Final PSYC 3353
Which circumstance will be most likely to cause a genetic male to develop a mostly female anatomy?
A condition known as androgen insensitivity that prevents androgens from exerting their effects
What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male's?
A high level of testosterone during an early stage of development
Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to____.
All-trans-retinal
What area of the brain seems to be a key area for learned fears?
Amygdala
What is a dermatome?
An area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
In instrumental conditioning, reinforcement is ____.
An event that increase the future probability of a response
Vigorous use of fast-twitch fiber results in fatigue because the process is ____.
Anaerobic
Two major classes of sex hormones are____.
Androgens and estrogens
A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is an ____; a drug that mimics or increases the effects is an ____.
Antagonist; agonist
The inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia.
Anterograde
Poikilothermic or ectothermic organisms have body temperatures that _____.
Are nearly the same as the temperature of their environments
It is believed that Hebbian synapses may be critical for ____.
Associative learning
Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs?
Autonomic
Many kinds of information impinge onto two sets of neurons in one nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is regarded as the "master area" for control of appetite. That area is the _____.
Arcuate nucleus
"Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters ____.
Back into the presynaptic neuron.
The structural composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____.
Basal ganglia
Research has shown that men are more likely to be jealous than women____.
Because woman's infidelity makes it difficult for him to know if offspring are his
Individual able to recover well from traumatic experiences may best be described as?
Being resilient
Most antipsychotic drugs work by ____.
Blocking dopamine receptors
Neuropeptides are synthesized in the?
Cell body
While it is known for a role in balance and coordination, the ____ is also very important for certain types of learning and conditioning.
Cerebellum
The corticospinal tracts extend from the ____ to the _____.
Cerebral cortex; spinal cord
Psychologists typically define emotion in term of the following components:
Cognition, feelings, actions, and physiological changes
In adult humans, the taste buds are____.
Concentrates along the outside edge of the tongue
Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?
Cones only
An insistent search for the substance or activity to which the individual is addicted is called:
Craving
A function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to?
Cushion the brain
Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ___ prefrontal cortex.
Decreased; left
Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ____ prefrontal cortex.
Decreased; left
The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called?
Dendrites
Language studies with bonobos such as Kanzi suggest that they ____.
Develop language comprehension comparable to that of a two-year-old child
Lateralization refers to the ____.
Division of labor between the two hemispheres
Sexual behavior is most likely to occur when sex hormones (testosterone and estradiol) prime the neurons in the hypothalamus to release the neurotransmittter____.
Dopamine
Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly linked to addictive drugs and behaviors?
Dopamine
At what point in the menstrual cycle, if any, are women who are not on birth-control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity?
During the periovulatory period
A specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas is referred to as ____.
Dyslexia
____ is a treatment for depression that electrically induces a seizure.
Electroconvulsive shock therapy
An advantage of maintaining a constant body temperature is that it ____.
Enables an animal to stay equally active at all environmental temperatures
A "zeitgeber" is an____.
Environmental cue that resets a biological clock
Which type of memory is MOST impaired by damage to the hippocampus?
Episodic memory
Which statement is true with respect to evolution?
Evolutionary success is assessed by the number of one's offspring surviving to reproduce.
A neuron excretes neurotransmitters through it membrane by a process called?
Exocytosis
The field of epigenetics deals with how?
Experiences can turn genes on or off
Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes ar a memory is termed ____.
Explicit memory
Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts to____.
Expose them to bright lights while they work.
Which method is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow?
FET
Benzodiazepines affect GABA synapses by:
Facilitating the binding of GABA to its receptors
After damage to the right hemisphere, many people suffer what kind of deficit?
Failure to recognize humor and sarcasm
____ refers to the number of cycles per second of a periodic sound wave.
Frequency
After damage to the ventromedial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex, a person seems to have stopped caring about others and recognizing others' emotional reactions. This person is likely diagnosed with:
Frontotemporal dementia
The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from____.
Ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods
Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another are known as?
Genes
What is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons?
