Final Psych Practice

Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level?

"What I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do."

Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which of the following types of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?

Authoritarian

All of the following are criteria that are used to distinguish normal behavior from abnormal behavior EXCEPT

Behavior that is inconsistent

Most adults reach their peak physical development during their

20's

The volunteer participants in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity conformed to group pressure to select the incorrect answer approximately _____ percent of the time.

35

Which of the following statements about research on the "beautiful is good" stereotype is FALSE?

There is little truth to the "beautiful is good" stereotype. Attractive people do not really possess the positive characteristics of the stereotype.

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals

adjust their schemas to new information

Which of the following traits is related to generosity and altruism to reports of religious faith and to more satisfying romantic relationships?

agreeableness

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing _____ is the key challenge of adolescence.

an identity

A fear becomes a phobia when

an individual will go to any length to avoid the object of the fear

_____ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

anorexia nervosa

According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains

archetypes

Mazie's mom is loving and caring. Her mom sets clear boundaries and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as

authoritative

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

central route to persuasion

_____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

cognitive dissonance

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?

conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of

conditions of worth

In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates

conformity

According to Freud, the superego

considers whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms

Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the United States. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of

explicit rascism

Twelve-year-old Jennifer believes that she is unique and cannot be harmed. She thinks others are preoccupied with her and that they are watching her always. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

egocentrism

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

egoism

Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that

empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in childer

Trait theories of personality

focus on lasting personality characteristics

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to think about things that are not concrete, make predictions, and use logic to come up with hypotheses about the future is attained during the _____ stage.

formal operational

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. According to Piaget, Bob has most likely reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.

frontal lobes

A(n) _____ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture.

gender schema

An individual who has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months and unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings likely suffers from

generalized anxiety disorder

In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the

observer

The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting

overt aggression

_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

person perception

Abnormal behavior is

personally distressful over a long period of time

Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise's unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n)

positive illusion

Randy experienced a horrific childhood. She was physically and verbally abused by her mother and sexually abused by her stepfather. Years later, she began experiencing anxiety symptoms. Which of the following anxiety-related disorders would best apply to this situation?

post-traumatic stress disorder

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual who recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code is operating at the _____ level of moral development.

postconventional

If Tony shares his toys with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the _____ level of moral development.

preconventional

Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preopertational, concrete operational, formal operational

Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____.

sex/security

"Am I as popular as Cathy?" This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of

social comparison

You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of

social contagion

Which of the following theories best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group?

social identity theory

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public.

social phobia

What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder?

sociocultural approach

A man who is so afraid of flying and who would go to any length to avoid flying is most likely experiencing

specific phobia

The term ____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding

temperament

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testosterone

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage?

the child in this stage understands the concept of conservation

Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates

the false consensus effect

Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?

neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion

According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality?

neurticism is low in self-satisfied individuals

Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

not every individual exposed to the same even develops PTSD

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?

It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

Which of the following statements about specific phobia is true?

Many explanations of specific phobias view these disorders as based on experiences and learned associations.

Cooper's father is a corporate executive who works long hours. He travels several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. He has never been to any of Cooper's soccer games or met any of his friends. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. As such, he does not get involved in Cooper's life. Psychologists would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as

Neglectful

At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on

Punishments or rewards

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details. Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism?

Repression

_____ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.

Romantic love

Social psychologists believe that _____ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases as the relationship grows and matures.

Romantic love/affectionate love

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model?

The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the

biological approach

_____ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

bipolar disorder

Genetic factors are stronger predictors of _____ than of _____.

bipolar disorder/depressive disorders

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who lacks the concept of

object permanance

Katie bought a few t-shirts from a garage sale. While purchasing them, she tried her best to bargain as she knew the seller was charging her a higher price for every t-shirts compared to the others. After reaching home, she found that there was an extra t-shirts in her bag for which she did not pay. As her mother had taught her to return things that did not belong to her, Katie went back to the store and returned the extra t-shirts. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Katie belongs to the _____ level of moral development.

conventional

Ralph just started taking guitar lessons last week. Jimmie has been playing guitar for almost 20 years. According to the concept of social facilitation, performing in front of an audience of strangers and friends tonight is likely to _____ Ralph's performance and _____ Jimmie's performance.

decrease/enhance

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?

defense mechanisms

The Stanford prison experiment provides a dramatic example of how social situations and the roles we take on in life can influence

deindividualization

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as

deindividuation

The _____ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm)

Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on a(n) _____ model of psychological disorders.

disease

Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless she cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?

generalized anxiety disorder

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

humanistic perspective

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. She holds that individuals are capable of controlling their lives and achieving their goals. Brittney is most likely to agree with the _____ of personality.

humanistic perspectives

Freud's view of anatomy as destiny was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for

ignoring sociocultural influences on personality development

Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder?

in terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder

Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as his or her traits and abilities, are called

internal attributions

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers?

intolerance

Central route persuasion

involves engaging someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument

According to Hyde, the gender similarities hypothesis

is the idea that men and women(boys/girls) are much more similar than they are different

In adult development, when experience conflicts with existing schemas

it is recommended to alter current ways of thinking

Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

it states that frustration always leads to agression

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is

logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

low levels of conscientiousness

Aria has been awake for two nights in a row and still feels highly energetic, and euphoric. The previous day, she quit her job on an impulse and decided to become an actress. In the context of bipolar disorder, Aria is experiencing an episode of

mania

Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.

nature

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.

prejudice

Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders

psychological approach

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?

psychological approach

One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that

recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

relational aggression

_____ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

resilience

Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of

self serving bias

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when

there are few tempting alternatives for the partners

Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality?

they focus only on observable behaviors

_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer experiences.

traits/states

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives _____ from his or her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____.

unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth