Final Review & Quizzes 1-9
Galileo was among the first to suggest that:
a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible
According to Hume, the mind is:
a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment
According to Szasz, the typical diagnosis of mental illness most often reflects a(n) ____.
a social judgment
Who, even before Pinel, argued that the mentally ill should be spared physical restraint and harsh treatment?
a. Chiarugi (p. 497)
Descartes concluded that we could trust sensory information because:
a. God created our sensory apparatus and God would not deceive us (p. 119)
According to the Deist:
a. God created the universe but thereafter had no involvement with it (p. 112)
Philo believed all of the following except:
a. God formed humans from dust and breathed life into their nostrils (pp. 72-73) --b. courage in the face of adversity was the highest virtue c. all knowledge came from God d. sensory experience should be avoided because it interferes with an understanding of God
Among the Renaissance humanists, Skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by:
a. Montaigne (p. 104)
In The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud refers to minor errors in everyday living such as slips of the tongue, forgetting things, and small accidents which are called:
a. Parapraxes (p. 528)
After Mesmer sank into obscurity as a result of a commission's findings about his practices, which of the following men gave well-received lectures on animal magnetism in the United States?
a. Poyen (p. 506)
All of the following individuals searched for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance except:
a. Pythagoras b. Plato ---c. William of Occam d. Aquinas (p. 92)
Which of the following questions raised by the Wurzburg school contributed to the downfall of structuralism?
a. Was there imageless thought or not? b. Could introspection be used to study the dynamics of the mind? (p. 285) c. Is it possible that some individuals have imageless thoughts and other individuals do not? --d. all of these choices
Which of the following accepted a completely materialistic philosophy?
a. Zeno of Citium b. the Epicureans c. the Stoics d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)
For Rousseau, the best guide for human conduct was (were):
a. a person's honest feelings and inclinations (p. 210)
Skinner was all of the following except:
a. a positivist --b. a logical positivist (p. 442) c. a radical behaviorist d. a descriptive behaviorist
Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom?
a. aesthetic - ethical - religious (p. 220)
All of the following are true about Hull's theory except:
a. after Hull's death, his theory was perpetuated primarily by Kenneth W. Spence b. Hull's theory was enormously popular from its inception into the 1960s c. Hull's theory is now viewed as being mainly of historical interest ---d. Hull's theory is more compatible with contemporary cognitive psychology than is Tolman's theory (p. 438)
Events following the death of Aristotle created a situation in which people sought:
a. answers to questions concerning problems of everyday living (p. 66)
Nietzsche believed all of the following except:
a. anything that increases a person's power was good ---b. without human companionship, human existence was meaningless (p. 224) c. anything that does not kill a person strengthened him or her d. happiness was the feeling that one's power was growing
Which of the following is not one of the abilities that Binet attempted to improve with his mental orthopedics?
a. attention b. will --c. test taking skills (p. 313) d. discipline
Descartes followed all of the following rules while seeking certainty except:
a. avoid all prejudgments b. proceed in an orderly fashion from the simple to the complex c. accept only conclusions that are beyond any doubt (p. 119) ---d. always proceed from the general to the specific
Hippocrates used all of the following treatments except:
a. baths b. fresh air c. proper diet --d. trepanation (p. 492)
When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living, the person:
a. becomes incongruent (p. 594) b. is no longer true to his or her own true feelings c. is not a fully functioning person -- d. all of these choices
According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied we feel:
a. bored (p. 215)
Anna Freud not only perpetuated her father's ideas, she extended them into new areas such as:
a. child analysis b. education c. child rearing -- d. all of these choices (p. 553)
Abelard's proposed compromise between nominalism (concepts summarize individual experience) and realism (once concepts are formed, they exist apart from individual experience), is called:
a. conceptualism (p. 87)
Galileo used experiments to do all of the following except:
a. demonstrate the existence of scientific laws b. convince Skeptics of the existence of scientific laws c. show the usefulness of mathematics in science ---d. show that essences are important for explanations (pp. 109-110)
Maslow referred to the tendency of some psychologists to use the scientific method to cut themselves off from the poetic, romantic, and spiritual aspects of human nature as:
a. desacralization
The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to:
a. distinguish between normal and retarded children (p. 311)
By equating God and nature, Spinoza:
a. eliminated the distinction between the sacred and the secular b. denied the existence of an anthropomorphic God and revelation c. embraced pantheism d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)
Titchener:
a. excluded women from membership in his organization, "The Experimentalists" b. supervised the research of the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology c. supervised the research of more female Ph.D.s than any psychologist of his generation d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)
Bacon believed that ____ must precede ____.
a. experiments of light; experiments of fruit (p. 117)
Newton believed all of the following except:
a. explanations of natural events must always be as simple as possible b. natural events can never be explained by postulating properties inherent to them c. classification is not explanation --d. because God created the universe, physical events can be understood in terms of their purpose
For James, tough-minded people are all of the following except:
a. fact-oriented --b. dogmatic (p. 346) c. materialistic d. fatalistic
Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a:
a. general impression (p. 271)
According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constituted the:
a. idol of the cave (p. 116)
In dream analysis, displacement is when:
a. instead of dreaming about an anxiety-provoking event, the dreamer dreams of something symbolically similar to it (p. 526)
Which of the following is not a characteristic of James' stream of consciousness?
a. it is personal ---b. it can be divided up for analysis (p. 341) c. it is constantly changing d. it is selective
All of the following were true of Aquinas' theology except:
a. it joined faith and reason b. it made the study of nature respectable c. it demonstrated that church dogma was debatable --d. it argued successfully that the Christian church should be as it had been described by St. Augustine (p. 90)
Bechterev criticized Pavlov's saliva method of studying conditioned reflexes for all the following reasons except:
a. it necessitated an operation b. it could not be used easily on humans c. it caused reactions in the experimental animal that could contaminate the experiment ---d. it was too similar to introspective analysis (p. 396)
Newton believed all of the following about the universe except that:
a. it was a machine created by God b. it operated according to principles that humans could discover --c. it was too complex to be understood by anyone but God d. it operated according to principles that could be expressed in precise mathematical terms
Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology?
a. it was useless in understanding higher mental processes (p. 266)
In the famous lecture "Psychology as a behaviorist views it," Watson outlined the tenets of behavioral psychology. Which of the following was not listed as part of the behavioral philosophy?
a. its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior b. introspection forms no essential part of its method c. the behaviorist...recognizes no dividing line between man and brute (animal) ---d. the value of introspective data is recognized as important for a complete analysis of human behavior (p. 401)
Which of the following is not one of Hume's laws of association?
a. law of opposition (pp. 146-147)
The humanistic psychologist believes all of the following except:
a. little of value can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals b. subjective reality is the primary guide for human behavior c. psychology should attempt to discover those things that expand and enrich human experience ---d. studying groups of humans is more informative than studying individuals (p. 586)
According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is really about is its ____ content.
a. manifest; latent (p. 526)
Those before Helmholtz who believed in animal spirits, or a vital force, believed that:
a. measuring the speed of nerve conduction was impossible (p. 238)
For classroom practices, Locke advocated:
a. mild punishment for undesirable behavior b. a step-by-step approach to teaching complex topics c. the recognition and praise of student accomplishments --d. all of these choices (p. 139)
Those who said so-called universals were nothing more than convenient verbal labels were called:
a. nominalists (pp. 91-92)
According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by:
a. perception b. behavior c. emotion ---d. sentiment (p. 414)
Nietzsche's ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy.
a. perspectivism (p. 223)
Determining a person's character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily structure, posture, and movement, was called:
a. physiognomy (p. 244)
The ____ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief, conflict, and frustration.
a. psychological (p. 488)
On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do. This is called:
a. psychophysical parallelism (p. 187)
Which of the following characterized the Enlightenment?
