids. A. Cortex B. Glomerulus C.Tubule D. Bowman's Capsule

C- PCT and DCT

All of the following are functions of Vitamin C except: A. Antioxidant activity B. Immune function C. Thyroid hormone metabolism D. Iron absorption

C- Selenium performs this function

Which of the following does not explain why cultures around the world have been able to rely on legumes as a significant protein source? A. Any legume can be combined with grains nuts, or seeds to created a so-called complete protein. B. Legumes contain bacteria that live symbiotically in their roots that can take nitrogen from the air and convert it into something that the plant can use to make protein. C. All legumes have an essential amino acid profile equal to that of high quality animal products. D. Legumes are less reliant on expensive fertilizers. E. All of the above are reasons,

C. All legumes have an essential amino acid profile equal to that of high quality animal products.

Can say anything even if it isn't true, about a diet-disease relationship. A. Dietary supplement B. Drug C. Book D. A and B E. None of the above,

C. Book

Some of the people surveyed for a response paper that I had one semester said that they would be willing to eat ice cream or cheese made from human milk. If they did: A. They would be getting fatty acid-related health benefits that are the same as consuming fish oil. B. They would be eating a type of fat that contains very long chain highly unsaturated, omega-3 fatty acids. C. Both A and B,

C. Both A and B

Carnitine is a compound found in nearly every cell of the body and is involved in the production of energy. There is no DRI for carnitine. From this we can conclude that carnitine: A. Is not essential for life. B. Is not known to be toxic. C. Can be made in sufficient quantities in the body. D. B and C E. All of the above

C. Can be made in sufficient quantities in the body.

Phytonutrients A. Can reduce blood clotting B. Can reduce cholesterol absorption C. Can prevent the oxidation of LDL D. Can reduce serum triglyceride levels

C. Can prevent the oxidation of LDL

Among the many physiological changes that occur with age are decreases in HCl and saliva production. Which of the following would NOT be a potential effect of these changes? A. Decreased taste perception B. Increased risk for food poisoning C. Decreased fat absorption D. Impaired swallowing of food E. All of the above are potential effects

C. Decreased fat absorption

Milton is doing a research project in which he is going to look at the potential health benefits of fiber supplementation. He's going to have a group that takes the supplement and a group that doesn't. He's worried about getting approval for his study from the human subjects committee so he lets the participants themselves decide which group to be in. This approach: A. Is standard for this type of study design. B. Is unlikely to have any significant effects on the outcome of the study. C. Eliminates one of the primary advantages of this type of study design -- the reduction of confounders. D. Is accurately described by A and B.

C. Eliminates one of the primary advantages of this type of study design -- the reduction of confounders.

Alexa is in the grocery store trying to decide which type of bread to buy. As she reads the list of ingredients she sees that she can choose between ones made with whole wheat flour and ones made with enriched wheat flour. Which of the following statements concerning these 2 types of flour is/are correct? A. Enriched wheat flour would have less fiber and less of all the micronutrients as compared to whole wheat flour. B. They are nutritionally identical so it doesn't matter which one she buys. She just needs to stay away from ones made with refined white flour and she'll be OK. C. Enriched wheat flour would have less fiber and less of many but not all of the micronutrients as compared to whole wheat flour. D. Enriched wheat flour would have less fiber but the same amount of all the micronutrients as compared to whole wheat flour.,

C. Enriched wheat flour would have less fiber and less of many, but not all of the micronutrients as compared to whole wheat flour.

Can be hard to tease out the effects of confounders A. Animal study B. Clinical trial C. Epidemiological study D. All of the above E. None of the above

C. Epidemiological study

Is especially dependent on accurate dietary recording of volunteers. A. Animal study B. Clinical trial C. Epidemiological study D. All of the above E. None of the above

C. Epidemiological study

Arnie bought a dietary supplement that contains lecithin which the label says works with bile to help breakdown fats in the body. If this supplement did have an effect, it would: A. Function in the liver to aid in the process of metabolizing fat B. Function in fat tissue to help remove fat from the body C. Function in the small intestine to aid in the process of absorbing fat D. B and C E. All of the above,

C. Function in the small intestine to aid in the process of absorbing fat

Which of the following foods is incorrectly paired with its description? A. Snow pea: Vegetable B. Wheat bread: Refined grain C. Green bean: Legume D. Brown rice: Whole grain E. All are correctly paired

C. Green bean: Legume

Roberta is training for a marathon. She wants to make sure that what and how she eats maximizes her performance. Which of the following wold be good advice to follow? A. Her best bet is to have something that is high in fat and protein before she runs so that she is sure to have nutrients available to her in her GI tract during her training session. B. She wants to make sure that she isn't trying to digest and absorb at the same time that she's trying to exercise because the process of assimilating food is so energy-intensive that there wouldn't be enough energy left over to fuel the working muscles. C. Her best bet is to have something that is high in carbohydrates and low in protein and fat an hour or two before she exercises so that her GI tract is empty she might also want to consider a liquid rather than a solid snack since that will leave the tract more quickly.

C. Her best bet is to have something that is high in carbohydrates and low in protein and fat an hour or two before she exercises so that her GI tract is empty she might also want to consider a liquid rather than a solid snack since that will leave the tract more quickly.

Junior reads on the web that a deficiency of certain B vitamins can cause "agitation and anxiety" which characterizes the way he's been feeling lately. Trey reads on the web that deficiencies of other vitamins can make your hair brittle and dry, which characterizes the way his hair has been lately. Which of the following statements concerning their situations is correct? A. While Junior's symptoms are too vague to be pinned to a vitamin deficiency, Trey is likely to see beneficial results from a vitamin supplement since hair is a fairly sensitive indicator of nutritional status. B. Both are likely to see a benefit from taking vitamin supplements since their problems are commonly associated with a lack of vitamins in the US. C. Neither is likely to see any benefit from a supplement since changes in mood and hair are not very reliable indicators of nutritional status in the US.,

C. Neither is likely to see any benefit from a supplement since changes in mood and hair are not very reliable indicators of nutritional status in the US.

Decreased stomach function A. Weight loss B. Fatty diarrhea C. Protein deficiency D. Drug toxicity

C. Protein deficiency

Absorption of any macronutrient can take place here A. Pancreas B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine E. Liver

C. Small intestine

Bile functions here. A. Pancreas B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine E. Liver

C. Small intestine

Fat is emulsified here A. Pancreas B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine E. Liver

C. Small intestine

Which of the following statement concerning food allergies is/are correct? A. They are caused when a foreign amino acid gets absorbed into the body. B. They occur most often among the elderly when the GI tract is losing it functional capacity. C. They appear to be increasing in the population especially those that cause severe reactions. D. In general, the best way to handle a food allergy is to eat it only in small amounts and never on an empty stomach. E. All of the above,

C. They appear to be increasing in the population, especially those that cause severe reactions.

Raising LDL and lowering HDL A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids B. Monounsaturated fatty acids C. Trans fatty acids D. Saturated fatty acids

C. Trans fatty acids

Used to provide long term energy A. Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids B. Phospholipids C. Triglycerides D. Cholesterol E. None of the above

C. Triglycerides

Used to provide short-term energy A. Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids B. Phospholipids C. Triglycerides D. Cholesterol E. None of the above

C. Triglycerides

Carries triglycerides made in the liver to cells throughout the body A. LDL B. HDL C. VLDL D. Chylomicron

C. VLDL

Vitamin E is most likely to react with free radicals in which of the following structures? A. Mitochondria B. Cytosol C. Cell Membrane D. Nucleus

C. cell membrane

Which eiconsaoid produces prostaglandins and thromboxanes, modulates CV and renal function, blood coagulation, and inflammation

COX

Calcium absorption in the small intestine involves the 2 main transport systems, active transport and diffusion. The active transport system in the main transport system for calcium and is saturable and carrier-mediated. What is the binding protein used in calcium absorption that shuttles calcium across the cell cytosol of an enterocyte in order to result in calcium absorption into the plasma?

Calbindin D

What is the binding protein used in Ca absorption that shuttles Ca across the cell cytosol of an enterocyte in order to result in Ca absorption into the plasma?

Calbindin D NOT: calcitriol calmodulin calcitonin

Contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle occurs in response to which nutrient?

Calcium

Muscle contraction and relaxation is primarily controlled by the presence of ____ ions in muscle cells.

Calcium

Which vitamin does vitamin K bind to, to become more active and regulate blood clotting and bone mineralization? Vitamin D Vitamin C Calcium Phosphorus

Calcium

Which vitamin/mineral does Vitamin K bind to in order to become more active and regulate blood clotting and bone mineraliztion

Calcium

Concentrating the solutes in the urine conserves water, but excess concentration can result in precipitation of solid _____________, which can damage the organs or tissues.

Calcium oxalate NOT: dietary fiber magnesium ascorbate calcium phosphate

Which vitamin does vitamin K bind to, to become more active and regulate blood clotting and bone mineralization

Calcium?

List the ways in which mineral absorption can be decreased

Can be decreased if other compounds interfere, fiber, oxdiate, polyphenols, all bind to minerals and prevent absorption, other minerals compete for uptake (supplements)

Selenium

Can decrease cancer risk, but has limied evidence and can cause hair loss and liver damage. UL: 400 mcg/day

Gestational diabetes

Carbohydrate intolerance with first onset during pregnancy

A RQ of .85 means what energy sources are being used?

Carbs, fat, and protein

A ____ group must be added to fatty acids in order to cross the membrane to undergo B oxidation

Carnitine

A ______ group must be added to fatty acids in order to cross the membrane to undergo B oxidation

Carnitine

A __________ group must be added to Fatty acids in order to cross the membrane to undergo B oxidation.

Carnitine

The metabolic process beta oxidation can be defined as a _____ process

Catabolic

Which of the following functions has NOT been attributed to vitamin D?

Catalyzes calcium binding to blood-clotting proteins

While goiters are usually painless, what negative effect can they have on the body?

Cause difficulty breathing due to pressure on the trachea

While goiters are usually painless, what negative effect can they have on the body?

Cause difficulty breathing due to pressure on the trachea.

While goiters are usually painless, what negative effect can they have on the body

Cause difficulty breathing due to pressure on thre trachea

Folate

Cause spina bifida especially in those that are pregnant. Comes in enriched grains, oranges, orange juice, and dark greens

Vitamin E is most likely to react with free radicals in which of the following structures?

Cell membrane

Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol

Central nervous system and facial malformations, mental retardation

Possible risks/concerns of a nursing mother consuming a low carbohydrate diet include which of the following?

Change taste/smell of milk, Increased maternal plasma lipids, Decreased milk supply, Deficiencies in nutrients/fiber

Protein related diseases are not that common in the US but can occur through consuming poor quality proteins or little protein. In what populations do we see a majority of these diseases?

Children NOT: elderly newborns adults

Which of the following is NOT a component process of enterohepaticrecirculation?

Cholesterol is extracted from VLDL by lipoprotein lipase

Nutrients are chemical substances found in foods that are necessary for human life and growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues. Some nutrients are essential, meaning in part that they are required for biochemical functions in the body. Which of the following examples best illustrates essentiality?

Chromium binds to the protein apochromodulin and that complex is needed for full activity of the tyrosine kinase function of the insulin receptor

Which of the following examples best illustrates a nutrients essentiality?

Chromium binds to the protein apochromodulin and that complex is needed for full activity of the tyrosine kinase function of the insulin receptor.

How does vitamin K get carried to the liver and how does it get carried to the tissues?

Chylomicrons; LDLs

Pantothenic acid is part of the ___, which attaches to fatty acids to increase chain length

Coenzyme A

Which of the following is not a function of Vitamin B-6: - Synthesis of serotonin - Decreases effects of steroid binding hormones - Coenzymes in oxidative reduction reactions - Synthesis of heme

Coenzymes in oxidative reduction reactions

During Bone remodeling, which proteins are secreted by osteoblast cells?

Collagen matrix protein and osteocalcin

List other conditions that may be related to marginal levels of calcium intake.

Colon cancer; Kidney Stones; High Blood Pressure; Obesty; insulin resistance (Sodium inside the Cells, and Potassium outside of the Cells)

List the components of body weight, the factors that influence them, and identify the relative contributions of "nature" v. "nurture" in determining total body weight.

Components of body weight: water, skeletal mass, fat mass, lean muscle mass Factors that influence them: Nature: 40-60% (Genetics/sex) Nurture: 40-60% (exercise/diet)

Methyl Donor

Compounds that are able to donate a single methyl group to facilitate a specific reaction

A vegetarian is worried shes not consuming enough complete proteins. How can she best use her knowledge in order to make sure she supplies her body with these necessary proteins in a safe and effective manner?

Conduct a 3-day diet record and compare her amino acid intake with requirements to determine if she is actually deficient in a limiting amino acid.

What is it called when a person is born unable to digest any products that contain the disaccharide lactose?

Congenital lactase-phlorizin hydrolase deficiency

How should the endpoint for Vitamin D be determine, by its content or its function?

Content

Vitamin D levels are measured by their____

Content ( levels in the blood)

What is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA

What is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase? Convert glucose to pyruvate Convert pyruvate to glucose-6-phosphate Convert acetyl CoA to NADH Convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Which pathway during w-6 fatty acid metabolism yields prostaglandins and thromboxanes fromarachidonic acid?

Cyclooxygenase NOT: beta oxidation lipoxygenase glycolysis

The sodium potassium pump mechanism takes place in the

Cytosol?

The sodium potassium pump takes place in the

Cytosol? It happens on the cell membrane

Glycogen synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenesis, is inhibited by all of the following except ____________. A. Glucagon B. cAMP C. Epinephrine D. Glucose-6-Phosphate

D

The primary role of vitamin C is __________ A. bone growth B. mineral absorption C. synthesis of red blood cells D. formation of collagen

D

What area of the brain is targeted by hormones in order to produce a response to hunger or satiety? A: frontal lobe B: cerebellum C: pituitary gland D: arcuate hypothalamus

D

What enzyme can attack a phospholipid in a way that immediately produces phosphatidic acid? A. Phospholipase A2 B. Phospholipase B C. Phospholipase C D. Phospholipase D

D

What is the first step of beta-oxidation? a. Hydration b. Thiolysis c. Condensation d. Oxidation

D

When fat cells increase in size and leptin is secreted to the brain, what physiological change would we expect to see? A. Increased appetite B. Increased urine output C. Increased sedentary activity D. Increased thermogenesis

D

Which answer does not contain at least one indispensable amino acid? a. Histidine, Leucine b. Threonine, Cysteine c. Isoleucine, Valine d. Asparatate, Glutamate

D

Which fat-soluble vitamin plays a large role in anti-oxidant protection of cell membranes and other body components? A. Vitamin A, B. Vitamin K, C. Vitamin D, D. Vitamin E.

D

Which form of Vitamin A is essential in the retina of the eye in order to turn visual light into nerve signals to the brain? a. retinol b. retinoic acid c. beta-carotene d. retinal

D

Which of the enzyme is not involved in ß-OXIDATION? A. acyl CoA dehydrogenase B. enoyl CoA hydratase C. 3-ketothiolase D. acyl-CoA carboxylase

D

Which omega-3 fatty acid is associated with antithrombotic (reduces formation of blood clots) and anti-inflammatory actions? A. Inositol phosphoglyceric acid (IPA) B. Docosehexaenoic acid (DHA) C. Alpha linoleic acid (ALA) D. Eicosepentaenoic acid (EPA)

D

Daniel Rudman, postulated the idea of conditionally essentiality on which of these requirements in the event that the nutrient was withheld from the diet: A. decline in plasma level of the nutrient into the subnormal range B. appearance of chemical, structural, or functional abnormalities C. correction of both these by a dietary supplement D. all E. none

D- all define conditionally essential nutrients

What is the dietary requirement for cholesterol? A. 25 g/day B. 45 g/day C. 10g/day D. None of the above

D- it can be biosynthesized

An ad for a product containing the digestive enzyme cellulase says "[If] we eat lots of juicy, healthy greens, sprouts, and herbs, we want to make sure that we can digest them by having enough cellulase available. It would be a shame to waste the money we spend on fresh fruits and veggies." If you used this product, what natural benefit of fruits and vegetables would you also be eliminating? A. Their ability to reduce the likelihood of constipation B. Their lower calorie levels C. Their ability to delay stomach emypting D. A and B E. All of the above,

D. A and B

As I'm writing this test I'm drinking a latte (coffee and milk). Which of the following organs will its carbohydrate components be found in before they get absorbed into the body? A. Stomach B. Small intestine C. Large intestine D. A and B E. All of the above

D. A and B

John is in the supplement store and is confused by products that say "prebiotic" and "probiotic." Which of the following would be the correct information to give him? A. A probiotic is just another term for the bacteria that live in your lower GI tract. B. There's some evidence that taking a probiotic supplement can improve the health of the colon. C. A prebiotic is the food that the bacteria live on so taking this type of supplement is worth the added cost. D. A and B E. All of the above

D. A and B

Lipoproteins can transport lipids through the body because: A. They surround the lipids with a single layer of phospholipids. B. The phospholipids they contain have hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of their molecules. C. They contain organic solvents. D. A and B E. All of the above

D. A and B

The starch that is found in plants is used as an energy source during germination. Which of the following correctly describes the "starch" that is found in humans? A. It is found primarily in the liver and muscles. B. It is used as an energy source during fight or flight response. C. It is a polysaccharide of fructose galactose, and glucose molecules. D. A and B E. All of the above,

D. A and B

When I was in graduate school in the 1980s I was taught that it would be impossible to get too little fat in the diet. Then came along the 1990s Snackwells cookies, and the obsession with all things "fat-free." Doctors started seeing people who were in fact not getting enough of the nutrient in their diets. Which of the following could be the result of such a diet? A. A fat-soluble vitamin deficiency B. An essential fatty acid deficiency C. A cholesterol deficiency D. A and B E. All of the above,

D. A and B

Which of the following statements concerning agave syrup is/are correct? A. It has a lower glycemic index than sugar. B. It can have more fructose in it than high fructose corn syrup. C. It is definitely better for you than sugar. D. A and B E. All of the above

D. A and B

In surfing the web you come across an ad for a dietary supplement that says "In a clinical trial, those taking the patented proprietary Product X lost 25% more weight than the control group!" Which of the following is/are correct about this claim? A. There might actually not have been a study at all - the claim could simply have been made up since the manufacturer knows that even if the FTC ever caught up with them the money they had already made would more than cover any fines they might have to pay. B. The study had to have been done or the product could never have been issued patents. C. "Proprietary" means that the manufacturer doesn't have to disclose the specific ingredients. D. A and C E. B and C,

D. A and C

The original DRIs did not have recommendations for carbohydrates and fat because: A. Concerns regarding these nutrients did not develop until heart disease became the most common cause of death. B. There was not enough known about them at the time to establish a recommendation. C. When the DRIs were being developed the primary dietary concerns centered on micronutrient deficiency diseases. D. A and C E. All of the above

D. A and C

Which of the following parts of the wheat kernel is/are correctly matched with its nutrient content? A. What gets ground into refined white flour: Protein and carbohydrates B. What become the new plant: Vitamins minerals, fat C. What protects the seed prior to germination: Fiber, vitamins, minerals D. All are correctly matched,

D. All are correctly matched

May not be collecting data during the critical period for disease development A. Animal study B. Clinical trial C. Epidemiological study D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Need to consider whether the subjects used in the study have relevance to you. A. Animal study B. Clinical trial C. Epidemiological study D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the MyPlate graphic? A. It encourages increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. B. As compared to the predecessor MyPyramid, it is grounded in "reality" -- a plate -- rather than an abstract image. C. It encourages people to sit down to a meal. D. All of the above are characteristics,

D. All of the above are characteristics

An article on a medical website says "Sadly, so much of what's in today's complex food is nearly indigestible...And the more refined and processed a food is, the lower your gut's capacity to retrieve what's there and distribute it to your body." Assuming this statement is correct, which of the following would be predicted as a problem for most Americans? A. Assuming this statement s correct, it predicts that constipation is a common problem. B. Assuming this statement s correct, it predicts that obesity is a common problem. C. Assuming this statement s correct, it predicts that A and B are problems. D. Assuming this statement s correct, it predicts that neither A and B should be problems.,

D. Assuming this statement s correct, it predicts that neither A and B should be problems.

Bias in the reporting or recording of dietary intake can include the following: A. Forgetting to write down an apple that was eaten as a snack. B. Deciding not to write down the candy bar that was eaten as a snack. C. Deciding to eat an apple as a snack instead of the candy bar that is usually eaten for a snack. D. B and C E. All of the above

D. B and C

If Michael is getting more protein than he needs then: A. The excess protein will be stored in protein storage depots in the liver. B. The excess protein will be converted to fat. C. The nitrogen component will be converted into urea in the liver. D. B and C,

D. B and C

In a section of a book on phytonutrients the author says, "If these substances had been discovered back in the 1920s along with nutrients like Vitamin C, we'd be calling them vitamins today." Which of the following statements concerning that quote is/are CORRECT? A. The author is correct -- given what we now know about their functions in the body we would have been calling phytonutrients "vitamins" today had they been discovered early on. B. The phytonutrients likely weren't discovered earlier on because their absence in the diet does not result in a specific set of symptoms unique to each compound. C. The phytonutrients likely weren't discovered earlier on because their absence in the diet appears to affect the risk for diseases that were not that prevalent in the 1920s. D. B and C E. All of the above,

D. B and C

The DRI for total fat is 20-35% of total calories. Which of the following correctly describes why that range was chosen? A. 20% is all that's really needed but 35% represents a level that Americans can meet without drastic changes in their diets. B. Although 20% is higher than is really needed it represents a level that Americans can meet without drastic changes in their diets. C. 35% represents an upper limit that is still associated with a reduction in CVD risk. D. B and C,

D. B and C

Which of the following statements concerning dietary cholesterol is/are correct? A. Some foods like shrimp, contain only the so-called good cholesterol while other foods, like eggs and beef contain bad cholesterol, which is why it is better to eat fish and shellfish instead of eggs or red meat if you want to reduce CVD risk. B. Recent research suggests that high levels of dietary cholesterol are not as bad for the majority of Americans as was previously thought, making eggs a food that most people can eat frequently without worry. C. Beta-sitosterol, which is sold as a dietary supplement, can interfere with cholesterol absorption from the diet, helping to reduce serum cholesterol levels in the body. D. B and C E. All of the above,

D. B and C

Diet low in refined carbohydrates A. Can reduce blood clotting B. Can reduce cholesterol absorption C. Can prevent the oxidation of LDL D. Can reduce serum triglyceride levels

D. Can reduce serum triglyceride levels

Provides some rigidity to cell membranes A. Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids B. Phospholipids C. Triglycerides D. Cholesterol E. None of the above

D. Cholesterol

Used to make Vitmain D A. Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids B. Phospholipids C. Triglycerides D. Cholesterol E. None of the above

D. Cholesterol

Carries dietary lipids into the body A. LDL B. HDL C. VLDL D. Chylomicron

D. Chylomicron

Decreased liver function A. Weight loss B. Fatty diarrhea C. Protein deficiency D. Drug toxicity

D. Drug toxicity

Is what we mean by "blood sugar" A. Sucrose B. Fructose C. Lactose D. Glucose E. None of the above

D. Glucose

Maddie has consumed almost no Vitamin C for her entire life yet she is 7 years old and very healthy. Hillary died of scurvy at the age of 7 after 3 months of consuming almost no Vitamin C. Which of the following is an explanation for this? A. Maddie's needs are just a lot less than other people's needs. B. Hillary's needs are just a lot more than other people's needs. C. A and B D. Hillary is a human and Maddie is a dog

D. Hillary is a human and Maddie is a dog

Only small amounts of food are necessary to get adequate amounts of these in the diet. A. Macronutrients B. Micronutrients C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B

D. Neither A nor B

Raising LDL and no effect on HDL A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids B. Monounsaturated fatty acids C. Trans fatty acids D. Saturated fatty acids

D. Saturated fatty acids

Imagine that the Mars Curiosity rover finds triglycerides on the red planet that are exactly like those on Earth. Which of the following would not be a characteristic of the Martian compounds? A. They all have a glycerol backbone. B. The fatty acids can be from 4-22 carbons long. C. The fatty acids can have 0-6 double bonds. D. They can have 0-3 fatty acids. E. All of the above are characteristics

D. They can have 0-3 fatty acids.

Under normal circumstances the majority of dietary protein is used: A. To provide glucose to fuel the brain and central nervous system B. To build new lean tissue C. To provide energy directly to working muscles D. To maintain existing lean tissues,

D. To maintain existing lean tissues

When the quote above refers to "retrieving what's there" in your food and "distribut[ing] it to your body " the author is talking about the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Which of the following nutrients are NOT chemically broken down by digestive enzymes before they are absorbed? A. Carbohydrates B. Protein C. Fats D. Vitamins E. All of the above are chemically broken down,

D. Vitamins

Which of the following is NOT secreted by adipose tissue? A. leptin B. adipsin C. visfatin D. ghrelin

D. ghrelin (SI)

Deficiency in the intake of essential polyunsaturated fatty acid can lead to all of the following symptoms, EXCEPT: A. Dermatitis. B. Decreased visual acuity. C. Impaired growth. D. Ketoacidosis. E. Peripheral Neuropathy.

