final psych test :DDDD
self-concept
- 6 mo.s = self recog. in mirror - 15-18 mos = schema of how face should look - school age = gender, gp. member, psychological traits, peer comparison - 8-10 years = self-image becomes stable
Carl Rogers's person-centered perspective
- Posited that characteristics of growth-promoting environment include genuineness, acceptance, and empathy - unconditional positive regard and self-concept are key components
anxiety disorders
- generalized anxiety disorder = anx abt things in general, high heart rate/BP - phobias = irrational specific fear - panic disorders = sudden episode of dread, lives in fear of next ep
Antisocial personality disorder
- lack of consciense for wrongdoing - impulsive, fearless - genetic predisposition
brain problems w schizophrenia
- problems between regions and interconnections - low activity in frontal lobes - risk is 1 in 100, 1 in 10 if genetic predisposition - epigenetics influence risk factors
depressed thinking cycle
1. stressful experiences 2. negative explanatory style 3. depressed mood 4. cognitive and behavioral changes
formal operational stage
12-adulthood -based on actual experience not just fact -abstract, what would happen if x ?
emerging adulthood
18- mid 20s, not-yet-settled not yet assuming all responsibility, still dependent
major depressive disorder
2+ more weeks w 5+ symptoms : dep. mood, loss of interest must be one
persistent depressive disorder
2+ years, along w/ at least 2 symptoms
preoperational stage
2-7 years -linguistic ability, no concrete logic -lack of conversation: no understanding of mass, volume & # despite changes in shape (pennies laid out, cups w water) -theory of mind: ability to read mental state of others
concrete operational stage
7-11 years -children thought process in terms of facts -simple math and conversation -cant think outside box (eg feather breaking glass rule impossible to them)
reciprocal determinism
Describes interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors
moral intuition
Haidt: morality rooted in moral intuitions Greene: often auto BUT can be overwritten
Trait theorists
See personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior use factor analysis to identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together - statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items to tap basic components of intelligence - eysenck personality questionnaire: extraversion and emotionality factors inevitably emerged as basic personality dimensions
DID
a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
illness anxiety disorder
a person interprets normal physical sensations as a symptom of a disease (b4 hyochondriasis)
developing reasoning power (Piaget)
abstract thinking tools (formal operations) reason logically
adulthoods commitments: work
accomplishment, self-definition fits, happy abt role generativity: being productive and supporting future generations
neurocognitive disorders
acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits related to neurodegeneration, susbtance abuse erosion of mental abilities
post-conventional morality
actions reflect beliefs, ethics : "people have the right to live"
bipolar
alternates b/w mania and depressive episodes lethargy vs optimistic
personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
parenting styles
authoritarian = punishment over discipline authoritative = enforce rules, positvie (+ a secure att. = best) uninvolved = lack attention permissive = dont enforce rules
later relationships with secure attatchment
basic trust flourish socially and academically leaving home adjust easily
preconventional morality
before age 9 - self interest, avoid conflict : "if steal medicine, go to jail"
sensorimotor stage
birth - 2 years assimilation: interpret new info in context of old accommodation: adapt current thinking based on new info object permanence: objects exist even when you cant see them
biology and personality
brain-activity scans of extraverts indicate that they seek stimulation bc brain arousal is relatively low dopamine and dopamine related neural activity tend to be higher in extroverts
imprinting
certain animals form strong attatchment during early life
schizophrenia
characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
chronic vs acute schizophrenia
chronic (process schizophrenia) : - late adolesensce - as you age, psychotic episodes last longer acute (reactive schizophrenia) : - can begin any age - often response 2 emotionally traumatic event - extended recovery periods
social-cognitive theorists
contend that the best way to predict behavior in a given situation is to observe that behavior in similar situations downplay the importance of unconscious motives, emotions, and biologically influenced traits
projective test
designed to trigger the projection of ones inner dynamics and reveal unconscious motives
disordered eating
disrupted body image -> disordered eating -> eating disorder
aging and memory
early : peak for learning and mem middle : decline in recall rather than recognition late : better retention of meaningful info end : last four years terminal decline
conventional morality
early adolescense - uphold laws for social approval : "youre supposed to take care of loved ones, so steal drug"
attatchment
emotional tie w another person (eg child showing closeness or distress upon separation) -8 months, soon after object permanace, stranger anxiety
costs of self esteem
excessive optimism blindness to ones own incompetence self-serving bias
Abraham Maslow's self-actualizing person
focused on the potential for healthy personal growth and peoples striving for determination and self realization - people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs and strive for self-actualization and self-transcendence
genetic influences for depressive disorders
heritability high for bipolar and schizophrenia - more genetic/biological vs. anxiety more environmental
Freud's personality structure
id: operates on the pleasure principle; unconsciously strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce ego: operates on the reality principle; seeks to realistically gratify the id's impulses to bring long-term pleasure; contains perceptions, thoughts, judgments, and memories superego: focuses on ideal behavior; strives for perfection; acts as moral conscience
adolesence struggle
identity vs. role confusion social identity ; "we" healthy identity formation = close relationships
attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder
impulsive, inattention 2x as often in boys than in girl stimulant drugs and psychological therapies 9.4% of 2-17 yos
Erikson
infancy -> trust vs. mistrust adolesence -> ident. vs role confusion young ad. -> intimacy vs. isolation
strange situation
insecure attatchment= distressed, secure attatchment = not distressed
post traumatic stress disorder
insomnia, lingers 4+ weeks, haunting memories, nightmares, numbness to feeling, jumpy anxiety women are at a higher risk (higher rates of abuse)
adulthoods commitments: Love
intimacy romantic attraction marriage - satisfaction = shared interests, values, mutual support and self-disclosure -marriage = predictive of happiness, sex satisfaction, income & mental health
stigma of introversion
introversion is often misunderstood as shyness, but introverted people often simply seek low levels of stimulation from their environment
autism spectrum disorder
limitations in communication rigidly fixated interests
moral action
moral action feeds moral attitudes
developing moral reasoning (Kohlberg)
moral reasoning guides moral actions
The Big Five factors
most widely accepted picture of personality (OCEAN- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)
Rorschach inkblot test
most widely used projective test seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
critical period
optimal period early when experiences produces normal development
self-esteem
our feeling of self-worth defensive: fragile, threatened by failure and criticism, vulnerable to perceived threats that feed anger secure: less fragile, external evaluations, more likely to achieve a greater quality of life
self-efficacy
our sense of competence on a task
obsessive compulsive disorder
persistent repetitive thoughts (obsessions) or actions (compulsions) or both germs, symmetry, safety, rituals
personality inventories
questionnaires on which people to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors used to assess selected personality traits
deprivation of attatchment
severe neglect = prevented from forming attatchments at early age at risk for attitude problems -w/o a sharp break from an abusive past, children do not readily recover
Psychodynamic theory
suggests that behavior is the dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind
somatic symptom disorders
symptoms take a bodily form w/o apparent physical cause
Cognitive Development (Piaget)
universal, irreversable stages
Social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
late adulthood
worldwide age 71 years vision, immune sys, slow down w age exercise slows aging
