Final Psych Practice
Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level?
"What I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do."
Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which of the following types of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?
Authoritarian
All of the following are criteria that are used to distinguish normal behavior from abnormal behavior EXCEPT
Behavior that is inconsistent
Most adults reach their peak physical development during their
20's
The volunteer participants in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity conformed to group pressure to select the incorrect answer approximately _____ percent of the time.
35
Which of the following statements about research on the "beautiful is good" stereotype is FALSE?
There is little truth to the "beautiful is good" stereotype. Attractive people do not really possess the positive characteristics of the stereotype.
According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals
adjust their schemas to new information
Which of the following traits is related to generosity and altruism to reports of religious faith and to more satisfying romantic relationships?
agreeableness
According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing _____ is the key challenge of adolescence.
an identity
A fear becomes a phobia when
an individual will go to any length to avoid the object of the fear
_____ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.
anorexia nervosa
According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains
archetypes
Mazie's mom is loving and caring. Her mom sets clear boundaries and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as
authoritative
Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the
central route to persuasion
_____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.
cognitive dissonance
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?
conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period
Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of
conditions of worth
In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates
conformity
According to Freud, the superego
considers whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms
Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the United States. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of
explicit rascism
Twelve-year-old Jennifer believes that she is unique and cannot be harmed. She thinks others are preoccupied with her and that they are watching her always. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of
egocentrism
_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.
egoism
Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that
empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in childer
Trait theories of personality
focus on lasting personality characteristics
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to think about things that are not concrete, make predictions, and use logic to come up with hypotheses about the future is attained during the _____ stage.
formal operational
Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. According to Piaget, Bob has most likely reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.
frontal lobes
A(n) _____ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture.
gender schema
An individual who has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months and unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the
observer
The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called
obsessive-compulsive disorder
A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting
overt aggression
_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
person perception
Abnormal behavior is
personally distressful over a long period of time
Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise's unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n)
positive illusion
Randy experienced a horrific childhood. She was physically and verbally abused by her mother and sexually abused by her stepfather. Years later, she began experiencing anxiety symptoms. Which of the following anxiety-related disorders would best apply to this situation?
post-traumatic stress disorder
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual who recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code is operating at the _____ level of moral development.
postconventional
If Tony shares his toys with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the _____ level of moral development.
preconventional
Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preopertational, concrete operational, formal operational
Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____.
sex/security
"Am I as popular as Cathy?" This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of
social comparison
You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of
social contagion
Which of the following theories best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group?
social identity theory
_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public.
social phobia
What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder?
sociocultural approach
A man who is so afraid of flying and who would go to any length to avoid flying is most likely experiencing
specific phobia
The term ____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding
temperament
The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is
testosterone
Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence
the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex
Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage?
the child in this stage understands the concept of conservation
Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates
the false consensus effect
Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?
neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion
According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality?
neurticism is low in self-satisfied individuals
Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
not every individual exposed to the same even develops PTSD
Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?
It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.
Which of the following statements about specific phobia is true?
Many explanations of specific phobias view these disorders as based on experiences and learned associations.
Cooper's father is a corporate executive who works long hours. He travels several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. He has never been to any of Cooper's soccer games or met any of his friends. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. As such, he does not get involved in Cooper's life. Psychologists would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as
Neglectful
At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on
Punishments or rewards
Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details. Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism?
Repression
_____ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.
Romantic love
Social psychologists believe that _____ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases as the relationship grows and matures.
Romantic love/affectionate love
Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?
Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.
Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model?
The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.
Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the
biological approach
_____ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.
bipolar disorder
Genetic factors are stronger predictors of _____ than of _____.
bipolar disorder/depressive disorders
"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who lacks the concept of
object permanance
Katie bought a few t-shirts from a garage sale. While purchasing them, she tried her best to bargain as she knew the seller was charging her a higher price for every t-shirts compared to the others. After reaching home, she found that there was an extra t-shirts in her bag for which she did not pay. As her mother had taught her to return things that did not belong to her, Katie went back to the store and returned the extra t-shirts. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Katie belongs to the _____ level of moral development.
conventional
Ralph just started taking guitar lessons last week. Jimmie has been playing guitar for almost 20 years. According to the concept of social facilitation, performing in front of an audience of strangers and friends tonight is likely to _____ Ralph's performance and _____ Jimmie's performance.
decrease/enhance
Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?
defense mechanisms
The Stanford prison experiment provides a dramatic example of how social situations and the roles we take on in life can influence
deindividualization
The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as
deindividuation
The _____ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm)
Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on a(n) _____ model of psychological disorders.
disease
Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless she cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?
generalized anxiety disorder
Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.
humanistic perspective
Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. She holds that individuals are capable of controlling their lives and achieving their goals. Brittney is most likely to agree with the _____ of personality.
humanistic perspectives
Freud's view of anatomy as destiny was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for
ignoring sociocultural influences on personality development
Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder?
in terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder
Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as his or her traits and abilities, are called
internal attributions
According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers?
intolerance
Central route persuasion
involves engaging someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument
According to Hyde, the gender similarities hypothesis
is the idea that men and women(boys/girls) are much more similar than they are different
In adult development, when experience conflicts with existing schemas
it is recommended to alter current ways of thinking
Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
it states that frustration always leads to agression
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is
logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic
According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?
low levels of conscientiousness
Aria has been awake for two nights in a row and still feels highly energetic, and euphoric. The previous day, she quit her job on an impulse and decided to become an actress. In the context of bipolar disorder, Aria is experiencing an episode of
mania
Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.
nature
_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.
prejudice
Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders
psychological approach
Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?
psychological approach
One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that
recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults
Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as
relational aggression
_____ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.
resilience
Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of
self serving bias
From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when
there are few tempting alternatives for the partners
Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality?
they focus only on observable behaviors
_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer experiences.
traits/states
According to humanistic theory, a child who receives _____ from his or her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____.
unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth