final psych of learnig

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john is taking two classes this semester. biopsyc and learning. bio is twice as hard as learning. based on what you know about matching approc what percentage of his study time will john devote to psych 390

33%

megan is trying to use behavioral principles to decrease the number of cigarettes she smokes each day. one of her friends suggest that everytime megan craves and cig, she should eat a couple of carrot sticks instead,

DRO procedure not shaping not sure about this one

what does DRO stand for

Differential reinforcement of other behavior

relationship expert frequently say that relationship must include an element of surprise to remain strong. what might this suggest about the tupe of reinforcment schedule that is likely operating in these strong relationships.

It is liekly a variable reinforcment schedule, because reinforcement on a variable schedule is surprising

which of the following is NOT a factor that affects an organims preference for a larger, later reinforcer

NOT age

whereas a _____ schedule of reinforcment produces a "scalloped" patter of responsing, a ___schedule produced a high, steady rate of responding1

NOT fixed interval, variable interval fixed interval, varibale ratio?

imagine you are a parent and you are trying to get your children to clean their rooms at a high, steady rate. whihc shcedule of reinfocment would you likely use to reinforced their behavior

NOT fixed ratio Variable ratio?

thornidke proposed that behaviors followed by satisfting outcomes will be repeated and that behaviros followed by annoying outcomes will not be repeated. this is known as the

NOT law of effect

wich of the following is NOT one of the typical outcomes of using non-contingeent reinforcemnt

NOT superstitious behavior decreaded motivation?

what ultimately determines whether observaitional learning will occur?

NOT whether the model reciever consequences for behaving a particular way i think the consequences one

last month kaylas mom yelled at her in hte grocery store because kayla lept asking for junk food

Not enough information

ashley is NOT a fan of cold weather. every morning she checks the TV to see what the temperature is. most of the time, .... in this example "below 30 degrees" is an _____ for staying home and an ____for going out

S(delta) and S(r)

in observational learning, imitation refers to situation in which

a models behavior sets the occasion for similar behavior by another person

three-term contingency, rules function as

antecedents

when mary is told that she will not be able to play wiht her favorite toy this afternoon, she spends considerably more time than usual playing with it in the morning

anticipatory behavioral contrast

imagive you are trying to rearrange your daily schdule according ot premacks theory of reinforcment so that you are more productive and happiers. hwo do you do this

as much as possible, arrange your activities from lower-probs to highest prob activities

olivia enrolled in a psychology class, but her friend told her that the class requires writing a lot of papers. olivia drops the class before the start of the semester

avoidance

putting up your umbrella before exiting a building becasuse you see rain would be

avoidance

leaving your boring psych of leanring class in the middle of lecture would be an ex of ____. skipping your boring psych of learning class would be an example of ____

avoidance, escape

whereas _____ involded responding to keep an aversive stimulus from being presented, ___involved responding to remove an aversive stimulus that is already present

avoidance, escape

which of the following is NOT a problem with Mowrer's tow-process theory of avoidance

avoidcant responses occur when feared CSs are present

which of the following statements is not true

avoidence involved responding to keep an aversive stimulus from being presented NOT escaped involved terminating an aversive stimulus that is already present

although there are a few real-life instances of fixed -intervcal schedule of reinforcemnet, researcher have spent a considerable amount of time studying and using FI schedule in their research why?

bc they provide a nice baseline for studying the effect of other independent variables of behavior

in general why have researchers been more interested in studying avoidance behavior than esca[e behavior

because avoidance occurs even though no aversive stimulus is present

even though there is a strong correlation between smoiking and lung cancer, a sizable percentage of people stilll continue to smoke. which of the ofllowing is one reason why this is so

because delayed consequences typically have a weak effect on behavior

what is the primary advantage of using to produce behavior change in other people

because people tend to like rules more than they like consequences OR rules typically get behavior going very quickly

based on what you know about operant conditioning why is it a bad idea to consistently eat food while watching TV

because sitting in front of the tv will become a strong antecedent for the behavior of eating

bryan uses electric can opener to open cans of dog food. now everytime his dog hears the can opener, he comes running into the kitchen

because teh can opener has become associated with a food reinforcer

according to ainslie-rachlin model of self-control, why do people often have preference reversals and end up choosing the samller and sooner reward over the larger, later reward

because the "value" of the ssr increases as you get closer to it and eventually becomes more reinforcing than the LLR

why do people tend to use punishment to change another persons behavior, even though most behaviorist agree that positive reinforcement is the best option

because using punishment is negativly reinforced by a rapid reduction in another persons undesired behavior

mary works two jobs. she recently recieved a raise at her first job, while she still makes the same amount of money at her second job. mary now works harder at heer frist job but has started to "slack off" at her second job. what is occuring

behavioral contrast

tim loves to eat mcdonalds and taco bell. in fact he used to go to mcd on mon, wed, and fri. and taco bel on tues, thurs, saturday. stays at home on sundays and orders pizza tim's change in behavior is an example of

behavioral contrast

kevin doesnt like his cognitive-psyc class and avoid going wehnever possible how would one-process theory explain kevins avoidance of this course