D. ketoacidosis

Which organ extracts nutrients, toxins, and bile pre-cursors from the blood? A. Stomach B. Pancreas C. Small Intestines D. Liver

D. liver

Folate deficiency happens because of its role in ______ ______ and both ____ and _____ cells are affected.

DNA synthesis, red and white blood cells

Which one of the following statements is not correct about dietary reference intakes (DRI)?

DRI aims to formulate each individuals diet

List examples of good dietary sources and explain why some sources look better on "paper" than they really are.

Dairy products and can fish, greens, hard water. They have high levels of oxalate in which decreases can be absorbed.

Which of the following is a symptom of Niacin deficiency

Dark, scaly skin rash

Which of the following is a symptom of Niacin deficiency: - Muscle wasting - Dark, scaly skin rash - Reproductive disorders - Poor growth of hair and nails

Dark, scaly skin rash

Vitamin B1 known as Thiamin is responsible for which enzyme and corresponding pathway?

Decarboxylase and the decarboxylation reaction

Some nutrients in which certain members of the population cannot synthesize adequate quantities within their own bodies can be classified as conditionally essential. Strong evidence exists supporting the conditional essentiality of Boron and Chromium. Daniel Rudman, who postulated the idea of conditional essentiality, listed these requirements for the nutrient in the event that a nutrient was withheld from the diet.

Decline in plasma level of the nutrient into the subnormal range Appearance of chemical, structural, or functional abnormalities Correction of both these by a dietary supplement of the nutrient

Abby and Brian return to you after 3 months. They have not yet conceived. However, Abby reports that she usually weighs 135 pounds (this is her usual body weight), and since she started working on her PhD in graduate school, she lost 20 pounds (her current weight is 115) because she never has time to eat healthy meals and she feels stressed living on only her husband's salary while she is also paying tuition. Brian reports a weight gain due to the stress and frequent eating of fast food. How did Abby's weight loss most likely impact her hormone levels?

Decrease in FSH, Decrease in LH, Decrease in Estrogen

Untreated celiac disease - males

Delayed sexual maturation

The channels in the sodium potassium pump open in response to _______ in transmembrane voltage

Depolarization

Identify potential risks associated with trying a weight loss program that produces only short term results.

Depression, failure, denial, can start an eating disorder, regain more weight then started with

Explain the roles that calcium plays in the prevention of osteoporosis and why the calcium DRI changes with age.

Dietary calcium can maximize bone density in early ages, when you get older you can lose calcium faster; The DRI changes because the needs will change

Identify the ways in which the body uses energy (energy out), what proportion of total energy each uses, factors that affect each type, where appropriate, and implication that each has on weight loss and maintenance of lost weight.

Digestion/absorption - 6-10% Phyiscal Activity - 20-30% Basal Metabolic Rate - 60-70% Implicate weight loss -Caloric restriction - Body weight - LBM - Gentics

Which of the following is/are the role(s) of the syncytiotrophoblast?

Directs maternal metabolism and fetal growth and development, Serves as the outer covering of the placenta, Provides increased surface area for nutrient exchange between mother and baby, Secretes progesterone, hCG, and HPL

List the limitations associated with using the BMI to assess the body weight of any one individual.

Does not consider body composition Fat vs. Lean Does not consider location of excess weight Waist vs. hips Cut-offs does not account for differences that are known to exist by age and ethnicity The DRI is used a tool for defining obesity but does not define how much someone should lose

High cholesterol

Down-regulation of hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A

Beri-Beri

Due to Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. Dry - polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting. Wet - high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy), edema.

Type 2 diabetes

Due to body's inability to use insulin normally, or produce enough insulin

Phytic acid is only found in plant deprived foods. Why might a vegetarian be at risk for calcium deficiency

Due to their diet, vegetarians would take in more phytic acid and less protein than non-vegetarians. (phytic acid binds calcium)

Phytic acid is only found in plant-derived foods. Why might a vegetarian be at risk for calcium deficiency?

Due to their diet, vegetarians would typically take in more phytic acid and possibly less protein than non-vegetarians

Which part of the digestive system is known for its large cell membrane surface area which aids in absorption via active transport and facilitated diffusion of nutrients into the cells?

Duodoneum NOT: stomach transverse colon ascending colon

State under what circumstances there is a need for electrolyte supplements during or after exercise and explain why.

During: Longer than 4 hours and in hot climate After: need to restore fluid volumes

Which of the following are functions of proteins? A) transportation B) signaling C) structural D) catalytic E) all of the above

E

Which one of these is NOT used to create glucose? A) pyruvate B) lactate C) glycerol D) amino acids E) All of these can be used

E

Which vitamin is fat soluble and aids in cataract, stroke, and diabetes prevention

E

If you eat a lot of beets you might experience "beeturia" -- reddish urine -- as well as reddish stool (for which there is apparently no medical term...). Which of the following statements concerning this effect is/are correct? A. When the beet pigments show up in your urine they represent those that were absorbed but not metabolized. B. When the beet pigments show up in your stool they represent those that were absorbed but not metabolized. C. When the beet pigments show up in your stool they represent those that were not absorbed. D. A and B E. A and C

E. A and C

Eduardo is doing a science fair project that examines the effects of canning on the nutrient content of food. He buys fresh tomatoes an canned tomatoes and then analyzes their vitamin C content. Which of the following should he consider before attempting to interpret his findings? A. The tomatoes were likely grown under different conditions which can affect nutrient content. Therefore, he is not looking at the effects of processing only. B. The tomatoes were likely different cultivars, which can affect nutrient content. Therefore, he is not looking at the effects of processing only. C. Lower levels of vitamin C in canned tomatoes may not be meaningful on a practical basis if tomatoes are already an excellent source. D. A and B E. All of the above,

E. All of the above

Food Processing: Likely to be lost A. Vitamins B. Minerals C. Fiber D. A and B E. All of the above

E. All of the above

In theory if you follow the MyPlate food group guidelines you will be consuming adequate amounts of: A. Protein B. Fiber C. Vitamins D. Minerals E. All of the above,

E. All of the above

Mabel has found a lot of articles on the web lately related to rainforest destruction due to palm oil production. "It's the most widely produced vegetable oil in the world" says her friend Rita. "It's being used a lot in place of hydrogenated oils." Why? A. Because it is naturally solid at room temperature B. Because it contains no trans fatty acids C. Because it is naturally high in saturated fatty acids D. A and B E. All of the above,

E. All of the above

The wait was really long at the Starbucks drive-thru this morning. As I was sitting in my car staring at the pictures on the menu board, which of the following might have happened as a result? A. Release of saliva in my mouth B. Release of digestive fluids in my stomach C. Muscular contractions in my stomach D. A and B E. All of the above,

E. All of the above

Which of the following artificial sweeteners is/are correctly matched with the description? A. Saccharine: FDA tried to ban it when it was thought to cause cancer but the public prevented the FDA from acting. B. Nutrasweet/Aspartame: Cannot be heated to high temperatures C. Splenda/Sucralose: A molecule of sugar with chloride atoms attached. D. B and C E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following is/are correct? A. The glycemic index of whole wheat bread is higher than that of table sugar. B. The glycemic index of whole wheat bread is the same as white bread. C. The glycemic index of a food can vary depending on whether it's eaten hot or cold. D. B and C E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following statements concerning the product to the right is/are CORRECT based on the criteria presented in class for evaluating a label? A. Its levels of micronutrients are undesirably low. B. Its levels of saturated fat is close to being undesirably high. C. Its level of sodium is definitely undesirably high. D. A and C E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Whys isn't the relationship between calcium intake and osteoporosis an example of a nutrient and its deficiency disease? A. Because there are many causes of osteoporosis besides just calcium intake. B. Because there is not guarantee that a deficient intake of calcium will cause osteoporosis. C. Because once osteoporosis develops providing calcium does not cure it. D. B and C E. All of the above,

E. All of the above

Which of the following is a limitation of the MyPlate graphic? A. There are no messages regarding the specific types of foods that should be eaten within each group. B. It confuses a nutrient with a food group. C. It implies that every meal should have every group. D. A and C E. All of the above are limitations.

E. All of the above are limitations.

Millie feels a cold coming on so she reaches for her bottle of Vitamin C pills and takes 4g of it. Her friend Amanda points out that the DRI for women is 75mg and the UL is 2000mg. "I know I'm taking a lot " Millie says, "but since it's natural it's a whole lot safer than any of those drugs that you take." Which of the following responses should Amanda make? A. "You're right. It can't hurt to at least give it a try. The worst that happens is that you flush it all down the toilet in your pee." B. "Actually, your intake is above the UL, meaning that it's very likely to have toxic effects." C. "Your intake is above the UL so there's no guarantee that it won't have any harmful effects." D. "Your intake is well above what you could be getting from food alone. So any effects you may get from it are, in essence, drug, not natural effects." E. C and D,

E. C and D

Because it can show cause and effect it should be considered the "final word" regarding a diet-disease relationship. A. Animal study B. Clinical trial C. Epidemiological study D. All of the above E. None of the above

E. None of the above

Which of the following will significantly improve the nutrient content of your cookies if used in place of sugar? A. Honey B. Brown sugar C. Organic cane juice crystals D. All of the above E. None of the above

E. None of the above

Alexa decides on the 100% whole wheat bread and is eating it at home. Which of the following is a potential health benefit of her having bought this product? A. It can help to lower her serum cholesterol levels. B. It can delay stomach emptying making her feel fuller longer. C. It can delay stomach emptying, helping her to control her blood glucose level. D. A, B, and C are all potential health benefits of eating whole wheat. E. None of the above is a potential health benefit,

E. None of the above is a potential health benefit

The DRI Guideline that meets the nutrient intake needs of half the healthy individuals is?

EAR

The DRI guide line that meets the nutrient intake needs of half the population is the:

EAR

The DRI guideline that meets intake needs of half the healthy individuals?

EAR

Which dietary recommendation was created to meet the nutrient level of intake of half the healthy individuals in a given population?

EAR

The five DRI reference values

EAR, RDA, AI, UL, AMDR

Provides individual and group education and training on food and nutrition, and getting the most for your food dollar. Many programs also offer a special series for pregnant teenagers.

EFNEP

Was Taylor LBW, VLBW, or ELBW at birth?

ELBW

Our body mainly uses what molecule to make anti-inflammatory PGE-3 and LTB-5 molecules?

EPA

Our body mainly uses what molecule to make anti-inflammatory PGE3 and LTB5 molecules?

EPA

What omega-3 fatty acid is associate with antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory actions

EPA

Which omega-3 fatty acid is associated with antithrombotic (reduces formation of blood clots) and anti-inflammatory actions?

EPA

Elizabeth is a 36-year old who entered pregnancy with a BMI of 23.5. She began receiving prenatal care at 32 weeks gestation and was screened for gestational diabetes the next day. Results of her oral glucose tolerance test revealed the following blood glucose levels: Fasting: 90 mg/dL 1-hour: 195 mg/dL 2-hour: 163 mg/dL 3-hour: 135 mg/dL Elizabeth's health care provider advised her to consume a no-sugar, low-carbohydrate diet and to keep her weight gain low throughout the rest of pregnancy. She delivered a large infant (4750 grams) at 39 weeks gestation. Based on the diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes, how do you know Elizabeth tested positive?

Elizabeth's 1-hour blood glucose level was elevated, Elizabeth's 2-hour blood glucose level was elevated

Why did the USDA develop a food pyramid?

Emphasis on the need for a more individualized approach to improving diet and lifestyle

Describe what the goal is regarding precompetition eating and identify an appropriate meal with respect to composition and timing.

Empty GI tract during exercise; Mixed solid meal - low fat/high carb 2-3 ours before (empty out stomach sooner) Liquid meal - 1 hour before (will move GI tract faster)

What is the most frequent cause of infertility?

Endocrine abnormalities

Which cells are GLUT 4 transporters NOT insulin responsive in a. myocytes b. heart cells c. enterocytes d. adipocytes

Enterocytes

Which cells are GLUT 4 transporters not insulin responsive in

Enterocytes

An element is _____ if without adequate intake there are characteristic signs of a deficiency disease

Essential

An element is _____ if without adequate intake there are signs of a deficiency disease

Essential

__________ is a reference value with DRI's that is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

Estimated Average Requirement

The ________ is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

Estimated average requirement NOT: recommended dietary allowance adequate intake recommended nutrient intake

Which of the following hormones supplies oxygen and nutrition to the fetus and prepares the breasts for lactation?

Estrogen

One important change to the Food and Drug Administration's definition of dietary fiber taking effect in 2018-2019 is

FDA defines or approves the chemical structures that can be included on the nutrition facts label as functional fiber

A high intake of water soluble vitamins can become toxic

False

If a mother enters into pregnancy with iron deficiency anemia, supplementing with iron during pregnancy will protect against preterm birth and low birth weight.

False

Moderate exercise may decrease milk production

False

T/F: An essential amino acid is defined as one that represents at least 15% of any given dietary protein by weight.

False

T/F: Because Americans' access to food has expanded dramatically in recent years concern about marginal levels of intake of most of the micronutrients has disappeared, now the primary public health concern is that we are getting too much of them

False

T/F: Consumer research shows that most people can read and understand the math that is found in the Nutrition Facts panel.

False

T/F: Proteins required an acidic environment to facilitate digestion while carbohydrates cannot be digested in such conditions. Therefore to truly maximize the digestive process it is best to not eat concentrated proteins and carbohydrates at the same time.

False

T/F: Research has clearly shown that hyperactivity in children is directly related to sugar consumption.

False

T/F: Research has shown that over the long term, low carbohydrate diets are more effective than traditional low fat diets at promoting weight loss and maintenance of lost weight.,

False

T/F: The DRIs for the vitamins minerals, protein, and fiber represent the average need within each age and sex group. In other words, if your intake equals the DRI there is a 50% probability that your true need is being met

False

T/F: The basic principle of complementation is to combine one plant product that is really high in total protein with one that is really low in total protein so that the protein content of the low one is offset by the high one.

False

T/F: The field of nutrition science has progressed dramatically in recent years that we now can determine with a large degree of certainty the precise relationships between nutrient intake and chronic disease risk, similar to our earlier ability to determine the relationships between nutrient intake and deficiency disease, as reflected in the size and number of books associated with the DRIs.,

False

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that women with 2 or more risk factors for gestational diabetes should be screened between 24 and 28 weeks gestation.

False

True or False: A high intake of water-soluble vitamins can become toxic

False

True or False: Since B-complex vitamins are water soluble, we do not need to worry about how much of these we consume

False

True or False: There is a UL established for protein

False

True or False; Alpha-Linolenic acid and Linoleic acid can be synthesized in the human body from other nutrients if there are insufficient amounts available in the diet.

False

Amino Acid Catabolism can be used to produce energy, glucose, ketone bodies, cholesterol, and ___________

Fatty Acids

Which of the following is not a function of fat soluble vitamins: - bone growth and development - Vision - Fatty acid synthesis - Blood clotting

Fatty acid synthesis

Amino acid catabolism can be used to produce energy,, glucose, ketone bodies, cholesertol, and ______

Fatty acids

Choose the top three components of maternal weight gain during pregnancy

Fetus, Maternal fat stores, Extracellular fluid

List 4 factors that may put a nursing mother at nutritional risk.

First, a mother who does not have a high level of food security may be at risk. Because of her lack of access to healthy, abundant, quality food, she may not be getting the nutrients (and energy) that she and her baby need. Second, another risk factor putting a nursing mother at nutritional risk would be an eating disorder. Although most eating disorder sufferers are okay during pregnancy, many return to their dieting and other rituals post partum. If the mother is engaging in extreme dieting and weight loss during the nursing period, she is likely not getting enough calories to support her and her baby (via breastfeeding). Third, post partum depression is another risk factor for putting nursing mothers at risk. If the mother is struggling to get out of bed or leave the house, she may be less inclined to prepare healthy meals for herself or even to take care of herself as a whole. Lastly, a fourth risk factor that puts nursing mothers at risk is drugs, alcohol, and tobacco abuse. Not only is this extremely harmful behavior for anyone, but it is especially harmful for the nursing mom.

Describe two situations where breastfeeding beyond 1 year can have a significant impact on the child's health.

First, infants at risk for malnutrition, such as those at risk for developing kwashiorkor, can be greatly impacted by breastfeeding beyond one year. By continued breastfeeding, the baby gets continued sources of protein, which prevents protein malnutrition. Protein is stable through the second year. Second, babies who are picky eaters may not be getting optimal nutrition if not breastfed. If they are breastfed, the breastmilk is providing additional calories, macronutrients, and all sorts of protective elements that the baby needs.

Summarize the 12 steps in preparing a bottle of formula for a baby.

First, one must have a clean surface area on which to prepare the bottle. This prevents possible contamination or germs getting into the formula bottle and thus ingested by the infant. Second, the person who is preparing the bottle should wash their hands. Next, the water ought to be boiled. Fourth, the amount of formula to water should be understood (via the packaging). Fifth, the water should be poured into the bottle preventing scalding. Next, formula should be added. After the formula and water are in the bottle, shake it to mix. Eighth, run the bottle under cool water to cool the bottle down. Next, one must dry the outside of the bottle. Then, one should check the temperature of the formula by squirting a little on one's arm. Once the temperature has appropriately cooled down, the infant should be fed (ideally via paced bottle feeding method). Lastly, any formula not eaten within two hours should be thrown away.

Name at least three physiological mechanisms that contribute to nutritional challenges in preterm infants.

First, preterm infants often get tired during feedings when compared to term infant feeding. They have to expend much more energy during feedings than term infants, and so they are more tired. This can lead to difficulty getting them to eat enough and ultimately them getting enough nutrients. Second, they cannot tolerate a lot of volume in feedings. This makes it difficult to feed them an adequate amount so they are getting enough nutrition (hence, why fortification is often necessary). Third, the CNS (central nervous system) does not signal hunger like it does in term infants. Because the baby cannot regulate it's own hunger, a schedule has to be put in place to ensure that its nutritional needs are being met. Fourth, they have unstable feeding positions (such as their heads being too forward), which can make feeding difficult.

List 3 ways to support Taylor's mother with breastfeeding.

First, setting Taylor's mother up with appointments/consultations with lactation consultants, nurses, and pediatricians who can help keep her on track or help her with any breastfeeding issues is one way she can be supported in her decision to breastfeed. Secondly, she should be able to keep the breast pump (ideally hospital grade) until the infant is term and then for another 4-8 weeks. Lastly, getting Taylor's mom involved in peer support groups for other women who are pregnant/nursing is important. For example, this involvement can be done at WIC clinics. Lastly, giving Taylor's mom the proper evidence-based information about breastfeeding is important. For example, showing her data on how breastfeeding promotes optimal growth and development of of her infant is key.

Most vitamin D is synthesized in the human body as a result of direct exposure to sunlight; however, for some individuals sunlight is not a viable source of vitamin D. Which of the following food sources is the greatest source of dietary vitamin D?

Fish oil

Spina bifida is associated with which vitamin?

Folate

____ is the compound that is necessary to avoid neural tube defects in developing infants.

Folate

_____ is the compound that is necessary to avoid neural tube defects in developing infants

Folate

A _____ deficiency can lead to ta type of anemia which halts normal RBC division resulting in non-functioning and abnormally large RBC's called ______ a. b12, macrocytes b.folate, megaloblasts c. niacin, leukocytes d. biotin, meglablasts e. b12, macrophages f. folate, macrocytes

Folate Megaloblasts

Birth defects, such as fetal malformation and spontaneous aborting has been linked to too little _________ and too much __________?

Folate; Vitamin A

A ________ deficiency can lead to a type of anemia which halts normal RBC division resulting in non-functioning and abnormally large RBC's called ___________.

Folate; megaloblast

Essential for DNA synthesis and critical during the fetal growth and development

Folic acid

Which two hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland during the FOLLICULAR phase of the menstrual cycle?

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

Clomid is a drug used to treat infertility in women. It works by stimulating an increase in the amount of hormones that support the growth and release of a mature egg. Which hormones stimulate ovulation?

Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone

Diarrhea

Food borne illness, supplements, or a change in diet

What is the purpose of recommending daily servings of food groups in the Food Pyramid or Choose My Plate instead of listing the required nutrients?

Food groups provide a simple way to get all nutrients in a balanced diet.

External behaviors that factor eating behaviors

Foods is everywhere Social Emotions Celebrations

Is Taylor able to consume > 180 ml/kg/day? How do you know?

