final psych of learnig
john is taking two classes this semester. biopsyc and learning. bio is twice as hard as learning. based on what you know about matching approc what percentage of his study time will john devote to psych 390
33%
megan is trying to use behavioral principles to decrease the number of cigarettes she smokes each day. one of her friends suggest that everytime megan craves and cig, she should eat a couple of carrot sticks instead,
DRO procedure not shaping not sure about this one
what does DRO stand for
Differential reinforcement of other behavior
relationship expert frequently say that relationship must include an element of surprise to remain strong. what might this suggest about the tupe of reinforcment schedule that is likely operating in these strong relationships.
It is liekly a variable reinforcment schedule, because reinforcement on a variable schedule is surprising
which of the following is NOT a factor that affects an organims preference for a larger, later reinforcer
NOT age
whereas a _____ schedule of reinforcment produces a "scalloped" patter of responsing, a ___schedule produced a high, steady rate of responding1
NOT fixed interval, variable interval fixed interval, varibale ratio?
imagine you are a parent and you are trying to get your children to clean their rooms at a high, steady rate. whihc shcedule of reinfocment would you likely use to reinforced their behavior
NOT fixed ratio Variable ratio?
thornidke proposed that behaviors followed by satisfting outcomes will be repeated and that behaviros followed by annoying outcomes will not be repeated. this is known as the
NOT law of effect
wich of the following is NOT one of the typical outcomes of using non-contingeent reinforcemnt
NOT superstitious behavior decreaded motivation?
what ultimately determines whether observaitional learning will occur?
NOT whether the model reciever consequences for behaving a particular way i think the consequences one
last month kaylas mom yelled at her in hte grocery store because kayla lept asking for junk food
Not enough information
ashley is NOT a fan of cold weather. every morning she checks the TV to see what the temperature is. most of the time, .... in this example "below 30 degrees" is an _____ for staying home and an ____for going out
S(delta) and S(r)
in observational learning, imitation refers to situation in which
a models behavior sets the occasion for similar behavior by another person
three-term contingency, rules function as
antecedents
when mary is told that she will not be able to play wiht her favorite toy this afternoon, she spends considerably more time than usual playing with it in the morning
anticipatory behavioral contrast
imagive you are trying to rearrange your daily schdule according ot premacks theory of reinforcment so that you are more productive and happiers. hwo do you do this
as much as possible, arrange your activities from lower-probs to highest prob activities
olivia enrolled in a psychology class, but her friend told her that the class requires writing a lot of papers. olivia drops the class before the start of the semester
avoidance
putting up your umbrella before exiting a building becasuse you see rain would be
avoidance
leaving your boring psych of leanring class in the middle of lecture would be an ex of ____. skipping your boring psych of learning class would be an example of ____
avoidance, escape
whereas _____ involded responding to keep an aversive stimulus from being presented, ___involved responding to remove an aversive stimulus that is already present
avoidance, escape
which of the following is NOT a problem with Mowrer's tow-process theory of avoidance
avoidcant responses occur when feared CSs are present
which of the following statements is not true
avoidence involved responding to keep an aversive stimulus from being presented NOT escaped involved terminating an aversive stimulus that is already present
although there are a few real-life instances of fixed -intervcal schedule of reinforcemnet, researcher have spent a considerable amount of time studying and using FI schedule in their research why?
bc they provide a nice baseline for studying the effect of other independent variables of behavior
in general why have researchers been more interested in studying avoidance behavior than esca[e behavior
because avoidance occurs even though no aversive stimulus is present
even though there is a strong correlation between smoiking and lung cancer, a sizable percentage of people stilll continue to smoke. which of the ofllowing is one reason why this is so
because delayed consequences typically have a weak effect on behavior
what is the primary advantage of using to produce behavior change in other people
because people tend to like rules more than they like consequences OR rules typically get behavior going very quickly
based on what you know about operant conditioning why is it a bad idea to consistently eat food while watching TV
because sitting in front of the tv will become a strong antecedent for the behavior of eating
bryan uses electric can opener to open cans of dog food. now everytime his dog hears the can opener, he comes running into the kitchen
because teh can opener has become associated with a food reinforcer
according to ainslie-rachlin model of self-control, why do people often have preference reversals and end up choosing the samller and sooner reward over the larger, later reward
because the "value" of the ssr increases as you get closer to it and eventually becomes more reinforcing than the LLR
why do people tend to use punishment to change another persons behavior, even though most behaviorist agree that positive reinforcement is the best option
because using punishment is negativly reinforced by a rapid reduction in another persons undesired behavior
mary works two jobs. she recently recieved a raise at her first job, while she still makes the same amount of money at her second job. mary now works harder at heer frist job but has started to "slack off" at her second job. what is occuring
behavioral contrast
tim loves to eat mcdonalds and taco bell. in fact he used to go to mcd on mon, wed, and fri. and taco bel on tues, thurs, saturday. stays at home on sundays and orders pizza tim's change in behavior is an example of
behavioral contrast
kevin doesnt like his cognitive-psyc class and avoid going wehnever possible how would one-process theory explain kevins avoidance of this course
being away from class is less averive than being in class. thus, when kevin skips, it is negativly reinforced by a reduction of aversivnessq
kaily typically studies 1 hour per day and watches TV for 5 hours per day. kailys mom now decides to implemtn a behavior management program in which kaily must study 2 hrs in order to watch 3 hours of tv. based on our discussion on theories of reinforcment, which of the following statements would be true
both the premack principle and the response deprivation hypothesis predict that watching tv will reinforce studying
according to the ainslie-rachlin model of self-control, impulsivity is defined as
chooding the smaller, sooner reinforcer over the larger, later reinforcer
according to two-process theory, the first step in development is the creation of an____, the second step involves ___
classically conditioned fear response, an operant response that produces a reduction in fear`
campbells basketball team has been playing terrible as of late. after losing their fifth game in a row, hoover orders campbell and his teammates to run wind sprints for an hour. what is the discrimative stim
coach hoovers order to run wind sprints
because going out for lunch can be rather expensive. bryan has decided that it would be cheaper (and probs healthier) to make his own lunch and b irng it to school with him. as such bryan makes his own lnuch every morning and puts it on teh counter so he can grab it on his way out the door. based on skinners definition of self control, eating his homemade lunch is the ____response and making his lunch is the ___response
controlled, controlling
early childhood is a period of optumim growth and maturation for which part of the brain?