a. rationality and the methods of science were glorified b. a belief that societal perfection could be approximated c. a belief that knowledge was power d. all of these choices (p. 207)
Watson's objective psychology had all of the following in common with Russian objective psychology except:
a. rejection of introspection as a research tool (p. 403) b. rejection of mentalism in an explanation of behavior ---c. an interest in brain physiology d. rejection of the contention that consciousness could cause behavior
Freud believed all of the following except:
a. religion is an illusion ---b. both science and religion result from the human tendency to create myths (p. 537) c. humans will take advantage of their fellow humans any way they can d. religious principles could be, and should be, replaced by scientific principles as guides for living
Throughout history, the basic reasons for seeking help have been to obtain assistance in:
a. removing, modifying, or controlling anxiety, depression, alienation, or other distressing psychological states b. changing undesirable behavior patterns such as timidity or drug abuse c. promoting more positive personal growth and the development of greater meaning in one's life -- d. all of these choices (p. 489)
The mystery religions that were influential in the early Roman Empire were characterized by all of the following except
a. secret rites b. communion ceremonies c. beliefs concerning death and rebirth ---d. a belief in multiple Gods (p. 74)
Jung referred to the harmonious blending of all aspects of the personality as:
a. self-actualization (p. 557)
Spinoza believed the master motive for human behavior and thought to be:
a. self-preservation
Condillac was convinced that all of the powers that Locke attributed to the mind could be observed simply from the abilities to:
a. sense b. remember c. experience pleasure and pain d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)
Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?
a. she was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association b. she was the first woman president of the American Philosophical Association c. she made significant contributions to self-psychology --d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)
According to the author of your text, which of the following would be (an) appropriate part(s) of the answer to the question, "Is psychology a science?"
a. some aspects of psychology are scientific b. some aspects of psychology are not yet scientific but someday they may be c. some aspects of psychology will probably never be scientific
In Studies on Hysteria, many basic tenets of psychoanalysis were presented. Among these are:
a. symptoms are symbolic representations of underlying traumatic experiences that are repressed b. repressed memories are held in the unconscious because they provoke anxiety c. fundamental to the idea is that the repressed experiences and conflicts do not go away -- d. all of these choices (p. 524)
The early physician, Alcmaeon, proposed:
a. that health resulted from a balance of qualities in the body b. the physician's job was to help the patient regain equilibrium c. that sensation, memory, thinking, and understanding occurred in the brain d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)
All of the following agreed that there was a higher truth beyond any that could be experienced through the senses (though they disagreed as to what that higher truth was) except:
a. the Pythagoreans b. Plato (p. 91) c. the Scholastics ---d. the nominalists
The contention that the frequency with which a response is made increases if the response is followed by a pleasurable event and decreases if it is followed by a painful event was called:
a. the Spencer-Bain principle (p. 295)
One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with the church was over:
a. the age of the earth (p. 300)
Szasz argued that:
a. the belief that mental illness is a real medical illness has hurt more people than it has helped b. labeling problems in living as an illness or a disease implies that people are not responsible for their behavior and not responsible for solving their problems c. diagnosing a person as having a particular mental illness or disease may encourage him or her to think and act in ways dictated by the diagnosis -- d. all of these choices (p. 503)
Epicurus believed all of the following except:
a. the goal of life was happiness b. people should avoid excesses (p. 69) ---c. the soul left the body at death and was judged by God d. reason and choice had to be exercised in order to live a balanced life
Petrarch believed all of the following except:
a. the human spirit should be freed from medieval traditions b. religion should be like that described by St. Augustine c. life in this world is at least as important as life after death ---d. Scholasticism contained most of the solutions to human problems (p. 99)
Of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind, which one is not true?