For Taylor's weight of 2.1 kg, he would need to consume 378 mL/day in order to consume greater than 180 ml/kg/day (180 mL x 2.1 kg). Given his feedings of 2-3 ounces per feeding and feeding 4-5 times per day (and that one ounce is roughly 30 mL), this gives a range of 240 mL-450 mL per day. Assuming Taylor is usually feeding on the upper range of this spectrum, he is likely able to consume > 180 ml/kg/day.

Create a meal plan for one day that would be considered a healthy diet for a nursing mother. Begin your answer by including the approximate amount of calories she needs to consume EXTRA per day because she is nursing. Note: you do not need to do any kind of nutritional analysis for this question. And please break up your answer by: breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks.

For a nursing mother, she needs approximately 2700 calories per day (a range of 1800 to 2700). This is because nursing (milk production) requires an extra 670 calories per day (500 calories per day from intake and 170 calories from fat stores). In general, her nutritional demands (in addition to excess calories) are increased protein and carbohydrate demands, as well as increase demands for some minerals. First, I would suggest she take a multivitamin. For breakfast, I would suggest a bowl of oatmeal (made with milk), topped with banana and peanut butter. To drink, I would suggest a glass of OJ. This would provide roughly 500 calories. Perhaps for a mid morning snack she could reach for a greek yogurt or a cheese stick and a piece of fruit (120-150 calories). For lunch, a big salad topped with chicken, avocado, black beans, corn, greek yogurt dressing, and lots of veggies could allot her another 500 calories. As an afternoon snack, a piece of whole wheat bread with peanut butter, and a glass of milk may tide her over until dinner (300 calories). For dinner, a bowl of whole wheat pasta, meatballs, spaghetti sauce, and a side salad would provide her with fiber, carbohydrates, protein, and some fat from an oil-based Italian dressing. Dinner would be roughly 600-700 calories. Post dinner, her calorie intake is at 2100-2200. Ideally, one would want this nursing mother to meet the 2700 calorie mark. Thus, an evening snack high in mono or polyunsatured fats, which are calorie dense, would be a great way to help her meet her needs. A couple handfuls of walnuts, a piece of fruit, and a glass of milk (or another fruit choice) could add another 500 calories, brining her total to roughly 2600-2700 calories. This meal plan accounts for the increased energy expenditure required by nursing (an extra 670 calories per day), and it includes all of the macronutrients a woman needs (higher carbohydrate intake, more protein, and healthy fats). It is includes vitamins and minerals from whole wheat breads, fruits and vegetables, and a multivitamin. Ideally, carbohydrates would be 45-65%, protein 10-35%, and fat 20-35%. By providing a diet rich in macronutrients and micronutrients, as well as energy, this daily meal plan should be sufficient to meet the demands placed upon a nursing mother.

How does human milk serve as a mechanism to involve Taylor's mother in NICU care?

For mothers in the NICU, it is very difficult to watch their baby be taken care of by doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals around the clock. It is easy for mothers to become detached or feel helpless. Human milk serves as a mechanism to involve Taylor's mother in his care by allowing his mother to feel like she is doing her part, helping her to feel less "helpless." More so, it involves her in his care, showing her that she is a major reason why he would be improving (her feeling like "I did that! I am helping him grow!"). More so, the skin to skin contact that human feeding allows can help with development. Overall, involving Taylor's mom in his care via human milk allows her to feel included in his care and treatment, to feel less helpless, and to provide a means to foster his growth and development.

The primary role of Vitamin C is a. bone growth b. mineral absorbtion c. synthesis of red blood cells d. formation of collagen

Formation of collagen

Obesity

Formula feeding leads to a greater insulin response than does breastfeeding, which may increase adipocytes

What enzyme is responsible for making fructose-6-phosphate for gluconeogenesis?

Fructose- 1,6,- bisphosphatase

The term created by committees of the IOM to describe isolated, non-digestible carbohydrates which have beneficial physiological effects on humans and can be added back into other foods is _____?

Functional fiber NOT: Crude fiber dietary fiber acid-detergent fiber

Glucagon binds to ___________ on hepatocytes

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Both glucagon and epinephrine have signal receptors on what protein?

G3P

Both glucagon and epinephrine have signal receptors on what proteins?

G3P

When fructose enters the glycolytic pathway in the liver, it bypasses regulation by the rate limiting step glycolytic enzyme _______________.

G3P dehydrogenase

When fructose enters the glycolytic pathway in the liver, it bypasses regulation by the rate limiting step of glycolytic enzyme

G3P dehydrogenase

What hormone interacts with and helps regulate the ileal brake phenomenon?

GLP-1

What hormone interacts with and helps regulate the illeal brake phenomenon

GLP-1

What hormone interacts with and helps regulate the illeal brake phenomenon? a) Leptin b) GLP-1 c) CCK d) Ghrelin

GLP-1

What hormone interacts with and helps regulate the illeal brake phenomenon? Leptin GLP-1 CCK Ghrelin

GLP-1 slows gastric emptying

Glucose Transporter ______________ is insulin responsive in skeletal, muscle, heart and adipose tissue.

GLUT 4

Fructose uses ___ to enter the blood stream

GLUT 5

Fructose uses _____ to enter the blood stream A. SGLT 1 B. GLUT 5 C. GLUT D. GLUT 2

GLUT 5

Of the GLUT transporters, which is insulin-dependent?

GLUT-4

Fructose uses ______ to enter the blood stream

GLUT-5

The family of transporters that moves glucose into cells is known as _______ transporters and they exchange glucose through _____________

GLUT; facilitated transport

Modifiable factors of gestational diabetes include all of the following EXCEPT:

Genetics

Explain why it is so difficult to lose weight and keep it off.

Genitics sex deferences FOOD IS LIFE Environmental influences Adaption to Starvation Do not like to exercise

The body only has one orexigenic hormone that is released from the gut to increase food intake

Ghrelin

The body only has one orexigenic hormone that is released from the gut to increase food intake. What is it?

Ghrelin

Which compound is the hormone most responsible for causing feelings of hunger?

Ghrelin

Which hormones will increase when you are in a fasted state?

Ghrelin

Which hormones will increase when you are in a fasted state? A: insulin B: ghrelin C: glucagon D: CCK

Ghrelin

Which of the following hormones are not elevated in a fed state

Ghrelin

Which of the following hormones are not elevated in a fed state a) Insulin b) Gastrin c) CCK d) Ghrelin

Ghrelin

Which of the following is not secreted by adipose tissue

Ghrelin

Which of the following is not secreted by adipose tissue: - Leptin - Adipsin - Visfatin - Ghrelin

Ghrelin

Which of the following peptides acts to induce hunger?

Ghrelin

Describe a peptide that increases during a fasting state as well as a peptide that increases during a fed state.

Ghrelin- increases during a fasting state leading to an increase in appetite Leptin- increases during a fed state

The body only has one orexigenic hormone that is released from the gut to increase food intake. What is it?

Ghrelin- released by stomach

In the fasted state, which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to increase the availability of glucose in the bloodstream?

Glucagon

Conversion of amino acid to glucose is accelerated by high ___

Glucagon: insulin ratios and glucocorticoids

Conversion of amino acid to glucose is accelerated by high

Glucagon:insuling ratios and glucocorticoids

Which group of steroid hormones are released when blood glucose levels are low to encourage glycogenolysis

Glucocorticoid: Cortisol

Which group of steroid hormones are released when blood glucose levels are low to encourage glycogenesis

Glucocorticoid: cortisol

A hormone that is antagonistic to osteoblast is A. Glucocorticoids B. Androgen C.Estrogen D.Progesterone

Glucocorticoids

Preferred source of energy for the maintenance of maternal and fetal brain function

Glucose

Urea contains nitrogen (N), thus the more protein one eats the more nitrogen he or she is able to excrete in the form of urea through urination. This concept can also be applied to _________? Glucose excretion Calcium excretion Hydrochloric Acid excretion Sodium excretion

Glucose

__________ crosses the placenta and stimulates the fetus' pancreas to produce insulin.

Glucose

Glycogen synthase, the rate limiting enzyme in glycogenesis, is inhibited by all of the following except

Glucose 6 phosphate

The more protein one eats the more nitrogen he or she is able to excrete in the form of urea through urination. This concept can also be applied to

Glucose excretion?

Glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen into _____ and a shortened glycogen polymer

Glucose-1-phosphate

Glycogen synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenesis, is inhibited by all of the following except ____________.

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Which enzyme is involved in the production of glucose (gluconeogenesis)?

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Glycogen synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenesis, is inhibited by all of the following except ______ a. glycogen b. cAMP c. epinephrine d. glucose-6-phosphate

Glucose-6-phosphate

Celiac sprue is related to an intolerance of what substance? Glucose Wheat Gluten Starches

Gluten

Celiac sprue is related to an intolerance of what substance? A. Glucose B. Wheat C. Gluten D. Starches

Gluten

Celiac sprue is related to an intolerance to what substance

Gluten

When fructose enters the glycolytic pathway in the liver, it bypasses regulation by the rate limiting step glycolytic enzyme ______ a. enolase b. phosphofructokinase-1 c. glyceraldhyde-3-p dehydrogenase d. pyruvate kinase

Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

When fructose enters the glycolytic pathway in the liver, it bypasses regulation by the rate limiting step glycolytic enzyme _________

Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

When fructose enters the glycolytic pathway in the liver, it bypasses regulation by the rate limiting step glycolytic enzyme _______________.

Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

All of the following are products of the beta-oxidation process except: - NADH - FADH2 - Acetyl CoA - Glycerol

Glycerol

All of the following are products of the β-oxidation process except? o NADH o FADH2 o Acteyl CoA o Glycerol

Glycerol

Hypertension

Goes off systolic pressure 140 mmHg (during contractions), diastolic pressure 90mmHg (between contractions)

Iodide deficiency results in insufficient production of thyroxine. TSH is constantly released by the pituitary gland causing the thyroid gland to become enlarged, which is relatively painless but can cause pressure on the trachea that can lead to difficulty breathing. This condition is known as a _____________.

Goiter

Iodine deficiency results in insufficient production of thyroxine. TSH is constantly released by the pituitary gland causing the thyroid gland to become enlarged, which is relatively painless but can cause pressure on the trachea that can lead to difficulty breathing. This condition is known as a _____________.

Goiter

Iodine deficiency results in insufficient production of thyroxine. TSH is constantly released by the pituitary gland causing the thyroid gland to become enlarged. This condition is known as a

Goiter

Protein involved with taste

Gustin

The salivary metalloprotein containing zinc is called

Gustin

What protein helps with taste acuity

Gustin

___________ is a key protein (that contains zinc) in taste acuity

Gustin

Fatty plaque formation cause by the inflammation of lipids can be reversed by which of the following types of lipoproteins

HDL

Fatty plaque formation cause by the inflammation of lipids can be reversed by which of the following types of lipoproteins a. LDL b. HDL ciDL D. VLDL

HDL

Which form of lipoprotein transports excess cholesterol to the liver for disposal

HDL

Which form of lipoprotein transports excess cholesterol to the liver for disposal?

HDL

Rate limiting enzyme in biosynthesis of cholesterol

HMG CoA reductase

Which enzyme converts HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid?

HMG-CoA reductase

Explain why we have a taste for salt and why it was difficult for our ancestors to get enough

Have a great taste for salt because it was hard to get enough sodium for our ancesters. Naturally occurring levels are very low in plants.

An example of an official implementation tool used in applying nutrient requirements does not include a) food guide pyramid b) choose myplate c) food labelling d) Healthy People 2020

Healthy People 2020

Who and what does the RDA account for?

Healthy people

Which one of the following is not an example of Vitamin C's antioxidant activity

Hepatocytes in the liver use vitamin to protect against free radicals generated by bile from the gall bladder

Angelica was pregnant, in her first trimester, when there was a war in her home country, which resulted in famine. The famine did not last through her entire pregnancy. By the time she was in her late second trimester, Angelica was able to consume adequate nutrition. Which of the following are the most likely consequences to her baby?

Her baby will most likely be of normal size at birth, Her baby may have an increased risk of heart disease later in life

Anika is a single mother with two children and is pregnant with her third. She works a stressful job and she often does not know how she will be able to purchase food for her and her children. It is rare that her and her family are able to eat a nutritious meal. How might her unborn baby be affected by the current situation?

Her unborn baby may experience growth restriction, Her unborn baby may be exposed to increased maternal glucocorticoids, The placental enzyme 11-βHSD is down-regulated

The first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate is

Hexokinase

What enzyme is responsible for making fructose-6-phosphate for gluconeogenesis

Hexokinase

Which is not a rate determinig step in gluconeogensis?

Hexokinase

What are the three regulatory enzymes of glycolysis?

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

The probable reason for high vitamin D serum concentration with high physical activity is

High physical activity reduces fat and makes more vitamin D available

An individual experiencing a Zinc deficiency may show all of the following symptoms except: Abnormally Short Stature High Plasma Glucose Levels Poor Wound Healing Delayed Sexual Maturation

High plasma glucose levels

Heartburn

Hormones that impact the lower esophageal sphincter and gastric clearance

List questions that should be asked when evaluating a diet plan.

How long are you willing to be on this diet plan, is it realistic to eat for the rest of your life. Is it nutritionally balanced? Does it encourage exercise

There is no published research regarding the composition of _______________ in human milk during extended lactation (beyond 1 year postpartum).

Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs)

Which diet is recommended for Taylor?

Human milk + multi-nutrient fortifier

Low insulin, high glucagon, low CCK, and increasing ghrelin are all components that indicate___

Hunger

The peripheral body systems, the CNS, metabolic influences (blood nutrient levels) and disease states (anorexia or obesity) all impact one's____

Hunger

The peripheral body systems, the central nervous system, metabolic influences (i.e. blood nutrient levels), and disease states (such as anorexia or obesity) all impact one's ____

Hunger

Hunger

Hunger is a physiological state that causes a food seeking behavior

Low insulin, high glucagon, low CCK, increasing ghrelin are all components that indicates

Hunger/appetite

Lipoprotein lipase facilitate the uptake from the blood by

Hydrolyzing plasma tricylglycerols in cirulating lipoproteins

The synthesis of collagen depends on a crucial step. Which of the following answer choices names that step

Hydroxylation

An infant born to a mother with gestational diabetes is at increased risk for _____________ in the days immediately following birth.

Hypoglycemia

The primary integration center in the brain for the hormonal systems and neural systems that regulate food intake and the digestive tract is the...

Hypothalamus

one measure of protein quality is biological value (BV), which can be described as the percentage of nitrogen absorbed that is retained in the animal or person. "Nitrogen retained" can be calculated from which of the following equations (where I=N intake, F=fecal, U= urinary N, F0 and U0 = fecal and urinary nitrogen on a protein free diet)

I- (U- U0) - (F-F0)

Sarah has type-I diabetes and is hoping to try to become pregnant soon. However, she knows it is important to have good control of her diabetes before she becomes pregnant. Why is this true?

If her blood glucose levels remain high during her pregnancy, there is a higher risk of her baby being born with congenital abnormalities., The risk of miscarriage would increase if her blood glucose levels are high during pregnancy., Malformations of the pelvis, central nervous system, and heart are seen in newborns whose mothers had high blood glucose during pregnancy

Explain whether there is a need for athletes to take vitamin and mineral supplements.

If the athlete meats his/her calorie requirement with nutritious foods, then micronutrient consumption will automatically increase, in theory the athlete wont need dietary supplements.

The protein circulating in blood that promotes rapid protection from infectious organisms that you have been exposed to previously is....

IgG

Mary's diet is high in added sugars, low in protein, and overall inadequate in nutrients. Which process related to conception would be MOST effected (we do not know her weight status)?

Implantation

Describe ways that Señora Mendez could manage her nausea and vomiting.

In order to manage her nausea and vomiting, Señora Mendez should consume small, frequent meals with beverages. She should avoid fried, spicy, and high fat foods. More so, she should consume high carbohydrate foods that are likely easier for her to tolerate (i.e. crackers). Not only should she avoid cooking odors, but she should avoid getting up or out of bed quickly. Lastly, vitamins, B6 supplements, and consuming ginger may help with the nausea and vomiting.

Where does the process of digestion begin and what enzyme is secreted?

In the mouth; amylase

Which of the following statements regarding the history of weight gain recommendations during pregnancy is CORRECT?

In the past, weight gain during pregnancy was limited or restricted in order to preserve a woman's figure, In the past, women were told to gain less than or equal to 15 pounds during pregnancy, Recommended weight gains during pregnancy have approximately doubled from the 1930's until the present

Explain what often limits the ability of an athlete to bulk up.

Inadequate energy intake is often the limiting factor for athletes trying to bulk up. Often calories are limiting b/c of limited fat intake.

What role does cholesterol play in membrane stability? a. increase rigidity b. increases fluidity c. both increase and decrease fluidity d. cholesterol play no role in membrane fluidity

Increase and decreases fluidity depending on the environment

Iodine

Increase metabolic rates and weight loss, but it is actually shown that it is not very helpful;may actually shut down the thyroid gland at high does. UL: 400 mcg/day

Untreated Celiac Disease - females

Increased rates of miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, and low-birth weight deliveries

Uncontrolled maternal PKU

Increased risk of delivering infants with congenital anomalies

What is not considered a potential risk of having a very high protein diet

Increased risk of obesity?

When fat cells increase in size and leptin is secreted to the brain, what physiological change would we expect to see? A. Increased appetite B. Increased urine output C. Increased sedentary activity D. Increased thermogenesis

Increased thermogenesis

Vitamin B6 serves all of the following functions EXCEPT:

Increases effects of steroid binding hormones

hCS/HPL

Increases insulin resistance and reduces maternal glucose uptake to facilitate transfer to the baby

Explain the effects that conditioning has on energy use during exercise.

Increases maximum cardiac output, muscle capillary density, which increase oxygen delivery that allows you to use fatty acids giving you more fuel. Increases amount of mitochondria in muscle cells.

Estrogen

Increases uterine blood flow; Helps to supply nutrition to the fetus; Prepares breast for lactation

What action is GLP-1 most likely to complete when released by the pancreas?

Induce the ileal brake and keep blood glucose under control

Epinephrine and norepinephrine's nutrient metabolism effects include all of the following except _______.

Inhibits glycogenolysis

Copper absorption has what sort of impact on the iron absorption?

Inhibits transferrin

Copper absorption has what sort of impact on the iron absorption? Affects ferritin Changes the conformation of renin to absorb iron Inhibits transferrin Decrease zinc absorption therefore increase iron absorption

Inhibits trasnferrin

Hormonal factors that tend to elevate blood glucose include ALL of the following EXCEPT:

Insulin NOT: glucocorticoids glucagon epinephrine

Which are the most important hormones for glucose metabolism? Which side of the Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis pathway do they increase?

Insulin and glucagon

Which two hormones increase due to protein effects on satiety and huger control

Insulin and glucagon

Which two hormones increase due to protein effects on satiety and hunger control? Ghrelin and Insulin Insulin and Glucagon Glucagon and CCK Epinephrine and Ghrelin

Insulin and glucagon

These (this) compound(s) made by the placenta are decreased by maternal under-nutrition or increased by maternal blood glucose levels.

Insulin growth factors 1 and 2

What does the catabolism of glucogenic amino acids yield?

Intermediates of the TCA cycle

Cretinism results from an untreated congenital nutrient deficiency. The symptoms are deaf mutism, spasticity, inadequate myelination of nerve cells and mental retardation. What nutrient is involved in this deficiency?

Iodine NOT: pyroxidine chromium selenium

Of the elements listed below, which one is NOT considered to be essential?

Iron

How is iron involved in energy metabolism

Iron is a component of cytochromes and its oxidation allows electrons to be transported along the electron transport chain to eventually create energy in the form of ATP

How is iron involved in energy metabolism?

Iron is a component of cytochromes and its oxidation allows electrons to be transported along the electron transport chain to eventually create energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).

The following are example of neural transmitters except for: - serotonin - aspartate - acetylcholine - isoleucine

Isoleucine

In evaluating and determining requirements for a nutrient, describe why it is important to look at all 3 endpoints instead of simply one of them

It allows us to properly determine the required amount per person, allowing us to avoid the UL and inadequacy

alpha-linolenic acid is an important dietary constituent because...

It is an essential Omega-3 fatty acid

What selenium deficiency disease is characterized by heart deterioration in children

Keshan

What selenium deficiency disease is characterized by heart deterioration in children?

Keshan

Selenium deficiency disease

Keshan disease

What selenium deficiency disease is characterized by heart deterioration in children?

Keshan disease

Deficiency in the intake of essential polyunsaturated fatty acid can lead to all of the following symptoms, EXCEPT:

Ketoacidosis

Which gland synthesizes calcitriol in order to cause reabsorption of calcium?

Kidneys

HAMLET

Kills cancer cells but does not kill healthy cells

The liver is important for excreting unneeded components of blood. The phagocytes near the vascular spaces in the liver are also known as _______.

Kupfer cells

The phagocytes near the vascular space in the liver are also known as ______?

Kupfer cells NOT: thyrmocytes T-cells Enterocytes

Which deficiency diseases can result from a lack of adequate protein intake

Kwarshiorkor and Marasmus

A child with reduced growth, poor muscle development, edema, and abdominal distention would most likely be classified as suffering from

Kwashiorkor

Which protein deficiency is characterized by low amounts of protein but sufficient in calories

Kwashiorkor

Which protein deficiency is characterized by low amounts of protein but sufficient in calories?

Kwashiorkor

Which deficiency diseases can result from a lack of adequate protein intake?

Kwashiorkor and Marasmus

Which of the following birth weight categories characterizes Susan's baby?

LBW

IQ Scores

LC-PUFAs are prevalent in human milk and are preferentially incorporated into neural cell membranes

Which type of cholesterol at high levels can cause Atherosclerosis?

LDL

Which type of cholesterol at high levels can cause atherosclerosis

LDL

The most common digestive disorder in most populations of the world results from a deficient synthesis of the enzyme

Lactase

The enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate is

Lactate dehydrogenase

__________ converts pyruvate to lactate

Lactate dehydrogenase

The composition of ________________ in human milk appears to remain stable during extended lactation (beyond 1 year postpartum) in non-weaning conditions.

Lactose

Lipoprotein

Large conglomerations of proteins, fats, and cholesterol that transport lipids in the bloodstream. (chylomicrons are a type of lipoprotein).

B-Vitamins are water soluble. What practical implications does that have?

Leftover B-Vitamins leave the body through urine, so you need a continuous supply of B-Vitamins in the diet.

Which amino acid can be broken down to yield to HMG CoA, a key metabolite in cholesterol synthesis?

Leucine NOT: valine arginine tryptophan

Lewis had a lot of legumes for lunch while Clark had a big bowl of white rice. Lucy had mac and cheese for lunch while Desi had a big bowl of white rice. Pen had a liquid lunch while Teller had solid food. Who among the pairs was likely to stay satisfied longer?

Lewis, Lucy, and Teller

Which one of the following is an undigestable carbohydrate -Starch -Maltose -Mucilage -Lignin

Lignin

What are two PUFA

Linoleic Linolenic

Foam Cells

Lipid-loaded white blood cells that have surrounded large amounts of a fatty substance, usually cholesterol, on the blood vessel walls.