corpus callosum
whihc of these is a good example of avoidance?
crossing the streeet before someone you dislike approaches you
imagine you are a clincian who is trying to get on of her clients to spend less time using drugs. one approach would be to take away your clients drug, but you know that doing this might be quite difficule to accomplish. based on what you know about the matching law, what would decrease you clients drug use.
dramtically increase the reinforcement available for non-drug behaviors
according to _____, watching a tv show about cooking because it allows a food deprived person to make snacks which ultimatly reduce hunger
drive reduction theory
according to ____sexual activity is reinforcing because it reduces sexual desire in a sex-deprived organism
drive-reduction theory
what is the main different between escape and avoidance
escape happens after an aversive stimulus is presented whereas avoidance occersbefore an aversive stim is presented.
Hollys 1-year-old son braden cries when she puts him to bed as night. holly used to go into bradens room and confort him but then she realized that she might be reinfocing his crying
extinction
imagine you are a counsilor and youre currently seeing a client who happens to be really negative about life. After some analysis you determine that part of your clients negativity is maintaine by attention from her loved ones. You tell them they need to begin ignoring her. what is this called
extinction
imagine you are clinician who is treating client for depression. ETC... why might you not want to teach you clients loved ones to use an extinction procedure in this case
extinction might lead to an extinction burst (unwanted increase in depressed behavior)
bryan is trying to get some of his students to stop making inappropriate comments in class. ignoring the students would be ____, whereas taking away participation points would be an example fo ____
extniction, negative punishment
___results in the transfer of control from one stimulus to another
fading
when bryan was younger his mom used to get mad when he didnt put his clothes in the laundry basket at the end of the day. to modify behavior his mom hung up a big sign in his room that read "" and thanked him when he did. THen replaced it with a smaller sign and then took it donw altogether what technigue was byan's mom using
fading
gabe frequently emails his employees and reminds them to follow safety guildlines. when his employees go 1 months without a violation, they recieve extra time off. what is the discrimative stimulus
gabes emails
imagive a person who has two differnt groups of friends. he typically recieves 30% OF REINFORCERS and 2 give 70 % reinforcers
he will spend 30 % with group1 and 70% with group 2
how did premack define reinforcment
higher prob bheaviors reinfocr lower-prob behaviors
which of the following is the best example of an effective personal rule
i will run for 30 min every moring at 9 am this semester
you work for your best friends fam owned landscaping business every day this summer. rico says :you should rearrange the plants as i say you should
instruction
jim says he cant lose weight because he "lacks willpower" why is this a bad explanation of jims behavior
it is a circular argument (tautogy) because it is a label for behavior not cause of it
in operant conditioning, the predictive relation between antecedents, behaviors and consequences is known as the
law of effect
____ refers to the reduction in behavior that occurs when punishers are predictable but delivered noncontingently (independent of behavior)
learning helplessness
what piece of research evidence showed that the response deprivation hypothesis is probably correct and that premacks theory of reinforcment is probably wrong
lower prob behaviors can reinforce high prob behaviors as long as lower-prob behavior is occuring below its baseline
how did premack define punishment?
lower-probability behaviors punish higher-probability behavior
dan lost his job last year for aruging with his boss. as a result in his subsequent jobs, he never argues with his boss
negative punishment (response cost!!)
what is the primary difference between extinction and negative punishment
negative punishment included a change in the environment form before to after a response;extinction does not
about five min before bachelor comes on TV every week, bryan turns the channel so he doesnt have to watch though annoying people
negative reinforcement
a common practice in pro football is to take money from players if they are caught using preforming enhancing drugs. this is shown to reduce drug use. this is an example of
negative reinforcment
a______ is a schedule in which reinforcement is delivered independently of responding. IN contrast am ____is a schedule in which reinforcement is delivered after a response occurs
non-contingent schedule, contingent schedule
which of the following is NOT a defining feature of concurrent schedule of reinforcement
not it consists of two or more schedule of reinforcment or punish maybe each schedule has its own antecedent
last week, max was given an extra hw assigment after he made faces at some other students. max hasnt mades faces at other students since then
positive punishment
every tueday and thirsday lisa goes to her psyc of learning class because she earns two points for participating in discussions, this is
positive reinforcment
last month, colleen went to chilis and got really good food. she ahs gone back three more times since then.
positive reinforcment
what is the difference between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer
primary_a stimulus that innately reinforcing secondary_reinforcing because it has been paired with another stimulus that is already reinforcing
imagine you are a clinician who is trying to treat a client for depression and after analysis you have determined that [art of your client's depressed behavior is maintained by attention of her loved ones. as a result you decide that her lvoed ones should use DRO procedure how would they do this?
provide positive reinforcment any timne your client is showing non-depressed behavior`
which of the following is NOT a problem associcatied with using punishment to modify behavior
punishment quickly reduces responding
the staff at ehall have noticed that more and more students are failing to throw away their garbage
put more info on the sign such as what consequences will be if studens do not throw away garbage
driving 60 mph in a 25 mph is against the law is an example of an ____ "you shouldnt drive 60 in a 25 because you may get a speeding ticket
rule, instruction
with regard to stimuluc control, a ____is a discrimative stimulus that signals an absense of reinforcment )extinction) if a particulr response is made. and a ___is a discrim. stim; that signals the availability of reinforcment if a particular repsronf is made
s(delta) S(D)
the extent to which people do what they say they are going to do is referred to as
say-do correspondence
the understanding that one object or behavior can represent another defines which of the following functions
semiotic
in operant conditioning, antecedents _____
set the occasion for behavior
bryan is trying to get some of his students to stop making inappropriate commetns in class (which seem to be occuring because bryan is accidently reinfrocing their behavior. for the next two class sessions whenever his students make innappropriate comments, bryan ignores them. eventially their comments start to subside. but about one week later, they increase again
spontaneous recovery
whereas classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns an ___ association, operant conditioning occurs when an organism learns an ____ association
stimulus-response, response stimulus
which of the follwoing would not be an example of commitment response
telling yourself over and over again that youre going ot eat a healthy dinner tonight
john is trying to teach his dog to ring a bell when it wants to go outside. The dog taps its nose on the bell but john is distracted and doesnt five the dog a treat untill 15 sex later when it was sitting on the living room
the dog will probs learn to sit in the living room
according to __, the percentage of responses emitted toward an option should equal the pertentage of reinforcers obtained from that option
the matching law
everytime josh drives by starbucks and sees the open sign lit up, he stops in and order a white chocolate mocha. what is the discriminative stimulus
the open sign
what is another name for teh response in operant conditioning
the operant
imagine a pigeon in a chamber is responing under a mutiple schedule of reinforcment. at first, food is avaialable on a VI 30-sec schedule when a green light is lit and then red light. based on what you know about behavior contrast which of the following best describes what will happen to the pigeons pecking after the schedule changes
the pigeon will spend more time pecking at the green light than the red light
chris loves to watch tv for hours every day. if we dont allow chris to watch tv for a few days, watching tv should be especially reinforcing. therefore watching tv can be used to reinforce any other behavior. which reinforcment theory makes this prediction
the response deprivation hypothesis NOT premacks theory
according to ____, choosing one smaller, sooner award typically isnt a big deal. the problme is that these choices add up over time and become problmeatic
the small-but-cumlative-effects model
eugenias boss gave her a compliment for working long hours on the weekend. this is an ex of
there is not enough info
in what way were skinners and throndike views of learning similar
they both believe that consequences have the biggest effect on learning
your boss checks in on you periodicallly during the work day to make sure youre doing what you should be. this is
variable interval
____produce the highest overall rates of responding,______ produces the lowest overall rates of responding
variable ratio, fixed ratio
premacks theory of reinforcment suggest that reinforcers are relative what does this mean
whether a behavior serves as a reinforcer or a punisher always depends on its probability compared to other behaviors
what ulitmately determines whether there will be say-do correspondence
whether peoples attitudes about syaing and doing things are consistent
what ultimately determines whether you will follow rules or instructions
whether you recieve reinforcment for following the rule
why does ratio schedules of reinforcment typically produce higher rates of responding than interval schedules of reinforcment
with ratio schedules, reininforcemnt depends on number of responses . therefor faster responding prduces the reinforcment faster
imagine you are a clincian who is deciding which theory provides the most practical info on how to apply reinforcement most easily and efficiently. wjy moght the response depreivation hypothesis be more useful than premacks theory of reinforcment
with the response deprivation hypothesis, you only need to know that the reinforcing behavior is below its baseline, with premacks theory you need to know that the probabilities of tow different behaviors.
bryan has been trying to get his son, rylan, to pick up his toys. the frist time rylan picked his toys bryan gave a big hug and said you did a great job rylan! since then, rylan ahs picked up his toys every day. Is this an example of positive reinforcemtn?
yes,because a stimulus was added and then the response became more likely.