Glucose
An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that schizophrenia may be due to a deficient activity of ____ synapses.
Glutamate
Stress activates two systems in the body, one being the ____.
HPA axis, which becomes increasingly important with prolonged stressors
Suppose that adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents in their preference for a flavor of ice cream. Which statement is true in this circumstance?
Heritability of this trait is high
Aggressive behavior is linked to?
High testosterone, low serotonin, and low cortisol levels
What are of the brain is particularly important for coding spatial memories?
Hippocampus
The general function of working memory is to ____.
Hold information to attend to and operate on for a period of time.
The term ____ refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variable within a fixed range.
Homeostasis
Sodium-specific hunger is closely associated with ____.
Hypovolemic thirst
____ is an influence of recent experience on behavior, even if one does not recognize that influence.
Implicit memory
If something in a complex scene changes slowly, or changes while you blink your eyes, you probably will not notice it unless you are paying attention to the particular item that changes. This phenomenon is called ____.
Inattentional blindness
The behavioral inhibition system is associated with?
Increased attention and arousal, decrease action, and fear or disgust
High levels of leptin are associated with ____.
Increases activity and decreased eating
Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose levels the blood and enters the cells?
Insulin
Which event is the most common cause of a stroke?
Ischemia from an obstruction of an artery
According to the ____ theory, we experience emotion after we experience autonomic arousal and engage in action.
James-lange
A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as____.
Jetlag
The central feature of autism spectrum disorder is ____.
Lack of responsiveness and social reciprocity
The built-in mechanism for acquiring language is called the ____.
Language acquisition device
The optic nerve sends most of its information to the _____ of the _____.
Lateral geniculate nucleus; thalamus
In most humans, control of language is centered in the ____.
Left hemisphere
What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?
Level and timing
A burst of intense stimulation to a dendrite by one or more axons connected to it in a rapid series can be described as the ____.
Long-term potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli
What causes hypovolemic thirst?
Low blood volume
Which is true of androgens and estrogens?
Males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts.
The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which increases sleepiness.
Melatonin
The hippocampus plays a major role in ____
Memory
Most young mammals stop nursing, at least partly, due to the loss of what ability?
Metabolizing the sugar in milk
Which drug is viewed as a less potentially harmful substitute for heroin and is taken orally every day?
Methodone
Which type of glia remove waste material in the nervou system?
Microglia
What does the vestibular system detect?
Movement of the head
What are two of the main symptoms of parkinson's disease?
Muscle tremors and difficulty initiating movements.
Heritable changes in single genes are called?
Mutations
Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as ____.
Negative feedback
The ____ hypothesis suggest that dreams are just thinking that takes place under unusual conditions, while the ____ hypothesis suggests that dreams reflect the brain's attempts to make sense of sparse information.
Neurocognitive, activation-synthesis
What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?
Neuromuscular junction
The two basic kinds of cells in the nervous system are?
Neurons and glia
Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as?
Nodes of ranvier
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?
Occipital
Olfactory receptors carry their message to the____.
Olfactory bulb
____ in the brain and spinal cord and ____ in the periphery are specialized types of glia that build the myelin sheaths that surround neurons.
Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
Small birds generally eat____.
Only what they need at the moment
The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the?
Optic chiasm
The tympanic membrane connects to the three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the:
Oval window at the base of the cochlea
The love-enhancing hormone is ____.
Oxytocin
What hormone is released during orgasm and is apparently responsible for the calmness and lack of anxiety after orgasm?
Oxytocin
REM sleep is associated with____.
PGO waves in the brain
The disorder characterized by frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, and trembling is called:
Panic disorder
Which of these is characteristics of sleep apnea?
Periods without breathing during sleeping.
Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the____nervous system.
Peripheral
A continuing sensation of an amputated body part is called____.
Phantom limb
____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.
Photopigments
What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases?
Pitch gets higher
The ability of the brain to change its anatomy over time, within limits, is known as?
Plasticity
A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____.
Position and movement of a part of the body.
