final psych test :DDDD

self-concept

- 6 mo.s = self recog. in mirror - 15-18 mos = schema of how face should look - school age = gender, gp. member, psychological traits, peer comparison - 8-10 years = self-image becomes stable

Carl Rogers's person-centered perspective

- Posited that characteristics of growth-promoting environment include genuineness, acceptance, and empathy - unconditional positive regard and self-concept are key components

anxiety disorders

- generalized anxiety disorder = anx abt things in general, high heart rate/BP - phobias = irrational specific fear - panic disorders = sudden episode of dread, lives in fear of next ep

Antisocial personality disorder

- lack of consciense for wrongdoing - impulsive, fearless - genetic predisposition

brain problems w schizophrenia

- problems between regions and interconnections - low activity in frontal lobes - risk is 1 in 100, 1 in 10 if genetic predisposition - epigenetics influence risk factors

depressed thinking cycle

1. stressful experiences 2. negative explanatory style 3. depressed mood 4. cognitive and behavioral changes

formal operational stage

12-adulthood -based on actual experience not just fact -abstract, what would happen if x ?

emerging adulthood

18- mid 20s, not-yet-settled not yet assuming all responsibility, still dependent

major depressive disorder

2+ more weeks w 5+ symptoms : dep. mood, loss of interest must be one

persistent depressive disorder

2+ years, along w/ at least 2 symptoms

preoperational stage

2-7 years -linguistic ability, no concrete logic -lack of conversation: no understanding of mass, volume & # despite changes in shape (pennies laid out, cups w water) -theory of mind: ability to read mental state of others

concrete operational stage

7-11 years -children thought process in terms of facts -simple math and conversation -cant think outside box (eg feather breaking glass rule impossible to them)

reciprocal determinism

Describes interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors

moral intuition

Haidt: morality rooted in moral intuitions Greene: often auto BUT can be overwritten

Trait theorists

See personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior use factor analysis to identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together - statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items to tap basic components of intelligence - eysenck personality questionnaire: extraversion and emotionality factors inevitably emerged as basic personality dimensions

DID

a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

illness anxiety disorder

a person interprets normal physical sensations as a symptom of a disease (b4 hyochondriasis)

developing reasoning power (Piaget)

abstract thinking tools (formal operations) reason logically

adulthoods commitments: work

accomplishment, self-definition fits, happy abt role generativity: being productive and supporting future generations

neurocognitive disorders

acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits related to neurodegeneration, susbtance abuse erosion of mental abilities

post-conventional morality

actions reflect beliefs, ethics : "people have the right to live"

bipolar

alternates b/w mania and depressive episodes lethargy vs optimistic

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

parenting styles

authoritarian = punishment over discipline authoritative = enforce rules, positvie (+ a secure att. = best) uninvolved = lack attention permissive = dont enforce rules

later relationships with secure attatchment

basic trust flourish socially and academically leaving home adjust easily

preconventional morality

before age 9 - self interest, avoid conflict : "if steal medicine, go to jail"

sensorimotor stage

birth - 2 years assimilation: interpret new info in context of old accommodation: adapt current thinking based on new info object permanence: objects exist even when you cant see them

biology and personality

brain-activity scans of extraverts indicate that they seek stimulation bc brain arousal is relatively low dopamine and dopamine related neural activity tend to be higher in extroverts

imprinting

certain animals form strong attatchment during early life

schizophrenia

characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

chronic vs acute schizophrenia

chronic (process schizophrenia) : - late adolesensce - as you age, psychotic episodes last longer acute (reactive schizophrenia) : - can begin any age - often response 2 emotionally traumatic event - extended recovery periods

social-cognitive theorists

contend that the best way to predict behavior in a given situation is to observe that behavior in similar situations downplay the importance of unconscious motives, emotions, and biologically influenced traits

projective test

designed to trigger the projection of ones inner dynamics and reveal unconscious motives

disordered eating

disrupted body image -> disordered eating -> eating disorder

aging and memory

early : peak for learning and mem middle : decline in recall rather than recognition late : better retention of meaningful info end : last four years terminal decline

conventional morality

early adolescense - uphold laws for social approval : "youre supposed to take care of loved ones, so steal drug"

attatchment

emotional tie w another person (eg child showing closeness or distress upon separation) -8 months, soon after object permanace, stranger anxiety

costs of self esteem

excessive optimism blindness to ones own incompetence self-serving bias

Abraham Maslow's self-actualizing person

focused on the potential for healthy personal growth and peoples striving for determination and self realization - people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs and strive for self-actualization and self-transcendence

genetic influences for depressive disorders

heritability high for bipolar and schizophrenia - more genetic/biological vs. anxiety more environmental

Freud's personality structure

id: operates on the pleasure principle; unconsciously strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce ego: operates on the reality principle; seeks to realistically gratify the id's impulses to bring long-term pleasure; contains perceptions, thoughts, judgments, and memories superego: focuses on ideal behavior; strives for perfection; acts as moral conscience

adolesence struggle

identity vs. role confusion social identity ; "we" healthy identity formation = close relationships

attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder

impulsive, inattention 2x as often in boys than in girl stimulant drugs and psychological therapies 9.4% of 2-17 yos

Erikson

infancy -> trust vs. mistrust adolesence -> ident. vs role confusion young ad. -> intimacy vs. isolation

strange situation

insecure attatchment= distressed, secure attatchment = not distressed

post traumatic stress disorder

insomnia, lingers 4+ weeks, haunting memories, nightmares, numbness to feeling, jumpy anxiety women are at a higher risk (higher rates of abuse)

adulthoods commitments: Love

intimacy romantic attraction marriage - satisfaction = shared interests, values, mutual support and self-disclosure -marriage = predictive of happiness, sex satisfaction, income & mental health

stigma of introversion

introversion is often misunderstood as shyness, but introverted people often simply seek low levels of stimulation from their environment

autism spectrum disorder

limitations in communication rigidly fixated interests

moral action

moral action feeds moral attitudes

developing moral reasoning (Kohlberg)

moral reasoning guides moral actions

The Big Five factors

most widely accepted picture of personality (OCEAN- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)

Rorschach inkblot test

most widely used projective test seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

critical period

optimal period early when experiences produces normal development

self-esteem

our feeling of self-worth defensive: fragile, threatened by failure and criticism, vulnerable to perceived threats that feed anger secure: less fragile, external evaluations, more likely to achieve a greater quality of life

self-efficacy

our sense of competence on a task

obsessive compulsive disorder

persistent repetitive thoughts (obsessions) or actions (compulsions) or both germs, symmetry, safety, rituals

personality inventories

questionnaires on which people to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors used to assess selected personality traits

deprivation of attatchment

severe neglect = prevented from forming attatchments at early age at risk for attitude problems -w/o a sharp break from an abusive past, children do not readily recover

Psychodynamic theory

suggests that behavior is the dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind

somatic symptom disorders

symptoms take a bodily form w/o apparent physical cause

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

universal, irreversable stages

Social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

late adulthood

worldwide age 71 years vision, immune sys, slow down w age exercise slows aging