being away from class is less averive than being in class. thus, when kevin skips, it is negativly reinforced by a reduction of aversivnessq

kaily typically studies 1 hour per day and watches TV for 5 hours per day. kailys mom now decides to implemtn a behavior management program in which kaily must study 2 hrs in order to watch 3 hours of tv. based on our discussion on theories of reinforcment, which of the following statements would be true

both the premack principle and the response deprivation hypothesis predict that watching tv will reinforce studying

according to the ainslie-rachlin model of self-control, impulsivity is defined as

chooding the smaller, sooner reinforcer over the larger, later reinforcer

according to two-process theory, the first step in development is the creation of an____, the second step involves ___

classically conditioned fear response, an operant response that produces a reduction in fear`

campbells basketball team has been playing terrible as of late. after losing their fifth game in a row, hoover orders campbell and his teammates to run wind sprints for an hour. what is the discrimative stim

coach hoovers order to run wind sprints

because going out for lunch can be rather expensive. bryan has decided that it would be cheaper (and probs healthier) to make his own lunch and b irng it to school with him. as such bryan makes his own lnuch every morning and puts it on teh counter so he can grab it on his way out the door. based on skinners definition of self control, eating his homemade lunch is the ____response and making his lunch is the ___response

controlled, controlling

early childhood is a period of optumim growth and maturation for which part of the brain?

corpus callosum

whihc of these is a good example of avoidance?

crossing the streeet before someone you dislike approaches you

imagine you are a clincian who is trying to get on of her clients to spend less time using drugs. one approach would be to take away your clients drug, but you know that doing this might be quite difficule to accomplish. based on what you know about the matching law, what would decrease you clients drug use.

dramtically increase the reinforcement available for non-drug behaviors

according to _____, watching a tv show about cooking because it allows a food deprived person to make snacks which ultimatly reduce hunger

drive reduction theory

according to ____sexual activity is reinforcing because it reduces sexual desire in a sex-deprived organism

drive-reduction theory

what is the main different between escape and avoidance

escape happens after an aversive stimulus is presented whereas avoidance occersbefore an aversive stim is presented.

Hollys 1-year-old son braden cries when she puts him to bed as night. holly used to go into bradens room and confort him but then she realized that she might be reinfocing his crying

extinction

imagine you are a counsilor and youre currently seeing a client who happens to be really negative about life. After some analysis you determine that part of your clients negativity is maintaine by attention from her loved ones. You tell them they need to begin ignoring her. what is this called

extinction

imagine you are clinician who is treating client for depression. ETC... why might you not want to teach you clients loved ones to use an extinction procedure in this case

extinction might lead to an extinction burst (unwanted increase in depressed behavior)

bryan is trying to get some of his students to stop making inappropriate comments in class. ignoring the students would be ____, whereas taking away participation points would be an example fo ____

extniction, negative punishment

___results in the transfer of control from one stimulus to another

fading

when bryan was younger his mom used to get mad when he didnt put his clothes in the laundry basket at the end of the day. to modify behavior his mom hung up a big sign in his room that read "" and thanked him when he did. THen replaced it with a smaller sign and then took it donw altogether what technigue was byan's mom using

fading

gabe frequently emails his employees and reminds them to follow safety guildlines. when his employees go 1 months without a violation, they recieve extra time off. what is the discrimative stimulus

gabes emails

imagive a person who has two differnt groups of friends. he typically recieves 30% OF REINFORCERS and 2 give 70 % reinforcers

he will spend 30 % with group1 and 70% with group 2

how did premack define reinforcment

higher prob bheaviors reinfocr lower-prob behaviors

which of the following is the best example of an effective personal rule

i will run for 30 min every moring at 9 am this semester

you work for your best friends fam owned landscaping business every day this summer. rico says :you should rearrange the plants as i say you should

instruction

jim says he cant lose weight because he "lacks willpower" why is this a bad explanation of jims behavior

it is a circular argument (tautogy) because it is a label for behavior not cause of it

in operant conditioning, the predictive relation between antecedents, behaviors and consequences is known as the

law of effect

____ refers to the reduction in behavior that occurs when punishers are predictable but delivered noncontingently (independent of behavior)

learning helplessness

what piece of research evidence showed that the response deprivation hypothesis is probably correct and that premacks theory of reinforcment is probably wrong

lower prob behaviors can reinforce high prob behaviors as long as lower-prob behavior is occuring below its baseline

how did premack define punishment?

lower-probability behaviors punish higher-probability behavior

dan lost his job last year for aruging with his boss. as a result in his subsequent jobs, he never argues with his boss

negative punishment (response cost!!)

what is the primary difference between extinction and negative punishment

negative punishment included a change in the environment form before to after a response;extinction does not

about five min before bachelor comes on TV every week, bryan turns the channel so he doesnt have to watch though annoying people

negative reinforcement

a common practice in pro football is to take money from players if they are caught using preforming enhancing drugs. this is shown to reduce drug use. this is an example of

negative reinforcment

a______ is a schedule in which reinforcement is delivered independently of responding. IN contrast am ____is a schedule in which reinforcement is delivered after a response occurs

non-contingent schedule, contingent schedule

which of the following is NOT a defining feature of concurrent schedule of reinforcement

not it consists of two or more schedule of reinforcment or punish maybe each schedule has its own antecedent

last week, max was given an extra hw assigment after he made faces at some other students. max hasnt mades faces at other students since then

positive punishment

every tueday and thirsday lisa goes to her psyc of learning class because she earns two points for participating in discussions, this is

positive reinforcment

last month, colleen went to chilis and got really good food. she ahs gone back three more times since then.