Which enzyme releases a triacylglycerol from a chylomicron or VLDL

Lipoprotein lipase

The urea cycle occurs where in the body: Muscle cells Liver cells Red blood cells A & B All of the above

Liver

Under homeostasis conditions the body relies heavily on glucose for fuel. During starvation or a fasting state when glucose is not readily accessible, the body will begin to burn free fatty acids located in the body's fat stores. As an alternative the ketone bodies 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are produced. These ketones produced via the fatty acid oxidation are produced in the

Liver

Which organ extracts nutrients, toxins, and bile pre-cursors from the blood A. Stomach B. Pancreas C. Small Intestines D. Liver

Liver

Which organ extracts nutrients, toxins, and bile pre-cursors from the blood?

Liver

Vitamin D Risks

Liver damage as well as loss of minerals from the bones

Bile is produced by the ____, but is stored in the ____, until it travels to the ____, where it emulsifies ____ , a macronutrient.

Liver, gallbladder, stomach, lipids

Evidence AGAINST the theory that food intake occurs to regulate blood glucose levels include all of the following EXCEPT:

Low blood glucose and 2-deoxyglucose causes eating

Inhibitors of mineral absorption in the diet include all of the following except:

Low pH

A surge in which hormone results in ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone

Mandessa is 3 months pregnant and has to wake up every night at least once to pee. She's getting pretty annoyed by it. She tells her doctor, who then describes to her the reason why this is happening. Which of the following is a correct response to explain the increase in urination during pregnancy?

Luteinizing hormone stimulates relaxin secretion from the corpus luteum, which increases glomular filtration rate

The composition of ________________ in human milk appears to increase during extended lactation (beyond 1 year postpartum) in non-weaning conditions.

Lysozyme

What are some of the complications associated with gestational diabetes? (check all that apply)

Macrosomia, Birth trauma, Maternal hypertension

Which of the following is not considered an antioxidant that helps prevent oxidative damage in the body a. vitamin c b. magnesium c. selenium d. vitamin e

Magnesium

Which of the following is not considered an antioxidant that helps prevent oxidative damage in the body?

Magnesum?

Progesterone

Maintains the implanted embryo; stimulates the growth of the endometrium and its secretion of nutrients

Explain the basis for differentiating between major and trace minerals

Major mineral - present in the body in larger amounts Calcium, Potassium, Sulfer, Phosphorus, Sodium, Mg Trace Minerals - present in smaller amounts Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Iodine, Cobalt, Selenium

Which of the following is LEAST likely to devlop osteoporosis later in life?

Male athletes NOT: vegetarians lactating women alcoholics

Untreated phenylketonuria in pregnant women can lead to:

Malformations in infants., Infants with microcephaly., Severe mental retardation in children.

Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase breaks the a(1-->4) glycosidic bonds of starch producing all of the following substances EXCEPT...

Malt liquor NOT: limit dextrin maltose maltotriose

Which of the following are ways in which HMBANA reduces potential risks of donor human milk?

Management of incentives to donate milk, The donor mother her baby must have physician approval, The mother is verbally screened and her blood is screened, The milk is pooled, pasteurized, and tested for bacteria, The milk is frozen and shipped

Which protein deficiency is associated with a lack of energy and protein together

Marasmus

Which protein deficiency with associated with a lack of energy and protein together?

Marasmus

Explain the factors that contribute to the development of osteoporosis

Marginal levels of calcium intake; age; can lead to brittle bones

How are placental growth factors affected by maternal nutrition and what affect would they have on the fetus?

Maternal undernutrition lowers IGF-1, leading to fetal growth restriction.

A condition caused by insufficient folate or vitamin B12 intake that results in blocked cell division and the development of large nucleated erythoblasts is called....

Megaloblastic anemia NOT: marasmus hypochromic anemia diabetes

Explain the significance of waist circumference in assessing weight-related risk

Men : >40 Women: >35 Waist is associated with increase risk and more inquired fat. While hips are natural fat for women

Leptin

Metabolic indicator that may be involved in fetal intrauterine growth adaptation and long-term health

Which enzyme releases a triacylglycerol from a chylomicron or VLDL?

Microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein

Identify the recommendation for fat as percent of total calories and explain why a minimum amount is necessary.

Minimum of 15% of calories from fat, because you eat more carbohydrates can come to an expense of fat. Shows that intramuscular fat stores may be limited in athletes with low fat intake.

Amy is having a difficult time becoming pregnant. Which of the following factors would NOT contribute to her trouble conceiving?

Moderate exercise

gamma-carboxyglutamic acid

Modified AA that is used for binding Ca and clotting. Needs Vit K for synthesis

Several years ago I bought a bag of what I thought was refined white sugar. When I read the label it said that it contained both sugar and dextrose. As a result I need to use _____ of it in my coffee to get the sweetness I was used to.,

More

The urea cycle occurs in the:

Muscle cells, liver cells, and RBCs?

Identify the recommendation for protein for muscular strength athletes on a per body weight basis and explain why endurance athletes have a protein need higher than the standard RDA.

Muscular strength athletes: 1.0-2.0 g/kg Endurance athletes: 1.2- 1.4 g/kg Endurance athletes are higher because they increased amino acid oxidation during endurance exercise to have enough to replenish the amount that is lost

_______ produces energy by degrading amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and alcohol

NAD

Products of b-oxidation

NADH, FADH2, pyruvate

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates _________ (5-carbon sugars). While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is _______

NADPH andpentoses; anabolic

The Sodium potassium pump moves three _________ ions out of the cell, and two _____________ ions into the cell using the hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP.

Na; K

Lipids

Neonatal cell membrane production needed for growth, brain and retinal development, and bile salt synthesis

Neurotransmitters are stored in the _____ as vesicles until stimuli arrive to affect their release

Nerve axon terminal

Why is it important for women of childbearing age to consume adequate amounts of folate, either from food or a supplement?

Neural tube defects in the baby may result from a lack of folate in the maternal diet

Patients who are diagnosed with Hartnup's disease are experiencing what kind of deficiency

Niacin

Patients who are diagnosed with Hartnup's disease are experiencing what kind of deficiency a. thiamin b. niacin c. vitamin B3 d. A&B e. B&C

Niacin

Patients who are diagnosed with hartnup's disease are experiencing what kind of deficiency

Niacin

Which water-soluble vitamin is utilized as a coenzyme in the form of NAD and NADP?

Niacin

what water soluble vitamin is utilized as a coenzyme in the form of NAD and NADP

Niacin

Pellagra

Niacin Pellagra poor people in the 1900s who couldn't have meat Dr. Goldberger solved the problem.

Which water-soluble vitamin is utilized as a coenzyme in the form of NAD and NADP?

Niacin (B3)

Abby is a 28-year-old female and she is married to Brian, a 30-year-old Male. Abby and Brian have been elementary school teachers for several years; however, Abby recently started graduate school to pursue a PhD in education. They are pleasant, sociable young people but they are not very active because they are worn out working with children all day during the week. They have been married for 5 years and have been trying to conceive for 3 years. They decided to seek help from you (an Obstetrician/Gynecologist who specializes in fertility) to help them conceive. On their first visit you find out that Abby weighs 115 pounds and is 5'7" tall. Her BMI = 18.0 BMI Categories: Underweight = <18.5 Normal weight = 18.5-24.9 Overweight = 25-29.9 Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater Should you prescribe Clomid to Abby?

No

Based on the following lab values, does Jessica have diabetes? Waist circumference: 29 Blood triglycerides: 120 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol: 30 mg/dL Blood pressure: 120/70 Fasting blood glucose: 100 mg/dL

No

Based on the following lab values, does Jessica have metabolic syndrome? Waist circumference: 29 Blood triglycerides: 120 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol: 30 mg/dL Blood pressure: 120/70 Fasting blood glucose: 100 mg/dL

No

Should you give Abby treatments of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, or gonadotropin releasing hormone?

No

Dietary Fiber consists of non-digestible carbohydrates that include, _________(NSP), plant carbohydrates that are not recovered by alcohol precipitation, and some __________ (RS), undigested starch.

Non-starchy polysaccharides, resistant starch

A conditionally essential nutrient typically ___ essential and ____ but becomes essential when synthesis is _____

Not, synthesized, inadequate

Internal behaviors that factor eating behavior

Nutrient levels- Glucose (short term) Fat(Long Term) Hormones - CCK

Briefly describe the difference in Ob/Ob mice and db/db mice

Ob/Ob mice did not produce leptin, therefore the brain did not recognize the consumption of food and mice became obsessed. db/db mice produced sufficient amounts of leptin, but the receptors in the brain did not recognize it and these mice also became obese.

When fish oil is given during pregnancy, it significantly increases which of the following components in the milk?

Omega-3 fatty acids, Immunoglobulin A and other immune proteins

Describe why you must boil water that is to be mixed with formula and fed to a baby.

One must boil water because formula is not sterile. Powdered infant formula can have bacteria, and if correctly prepared (via boiling the water and other protective measures), the risk of illness for the infant decreases. Specifically, E. sakazakii and Salmonella enterica are two pathogens that are most common within formula. By boiling the water, when the water is mixed with the formula, it decreases the risk of these microbes causing the infant to be sick. The boiling water kills the potential microbes or decreases the growth and risk to the infant.

Through the process of ___, water moves from areas of ___ solute concentration to areas of ___ solute concentration

Osmosis; low; high

Carbohydrates are stored as polysaccharides in the body because it lowers the ________ pressure, which allows more storage of sugar with less _______ in the liver.

Osmotic; water NOT: internal; water internal; glycogen osmotic; glycogen

In the presence of Vitamin D_______ are activated and secrete collagen, osteocalcin to create a form of bone scaffolding

Osteoblasts

The final step of repairing a broken bone is the removal of excess bony tissue in order to restore the bone to its original form. What type of cell would be used?

Osteoclast

A deficiency in calcium, which many more women are affected by, can result in the failure to maintain adequate bone mass, also known as ____

Osteoporosis

A deficiency in calcium, which many women are affected by, can result in the failure to maintain adequate bone mass, also known as

Osteoporosis

Malnutrition is a multifactorial problem with numerous causes. Please describe 2 causes other than "lack of access to food," using the UNICEF Framework of Under Nutrition.

Other than "lack of access to food," malnutrition can be caused by lack of access to healthcare and a lack of knowledge or ability of a caregiver to provide proper care. Lack of healthcare can be a lack of access to a facility or clinic, lack of immunizations, or lack of regular checkups, to name a few. This lack of healthcare can have devastating affects upon a child's health. More so, lack of care can mean that the caregiver is absent or simply doesn't possess the knowledge or skills needed or required to care for the child adequately. An example of this would be lack of knowledge about the importance of breastfeeding, about ensuring a clean water supply in preparing formula, or about proper cleansing and hygiene techniques.

All of the following are promoters of calcium absorption from the GI tract except?

Oxalic acid NOT: lactose gastric acid vitamin D

A decrease in concentration of what molecule will decrease glucose use and increase the rate of ketogenesis? a. citrate b. oxaloacetate c. acetyl co a d. acetoacetate

Oxaloacetate

Which molecule will increase the rate of ketogenesis?

Oxaloacetate

What is the first step of beta-oxidation

Oxidation

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for cleaving polyphosphoinositides upon their ingestion into DAG?

PLC

The activity of the osteoclast is controlled by ______ hormone

PTH

The activity of the osteoclast is controlled by ________ hormone.

PTH

The activity of the osteoclast is controlled by__ hormone

PTH

What kids of lipids are susceptible to lipid peroxidation

PUFA

What kinds of lipids are susceptible to lipid peroxidation

PUFA

Briefly describe the process of paced bottle feeding.

Paced bottle feeding is designed to mimic breast feeding. First, you want to hold the baby upright, at about a forty five decree angle. Then, you want to use the bottle to tickle the baby's upper lip, causing the baby to latch. Once latched, encourage the baby's lips to be around the bottle. The bottle should be held horizontally while the baby feeds. Every twenty to thirty seconds, pull the bottle down and wait until the baby sucks again. Once the baby starts to suck again, bring the bottle back up (horizontal). When the baby is full, once you put the bottle down, the baby will not reengage.

Which gland synthesizes calcitriol in order to cause reabsorption of calcium a. Pancreas b. kidneys c. liver d. parathyroid

Parathyroid

Which is a functional fiber found in plants

Pectin

Which is a functional fiber found in plants

Pectin/ ligin ???

Identify the point at which water loss affects performance

Performance diminishes as water deficit exceeds 2% of body weight

What enzyme can attack a phospholipid in a way that immediately produces phosphatidic acid a. Phospholipase a2 b. Phospholipase B c. Phospholipase C d. Phospholipase D

Phospholipase D

What enzyme can attack a phospholipid in a way that immediately produces phosphatidic acid?

Phospholipase D

This form of Vitamin K is commonly found in plants

Phylloquinone

This form of vitamin K is commonly found in plants

Phylloquinone

Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for an enzyme that catalyzed the carboxylation of glutamic acid. The carboxylation results in the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. Which vitamin K vitamer would you expect to be responsible for the greatest portion of this activity for a vegetarian?

Phylloquinone

What changes may occur in order to meet fetal nutritional needs when maternal nutrition is limited?

Placental villous surface area increases to compensate for insufficient nutrient delivery from the mother

What can synthesize linolenic and linoleic acid?

Plants

Adiponectin

Plays a role in satiety and weight gain

Which of the following relationships were NOT used in the 2010 formulation of RDA's for vitamin D?

Populations living at higher latitudes with less intense sunlight have higher rates of diabetes and certain cancers.

Susan is a 19-year-old "meat and potato" type eater who rarely consumes vegetables, fruits, or dairy products. She likes monosyllabic vegetables (beans, corn, and peas), bananas and oranges, and chocolate milk. Susan consumes sweetened iced tea throughout the day, and twice a week she eats rice with meat rather than potatoes. She finds this type of diet satisfying and rarely consumed foods other than those mentioned. Her first 17 weeks of pregnancy were uneventful. At week 18, she was found to have proteinuria. By week 22, her blood pressure had increased to 150/100 mmHg and she was diagnosed with ________. Laboratory studies indicated that her blood glucose level was on the high side of normal and that she was insulin resistant. She was lost to follow-up after her week 22 visit. A bit overweight prior to pregnancy, Susan did not gain weight and restricted her salt intake after mid-pregnancy. She believed these actions would help lower her weight and blood pressure. Although she was given a supply of prenatal vitamin and mineral supplements early in pregnancy, she rarely remembered to take them. Her baby weighing 5 pounds 5 ounces (2380 grams) was delivered by cesarean section at week 36. Which medical condition was Susan diagnosed with at 22 weeks gestation? (pick the most appropriate answer, based on all of her symptoms)

Preeclampsia

Which of the following are issues that increase the chances a premature infant will experience postnatal growth restriction?

Premature babies miss out on an important period of nutrient accretion, Premature babies usually have increased metabolic needs due to many stressors they face, Target levels of nutrient input are rarely achieved in the hospital , Preterm babies usually accumulate significant energy, protein, mineral and other deficits during their hospital stay

Which of the following are reasons why an infant might receive donor human milk?

Prematurity, Treatment of inborn errors of metabolism, Failure to thrive

Compare and contrast weight loss results associated with prescription diet pills as compared to bariatric surgery.

Prescription Diet Pills Give you 10% weight loss over a period of a year (slower results) Rarely prescribed due to limited weight loss and unpleasant side effects Bariatric Surgery 45-75% of initial body weight in a 2 year period (gastric band) 50-75% of initial body weight in 2 year period (gastric bypass)

Vitamin B-12

Problem in Elderly, which can cause mental confusion. Best maintained via a multivitamin supplement

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

A healthy adult should be in ___, while a healthy child should be in__

Protein balance; positive protein balance

"Zymogen" can be defined as:

Protein that can become an active enzyme through proteolysis at a location outside the cells where it is synthesized

Which of the following are ways in which Susan's dietary intake likely contributes to oxidative stress?

Provides low amounts of vitamins E and C, folate, carotenoids, and antioxidant-rich vegetables and fruit, Regular consumption of sweetened tea, High-glycemic index carbohydrates

Glycolysis is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to ______

Pyruvate

The purpose of glycolysis is to break down glucose into two _____ molecules

Pyruvate

What enzyme is used to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Oxidation of malate to ________ requires ________ as the hydrogen receptor and generates _________.

Pyruvate; NADP; NADPH

Alex wants to get married and start a family soon. He is excited to see his doctor for preconception care and discuss family planning. Therefore, his lucky wife is more likely to enjoy which of the following benefits?

Quality sperm contributing to the genetic makeup of her baby, A reduced risk of getting a sexually transmitted infection, A mentally stable father for her offspring

Define the term basal metabolism rate.`

Quantifications of calories expended on these processes.

The two major receptors for retinoic acid are ________ and ________. One of which forms a heterodimer with Vitamin D and thyroxin receptor.

RAR and RXR

The two major receptors for retinoic acid are ________ and ________. One of which forms a heterodimer with Vitamin D and thyroxin receptor.

RAR and RXR

The DRI consists of different reference values, of these reference values, which one deals with the average daily dietary nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of healthy individuals in a particular life stage?

RDA

The DRI consists of different reference values, of these reference values, which one deals with the average daily dietary nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of healthy individuals in a particular life stage?

RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)

The DRI is made up of the following systems of measurement

RDA, EAR, AMDR, AI, UL (all of the above)

Vit A is a key component in cellular differentiation and acts by interaction with the nuclear receptors referred to as ______________.

RXR or RAR

Vitamin A is a key component in cellular differentiation and acts by interaction with the nuclear receptors referred to as....

RXR or RAR NOT: RAR.VDR complex VDR Retinoids

Describe how the ratio of Na:K has changed in the diet over time.

Ratio has changed. Na:K before: 1:12; not its 1.5:1

What is NOT considered a potential risk of having a very high protein diet? Increased risk of dehydration Reduced calcium absorption associated with potential bone damage Increased risk of obesity Increased workload on kidneys

Reduced calcium absorption

How does Phospholipase A2 react with phospholipids?

Releases arachidonic acid from phospholipids

Phospholipase A2

Releases arachidonic acid from phospholipids

The conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) involves the: Addition of a -OH group Removal of an iodine molecule Conversion of an amide to an amine Cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond

Removal of an iodine molecule

hCG

Rescues the corpus luteum from demise and maintains progesterone and relaxin production until the luteal-placental shift in progesterone production at 9 weeks gestation

Type 1 diabetes

Results from destruction of insulin- producing cells of pancreas

The oxidated form of retinol is

Retinal

Which form of Vitamin A is essential in the retina of the eye in order to turn visual light into nerve signal to the brain

Retinal

_________ is the oxidated form of retinol

Retinal

Which form of vitamin A is essential in the retina of the eye in order to turn visual light into nerve signals to the brain?

Retinal?

The _____ form of vitamin A is needed for the differentiation of cells responsible for the make up of cones and rods

Retinoic acid

RXR receptor

Retinoid X receptor, member of nuclear hormone receptor family. Activated by cis retinoic acid. Involved in ligand independent basal transcriptional activity, DNA binding with 2 zinc finger proteins

What factors shape when a mother weans her child (select all that apply)?

Returning to work, Family spacing, Culture, Lactation problems

The 2009 recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy are based on the outcomes of both mother and child. Which of the following outcomes were researched when making these new recommendations?

Risk of Cesarean delivery, Risk of increased postpartum weight retention, Risk of preterm birth, Risk of extremes in birth weight, Risk of childhood obesity

Was Taylor SGA, AGA, or LGA at birth?

SGA

Glucagon uses___ to enter the blood stream

SGLT 2

A transport enzyme that couples the sodium gradient from the gut lumen to the inside of the enterocytes to the uptake of a monosaccharide is

SGLT-1

________ aids the transport of glucose and galactose into the enterocyte

SGLT-1

Glucose uses __ to enter the blood stream

SGLT-1 to transport glucose across the wall of the intestine

Food vouchers, cards or checks to purchase foods at participating grocery stores for eligible low income households.

SNAP

Myofilaments are organizes together into repeating units called ________, that constitute the basic unit of muscle contraction.

Sarcomeres

Muscle atrophy refers to decreases in muscle mass and strength due to decreased activity, and happens very often in older adults. What is the name given to muscle atrophy that is naturally seen in older adults?

Sarcopenia

Which cells have plasticity and helps repair, revitalize, and mediate muscle tissue?

Satellite (stem) cells

Which cells have plasticity and helps repair, revitalize, and mediate skeletal muscle tissue

Satellite cells (stem)

Satiation

Satiation is a reduction of hunger and termination of eating. It is marked by a mixture of psychological, physiological, and metabolic events

Between hunger, appetite, and satiety, which is intermittent?

Satiety

True or False: Satiety refers to the end of desire to eat after a meal, governed by hormones which signal the brain the meal is over.

Satiety

Cardiovascular disease has been associated with which fatty acid?

Saturated

What kinds of lipids are susceptible to lipid peroxidation?

Saturated lipids

In a state of vitamin C deficiency, the disease that is characterized by bleeding gums and lessened ability to heal wounds is

Scurvy

immunoglobulins

Secreted antibodies

Which of the following is a defense against ROS

Selenium

Which of the following is a defense against ROS: - Vit B - Vit K - Selenium - Folic Acid

Selenium

List keys to successful weight loss and maintenance of lost weight and identify the characteristics of successful "losers."

Set reasonable goals Exercise Do you see doing this for the rest of your life Be honest with yourself Pay attention to calorie intake

Lean body mass skeletal mass, and fat mass are influenced by 4 things. What are they?

Sex, genetics, exercise, diet

Danielle is a professor and she loves her job of teaching. She is 5 months pregnant and finds that when she is standing up in front of a large class, she has a difficult time catching her breath while teaching. Which of the following would explain why she has a hard time catching her breath?

She is experiencing increased blood volume and cardiac output, blood flow to the uterus increased, she is experiencing an increase in her heart rate, she is experiencing an increase in end-diastolic volume

Tammy has HIV and is 20 weeks pregnant. Which of the following are nutritional priorities for her to help ensure the birth of a healthy baby?

She needs to focus on consuming adequate protein in order to preserve lean muscle mass. , She needs to consume adequate calories and nutrients to support her physiological changes and growth of her baby. , Her food needs to be prepared with safe food handling practices. , Any nutritional deficiencies need to be addressed and corrected.

The concept of excreting nitrogen as urea from eating more protein can also be applied to a. Glucose excretion b. Calcium excretion c. Hydrochloric Acid excretion d. Sodium excretion

Sodium excretion

In order to avoid listerosis harming their unborn baby, pregnant women should avoid which of the following foods?