a. the mind neither creates nor destroys ideas b. the mind can arrange existing ideas in an almost infinite number of configurations ---c. the mind clarifies innate ideas d. the mind combines simple ideas into complex ideas
Using Kuhn's terminology to describe the conditions of the 14th and 15th centuries, all of the following were true except:
a. the period was characterized by the intense creativity that results when several paradigms coexist (p. 93)
Helmholtz and many of his colleagues believed all of the following except:
a. the same laws apply to living and nonliving things b. nothing needed to be excluded from scientific analysis ---c. as useful as science was, it could never investigate life itself (p. 237) d. without innate ideas our knowledge of the physical world would be incomplete or distorted
Galileo believed all of the following except:
a. the universe could be understood only in mathematical terms b. true reality existed beyond the world of appearances (p. 109) c. Copernicus' heliocentric theory ---d. the geocentric theory
Gall believed all of the following except:
a. there was a relationship between the size of the cortex and intelligence b. the faculties of the mind were located in specific locations c. the bumps and indentations on the skull could be used to measure the magnitude of the underlying faculties ---d. the mind functioned as an indivisible whole (pp. 244-245)
All of the following were true of the British empiricists except:
a. they attempted to explain the functioning of the mind as Newton had explained the functioning of the universe b. they denied the existence of innate ideas c. they believed that all ideas were derived from experience (p. 131) ---d. they denied the existence of mental events
One important discovery of Fritsch and Hitzig was:
a. they found that when a certain area of the cortex was stimulated, muscular movements were elicited from the opposite side of the body (p. 250)
According to Sulloway, all of the following were valid criticisms of Freud and his followers except:
a. they had a low tolerance for ideas that conflicted with their own b. they claimed their opponents were displaying neurotic resistance ---c. they were overly cautious about experimentally verifying their concepts before presenting them to the public (p. 539) d. they tended to ignore the work that preceded their own, thereby creating the impression that their work was original
Terman found all of the following to be true of the children who participated in his study of genius except:
a. they had parents of above-average intelligence --b. because their intellectual ability developed so quickly and early in life, it was slower than average following childhood (pp. 319-321) c. they participated in a wide range of activities d. they had learned to read at an early age
Maslow found that all of the following characterized self-actualizing individuals except:
a. they were creative b. they were sometimes silly, wasteful, or thoughtless c. they sometimes had temper outbursts ---d. they were highly gregarious (p. 589)
Yerkes believed that for intelligence tests to be effective in the armed forces all of the following would need to be true except:
a. they would need to be administered to groups instead of individuals b. they would need to measure native intelligence c. they would need to be easy to administer and score ---d. they would need to be administered to one individual at a time (p. 324)
All of the following were goals of the British empiricists and the French sensationalists except:
a. to explain the mind as Newton had explained the physical world ---b. to show that metaphysical speculation could not be abandoned when attempting to explain human behavior (p. 162) c. to minimize or eliminate metaphysical speculation while explaining human psychology d. to explain mental events in mechanistic terms
Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the following is not representative of the position?
a. truth depends on the perceiver, not on physical reality b. perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences of individuals affect their perceptions ---c. what is truth is not affected by the culture in which one lives (p. 41) d. to understand why a person believes as he or she does, one must understand the person
Which of the following is not a theme that describe functionalist ideas?
a. understand the function of the mind b. wanted psychology to be a practical applied science ---c. were opposed to study of animals and children (p. 337) d. more interested in what made people different rather than their similarities
The fact that St. Paul ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers.
a. valued faith above reason (p. 76)
Margaret Floy Washburn:
a. was Titchener's first Ph.D. candidate b. was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology c. made significant contributions to comparative psychology d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)
Kant agreed with Hume that:
a. we can never experience the physical world directly
For Binswanger, the way an individual views and embraces the world and through which one lives one's life is called:
a. world-design (p. 576)
Darwin defined fitness in terms of an organism's
ability to survive and reproduce
Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the:
absolute threshold
Albert Camus is often associated with the existential idea that to search for life's pre-ordained purpose is futile. This concept is referred to as the:
absurd
Which statement is most consistent with a Cynic's point of view?
Anything natural is good
Phlegm
Apathetic, dull, sluggish
Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness.
Apollonian
At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between:
Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies
Which of the following occurred during the Dark Ages (c. 400-1000)?
Arab philosophy, science, and theology flourished
Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1700 years before Copernicus?
Aristarchus of Samos
According to Lewin, ____ believed that uniqueness (individual differences) was a distortion caused by external forces interfering with an organism's natural growth tendencies.
Aristotle (p. 477)
Lewin distinguished between ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized inner essences and categories, and ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces.
Aristotle's; Galileo's
Epistemology
Asserts that the evidence of sense constitute the primary data of all knowledge
Law of contiguity
Associate things that occurred close in time and/or in same situations
Pavlov is to conditioned reflex as Bechterev is to:
Association reflex
Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions?
At one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival.