Hallucinations, delusions, and grossly disorganized behavior are classified as which kind of symptoms?
Positive symptoms
The neuron that receives the message is called the ____ neuron.
Postsynaptic
The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires?
Precise timing
Which process indicates spatial summation?
Present two or more weak stimuli at the same time.
The memory for the development of motor skills is termed ____.
Procedural memory
An organizing effect differs from an activating effect of a hormone in that an organizing effect____.
Produces more long-lasting effects
Someone with Broca's aphasia has the greatest difficulty ____.
Producing speech
The function of neurotrophins is to ____.
Promote survival of axons
What provides the building blocks for synthesizing nearly all neurotransmitters?
Proteins found in the diet
The field of study concerned with how the nervous system interacts with the immune system is known as _____.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____.
Pupil
Ionotropic effects are characterized by?
Rapid and short-lived effects
The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called ____ before any voluntary movement.
Readiness potential
The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the?
Receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
Color constancy is the ability to ____.
Recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting
The primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from traveling back from where it just passed is the ____.
Refractory period
What term describes the difference in voltage that typically exists between the inside and outside of a neuron?
Resting potential
An example of a "negative symptom" of schizophrenia is ____.
Restricted affect
Spatial neglect occurs after damage in the ____.
Right hemisphere
What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells?
Sensorineural hearing impairment.
After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals ____.
Show aversion to food
What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?
Skeletal
Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?
Sleep
What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream?
Small intestine
What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold?
Somatosensory
If some of the synapses onto a cell have been highly active and others have not, only the active ones become strengthened. This is known as the property of ____.
Specificity
Even at rest, most neurons have periodic production of action potentials, known as the ____.
Spontaneous firing rate
To measure fear or anxiety in both humans and nonhumans, researchers measure variations in an individual's?
Startle reflex
Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____.
Staying awake
Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden ____.
Surge of prolactin and increase of oxytocin
Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?
Sympathetic
The formation of new synapses is called?
Synaptogenesis
Alzheimer's is associated with brain damage as a result of ____.
Tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations?
Temporal
____ levels in males generally correlate positively with sexual arousal and drive to seek sexual partners
Testosterone
In general, biologists who speak of sex-linked genes are typically referring to genes on?
The X chromosome
What mechanisms prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter?
The blood-brain barrier
The somatosensory system involves sensation of ____.
The body and its movements
Damage to the corpus callosum prevents ____.
The exchange of information between the two hemispheres
What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscles fibers?
The fewer muscle fibers a single axons innervates, the more precise the movements.
What is the synaptic cleft?
The gap between the presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron.
The typical symptoms of infection, including fever, sleepiness, and lack of appetite are caused by _____.
The immune systems production of cytokines
Stress can be defined as:
The nonspecific response of the body to any demand
Perception of the emotional content of speech depends on ____.
The right hemisphere
Gender identity can be defined as ____.
The sex one identifies with and calls oneself
What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures?
The sex region Y (SRY) gene
According to research, while it shouldn't be used to make decisions about an individual, ____ seems to be a reasonable correlation of intelligence.
The total number of neurons
What type of deficiency causes korsakoff's syndrome?
Thiamine
In order to produce an action potential, the collective amount of depolarization must exceed the?
Threshold of excitation
As an addiction develops, many of its effects, especially the enjoyable effects, decrease. A phenomenon known as ____.
Tolerance
The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia include ____.
Tremors and other involuntary movements
Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorbs serotonin and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release?
Tricyclics
Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?
Vasopressin
The visual pathway in the temporal cortex is referred to as the ____; while the visual pathway in the parietal cortex is referred to as the ____.
Ventra pathway; dorsal pathway
The inability to recognize objects despite otherwise normal vision is called____.
Visual agnosia
Which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones?
Whether an organism develops as male or female
Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder differ with regard to ____.
Whether the disorder includes full-blown manic phases
According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by____.
Which neurons are activated
The hindbrain consists of the?
medulla, pons, and cerebellum
One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the?
pontomesencephalon