Soft cheeses such as feta, brie, Camembert, Roquefort, blue-veined, queso blanco, queso fresco, or Panela (unless the label clearly says it is made with pasteurized cheese), Refrigerated pates or meat spreads, Refrigerated smoked seafood (unless cooked), Unpasteurized milk, eggs, or juice, or foods made from these foods

Lack of dietary folate

Spina bifida and Anencephaly

Which of the following is not an effect epinephrine and norepinephrine has on metabolism

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is not an effect epinephrine and norepineprine has on metabolism

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is not an effect epinephrine and norepineprine has on metabolism a. stimulates gluconeogenesis b. stimulates glycogenolysis c. sitimulate lipolysis d. increase metabolic rate

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

as soon as food is eaten, the hormone, gastrin,

Stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion by the stomach's parietal cells.

Which of the following are the main factors that drive milk production?

Stimulation and the removal of milk from the breast

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose

Focus has shifted to _____________ as an important indicator of childhood malnutrition because it is irreversible and has long term impacts on health, economic potential, and reproduction.

Stunting

What substances are included in the category of disaccharides

Sucrose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose

Zinc

Supplements clain it decrease cold durations, but has limited evidence. Interferes with copper and iron absorption.

"Before nutritional biochemistry was a science ancient Greeks wrote that food was made up of "nutriment medicines and poisons." T or F

T

True/False. Two ATP are used in the first phase of glycolysis in order to make more energy in the payoff phase.

T

When trying to determine potential hazard of over exposure to a substance (nutrient), a benchmark dose of UL is usually used to avoid subjects being harmed by excess intake of nutrient. T or F

T

The active form of thyroid hormone is (T3/T4) and contains ______ iodine atoms

T3; 3

What is the coenzyme form of thiamin?

TDP

Match the hormone to the tissue or organ where its receptors are located. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

TRH- anterior pituitary gland TSH- thyroid gland

Is Vitamin D really a Hormone?

TRUE

___ is a regulatory variable, released by the pituitary, and controls the production of thyroxine

TSH

__ controls the production of ___ in the thyroid

TSH, thyroxine?

___________ controls the production of ___________ in the thyroid.

TSH; thyroxine

___________ are molecules found in wine that are responsible for inhibiting the absorption of certain minerals.

Tannins

Which of the following statements describe the differences between the 1990 and the 2009 Institute of Medicine's pregnancy weight gain guidelines?

The 2009 recommendations balance risks of high and low gestational weight gain and the 1990 recommendations do not address these risks, The 2009 recommendations include action points for health care providers to use during counseling, The BMI categories in the 2009 guidelines were changed to those commonly used for other adult health outcomes

Which of the following is not true regarding fiber?

The AI for fiber increases with age

Low blood calcium causes release of PTH from the parathyroid gland. If vitamin D were deficient in that case, which of the following is LEAST likely to occur?

The PTH will activate calbindin D synthesis in the duodenum to increase calcium absorption.

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

The U.S. government's principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves

What is the international organization that has several divisions working on improving maternal and child nutrition?

The United Nations

You are working for a non-profit organization in a developing country and are trying to create a program to improve birth outcomes by improving maternal nutrition. What is the best source of evidence-based information for evaluating potential interventions?

The World Health Organization eLibrary of Evidence for Nutrition Access (eLENA)

Who and what does the RDA account for

The average daily dietary nutrient intake level that meets 97-98% of all healthy individuals at a particular life stage

The gut microbiome has been described as "another organ in the body". Which of the following statements does NOT describe a potential impact of the gut microbiota on nutrition or nutrition research?

The bacterial protein derived from the foods we pass to gut microorganisms is actually the principle source of protein for both humans and rodent models

Identify the best way to estimate hydration status and explain why sports drinks such as Gatorade may be preferable to water for fluid replacement.

The best way to estimate hydration status is by urine color; sport drinks not so much because of their nutrient content but because research shows that most people will drink more when the beverage is slightly flavored.

allosteric regulation

The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.

Explain why even low iron stores may be problematic (Iron)

The body maintains blood iron levels by pulling from other iron sources

How does the small intestine support nutrient absorption

The brush border

How does the small intestine support nutrient absorption? A. Bile production B. The brush border C. Fermentation D. All of the above

The brush border

How does the small intestine support nutrient absorption?

The brush border (where transporter proteins exist)

The greatest number of recipients of donor milk are ________, and _________ receive the greatest volume of donor milk.

The correct answer is: premature infants, older children and adults with medical conditions

All of the following accurately describes a theory of food intake regulation that has been proposed with reasonable support during the last 50 years EXCEPT:

The glucostatic theory states that huger decreases in response to fluctuation in blood glucose.

Assume she will deliver toward the end of week 37 and is now in the beginning of week 25. How many pounds should be set as a goal for weekly weight gain if a total pregnancy gain at the midpoint of the provisionally recommended range for weight gain in twin pregnancy is to be achieved? Justify your answer.

The midpoint for her weight gain goals would be 45.5 pounds (as that is the midpoint of 37 to 54 pounds, her recommended weight gain range). Currently, she has gained 14 pounds. 45.5 subtracted by 14 is 31.5. Since she has twelve more weeks to go (25 to 37 weeks), she should gain roughly 2.6 pounds per week in order to hit the midpoint of her weight gain range by the time she delivers.

List its deficiency symptoms and those at risk and why (Iron)

The most common nutrient defiancy in the United States* (TEST QUESTION)

glycolysis

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid )produces ATP and NADH)

TCA cycle

The oxidation of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA (to CO2 and H2O)

Transamination

The process by which an amino group from one amino acid is transferred to a carbon compound to form a new amino acid.

oxidative phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

Membrane Fluidity

The property by which most of the plasma membrane lipids and proteins easily rotate and move side ways in their own half of the lipid bilayer. THis property allows the membrane to self seal if torn; proteins seldom flip-flop from one half of the bilayer to to the other.

Compare the DRI for sodium and potassium to typical US intake and what makes the sodium DRI different from all others.

The sodium DRI is aimed for food industry and not the public

Biogenic amines and neurotransmitters/hormones are important in the human body as they act on neurons and muscles. The uptake of tryptophan and tyrosine act as precursors for several hormones and/or transmitters. Tryptophan in particular is used in

The synthesis of melatonin and serotonin, synthesis and release correspond with darkness, regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep

Constipation

The weight of the uterus puts pressure on the uterus

List and describe: 1) Three causes of undernutrition 2) Three results of undernutrition 3) Three interventions that may be successful in preventing undernutrition

There are many causes of undernutrition. First, there are basic causes of undernutrition. This can be divided into social (is there war going on that would stop the food supply?), economic (is employment down?), and political (is there corruption that would prohibit supplements getting to the people?). Second, there are underlying causes of under nutrition. These are lack of access to food, lack of access to healthcare, and lack of access to adequate care. Lastly, undernutrition can be caused by immediate causes, whether that be inadequate dietary intake or disease. There are many results of undernutrition. First, undernutrition can result in mortality or morbidity, also known as sickness or even death. Second, undernutrition can result in long term effects upon adult health such as height, cognitive scores, and cardiovascular disease. Lastly, undernutrition can result in economic issues; if people are chronically undernourished, their capacity for working and stimulating the economy is diminished. Furthermore, there are several interventions that may be successful in preventing undernutrition. First, supplementing the food supply via fortification, RUTF, or lipid-based supplements is a possible way to prevent undernutrition. Specifically, for children who are quite underweight, RUTF offer a way for them to get the calories and vitamins they desperately need. Next, PATH, an intervention aimed at ensuring and starting donor milk banks helps ensure babies are given the proper nutrition at a young age. Lastly, an intervention called "Scaling up Nutrition" aims to utilize governments, civilians, the private sector, and other to instigate change that decreases malnutrition and gets "nutrition justice for all." This has a multifactorial approach and several nutrient interventions.

Explain why research shows that pregnant women should eat frequently. Discuss what could happen if she goes a long period of time without eating.

There are many reasons why research shows that pregnant women should eat frequently. First, eating regularly helps maintain the mother's metabolism. It prevents binging, and it also prevents drops in blood sugar. More so, not eating frequently increases the mother's levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone. Specifically, going more than thirteen hours without eating greatly increases CRH. Since there is an inverse relationship between serum CRH levels and gestational age at delivery, if a mother frequently goes long periods without eating (thereby increasing her CRH levels), she and her baby have a higher likelihood to experience a premature birth.

What is the dietary requirement for cholesterol

There is no dietary requirement for cholesterol due to biosynthesis meeting the individual's needs.

What is the dietary requirement for cholesterol?

There is none

Which of the following could be a cause of Susan's medical diagnosis?

There may not be a definite cause (unknnown), The cause could be related to an inadequate placental blood supply, possibly due to maternal hypertension, Subclinical inflammation, Susan's age (19 years old)

What is the active form of thiamin

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

Beri Beri

Thiamin; Big in Asia w/ Refined Rice It is necessary for the use of glucose for the brain and CNS Big in Alcoholics because alcohol limits Thiamins ability to interfere with thiamin absorption

List and discuss three benefits of breastfeeding for the mother and three for the baby. Alternatively, you could also word your answers by listing the risks of not breastfeeding for the mother and baby. Please structure your essay like this:

Three benefits for breastfeeding for the mother are strong bonding with the infant, increased energy expenditure (faster return to pre-pregnancy weight), and decreased postpartum bleeding. First, the release of oxytocin while breastfeeding creates a strong bond between mother and baby. Second, the energy (calories) expended via breastfeeding allows the mom the ability to return to her pre-pregnancy weight faster than had she formula fed. Her body is using energy making the breastmilk (Especially during the second year, where the fat source is being made in the mammary glands versus fat storage from pregnancy)! Third, the decreased postpartum bleeding is due to the fact that oxytocin decreases uterine contractions. Three benefits for the baby are optimal nutrition, enhanced immune system, and strong bonding. The benefit of optimal nutrition is due to the fact that the breastmilk is perfectly attuned to the needs of the baby. It has adequate macronutrients and other elements that help the baby's growth and development. The enhanced immune system is due to the mother passing along her antibodies and protective elements to the baby. Also, breastmilk contains lysozyme and sIgA, both of which hinder the baby's less developed immune system from pathogens (lysozyme harms gram positive and some gram negative cell walls and sIgA binds to the microorganisms). Lastly, the baby benefits by a strong bond between mother and baby. The skin to skin contact that breastfeeding supplies allows the baby warmth and fosters a protective, nurturing bond.

Which of the following amino acids is considered to be "essential"? tyrosine glycine threonine cysteine

Threonine

Which of the following amino acids is considered to be "essential"? - Tyrosine Glysine Threonine Cysteine

Threonine

_______ is secreted in the thyroid in response to TSH.

Thryoxine

All of the following are function of Vitamin C except: - Antioxidant activity - Immune function - Thyroid hormone metabolism - Iron absorption

Thyroid hormone metabolism

All of the following are functions of vitamin C except

Thyroid metabolism hormone

Thyroid hormone precursor

Thyroxin(T4)

What is the main role of intake regulation of minerals?

To maintain energy homeostasis

Why is white bread enriched with riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin?

To replace the nutrients lost during milling so that white bread has as many B vitamins as whole grain bread, this avoiding potential diseases resulting from people assuming all bread has the same levels of vitamins

Indicate whether or not it is toxic (Iron)

Toxic; if consumed massive amounts of iron it can lead to liver damage and infection. Men who eat a lot of fortified foods & Northern European decent

For which of the following nutrients is there no tolerable upper intake level (UL)?

Trans Unsaturated Fatty Acids

List its functions and explain how those functions are related to how levels are controlled in the body.

Transmission of nerve impulsions, blood clotting, blood pressure, and heart beat maintance of blood pressure, carefully controlled by vitamin D and other hormones

Identify its function (Iron)

Transport oxygen in blood via hemoglobin and muscles via myogloblin

All of the following are pharmacological uses of Vitamin E except: - Decrease the progression of Alzheimer's - Treat those with hypertension - Reduce the risk of prostate cancer - Reduce Asthma symptoms

Treat those with hypertension

All of the following are pharmacological uses of vitamin E except

Treat those with hypertension

A pregnant woman usually has serum triglycerides that are higher during pregnancy than when she is not pregnant. What is the advantage to having higher than normal triglyceride levels during pregnancy?

Triglycerides are used efficiently by the mother, which spares glucose for the fetus, Triglycerides contribute to newborn development via increased milk synthesis., Triglycerides represent a floating energy depot

Along with deficiency concerns the DRI carefully defines an upper limit of certain nutrients that aren't likely to cause adverse effects on consumers, but if consumed above may cause risk

True

Every year, millions children under the age of 5 die because of malnutrition.

True

Gestational diabetes is impaired glucose metabolism associated with pregnancy and usually goes away in the postpartum period.

True

It is difficult to study the impact breastfeeding has on IQ because there are several confounding factors associated with the two variables.

True

Pepsinogen is the precursor for the stomach enzyme responsible for the degradation of proteins

True

Strenuous exercise for longer than 1 hour may cause the milk to taste bitter or sour

True

Support of breastfeeding in the workplace has a major impact on the duration and probability of a woman's breastfeeding habits.

True

T/F: Manny has just bought a dietary supplement that provides a 1000mg mixture of the so-called lipotropic factors including linoleic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, and linolenic acids. Manny has just bought a very expensive fat supplement.,

True

T/F: Minerals can slowly build up to toxic levels.

True

The World Health Organization recommends continued breastfeeding, along with complementary foods for 2 or more years.

True

True of False: Pepsinogen is a precursor for the stomach enzyme responsible for the degradation of proteins

True

True of False: Two ATP are used in the first phase of glycolysis in order to make more energy in the payoff phase

True

True of False: When trying to determine potential hazard of over exposure to a substance (nutrient), a benchmark dose of UL is usually used to avoid subjects being harmed by excess intake of nutrient

True

True or False: Carbon skeletons can be used for fatty acid synthesis

True

Two ATP are used in the first phase of glycolysis in order to make more energy in the payoff phase

True

T/F Pepsinogen is a precursor for the stomach enzyme responsible for the degradation of proteins

True (chief cells release this)

Pellagra can cause symptoms including scaly sores, vomiting, and dementia. Pellagra may be caused by an inaability to absorb niacin or the amino acid

Tryptophan

Pellagra may be caused by an inablity to absorb niacin or the amino acid

Tryptophan

_______ is a regulatory variable, release by the pituitary, and controls the production of thyroxine

Tryptophan releasing hormone

The ______ of the kidneys recovers nutrients such as glucose Ca+2 and amino acids A. Cortex B. Glomerulus C. Tubule D. Bowman's Capsul

Tubule

Cuboidal Epithelium

Type of epithelial tissue with cube-shaped cells.

columnar epithelium

Type of epithelial tissue with cylindrical cells

The DRI value that is most likely to be applicable to 100% of the population, i.e. not be established as a percentage of the normal distribution is

UL

To ensure adequate vitamin uptake which figure encompasses the largest proportion of the populations needs?

UL

To ensure adequate vitamin uptake, which figure encompasses the largest proportion of the populations needs?

UL

To ensure adequate vitamin intake which figure encompasses the largest proportion of the populations needs?

UL- guarantees adequate supply without detrimental effects

To ensure adequate vitamin uptake, which figure encompasses the largest proportion of the populations needs? (RDA, EAR, UL, etc)

UL: taking the UL virtually guarantees adequate supply without detrimental effects if it is the sole source in the diet

Which part of the body adds bulk to the diet and creates the feeling of fullness as one of their physiological functions?

Upper GI tract

What homeostatic system is not involved in regulating satiety?

Urinary

What transports cholesterol and FAs from liver?

VLDLs

Vit K is metabolized by becoming part of chylomicrons that are carried to the liver. Once in the liver, Vit K is incorporated into ______ and carried to the extra-hepatic tissues via _______

VLDLs; LDLs

Serotonin is responsible for vasoconstriction or vasodilation

Vasoconstriction

What hormone regulates the body's retention of water by increasing reabsorption in the kidney's collecting ducts? A. Vasopressin (ADH) B. Gastrin C. Glucagon D. Leptin

Vasopressin

what hormone regulates the body's retention of water by increasing reabsorption in the kidney's collecting ducts

Vasopressin (ADH)

More water is extracted from the collecting ducts of the kidney and returned to the circulation when ______ stimulates the insertion of aquaporins into the cell membrane.

Vasopressin (ADH) NOT: calcitriol EPO PTH

Cholesterol in the skin is converted to what?

Vit D

Muscular atrophy can be caused by a lack of physical activity or by neurogenic atrophy, a condition caused when the nerve that connects to a muscle is damaged. What nutrient has recently been associated with this condition?

Vit D

Ricket's represents a deficiency in which vitamin?

Vit D

Which vitamin binds with Vit K bind to make Vit K more active and regulate blood clotting and bone mineralization?

Vit D

Which vitamin protects fatty acids from oxidative damage?

Vit E

During the formation of bone, osteoblasts are activated by Vit D. For correct bone mineralization, the action of which other vitamin is also required?

Vit K

Which vitamin is made (in small quantities) by bacteria in the large intestine?

Vit K

A deficiency in what vitamin can cause blindness due to a deterioration of mucous forming cells

Vitamin A

A deficiency in what vitamin can cause blindness due to a deterioration of mucus forming cells

Vitamin A

Xerophthalmia

Vitamin A "Dry Eyes"

Xerophthalmia is caused by a deficiency of

Vitamin A (dry eye, early childhood blindness)

Bitot's spots

Vitamin A deficiency

A nutrient in which the EAR is defined by its function, which is maintaining hematological status is the nutrient ____?

Vitamin B12 NOT: selenium choline vitamin E

Which vitamin is required for tryptophan metabolism?

Vitamin B6

Which vitamin is water soluble and is involved in collagen synthesis, iron absorption, and immune function

Vitamin C

A nutrient in which the EAR is defined by its concentration: the intake needed to saturate white blood cells, is _____?

Vitamin C NOT: vitamin D calcium selenium

Scurvy

Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid; most problematic for sailors on a long voyage; serves a huge problem during the civil war; was first nutrition-related "clinical trail"

Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of

Vitamin C/ascorbic acid

Rickets, a softening/weakening of bones in children, is due to an inadequate amount of which vitamin, known as the sunshine vitamin?

Vitamin D

Vitamin __ promotes the absorption of calcium and helps strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis

Vitamin D

Vitamin _____ promotes the absorption of calcium and helps strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis

Vitamin D

Muscular atrophy can be caused by a lack of physical activity or by neurogenic atrophy, a condition caused when the nerve that connects to a muscle is damaged. What nutrient has recently been associated with this condition?

Vitamin D NOT: chloride sodium vitamin E

Osteomalacia is defined as

Vitamin D deficiency

Common US problems

Vitamin D deficiency; Meet with exposure of skin to UV rays. Happens when the elderly because they tend to put on too much sun skin and dont get outside enough. If not enough vitamin D is present cause bone fracturs

What is the fat soluble antioxidant?

Vitamin E

Which fat soluble vitamin plays a large role in anti-oxidant protection of cell membranes and other body components

Vitamin E

Which fat-soluble vitamin plays a large role in anti-oxidant protection of cell membranes and other body components

Vitamin E

Which vitamin is fat soluble and aids in cataract, stroke, and diabetes prevention

Vitamin E

The following nutrients provide antioxidant effects against lipoperoxides:

Vitamin E, Beta Carotene

Which vitamin is made by bacteria in the large intestine

Vitamin K

Which vitamin is made by bacteria in the large intestine? a) Vitamin K b) Vitamin A c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin E

Vitamin K

Which vitamin is responsible for synthesizing the production of osteocalcin and fighting bone loss in individuals with osteoporosis

Vitamin K

____ serves as a cofactor for an enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of glutamic acid.

Vitamin K

During the formation of bone, osteoblasts are activated by Vitamin D but for the correct bone mineralization, the action of which other vitamin is also required?

Vitamin K NOT: pantothenic acid thiamin vitamin C

What side effects would you LEAST expect someone who experiences adult hypolactasia to display after consuming a glass of milk?

Vomiting NOT: diarrhea cramping bloating

Monthly food packages, nutrition education, and referrals for healthcare and other services.

WIC

A mother goes out for alcoholic beverages with her friends. She consumes 2 ounces of alcohol. Which of the following scenarios should the mother follow to make sure her breastfed baby is safe from the effects of the alcohol?

Wait 2 - 3 hours before nursing her baby

A mother goes out for caffeinated beverages with her friends. She consumes 100 mg of caffeine. Which of the following scenarios should the mother follow to make sure her breastfed baby is not irritated by the caffeine?

Wait 3 - 5 hours before feeding the baby, She may not have to do anything because it may not bother the baby, but if it does, don't drink caffeine

Decreasing the amount of ________ and _________ intake will limit the urine output. Water and nitrogen Sodium and Protein Water and Sodium Nitrogen and Sodium

Water and Sodium

Decreasing the amount of ___ and ____ intake will limit the urine output

Water and sodium

Identify the formula for Body Mass Index using metric notation and the cut-offs used for defining overweight and obesity.

Weight (kg) / Height (m) Overweight: >25 Obesity: >30

Describe what limits the time to exhaustion

When muscle glycogen levels run out, exercise stops and cannot be restarted ("hitting the wall" or "bonking") due to hypoglycemia The liver cannot produce glucose fast enough to keep up with need

Explain why women are at greater risk for osteoporosis than men.

Women are at greater risk because of menopause, and they have a lower total bone mass to start with.

It is important to reduce iron deficiency in women of childbearing age because:

Women with iron deficiency are at increased risk for premature delivery

Ptyalism

Women with nausea and vomiting may have a difficult time swallowing their saliva

75 g, 2 hour OGTT (1 or more indicate GDM) •Fasting Values > 92 - 125 mg/dL OR •1-hour Values > 180 mg/dL OR •2-hour Values > 153 - 199 mg/dL

World Health Organization

Was Susan's baby born prematurely?

Yes

Can blindness be correlated with a special nutrient deficiency or toxicity

Yes, Vitamin A

"Can you drink too much water?" and explain why.

Yes, some people can over-hydrate leading to undesirably low blood levels or electrolytes, especially sodium.

Can blindness be correlated with a special nutrient deficiency or toxicity? If yes, is it a deficiency or toxicity? What nutrient can be responsible for that?

Yes, vitamin A deficiency

Gustin, a salivary metalloprotein, contains which mineral

Zinc

Gustin, a salivary metalloprotein, contains which mineral?

Zinc

The composition of _______________ in human milk appears to decline during extended lactation (beyond 1 year postpartum) in non-weaning conditions.

Zinc and calcium

Gustin

Zinc is important for taste perception as a component of _____.

Gustin, a salivary metalloprotein, contains which mineral?