positive reinforcment

what is the difference between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer

primary_a stimulus that innately reinforcing secondary_reinforcing because it has been paired with another stimulus that is already reinforcing

imagine you are a clinician who is trying to treat a client for depression and after analysis you have determined that [art of your client's depressed behavior is maintained by attention of her loved ones. as a result you decide that her lvoed ones should use DRO procedure how would they do this?

provide positive reinforcment any timne your client is showing non-depressed behavior`

which of the following is NOT a problem associcatied with using punishment to modify behavior

punishment quickly reduces responding

the staff at ehall have noticed that more and more students are failing to throw away their garbage

put more info on the sign such as what consequences will be if studens do not throw away garbage

driving 60 mph in a 25 mph is against the law is an example of an ____ "you shouldnt drive 60 in a 25 because you may get a speeding ticket

rule, instruction

with regard to stimuluc control, a ____is a discrimative stimulus that signals an absense of reinforcment )extinction) if a particulr response is made. and a ___is a discrim. stim; that signals the availability of reinforcment if a particular repsronf is made

s(delta) S(D)

the extent to which people do what they say they are going to do is referred to as

say-do correspondence

the understanding that one object or behavior can represent another defines which of the following functions

semiotic

in operant conditioning, antecedents _____

set the occasion for behavior

bryan is trying to get some of his students to stop making inappropriate commetns in class (which seem to be occuring because bryan is accidently reinfrocing their behavior. for the next two class sessions whenever his students make innappropriate comments, bryan ignores them. eventially their comments start to subside. but about one week later, they increase again

spontaneous recovery

whereas classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns an ___ association, operant conditioning occurs when an organism learns an ____ association

stimulus-response, response stimulus

which of the follwoing would not be an example of commitment response

telling yourself over and over again that youre going ot eat a healthy dinner tonight

john is trying to teach his dog to ring a bell when it wants to go outside. The dog taps its nose on the bell but john is distracted and doesnt five the dog a treat untill 15 sex later when it was sitting on the living room

the dog will probs learn to sit in the living room

according to __, the percentage of responses emitted toward an option should equal the pertentage of reinforcers obtained from that option

the matching law

everytime josh drives by starbucks and sees the open sign lit up, he stops in and order a white chocolate mocha. what is the discriminative stimulus

the open sign

what is another name for teh response in operant conditioning

the operant

imagine a pigeon in a chamber is responing under a mutiple schedule of reinforcment. at first, food is avaialable on a VI 30-sec schedule when a green light is lit and then red light. based on what you know about behavior contrast which of the following best describes what will happen to the pigeons pecking after the schedule changes

the pigeon will spend more time pecking at the green light than the red light

chris loves to watch tv for hours every day. if we dont allow chris to watch tv for a few days, watching tv should be especially reinforcing. therefore watching tv can be used to reinforce any other behavior. which reinforcment theory makes this prediction

the response deprivation hypothesis NOT premacks theory

according to ____, choosing one smaller, sooner award typically isnt a big deal. the problme is that these choices add up over time and become problmeatic

the small-but-cumlative-effects model

eugenias boss gave her a compliment for working long hours on the weekend. this is an ex of

there is not enough info

in what way were skinners and throndike views of learning similar

they both believe that consequences have the biggest effect on learning

your boss checks in on you periodicallly during the work day to make sure youre doing what you should be. this is

variable interval

____produce the highest overall rates of responding,______ produces the lowest overall rates of responding

variable ratio, fixed ratio

premacks theory of reinforcment suggest that reinforcers are relative what does this mean

whether a behavior serves as a reinforcer or a punisher always depends on its probability compared to other behaviors

what ulitmately determines whether there will be say-do correspondence

whether peoples attitudes about syaing and doing things are consistent

what ultimately determines whether you will follow rules or instructions

whether you recieve reinforcment for following the rule

why does ratio schedules of reinforcment typically produce higher rates of responding than interval schedules of reinforcment

with ratio schedules, reininforcemnt depends on number of responses . therefor faster responding prduces the reinforcment faster

imagine you are a clincian who is deciding which theory provides the most practical info on how to apply reinforcement most easily and efficiently. wjy moght the response depreivation hypothesis be more useful than premacks theory of reinforcment

with the response deprivation hypothesis, you only need to know that the reinforcing behavior is below its baseline, with premacks theory you need to know that the probabilities of tow different behaviors.

bryan has been trying to get his son, rylan, to pick up his toys. the frist time rylan picked his toys bryan gave a big hug and said you did a great job rylan! since then, rylan ahs picked up his toys every day. Is this an example of positive reinforcemtn?

yes,because a stimulus was added and then the response became more likely.


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