Zn

Megaloblastic Anemia

a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal

Oxidative Stress

a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent damage

A decrease in the production of GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) would result in:

a decrease in the production of FSH and LH, a lack of follicular development, the absence of ovulation

Scurvy

a disease caused by lack of vitamin C

Which of the following is least likely to stimulate gastric secretions?

a drop in pH of the stomach contents

Phenylketonuria

a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

Phospholipid

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule makes up cell membrane

Why is there no digestion of starch in the stomach?

a low pH in the stomach denatures amylase (needed to digest carbohydrates)

Chromodulin

a lower molecular weight binder of chromium. It is a protein that can bind four chromium atoms and facilitates the entry of glucose into fatty acid synthesis pathways.

peripheral neuropathy

a painful condition of the nerves of the hands and feet due to damage to the peripheral nerves; also known as peripheral neuritis

Incomplete Protein

a protein that is missing one or more of the essential amino acids

Chain termination

a step in a chain reaction that involves destruction of reactive intermediates

secondary active transport

a transporter that couples movement of one nutrient across a membrane against its concentration gradient to the simultaneous movement of a second molecule down an energetically greater concentration gradien

Chemical Score

a way of rating proteins based on amino acid make up or chemical composition

Match the following symptoms with the three types of beriberi: a. Cardiac failure due to enlarged heart, rapid heart rate, and difficulty breathing b. Psychosis, disorientation, brain lesions, and memory loss c. Muscle wasting, burning feet syndrome, and in severe cases, seizures

a. 1 b. 3 c. 2

1. Match the following energy releasing B-complex vitamins with their functions: a. Riboflavin b. B6 c. Pantothenic acid d. Niacin e. Thiamin 1. Synthesis of heme and serotonin; decreases effects of steroid binding hormones 2. Anabolism of cholesterol, fatty acids, and other macromolecules 3. Required for aerobic metabolism of glucose and for formation of pentose sugars in the pentose phosphate pathway 4. Component of cofactor for single electron transport 5. Forms part of Acetyl CoA; metabolism of alcohol and other macromolecules

a. 4 b. 1 c. 5 d. 2 e. 3

During beta oxidation, fatty acids are broken down to ______ A. acetyl CoA B. bile C. ketones D. cholesterol

a. acetyl coA

Which of the following is not a ketone body? A. Acetyl CoA B. Acetone C. Acetoacetate D. Beta-hydroxybutarate

a. acetyl coa

A man has just finished running an ultra-marathon (70 miles), which hormone is being produced in the greatest amount? a. Glucagon b. Insulin c. Follicle stimulating hormone d. None of the above

a. glucagon

Glycogenolysis in the liver is hormonally stimulated by ______. a. Glucagon b. Insulin c. Epinephrine d. Glucocorticoids

a. glucagon

Luteinizing hormone is a hormone released by the anterior pituitary and targets the ___________. A. Gonads B. Thryoid Gland C. Liver D. Adrenal gland

a. gonads

In hormone signaling ___________is a hormone that targets ___________receptors. a. Growth hormone, liver and adipose tissue b. Prolactin, Adrenal gland c. Follicle stimulating hormone, Thyroid gland d. Growth hormone, kidneys

a. growth hormone, liver and adipose tissue

Vitamin A in the form of retinol & retinoic acid are essential for all of the following except: a. Hair, skin, nail growth b. Embryonic development c. gene regulation d. Growth hormones

a. hair, skin, nail growth

Which organ needs a continuous supply of energy so it is only capable of fully oxidizing glucose? A.Heart B. Brain C. Kidney D. Liver

a. heart

What does the catabolism of glucogenic amino acids yield? a. Intermediates of the TCA cycle b. Weight gain c. Electrons d. Vitamin D

a. intermediates of the TCA cycle

GLP-1 is secreted from the colon, inhibits glucagon release, promotes weight loss, and _____. a. release of insulin b. sodium excretion c. activation of the hypothalamus d. none of the above

a. release of insulin

Which of the following has the greatest amount of vitamin B6 a. Steak b. Bananas c. Raw carrots d. Potatoes

a. steak

The major role of Iodide is to produce _______, in which almost all organs in the body are targets for. a. Thyroxine b. Polyglutamatehydrolase c. Thymidine d. TSH

a. thyroxine

Which part of the body adds bulk to the diet and creates the feeling of fullness as one of their physiological functions? a. Upper GI tract b. Small intestine c. Large intestine d. Lower GI tract

a. upper GI tract

Match the following symptoms with the three types of beriberi: a. Cardiac failure due to enlarged heart, rapid heart rate, and difficulty breathing (1) b. Psychosis, disorientation, brain lesions, and memory loss (3) c. Muscle wasting, burning feet syndrome, and in severe cases, seizures (2)

a. wet beriberi b. cerebral beriberi c. dry beriberi

During beta oxidation, fatty acids are broken down to_________.

acetyl CoA

Which of the following is not a ketone body?

acetyl CoA

Beta-oxidation occurs in a cyclic manner, with repeated release of _______.

acetyl-CoA

Choline is a precursor for

acetylcholine (also phospholipids and betaine)

Choline is a precursor for both ________ and _________.

acetylcholine and betaine

Beta-oxidation occurs in a cyclic manner, with the repeated release of _________.

acteyl-CoA NOT: NAD+ FAD ADP

The contraction cycle of muscles occurs when which two proteins create the force responsible for the contraction?

actin and myosin

What transport method uses energy to transport nutrients across the mucosal cells?

active transport

What enzyme breaks fatty acids down into acetyl-CoA in B-oxidation?

acyl CoA dehydrogenase

Pantothenic acid is part of the _____, which attaches to fatty acids to increase chain length

acyl carrier protein

the metabolic role of vitamin K that links the physiology of bone development and blood clotting is

adding a second carboxylic acid to a carboxylic acid side chain on glutamic acids in specific proteins

The amino acid methionine is a common donor of a single carbon, or methyl group. To make this transfer more energetically favorable, the methionine is commonly activated by addition of the cofactor _______

adenosine

In glycolysis, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA under (aerobic/anaerobic) conditions or lactate under (aerobic/anaerobic) conditions

aerobic; anaerobic

Iron

aids in oxygen carrying capacity of blood cells

The kidneys are an important part of excretion of some nutrients and also retention of other needed nutrients. What hormone helps the kidneys to retain Na?

aldosterone

Which one of these is not used to create glucose

all are used (pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids)

Protein digestibility is a measure of the amounts of ___________ that are absorbed following ingestion of a given protein.

amino acids

An enzyme that breaks the alpha 1-4 bonds of straight chain glucose polymers is

amylase

Retinoic Acid

an active, acid form of vitamin A that plays an important role in cell growth and immune function

Retinol

an active, alcohol form of vitamin A that plays an important role in healthy vision and immune function

Homocysteine

an amino acid normally found in the blood and used by the body to build and maintain tissues

lipoprotein lipase

an enzyme that sits on the outside of cells and breaks apart triglycerides, so that their fatty acids can be removed and taken up by the cell

Low levels of iron lead to a deficiency called _______ while low levels of Vitamin B12 can lead to a deficiency known as __________.

anemia, pernicious anemia

Glutathione perioxidase

antioxidant enzymes that break down (harmful) peroxides

These foods are good sources of the B6 vitamin, except:

apples

The omega-6 pathway produces _______ & ______

arachadonic acid; docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)

The omega-6 pathway produces _______ & ______ .

arachadonic acid; docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)

which area of the brain is targeted by hormones in order to produce a response to hunger or satiety?

arcuate hypothalamus

Fermentation of soluble dietary fiber by colonic bacteria produce ALL of the following metabolites that can be used by the host metabolism EXCEPT

ascorbic acid

Muscle ______ or ______ is the loss of muscle mass

atrophy, sarcopenia

The concept of measuring protein quality in different foods

attempts to apply a coefficient to protein quantity in the food, which separates the portion of protein that can be used for body functions form that which is used for energy or lost in feces

"Reference height and weight" relative to nutrient intake refers to:

average heigh of the US male and female populations and the associated weight for the midpoint of the healthy range of BMI

B-Vitamins are water soluble. What practical implications does that have? a. As long as you drink enough water, you will get enough B-Vitamins. b. Leftover B-Vitamins leave the body through urine, so you need a continuous supply of B-Vitamins in the diet. c. Leftover B-Vitamins are stored in water reservoirs in the body, so B-Vitamins have a high risk of toxicity. d. Water soluble vitamins can only be obtained through supplementation, not through food sources.

b. Leftover B-Vitamins leave the body through urine, so you need a continuous supply of B-Vitamins in the diet.

Low levels of iron lead to a deficiency called while low levels of Vitamin B12 can lead to a deficiency known as . a. Scurvy; Anemia b. Anemia; Pernicious anemia c. Anemia; Marasmus d. Marasmus; Kwashiorkor

b. anemia; pernicious anemia

An RQ of .85 means what energy sources are being used? a. carbs only b. carbs, fat and protein c. fat d. protein and carbs

b. carbs, fat, and protein (0.7 - fats; 0.8 - protein)

_____ blood volume and _____ levels of angiotensin II will most likely _____ water-seeking behavior. a. increased, high, stimulate b. decreased, high, stimulate c. increased, high, suppress d. decreased, low, suppress

b. decreased, high, stimulate

What hormone is stimulated, along with glucocorticoid hormones, in response to a fasted state by pancreatic alpha cells? a. leptin b. glucagon c. glucose d. CCK

b. glucagon

Which regulation hormone is counter regulatory to insulin, and increases hepatic glucose production by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis? A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Epinephrine D. Glucose

b. glucagon

Switching from a typical American diet to a very low fat diet usually causes a(n) _________ in fasting triacyglycerol levels and a(n)___________ in fasting LDL and HDL levels. A. increase; increase B. increase; decrease C. decrease; increase D. decrease; decrease

b. increase, decrease

The Cori cycle uses what substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis? A. Alanine B. Lactate C. Phosphate D.Fructose

b. lactate

Evidence AGAINST the theory that food intake occurs to regulate blood glucose levels includes all of the following EXCEPT: a. brain glucose levels (not blood glucose levels) are the trigger b. low blood glucose and 2-deoxyglucose causes eating c. anticipatory glucose control involves learning (ex: time of day, social cues) d. the blood glucose response to eating is slow

b. low blood glucose and 2-deoxyglucose causes eating

What enzyme is released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus and acts on the substrate released from liver in order to regulate blood pressure? A. ACE B. Renin C. Angiotensinogen D. ANG II

b. renin

Prepared insulin is _____________ awaiting secretion A: Utilized B: Stored C. Discarded D. Removed

b. stored

One product of the pentose phosphate pathway is ribose-5-phosphate. What function does this sugar have? a. Helps with blood circulation b. Synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids c. Maintains integrity of cell membranes d. Synthesis of acetyl coA for the Krebs cycle.

b. synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids

Which vitamin is required for tryptophan metabolism? A) Vitamin B12 B) Vitamin B6 C) Vitamin A D) Vitamin K

b. vitamin b6

the region of bone most commonly fractured in individuals with osteoporosis is:

ball (epiphysis) of the femur

60-70% of total calories expended by the body are for...?

basal metabolic processes (respiration, circulation, nerve transmission, tissue replacement/turnover/repair)

In contrast to osteoporosis, the diseases osteomalacia and rickets are likely to

be cause by low intake of vitamin D, not calcium, and be characterized by a normal volume of bone that is poorly mineralized

Why is it so difficult to quantify the requirements for nutrients when there is so much knowledge about their metabolism?

because individuals and populations vary in their metabolism and requirements due to genetic and environmental differences

Insufficient ATP production due to thiamin deficiency leads to what condition?

beriberi

Which peptide hormone, located in the anterior pituitary, has the effect to inhibit the perception of pain

beta endorphin

Aging-related sarcopenia might be reduced by increased levels of ALL of the following EXCEPT

beta-carotene

Insulin is secreted by the _____ cells in the pancreas and glucagon is secreted by the ______ cells in the pancreas.

beta; alpha

Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are examples of ______ acids

bile

Of the following, which in not considered an essential nutrient: - Water - Iodine - Biotin - Iron

biotin

Which of the following is not considered an essential nutrient

biotin

While the majority of the urea is excreted by the kidney, the rest goes into the ___________.

blood

According to Greek philosophers, food is thought to be made up of all of the following EXCEPT

blood enrichments

What factors influence the amount of energy expended on physical activity?

body weight, intensity/type/duration

The latest RDA for vitamin D in men and women is 600 I.U. per day, based upon _________ research; however 2000 I.U. per day is an intake that may be more optimum based upon ___________.

bone health; serum 25-OH vitamin D at an optimum value of 75 nmol/L or 30 ng/mL

What role does cholesterol play in membrane stability

both increases and decreases fluidity depending on environment

The telltale sign of rickets is

bowed limbs

Which of the following is not a type of cancer affected by adequate Vitamin D levels? A) Breast B) Bone C)Skin D)Brain

brain

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

An individual with Persistent Adult Lactasia produces an enzyme in the _____ that individuals who do not have this condition are missing.

brush border of the enterocytes

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for cleaving polyphosphoinositides upon their ingestion into DAG? A. PLD B. PLA2 C. PLC D. Phosphoinositide Kinase

c. PLC

According to Greek philosophers, food is thought to be made up of all of the following EXCEPT- a. medicine b. nutriment c. blood enrichments d. poisons

c. blood enrichments

Which of the following are NOT true of Rudman and Feller's Conditionally Essential criteria? a. deficiency results in decline in plasma level into subnormal range b. appearance of physiological function and structure malfunction with deficiency c. correction of only decrease in plasma level by intake of certain supplement d. correction of both decrease in plasma level and appearance of physiological malfunction by intake of certain supplement

c. correction of only disease in plasma level by intake of certain supplement

Renal _____________ , the outer part of the kidney, contains the glomerulus and Bowman�s capsule for__________function. A. Medulla; filtration B. Cortex; excretion C. Cortex; filtration - correct answer D. Medulla; excretion

c. cortex; filtration

Which of the following peptides acts to induce hunger? a. CCK b. GLP-1 c. ghrelin d. leptin

c. ghrelin

What food does not have a good source of Vitamin e? a. Nuts b. Whole Grains c. Ground Beef d. Vegetables

c. ground beef

What are the three regulatory enzymes of glycolysis? a. Enolase, hexokinase, aldolase b. Hexokinase, triose phosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase c. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase d. Phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, aldolase e. None of the above

c. hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

An individual just had a high carbohydrate and sugary lunch. What hormone is released in response to have high blood glucose levels? A. Glucagon B. Secretin C. Insulin D. pepsin

c. insulin

What molecule does Acetyl CoA combine with to form citrate in the TCA cycle? A. Malate B. Fumarate C. Oxaloacetate D.Succinate

c. oxaloacetate

Homeostatic regulatory systems ensure adequate supply of _____ needed for growth and maintenance. a. carbohydrates b. fats c. proteins d. lipids

c. proteins

Which nutrient function is correctly matched with its nutrient? a. vitamin B12: maintain liver function b. choline: maintain hematological status c. riboflavin: erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity d. selenium: prevention of hydrogen peroxide induce hemolysis

c. riboflavin: erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity

Contraction of both skeletal and smooth muscle occurs in response to which nutrient?

calcium

Contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle occurs in response to which nutrient

calcium

The renal system involves filtration of blood through the Bowman's capsule and subsequent concentration of the fluid in the renal tubule. Concentration the solutes in the urine conserves water, but excess concentration can result in precipitation of solid ________, which can damage the organ or tissues.

calcium oxalate

important for skeletal strength and mineral storage

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D

Why can water soluble vitamins be toxic

can be consider toxic when the kidney are affect because the kidneys can only filter them at a fix rate.

Nicin

can cause liver damage. doctors prescribe nicin to help lower cholesterol levels.

Protein quality depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT:

carbohydrate composition/makeup

All of these are functions of Vitamin C except:

carbohydrate synthesis

stored or oxidized to carbon dioxide

carbohydrate, fiber, fat, cholesterol, protein

To prevent muscle atrophy during weight loss, it is recommended to have adequate intake of ______.

carbohydrates

To prevent muscle atrophy during weight loss it is recommended to have adequate intake of _____?

carbohydrates NOT: alcohol iron fat

A __________ group must be added to fatty acids in order to cross the membrane to undergo B-oxidation

carnitine

What protein is particularly important for long chain FAs to be transported into mitochondria?

carnitine

What protein is particularly important for long chain Fas to be transported into mitochondria?

carnitine

Beta oxidation can be defined as a _______ process

catabolic

The metabolic process beta oxidation can be defined as a ___ process

catabolic

The metabolic process beta oxidation can be defined as a _____ process

catabolic

Free radicals are protons/electrons that move around in the body, crashing into tissues and causing damage. Which of the following antioxidants does NOT work by first trapping and stabilizing a single electron from a free radical?

catalase

Which of the following does NOT work by first trapping and stabilizing a single electron from a free radical?

catalase NOT: vitamin C vitamin E beta-carotene

Which of the following functions has NOT been attributed to Vit D?

catalyzes calcium binding to blood-clotting proteins (functions of Vit D: - immunity to microbial infection by stimulating synthesis of an antibiotic peptide - cellular differentiation)

Vitamin A Risks

causes birth defects as well as liver damage (25000 IUs)

ascorbic acid

cell cytosol

ascorbic acid (where is it found?)

cell cytosol

Vit E

cell membrane

Vit E (where is it found?)

cell membrane

Which of the following types of fiber are completely insoluble?

cellulose

What are the most biologically active sphingolipids?

ceramide & sphingosine-1-phosphate

Neurotransmitter

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

What cells secrete pepsin?

chief cells (stomach)

Protein-related diseases are not that common in the US but can occur through consuming poor quality proteins or little protein. In what populations do we see a majority of these diseases?

children

Hormone produced in the small intestine that signals the brain to cease food-intake

cholecystokinin

Enterohepatic recirculation is an important process that occurs during the absorptive stages of digestion and during the excretion process. Which of the following is NOT a component process of enterohepatic recirculation?

cholesterol is extracted from VLDL by lipoprotein lipase (processes of enterohepatic recirculation: - cholesterol is converted to bile acids - liver releases bile acids into the bile duct system - colon reabsorbs secondary bile acids)

How does vitamin get carried to the liver and how does it get carried to the tissues?

chylomicrons, LDLs

What role does tryptophan play in melatonin and serotonin?

circadian rhythm, excitatory, inhibatory

___________ cause EFAs to have a bent shape

cis-double bonds

___________ cause EFAs to have a bent shape.

cis-double bonds

Biochemical change associated with transformation of rhodopsin to opsin

cis-trans rearrangement of Vit A

Which of the following is not a function of vitamin B-6

coenzymes in oxidative reduction reactions

Unlike many animals, humans are unable to synthesize Vit C, and it is therefore needed in the diet. It has a main function as an electron donor and works as an antioxidant. It also plays an important role in the synthesis of ________.

collagen

Unlike many animals, humans are unable to synthesize vitamin C and it is therefore needed in the diet. It has a main function as an electron donor and works as an antioxidant. It also plays a roll in the synthesis of.....

collagen NOT: hemoglobin fibrinogen GLA proteins

Fiber consists of non-digestible carbohydrates found mostly in plants and can have positive health benefits in humans. Which of the following is NOT defined as a component of fiber?

collagen (components of fiber: - chitin or chitosan - lignin - cellulose)

Which of the following is not defined as a component of fiber?

collagen NOT: chitin/chitosan lignin cellulose

Ketone Bodies

compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available in the cells

Cretinism

condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

Sally is a vegetarian nutrition student and is concerned she is not consuming enough complete proteins. How can Sally best use her knowledge in order to make sure she supplies her body with these necessary proteins in a safe and effective manner?

conduct a 3-day diet record and compare her amino acid intake with requirements to determine if she is actually deficient in a limiting amino acid

Neural Tube Defects

congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system

What is it called when a person is born unable to digest any products that contain the disaccharide lactose?

congenital lactase-phlorizin hydrolase deficiency

Hunger and appetite are _______ while satiety is _______.

constant; intermittent

fiber deficiency symptoms

constipation and elevated LDL cholesterol in lipid profile

cyclooxygenase (COX)

converts EFAs into prostaglandins & eicosanoids

function of cyclooxygenase (COX)

converts EFAs into prostaglandins & eicosanoids

What is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

High concentrations of zinc inhibits _______ absorption

copper

Phytic acid binds all of the following except: zinc calcium copper magnesium

copper

Phytic acid binds all the following except

copper

The process of converting lactate back to pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase is completed by which cycle?

cori cycle

The two grains persons with celiac disease can consume are:

corn and rice

Which of the following are NOT true of Rudman and Feller's Conditionally Essential criteria?

correction of only decrease in plasma level by intake of certain supplement

Renal _________ , the outer part of the kidney, contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule for ________ function.

cortex, filtration

The physiological principle that allows the kidney to excrete urine that can be either more or less dilute than the blood plasma it originates from is

countercurrent sodium pumping in the loop of Henle creates a high concentration of salt in the interior of the kidney, and the collecting ducts have variable permeability to water

a dietary supplement that can expand the volume of muscle fibers and aid in providing energy for short term activity is

creatine

A general "quest" of nutrition science can be defined as.....

creating the optimum concentration of all needed nutrients in cells and tissues throughout the bodies of humans

Which pathway during omega-6 fatty acid metabolism yields prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid?

cyclooxygenase

Which dietary recommendation was created to meet the nutrient level of intake of half the of the healthy individuals in a given population? a. AMDR b. RDA c. DRI d. EAR

d. EAR

Of the elements listed below which one is NOT considered to be essential? a. Boron b. Vanadium c. Nickel d. Iron

d. Iron

Problems associated with peripheral neuropathy may include: A. Loss of pain sensation B. Loss of touch sensitivity C. Balance issues D. All of the above

d. all of the above

Protein quality depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT: a. Digestibility b. Amino acid profile/composition c. Nitrogen balance d. Carbohydrate composition/makeup

d. carbohydrate composition/makeup

Discuss the role hormonal, neural, and metabolic factors play in gastrointestinal regulation of food intake. Functions of GLP-1 include all of the following EXCEPT: a. promoting the release of insulin b. increasing pancreatic beta-cell growth c. promoting weight loss and glucose control d. decreasing feeling of satiety

d. decreasing feeling of satiety

Glucose Transporter ______________ is insulin responsive in skeletal, muscle, heart and adipose tissue. a. Glut1 b. Glut2 c. Glut3 D. Glut4

d. glut4

Vitamin B6 serves all of the following functions EXCEPT: A) Coenzyme in reactions involving amino acid metabolism B) Serotonin synthesis C) Coenzyme in heme synthesis D) Increases effects of steroid binding hormones

d. increases effects of steroid binding hormones

Inhibitors of mineral absorption in the diet include all of the following except: a. Tannins b. Phytic Acid c. Oxalic Acid d. Low pH e. High pH

d. low pH

All of these hormones play a role in maintaining blood glucose levels during the fasted state EXCEPT a. glucagon b. epinephrine c. glucocorticoids d. secretin

d. secretin

All of the following accurately describes a theory of food intake regulation that has been proposed with reasonable support during the last 50 years EXCEPT: a. release of leptin from fat cells lowers the quantity of food eaten b. stomach distention from eating a meal is thought to be a key factor in causing one to stop eating c. the glucostatic theory states that hunger increases in response to fluctuation in blood glucose d. the glucostatic theory states that hunger decreases in response to fluctuation in blood glucose

d. the glucostatic theory states that hunger decreases in response to fluctuation in blood glucose

What homeostatic system is NOT involved in regulating satiety? a. nervous b. endocrine c. vascular d. urinary

d. urinary

Dietary Advice to pregnant women and provision of balanced energy and protein supplements

decrease incidence of SGA and stillbirths

_____________ blood volume and _____________ levels of angiotensin II will most likely _____________ water-seeking behavior.

decreased, high, stimulate

The hormonal feedback loop between the last segment of the small intestine and the pyloric sphincter, involving substance GLP-1, is referred to as an "ideal brake." The outcome of this process is that an increase in GLP-1:

decreases flow of chyme to the ileum

Functions of GLP-1 include all of the following EXCEPT:

decreasing feeling of satiety

function of lipoprotein lipase

degrades lipoprotein to release FAs and glycerol

lipoprotein lipase

degrades lipoprotein to release FAs and glycerol

The channels in the sodium potassium pump open in response to ___ in transmembrane voltage

depolarization

phytate (phytic acid) is a

derivative of the sugar-alcohol, inositol phosphate, that chelates minerals in the diet and reduces their absorption

Name a reason the USDA developed a food pyramid

designed to translate recommendation on nutrient intake recommendations of food intake

What are some causes of peripheral neuropathy?

diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, shingles

To measure the apparent digestibility of protein in a diet in an animal feeding trial, you would measure the nitrogen content in

diet and feces

Which factors were LEAST likely to be considered important in determining the age and gender categories for Dietary Reference Intakes?

different racial and ethnic groups may have different nutrient requirements

Vitamin D stimulates calcium reabsorption from urine in the kidney ________ with a molecular mechanism similar to vitamin D stimulation of calcium absorption from the _______

distal tubule, duodenum

Which part of the digestive system is known for its large cell membrane surface area which aids in absorption via active transport and facilitated diffusion of nutrients into the cells

duodenum

Which of the following are considered essential nutrients, according to Alfred Harper? A. fatty acids B water C amino acids d. A and C e. all

e

The best way to change the dietary intake of a population for a given nutrient is to:

educated people about food choices or modify the nutrient profile of foods most commonly eaten

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are

eicosanoids

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are _______.

eicosanoids

Who are the most at risk for Vitamin B6 deficiencies? (Select all that apply) Elderly Infants Alcoholics Sick

elderly and alcoholics

Who are the most at risk for Vitamin B6 deficiencies?

elderly, alcholics

The following are ALL symptoms of an iron-deficiency anemia EXCEPT:

elevation of the iron binding protein, ferritin, in the blood serum

The following are ALL symptoms and signs or iron-deficiency anemia EXCEPT:

elevation of the iron-binding protein, ferritin, in the blood

Which is NOT a function of saliva?

emulsification of fats into micelles

Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

emulsification of fats into micelles NOT: facilitation of speech antibacterial activity breakdown of starches

Goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland

Food & Drug Administration (FDA)

ensures that food is safe & wholesome

The absorptive epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract are called"

enterocytes

Vitamin D2 or ____ is found in certain plants and is chemically synthesized. ____ or cholecalciferol is synthesized by animals and found in animal-based foods

ergocalciferol; D3

Vitamin D2 or__ is found in certain plants and is chemically synthesized. __ or cholecalciferol is synthesized by animals and found in animal based foods

ergocalciferol; D3

The ______ is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

estimated average requirement

_____ _____ _____ is a reference value with DRI's that is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

estimated average requirement

The DRI is made up of the following systems of measurement: a RDA b EAR c AMDR d AI e UL f all

f

There is a tolerable UL established for protein

false

T/F? Satiety refers to the end of desire to eat after a meal, governed by hormones which signal the brain the meal is over.

false (this is true of satiation; satiety is the physical feeling of fullness that causes us to stop eating)

______ soluble vitamins are found in fats and oils, and can be stored in tissues. They can be converted into_______ soluble compounds in the __________ and then excreted in the same fashion as ________ soluble vitamins.

fat, adipose, water, liver, water `

____ soluble vitamins are found in fats and oils, and can be stored in tissues. They can be converted into ______ soluble compounds in the _______ and then excreted in the same fashion as ______ soluble vitamins.

fat, water, liver, water

In the muscle, growth hormone stimulates __________ uptake by inducing the expression of lipoprotein lipase.

fatty acid

What component forms the most hydrophobic/non-polar region of a phospholipid such as lecithin?

fatty acid

What component forms the most hydrophobic non-polar region of a phospholipid such as lecithin?

fatty acid NOT: glyceride phosphoryl group choline

In the muscle, growth hormones stimulate ________ uptake by inducing the expression of lipoprotein lipase.

fatty acid NOT: insulin glucose triaglycerol

Which of the following is not a function of fat soluble vitamins

fatty acid synthesis

Amino acid catabolism can be used to produce energy, glucose, ketone bodies, cholesterol, and____

fatty acids

Iron is used in the electron transport chain as a component of cytochromes. The reduced cytochrome oxidizes iron from the ______ state to the _______ state

ferrous; ferric

_____ is an unabsorbed dietary plant material that impacts nutrient excretion?

fiber

squamus epithelium

flat, scale-like cells composing the epidermis

__ is the compound that is necessary to avoid neural tube defects in developing infants

folate

A ___ deficiency can lead to a type of anemia which halts normal RBC division resulting in non funcitoning and abnormally large RBC's called

folate, megaloblasts

Birth defects, such as fetal malformation and spontaneous abortion, have been linked to too little _________ and too much ________.

folate; Vit A

Which two hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland during the FOLLICULAR phase of the menstrual cycle?

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

What is the purpose of recommending daily servings of fruits, grains, vegetables, protein and dairy in the Food Guide Pyramid or Choose My Plate instead of listing the required nutrients?

food groups provide a simple way to get all nutrients in a balanced diet

The primary role of vitamin C is

formation of collagen

Glucogenesis

formation of glucose

Gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

glycogenesis

formation of glycogen from glucose

Folic Acid

forms an intermediate metabolite that transfers methyl groups in biosynthetic reactions for blood and fetal development

Antioxidants protect the body from compounds called _________.

free radicals

In glycolysis, each glucose molecule is converted via _________________ and generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

The term created by committees of the IOM to describe isolated, non-digestible carbohydrates which have beneficial physiological effects on humans and can be added back into other foods is ________.

functional fiber

In order to improve fertility (as well as overall health) the recommended first line of treatment for an underweight woman with amenorrhea is to _____.

gain weight

Hormone produced in the stomach that signals hunger so as to elicit food seeking behavior

ghrelin

Which compound is the hormone most responsible for causing feelings of hunger?

ghrelin

Which of the following hormones are NOT elevated in a fed state? Insulin Gastrin CCK Ghrelin

ghrelin

A man has just finished running an ultra-marathon (70 miles), which hormone is being produced in the greatest amount?

glucagon

Glycogenolysis in the liver is hormonally stimulated by ______.

glucagon

In the fasted state, which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to increase the availability of glucose in the bloodstream

glucagon

In the fasted state, which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to increase the availability of glucose in the bloodstream?

glucagon

Insulin release is promoted by GLP-1, and consequently ______ release is inhibited.

glucagon

What hormone is stimulated, along with glucocorticoid hormones, in response to a fasted state by pancreatic alpha cells?

glucagon

Which one of the following peptides is not considered to be a satiety-generating hormone?

glucagon

Which regulation hormone is counter regulatory to insulin, and increases hepatic glucose production by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

glucagon

What hormone stimulates glycogenolysis?

glucagon in response to low blood glucose

A hormone that is antagonistic to osteoblast is

glucocorticoids

A hormone that is antagonistic to osteoblast is...

glucocorticoids

Which group of steroid hormones are released when blood glucose levels are low to encourage glycogenolysis?

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

___ can be completely oxidixed for energy or stored as ___

glucose, glycogen

Glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen into ____ and a shortened glycogen polymer

glucose-1-phosphate

Glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen into _______________ and a shortened glycogen polymer

glucose-1-phosphate

Glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen into _______________ and a shortened glycogen polymer.

glucose-1-phosphate

_________ can be completely oxidized for energy or stored as __________.

glucose; glycogen

One of the primary functions of selenium is its role in the ____________ system

glutathione perioxidase

One of the primary functions of selenium is its role in the ____________ system.

glutathione perioxidase

All of the following are products of the beta oxidation process except

glycerol

All of the following are products of the β-oxidation process except?

glycerol (products of B-oxidation: - NADH - FADH2 - Acetyl CoA

Glucagon initiates ___________.

glycogen catabolism to raise BG

Glucagon initiates ___________.

glycogen catabolism to raise blood glucose

Oxidative pathways of glucose:

glycolysis, the TCA cycle & electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

Luteinizing hormone is a hormone released by the anterior pituitary and targets the ___________.

gonads

What food does not have a good source of Vitamin e?

ground beef

In hormone signaling _________ is a hormone that targets _________ receptors.

growth hormone, liver and adipose tissue

The salivary metalloprotein containing zinc is called

gustin

What protein helps with taste acuity?

gustin

Caroline is a dietitian and she is pregnant with her first baby. She was recently diagnosed with gestational diabetes and is discouraged because she has a normal BMI and feels that she has a healthy diet. Dispite the fact that she is of normal weight and knows about nutrition, why are all pregnant women at an increased risk of developing diabetes?

hCS promotes insulin resistance, Placental hormones promote insulin resistance, Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue become insulin resistant during the second half of pregnancy

Vitamin A in the form of retinol & retinoic acid are essential for all of the following except:

hair, skin, nail growth

Which organ needs a continuous supply of energy so it is only capable of fully oxidizing glucose?

heart

Antioxidants

help protect the body from free radicals; are found in fruits and veggies

Oxygen is transported through the blood via __________ and the muscles via ___________.

hemoglobin, myoglobin

Which of the following is not an example of vitamin C's antioxidant activity

hepatocytes in the liver use vitamin C to protect against free radicals generated by bile from the gall bladder

hormone produced in the liver that signals the intestine to reduce iron absorption

hepcidin

What enzyme aids the catabolism of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?

hexokinase

What is not a rate determining step in glucogenesis

hexokinase

_______ is the first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate

hexokinase

What enzyme is responsible for making fructose 6 phosphate for gluconeogenesis

hexokinase?

The primary effect(s) of chronic undernutrition on reproduction in women and their offspring is/are:

high likelihood of infant death in first year, the birth of small and frail infants.

The probable reason for high vitamin D concentration with high physical activity is...

high physical activity reduces fatand makes more vitamin D available

An individual experiencing a zinc deficiency may show all of the following symptoms except

high plasma glucose levels

If diet is low in cholesterol, HMG-CoA reductase activity will be (low/high) & endogenous cholesterol synthesis will be (increased/decreased)

high; increased

B-12 & folate work together to control __________ levels

homocysteine

Iodide, present in food as Iodine, is used in the synthesis of thyroxine, which is necessary for growth and development. The RDA for Iodide is based on _________.

how much iodide is needed for a steady state in the thyroid gland

The RDA for iodine is based on ________

how much iodine is needed for a steady state in the thyroid gland

Low insulin, High glucagon, low CCK, increasing ghrelin are all components that indicate _______.

hunger

The peripheral body systems, the central nervous system, metabolic influences (i.e. blood nutrient levels), and disease states (such as anorexia or obesity) all impact one's _____.

hunger

Low insulin, High glucagon, low CCK, increasing ghrelin are all components that indicate _______.

hunger/appetite

Lipoprotein lipase facilitates the uptake from the blood by__

hydrolyzing plasma triacylglycerols in circulating lipoproteins

Lipoprotein lipase facilitates the uptake from the blood by ______

hydrolyzing plasma tricylglycerols in circulating lipoproteins

Lipoprotein lipase facilitates the uptake from the blood by________________

hydrolyzing plasma tricylglycerols in circulating lipoproteins

Functional group on a Vit E molecule that stably holds free radical electron

hydroxyl on the chromanol ring

The synthesis of collagen depends on _________.

hydroxylation

The synthesis of collagen depends on a crucial step. What is that step?

hydroxylation

Peripheral nueropathy is a result of damage to your peripheral nerves. It can affect other areas of the body. Nutritional causes include diabetes, shingles, vitamin deficiency (B12 and folate, B6, and thiamine), thyamin deficiency, autoimmune diseases including lupus, arthritis, or Guillian- Barre syndrome and exposure to toxins. Symptoms include:

hypersensitive pain receptors

iron

hypo chromic, microcytic anemia

The primary integration center in the brain for the hormonal systems and neural systems that regulate food intake and the digestive tract is the _______.

hypothalamus

Most vitamin D is synthesized in the human body as a result of direct exposure to sunlight; however, for some individuals sunlight is not a viable source of vitamin D. Which of the following food sources is the greatest source of dietary vitamin D? i. Fish Oil ii. Whole Grains iii. Leafy Greens iv. Citrus Fruits v. Poultry

i. fish oil

Mary's diet is high in added sugars, low in protein, and overall inadequate in nutrients. Which process related to conception would be MOST effected (we do not know her weight status)?

implantation

Interventions that promote appropriate complementary feeding practices (nutritional education)

improved height and weight for age z-scores

Provision of multiple micronutrients via supplements, micronutrient powders, or fortified ready-to-use foods including lipid-based nutrient supplements

improved height and weight gain, reasoning abilities, and hemoglobin concentration

For a new revision of the DRI, the best way to experimentally determine the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin K in a small subset of the population would be

in a clinical research ward, give subject an antibiotic and graded levels of vitamin K and measure blood clotting rates

One of the few examples of excretion of intact proteins from the body is

in the pancreatic fluid from the exocrine pancreas

An increase in carbonic acid formation means a ______ in carbohydrate excretion

increase

Which of the following is the main goal for Diane in the treatment of her PCOS?

increase insulin sensitivity

Switching from a typical American diet to a very low fat diet usually causes a(n)_________ in fasting triacyglycerol levels and a(n) _______ in fasting LDL and HDL levels.

increase; decrease

All of the following factors stimulate or increase thirst EXCEPT:

increased blood volume presumably detected by cardiac stretch receptors

Toxic outcomes from taking in very high levels of supplemental vitamin D include ALL of the following EXCEPT

increased colon cancer incidence

Kangaroo care

increased incidence of breastfeeding, decrease in mortality, sepsis, and hypothermia

Massage for premature infants

increased insulin and IGF-1, increase weight gain, reduce hospital stay, improves bone density

When fat cells increase in size and leptin is secreted to the brain, what physiological change would we expect to see?

increased thermogenesis

Explain the effect that training has on sweating.

increases sweating 10-20%

When we compare the physiological mechanisms for absorption of calcium and zinc, we find: increase in synthesis of a specific calcium-binding cytosolic protein (Calbindin-D) _______ calcium absorption, and synthesis of a specific zinc-binding cytosolic protein (metallothionein) _____ zinc absorption.

increases, decreases

Chemical substances that are essential for the body are called and some examples of nutrients are...

indispensable

_______________ amino acids are necessary for development but cannot be synthesized in the body

indispensable

A substance that is needed in a metabolic reaction or a tissue structure that cannot be synthesized in humans is generally referred to as

indispensable nutrient

An element is ___________ if without adequate intake there are characteristic signs of a deficiency disease.

indispensable or essential

Which of the following statements shows the weakest evidence that a substance is an essential nutrient?

infants hospitalized with intestinal bacterial infections were given infant formula with or without the human milk protein lactoferrin added. The lactoferrin groups recovered faster, indicating that this nutrient was essential

Which of the following statements shows the weakest evidence that a substance is an essential nutrient?

infants hospitalized with intestinal bacterial infections were given infant formula with or without the human milk protein lactoferrin added. The lactoferrin groups recovered faster, indicating that this nutrient was essential.

epinephrine and norepinephrin's nutrient metabolism effects include all of the following except

inhibits glycogenolysis

Copper absorption has what sort of impact on iron absorption

inhibits transferrin

Why are ketone bodies formed when b-oxidation is the exclusive pathway being used for energy production?

insufficient oxaloacetate to combine with the quantity of acetyl-CoA produced

A lack of protein in a father's diet affects the quality of his sperm and in turn, could affect the long-term cardiovascular health of his offspring, say researchers from the UL. From what we have learned, a logical explanation for this finding is

insufficient sulfur amino acids limit the ability of S-adenosyl-methionine to methylate DNA normally

An individual just had a high carbohydrate and sugary lunch. What hormone is released in response to have high blood glucose levels?

insulin

Hormonal factors that tend to elevate blood glucose include all of the following EXCEPT:

insulin (elevate BG: - glucocorticoids - glucagon - epinephrine)

Diane was recently diagnosed with PCOS and is working with a health care provider to improve her symptoms so she can be in better health upon conception. Which of the following symptoms is Diane likely to be experiencing?

insulin resistance, infertility, obesity, excess abdominal fat, excess facial hair

GLUT 4

insulin responsive glucose transporter in skeletal, heart, and adipose tissues

Which hormones affect rate of glycolysis?

insulin, glucocorticoids, glucagon

Cretinism results from an untreated congenital nutrient deficiency. The symptoms of this deficiency are deaf mutism, spasticity, inadequate myelination of nerve cells, and mental retardation. The nutrient involved in this deficiency is _________.

iodine

Anemia is a major global health problem that most commonly results from a chronic deficiency of the nutrient

iron

Fenton reaction

iron catalyzes conversion of hydrogen peroxide to a hydroxyl radical or peroxide radical

Fenton reaction (describe)

iron catalyzes conversion of hydrogen peroxide to a hydroxyl radical or peroxide radical

Most common nutrient deficiency in the US

iron deficiency anemia

Fred was hit with a ball and bruised immediately, he has also previously had problems with bleeding gums but Tina had been experiencing bloating, cramps and had a recent trip to the doctors concerning kidney stones. Fred has been experiencing _______ and Tina has ________.

iron deficiency, iron overdose

How is iron involved in energy metabolism

iron is a component of cytochromes and its oxidation allows electrons to be transported along the ETC to eventually create energy in the from of ATP

Meat is an important dietary source of _____ and ____ due to the functions of these minerals in muscle tissue

iron, zinc

Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for bone formation. Vit K ______.

is a cofactor for modification of bone proteins by osteoblasts

Osteoblasts are cells responsible for formation of bone. Vitamin K ______?

is a cofactor for modification of bone proteins by osteoblasts.

The following are examples of neural transmitters except

isoleucine

Alpha-linolenic acid is an important dietary constituent because _________.

it is an essential Omega-3 fatty acid

AAs that are degraded into 2-carbon units (like acetyl-CoA)

ketogenic AAs

What kind of AAs are degraded into 2-carbon units (like acetyl-CoA)?

ketogenic AAs

HMG-CoA reductase

key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis

Which one of the following is NOT an accessory organ to the gastrointestinal tract?

kidney

The two organs responsible for absorption of calcium in response to PTH are...

kidney and SI

The two organs responsible for absorption of calcium in response to PTH are

kidney and small intestines

Tryptophan is metabolized by the _____________ pathway

kynurenine

Pernicious Anemia

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream

The Cori cycle uses what substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis?

lactate

The enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate is___

lactate dehydrogenase

Epithelium

layer of skin cells forming the outer and inner surfaces of the body

If a diet contains only low quality proteins it will

lead to inadequate availability of selected amino acids and inhibits synthesis of its own proteins

If a diet contains only low quality proteins will it ________?

lead to inadequate availability of selected amino acids and inhibits the synthesis of its own proteins.

The main dietary source of vitamin K

leafy green vegetables

Given that we regulate the amount of food we consume to maintain energy balance, what is the principal way we can be sure we have adequate intake of vitamins and minerals?

learn to consume a variety of nutrient dense foods

Hormone produced in the adipose tissue that signals the brain to reduce food-intake

leptin

Stimulated by insulin and secreted by adipocytes, _____ is a hormone which induces long-term satiety relative to body mass.

leptin

Stimulated by insulin and secreted by adipocytes, _______ is a hormone which induces long-term satiety relative to body mass.

leptin

Which hormone produced in the adipose tissue that signals the brain (hypothalamus & brain stem) to reduce food intake?

leptin

Which amino acid can be broken down to yield HMG CoA, a key metabolite in cholesterol synthesis?

leucine

Which of the following is an undigestible carbohydrate

lignin

Which one of the following is an undigestible carbohydrate? -Starch -Maltose -Mucilage -Lignin

lignin

(Linoleic/linolenic) acid is pro-inflammatory while (linoleic/linolenic) acid is anti-inflammatory

linoleic (omega-6); linolenic (omega-3)

What are the two PUFA

linoleic and linolenic

Myelin is composed of

lipids (fatty substances) and proteins? Sphingolipids and phospholipids

Insulin controls the uptake of FAs by stimulating ________

lipoprotein lipase

Which enzyme releases a triacylglycerol from a chylomicron or VLDL

lipoprotein lipase?

Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the _______

liver

Tryptophan is mainly metabolized by the

liver

Where does the urea cycle occur?

liver

Where in the body does Gluconeogenesis take place?

liver

Bile is produced by the ___, but is stored in the ___, until it travels to the _____, where it emulsifies ___, a macronutrient.

liver gall bladder Stomach fats

Where are long chain fatty acids synthesized?

liver & adipose tissue

Niacin toxicity can cause

liver damage

Vitamin A toxicity can cause

liver damage and birth defects (too much beta-carotene will turn you orange)

Vitamin D toxicity can cause

liver damage and loss of minerals from bone

Bile is produced by the ______ and stored in the _____, until it travels to the _______ where it emulsifies ______.

liver; gallbladder; stomach; lipids

The brain can use all of the following as an energy source except: Glucose, ketones, Long Chain fatty acids, Short Chain fatty acids, medium chain fatty acids?

long chain fatty acids

Blood pH is LEAST likely to be affected or regulated by which of the following factors?

losing excess moisture through the skin by perspiration

Problems associated with peripheral neuropathy may include:

loss of pain sensation, loss of touch sensitivity, balance issues

PTH and calcitriol released in response to...

low Ca

Inhibitors of mineral absorption in the diet include all of the following except:

low pH

What population group is least at risk for developing osteoporosis?

male athletes

Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase breaks the alpha (1 --> 4) glycosidic bonds of starch producing all of the following substances EXCEPT

malt liquor (produces: limit dextrin, maltose, maltotriose)

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to advocate for the protection of children's right, to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential

A child in a semi-starvation condition with very little body tissue due to insufficient food intake would most likely be classified as suffering from

marasmus

The ileal brake is turned on to a higher degree when GLP-1 levels are increased, this slows down ________ which increases the time the food sits in the intestine. The longer the food remains in the intestine, the _______ percentage of the nutrients can be absorbed from it and the longer a feeling of satiety is maintained by the individual, meaning less food consumption

mass peristalsis; greater

A drop in the pH of urine is likely to result from addition of larger than usual amounts of ________ to the diet

meat

Urea Cycle

mechanism that takes nitrogen across the rumen wall back to the salivary glands in order to preserve nitrogen in the system

A condition caused by insufficient folate or Vit B12 intake that results in blocked cell division and the development or large nucleated erythroblasts is called _______

megaloblastic anemia

Tryptophan is the precursor to _______ & _________

melatonin; serotonin

Which of the following are not functions of adrenocortical hormones?

metabolism of calcium

epigenetic is an addition of a methyl (-CH3) group to DNA and replication of the methyl form of the DNA as cells divide. Molecule (s) most likely to be responsible for DNA methylation are

methionine and S-adenosyl-methionine

Where does the process of digestion begin and what enzyme is excreted?

mouth with the secretion of saliva enzyme amylase that breaks down starch

paracellular transport

movement from the intestinal lumen to interstitial space by passing through leaky junctions between neighboring enterocytes

The process of digestion serves all of the following functions EXCEPT:

moves food components from the gut into the bloodstream

Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of an essential nutrient

must be taken as a supplement to a normal diet

A characteristic feature of red muscle fibers, in contrast to white muscle fibers, is a high content of the protein, __________, which allows for greater _______ activity

myoglobin, aerobic

In muscle, ______ & ______ are contractile proteins

myosin; actin

An important structural component of all cell membranes

n-3 LCPUFA

Vitamin B-12 Risks

neurological damage

Vitamin B-6 toxicity can cause

neurological damage

Pellagra is caused by a deficiency of

niacin (severe dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)

Which of the following is NOT a coenzyme or dietary form of the vitamin Niacin?

nicotine

Which of the following is NOT a coenzyme or dietary form of the vitamin Niacin?

nicotine NOT: nicotinic acid NADP NAD

Dietary fiber consists of __________ and _______ that are intrinsic and intact in plants.

non-digestible carbohydrates and lignin

A red blood cell with a nucleus is called a(n) ___________.

nucleated red blood cell

primary active transport

nutrient can be moved against a concentration gradient because a transport enzyme hydrolyzes a high energy bond from ATP or a related molecule

facilitated diffusion

nutrient moves through a channel or pore in a membrane in the direction of high to low concentration

Define the term conditionally essentially nutrient

nutrients that are not ordinarily required in the diet but must be supplied exogenously to specific populations that do not synthesize them in adequate amounts

Which is more likely with carbohydrates taking up 80% of total caloric intake?

obesity

EPA and DHA are

omega-3 fatty acids

EPA and DHA are what type of FAs?

omega-3 fatty acids

arachadonic acid

omega-6 PUFA

According to the Institute of Medicine's Dietary Reference Intake guidelines, a nutritionist using the RDA to plan meals for a population must take into account several sources of variation that allow calculation of the percentage of the population that would meet their requirements. Among the following, the LEAST IMPORTANT source of uncertainty would be:

organic foods have different nutrient content than conventionally grown foods, as is usually noted on the labels or in the nutrient database

Through the process of ______, water moves from areas of ___ solute concentration to areas of ____ solute concentration.

osmosis; low; high

Carbohydrates are stored as polysaccharides in the body because it lowers the _ ____________ pressure, which allows more storage of sugar with less ___________ in the liver.

osmotic, glycogen

Carbohydrates are stored as polysaccharides in the body because it lowers the ___ pressure, which allows more storage of sugar with less ____ in the liver

osmotic, glycogen

Carbohydrates are stored as polysaccharides in the body because it lowers the _______ pressure, which allows more storage of sugar with less ________ in the liver.

osmotic; water

In the presence of Vitamin D__ are activated and secrete collagen, osteocalcin to create a form of bone scaffolding

osteoblasts

In the presence of vitamin D ___ are activated and secrete collagen, osteocalcin to create a form of bone scaffolding

osteoblasts?

Cells in the bone that use hydrochloric acid and proteases to dissolve bone matrix and mineral

osteoclast

The final step of repairing a broken bone is the removal of excess bony tissue in order to restore bone to its original form. What type of cell be used to complete this step?

osteoclast

The final step of repairing a broken bone is the removal of excess bony tissue in order to restore the bone to its original form. What type of cell would be used to complete this step

osteoclast

Pumps work to keep sodium _____ cells and potassium ____ cells.

outside, inside

All of the following are promoters of calcium absorption from the GI tract EXCEPT:

oxalic acid (inhibits absorption)

A decrease in concentration of what molecule will decrease glucose use and increase the rate of ketogenesis

oxaloacetate

What molecule does Acetyl CoA combine with to form citrate in the TCA cycle?

oxaloacetate

What is the first step of beta oxidation

oxidation

In FA biosynthesis, _______ is the main FA produced

palmitate

In which of these organs would glycogenesis not occur

pancreas

Where does gluconeogenesis not occur? a. pancreas b. kidney c. liver

pancreas

________ is part of coenzyme A (CoA), which is necessary to metabolize alcohol, amino acids, carbs, lipids and proteins

pantothenic acid

__________ is part of coenzyme A (CoA), which is necessary to metabolize alcohol, amino acids, carbs, lipids, and proteins.

pantothenic acid NOT: nicotinic acid beta carotene pyridoxine

If an individual is deficient or has suboptimal concentration of 25-OH-vitamin D in the blood, the concentration of ionized calcium in the blood is likely to be maintained within a normal range by higher than normal concentrations of

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

In the stomach, there are different cells that secrete gastric juices that aid in digestion. Which cells in the stomach secrete HCl to help with protein denaturation?

parietal cells

In the stomach there are different cells that secrete gastric juices that aid in digestion. Which cells in the stomach secrete HCl to help with protein denaturation?

parietal cells NOT: G cells adipose cells chief cells

Given the following choices, the food with the highest protein quality would most likely come from _______?

peanut butter sandwich on wheat bread NOT: okra fried in corn oil beans rice

There are high and low quality proteins in most diets. A majority of animal products are high/complete and plants products are low/incomplete. To compensate for the incomplete protein in plants, one could eat a combination of plants, such as rice and beans. Given the following choices, the food with the highest protein quality would most likely be what?

peanut butter sandwich on wheat break

What is a functional fiber found in plants

pectin

What is a functional fiber found in plants? chitin polydextrose pectin lignin

pectin

Generation of 5-carbon sugar phosphates is dependent on which pathway?

pentose phosphate pathway

Which of the following components does NOT have an important role in the breakdown and absorption of fast in the intestine?

pepsin

Chief cells in the gastric glands of the stomach release a protein called _______?

pepsinogen

The chief cells in the gastric gland of the stomach release a protein called _________.

pepsinogen

Vit K acts as a cofactor for an enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of glutamic acid. The carboxylation results in the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. Which Vit K vitamer would you expect to be responsible for the greatest portion of this activity for a vegetarian?

phylloquinone

Vitamin K is provided mostly as ___ from plant foods

phylloquinone

Vitamin K is provided mostly as___ from plant foods

phylloquinone

________ is the form of Vitamin K is commonly found in plants

phylloquinone

Satiety

physical feeling of fullness that causes an individual to stop eating

Phytic acid is only found in plant derived foods. Why might a vegetarian be at risk for calcium deficiency?

phytic acid prevents mineral absorption

Foods rich in whole grains, nuts and legumes may contain what class of compounds, which is similar in structure or function to cholesterol?

phytosterois NOT: phytates oxalates tannins

Foods rich in whole grains, nuts and legumes may contain what class of compounds, similar in structure or function to cholesterol?

phytosterols

Mineral absorption from the GI tract is inhibited by ALL of the following dietary components EXCEPT:

phytosterols

What kinds of lipids are susceptible to lipid peroxidation?

polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

Which of the following relationships were NOT used in the 2010 formulation of RDAs for vit D?

populations living at higher latitudes with less intense sunlight have higher rates of diabetes and certain cancers

The amount of urine produced daily in the human body is equal to 1-2 liters per day, but varies based on protein, sodium and water intake. The volume of water consumed in a day is (greater than/less than/equal to) the volume of urine lost

possibly greater than

The amount of urine produced in a day is about 1-2 liters but varies based on protein, sodium, and water intake. The volume of water consumed in a day is _______ the volume of urine cost.

possibly greater than NOT: Definitely greater than equal to definitely less than

Bones and teeth constitute the largest body storage of ALL of the following minerals EXCEPT:

potassium

Vitamin B12

prevents nerve degeneration in elderly individuals

Folic acid supplementation by fortification of the food supply

prevents neural tube defects, improves birth weight, and decreases megaloblastic anemia

cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are examples of what

primary bile acids

hexose monophosphate shunt

production of 5-carbon monosaccharides and NADPH

Vitamin K

promotes blood clotting activity

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

protect the health of the nation

Marasmus results from a deficiency in what?

protein

A healthy adult should be in ___, while a healthy child should be in___

protein balance, positive protein balance

Protein balance is protein synthesis minus protein degradation. A healthy adult should be in ________, while a healthy child is should be in _______

protein balance; positive protein balance (positive protein balance - synthesizing more protein than the amount of protein degraded)

PDCAA

protein digestibility corrected amino acid score

The amount of urine excreted is based on ________ intake, while the amount of nitrogen excreted relates to formation of _________ .

protein, water, and sodium intake; urea

Homeostatic regulatory systems ensure adequate supply of _________ needed for growth and maintenance.

proteins

The RDA of carbohydrates covers the basic glucose needs of the body without resorting to 4 things what are these 4 things

proteolysis, gluconogenesis, lipolysis, and ketosis

The B vitamin most involved in decarboxylation reactions

pyridoxal phosphate

Glycolysis is the anabolic breakdown of glucose to _________

pyruvate

In Glycolysis, there are two major phases. The preparatory and payoff. What are the products of the payoff phase?

pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATP and NADH

Which of the pathways is not the catabolic pathway of lipid metabolic a. beta oxidation b. TCA cycle c. pyruvate decarboxylation d. cholesterol conversion

pyruvate decarboxylation

Which fo the following pathways is not the catabolic pathway of lipid metabolic

pyruvate decarboxylation?

All the following are involved in rate determining steps of glycolysis EXCEPT:

pyruvate dehydrogenase

What enzyme is used to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Oxidation of malate to ___ requires ____ as the hydrogen receptor and generates ___

pyruvate, NADP, NADPH ?

passive diffusion

random motion of small molecules allows them to enter and leave small spaces between other molecules, such as water passing through a lipid membrane

Excess zinc ________ copper absorption. A. Reduces B. Increases C. Doesn't impact

reduces

Preventative zinc supplementation in children

reduces diarrhea and respiratory tract infections; improves growth

Maternal calcium supplementation

reduces gestational hypertensive disorders

Intermittent iron supplementation to children younger than 2 years

reduces the risk of anemia and iron deficiency

breastfeeding initiation within 24 h of birth

reduction in all-cause and infection-related neonatal mortality

Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation

reduction in low birth weight and SGA births

Delayed cord clamping

reduction in need for blood transfusion and a lower risk of complications after birth

Vitamin A

reduction of all-cause mortality, reduced diarrhea and measles

Vitamin D

regulates blood calcium concentration adequate for bone mineralization

GLP-1 is secreted from the colon, inhibits glucagon release and promotes weight loss and _____.

release of insulin

function of phospholipase C

releases phosphoinositol (PIP) from phospholipids

phospholipase C

releases phosphoinositol (PIP) from phospholipids

The conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) involves:

removal of an iodine molecule

The conversion of thyroxine (t4) to triodothyronine (T3) involves:

removal of an iodine molecule

gluthione peroxidase

removes hydrogen peroxide and stops free radical production in lipids

Diverse populations around the world consume sodium at levels greater than the Upper Tolerable Intake Level set in the DRIs. One explanation for this "sodium appetite" is that humans choose a sodium intake that does not trigger an excessive secretion of the hormone ________

renin

Hypochromic Anemia

results from insufficient amount of hemoglobin in RBCs; unable to transport sufficient oxygen

The oxidated form of retina is

retinal

Which form of Vitamin A is essential in the retina of the eye in order to turn visual light into nerve signals to the brain?

retinal

The ___ form of vitamin A is needed for the differentiation of cells responsible for the makeup of cones and rods

retinoic acid

The _____________ form of vitamin A is needed for the differentiation of cells responsible for the make up of cones and rods

retinoic acid

Cell differentiation is to __ as ___ is to 11-cisretinal

retinoic acid, binds to opsin

In order for Vitamin A to be used as retinal by the eye, beta-carotene must first be converted to _______

retinol

In order for Vitamin A to be used as retinal by the eye, β-carotene must first be converted to ___________

retinol

In order for vitamin a to be used as retinal by the eye, beta- carotene must first be converted to

retinol

biochemical pathways adding a single methyl group to complete the structure of an important compound is LEAST likely to be impaired by a deficiency of the nutrient (s)

retinol

Check all boxes that are active forms of vitamin A

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

Which of the following would provide the best dietary source of omega 3?

salmon

Which of the following would provide the best dietary source of omega 3? Chose: Shark, oysters, salmon, sweet potato

salmon

Myofilaments are organized together into repeating units called ___________ that constitute the basic unit of muscle contraction

sarcomeres

Muscle atrophy refers to decreases in muscle mass and strength due to decreased activity, and happens very often in older adults. What is the name given to muscle atrophy that is naturally seen in older adults?

sarcopenia

Which cells have plasticity and help repair, revitalize, and mediate skeletal muscle tissue?

satellite cells

Which cells have plasticity and helps repair, revitalize, and mediate skeletal muscle tissue? Skeletal muscle Muscle satellite (stem) cells Myocytes Osteocytes

satellite cells

Growth of muscle fibers resulting from resistance exercise and increased protein synthesis depends on recruitment of ___________________ to donate their nuclei to damaged or stressed muscle fibers.

satellite stem cells

_____ refers to the end of desire to eat after a meal, and this can occur at any time after the onset of eating. _____ on the other hand, is a physical feeling of fullness that allows us to stop eating for a while.

satiation, satiety

What is described as a reduction of hunger that should cause termination of eating at the end of a meal?

satiety

__________ is described as a reduction of hunger that should cause termination of eating at the end of a meal.

satiety

Cardiovascular disease has been associated with which fatty acid?

saturated

All of these hormones play a role in maintaining blood glucose levels during the fasted state EXCEPT

secretin

Tryptophan in converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) which is subsequently converted into the neurotransmitter _________

serotonin

Which one of the following systems has LEAST impact on regulating food intake

skeletal system

Which of the following is not a type of cancer affected by adequate Vitamin D levels? A) Breast B) Bone C)Skin D)Brain

skin??

Illeal brake

slows the movement of fluid from the upper small intestine down to the ileum through a feedback system

For which mineral nutrient does the Daily Value (DV) on a food label address the UL rather than the RDA?

sodium

Maternal smoking

spontaneous abortion, placenta previa, and preterm delivery

Which food source could potentially provide both fatty acids and essential fatty acids?

steak

Which food source could potentially provide both fatty acids and essential fatty acids? Choose: Alvacado, nut, herring, steak

steak

Which of the following has the greatest amount of vitamin B6

steak

Prepared insulin is _____________ awaiting secretion

stored

Women who experience multiple miscarriages, men who have sperm abnormalities, and women that ovulate infrequently may be classified as:

subfertile

Agency for Healthcare Quality & Research (AHRQ)

support research to improve quality & access of health care

The major functions of the renal tubule include ALL of the following EXCEPT:

synthesis of glucose (major functions of renal tubule: - secretion of water - absorption of water - absorption of Na)

The major functions of the renal tubule include ALL of the following EXCEPT:

synthesis of glucose NOT: secretion of water absorption of water absorption of sodium

One product of the pentose phosphate pathway is ribose-5-phosphate. What function does this sugar have?

synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids

The United Nations

takes action on the issues confronting humanity in the 21st century

Low blood calcium causes release of PTH from the parathyroid gland. If Vit D were deficient in that case, which of the following would be LEAST likely to occur?

the PTH will activate calbindin D synthesis in the duodenum to increase calcium absorption

Explain why high levels of minerals in general can be undesirable

the ability to excrete minerals once they have been absorbed can also be low

alpha-tocopherol

the active vitamin E compound

Retinal

the aldehyde form of vitamin A; one of the retinoids; the active form of vitamin A in the photoreceptors of the retina; interconvertible with retinol

Nitrogen Balance

the amount of nitrogen consumed (N in) as compared with the amount of nitrogen excreted (N out) in a given period of time.

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Menaquinone is

the chemical form of vitamin K that is synthesized in bacteria

The World Health Organization

the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system (researching, creating policies, monitoring)

an abnormal concentration of cells or oxygen carrying capacity in the blood has been shown to be possibly related to ALL of the following nutrient interactions EXCEPT

the effect of vitamin D on calcium regulation

Which of the following is the definition of infertility?

the lack of conception after 1 year of unprotected intercourse

Where are long chain fatty acids synthesized within the human body

the liver and adipose tissue

Why is there no digestion of starch in the stomach?

the low pH in the stomach denatures amylase

Who and what does the RDA account for?

the nutrient requirements for 97-98% of healthy individuals in a population

The "Adequate Macronutrient Distribution Range" is:

the percentage of daily calories from each energy source that provides a reduced risk for chronic diesease

Rhodopsin

the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity

Which of the following types of research was used LEAST in setting the revised RDA for vitamin D in the 2011 Institute of Medicine report

the relationship between vitamin D and prevention of sarcopenia

Macrominerals absorbed from the diet in amounts greater than needed for a positive retention are excreted by ALL of the following processes EXCEPT

the respiratory tract

Biological scientists study the regulation of food intake in terms of the gut-brain and adipose-brain hormonal axis. In contrast, nutritionists who take a more holistic view of human ecology frequently refer to _______, which can include the concept of _______ to explain the current prevalence of obesity.

the socioecological model, neuroeconomics

Explain the relationship between K and Na, and to blood pressure

they work together to maintain fluid balance (blood pressure). Pumps work to keep sodium out and potassium in.

Consuming more whole eggs would be the least efficient way of increasing your intake of which B vitamin?

thiamin

Which is the active form of thiamin?

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

cofactors for ATP synthesis and utilization

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6

Beri beri is caused by a deficiency of

thiamine (necessary for use of glucose for fuel - paralysis)

There are NINE essential amino acids. Which of the following is considered to be essential?

threonine

Which of the following amino acids is considered to be essential?

threonine

ALL of the following are considered to be exocrine glands associated with the gastrointestinal tract EXCE:T:

thyroid glands

The major role of Iodide is to produce _______, in which almost all organs in the body are targets for.

thyroxine

What is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA

The primary GOAL of the treatment of PCOS is:

to increase insulin sensitivity

What is the main role of intake regulation of minerals

to maintain energy homeostasis

normal blood clotting is impacted by either excess of inadequacy of ALL of the following nutrients EXCEPT

too much magnesium

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

Proteins that contain gamma-carboxy-glutamic acid residues include ALL of the following EXCEPT

transferrin

Which of the following are function(s) of proteins

transportation, signaling, structural, and catalytic (all of the above)

The dietary component that is the precursor of monoacylglyceride and 2 molecules of free fatty acid in the gut is called

triacylglycerol

(T/F) AAs are commonly used by nerve terminals as neurotransmitters

true

(T/F) AAs are commonly used by nerve terminals as neurotransmitters.

true

(T/F) An increase in bile acid production would increase cholesterol absorption

true

(T/F) An increase in bile acid production would increase cholesterol absorption.

true

(T/F) Medium & short chain FAs enter the mitochondria on their own

true

(T/F) Medium & short chain FAs enter the mitochondria on their own.

true

(T/F) Over 90% of energy released from food occurs as a result of TCA cycle oxidation

true

(T/F) Selenium plays a key role in thyroid hormone metabolism

true

(T/F) Selenium plays a key role in thyroid hormone metabolism .

true

The ___ of the kidneys recovers nutrients such as glucose, Ca 2+, and amino acids

tubule

Which type of Tyrosine causes Failure to Thrive, jaundice and future liver damage?

type 1

This type of tyrosinemia is the rarest and is caused by a deficiency of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase.

type III

What amino acid cannot be produced in adequate amounts by individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU), who are deficient in phenylalanine hydoxylase activity?

tyrosine

What amino acid cannot be produced in adequate amounts by individuals with phenyiketoneuria (PKU), who are deficient in phenylalanine hydroxyalase activity?

tyrosine NOT: alanine phenyalanine lysine

Upon traveling to the liver, insulin binds with its receptor ________.

tyrosine kinase

Predict potential consequences associated with bariatric surgery based on your knowledge of GI tract function

unable to properly digest proteins.

Compared to women with healthy body weights, fertility is decreased in women who are:

underweight, overweight, obese

HDL removes ____________ by excreting it into the bile

unesterified cholesterol

Best sources of Vit E in the diet

unsaturated fats & oils

Best sources of Vit E

unsaturated fats and oils

Renal excretion involves a filtration process and recovery of nutrients by the kidneys. The kidneys eliminate excess organic waste and metabolites in the form of ______

urea

Thromboxanes

vasoconstriction & platelet aggregation

Thromboxanes (mechanism of action?)

vasoconstriction & platelet aggregation

Sodium Nitrate

vasodilator; protects against necrotizing enterocolitis

The kidney plays an important role in water conservation. More water is extracted from the collecting ducts of the kidney and returned to the circulation when __________ stimulates the insertion of aquaporins into the cell membrane

vasopressin (ADH)

Q2: Muscle contraction and relaxation is primarily controlled by the presence of ____ ions in muscle cells. vi. Sodium vii. Calcium viii. Potassium ix. Magnesium x. Phosphorus

vii. calcium

Cholesterol in the skin is converted to

vit D

An example of a nutrient in which the EAR is defined by its function, which is maintaining hematological status is _______.

vitamin B12

Which water soluble vitamin is needed for catalyzing and phosphorylating tryptophan?

vitamin B6

An example of a nutrient for which the EAR is determined by its concentration (i.e. the intake needed to saturate white blood cells) is _______.

vitamin C

prevent oxidative damage to tissues

vitamin C, vitamin D, selenium

Rickets, a softening/weakening of bones in children, is due to an inadequate amount of which vitamin, known as the sunshine vitamin?

vitamin D

Which water soluble vitamin is needed for catalyzing and phosphorylating tryptophan?

vitamin b6

The brain initiates or reduces food-seeking behavior by integrating various signals, including all of the following EXCEPT:

vitamin storage in the liver

What side effects would you LEAST expect someone who experiences adult hypolactasia to display after consuming a glass of milk?

vomiting

maintain a balance of fluids inside and outside of cells

water, potassium ,sodium, chloride

Where are TGs (for energy) stored?

white adipose tissue

Name three groups of people who are at risk for bone disease due to calcium deficiency.

women, smokers, alcoholics, older adults, adolescents

Name three groups of people who are at risk for bone disease due to calcium deficiency.

women, smokers, alcoholics, vegetarians, older adults