The person who discovered that the retina, not the lens, is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease was
Averroes
La Mettrie believed that
accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world
Because of the influence of Carl Stumpf, ____ and Gestalt psychology have much in common.
act psychology
James' advice concerning emotional experience was
act the way you want to feel
According to May, exercising one's freedom means:
acting contrary to traditions, mores, or conventions
Using the method of ____, the subject is instructed to adjust a variable stimulus so that its magnitude appears to equal that of a standard stimulus. After this, the average difference between the variable stimuli and the standard is determined.
adjustment
Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely
all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection
Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely:
all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection
According to Aristotle, __ posses a soul
all living things
According to Aristotle, ____ possess a soul.
all living things
Which is true about Franz
all, exercism, restore, stronger magnets
For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of:
allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object
According to Spencer, the best government is one that:
allows free competition among all its citizens
For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that
allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will
For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that:
allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will
According to Guthrie, practice improves the performance of a skill because it:
allows many specific S-R associations to be formed
For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it:
allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized
Wundt's concept of mental chronometry is:
an accurate cataloging of the time it took to perform various mental acts
According to Locke, a secondary quality was:
an aspect of the physical world that could only stimulate psychological experiences
According to Seligman, ____ determines how easily an animal will learn an association.
an association's place on the preparedness continuum
The co-option of an original adaptation for a useful but unrelated function is called:
an exaptation
According to pragmatism
an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness
According to pragmatism:
an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness
The Hippocrates believed that physical illness was caused by:
an imbalance of the four bodily humors
The Hippocratics believed that physical illness was caused by:
an imbalance of the four bodily humors
According to Melanie Klein, notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, come from:
an infant's interactions with his or her mother's breast during the oral stage
According to Koffka, as adults, most of our conscious experiences are determined by:
an interaction between memory processes and memory traces or trace systems
Which of the following was a theme running through functionalism
an interest in the function of the mind rather than its contents
Which of the following was a theme running through functionalism?
an interest in the function of the mind rather than its contents (p. 336)
According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes:
an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction
An ____ character tends to be generous, messy, or wasteful, while an ____ character tends to be stingy, orderly, and perhaps perfectionistic.
anal-expulsive; anal-retentive
According to Jung, the ____ provided the feminine component of the male personality and a framework within which males can interact with females.
anima
According to Descartes, when a sense receptor is stimulated, "delicate threads" are pulled and cavities in the brain are opened, thereby releasing ____ into the nerves.
animal spirits
Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be __, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ___
animalistic, good
Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____.
animalistic; good
The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicated that:
animals learned constantly, but only translated what had been learned into behavior when there was a incentive to do so
Viewing all of nature as though it were alive is called:
animism
Persistent observations after they have already occurred is called
anomaly
Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain is called a(n)
anomaly
The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against:
anthropocentrism
In a discipline that Kant called ____, he discussed such topics as gender differences, marriage, insanity, and production and control of human behavior.
anthropology
Projecting human attributes onto nature is called:
anthropomorphism
projecting human attributes onto nature is called
anthropomorphism
According to Heidegger, what goes hand in hand with freedom?
anxiety and responsibility
Heidegger believed that when individuals exercise their freedom, they experience ____, and if they do not, they experience ____.
anxiety; guilt
The Cynic's view would propose
anything natural is good
According to Lewin, a psychological fact was:
anything of which a person was aware at any given moment
What did Kelly find to be effective in treating individuals with emotional problems?
anything that caused the clients to view themselves or their problems differently
The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was the observation of:
apparent movement
The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is:
apperceived
Leibniz's term for awareness was
apperception
According to Herbart, the ____ contains all of the ideas to which we are attending.
apperceptive mass
Munsterberg's efforts did much to create:
applied psychology
Within psychology in the U.S., interests in individual differences and ____ have always been closely related.
applied psychology
Herbart was one of the first to:
apply a mathematical model to psychology
The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is
appreceived
When one has mixed feelings about one goal, what type of conflict is this?
approach - avoidance conflict
According to the Gestaltists' idea of transposition, if an animal is trained to approach a medium gray card and to avoid a black card, and then is presented with a medium gray card along with a white one, the animal will tend to:
approach the white card
Which type of conflict is most difficult to resolve?
approach-avoidance
Neural networks based on Hebb's rule ____; however, back-propagation systems ____.
are self-correcting; require a "teacher" to provide feedback about performance
Reid viewed faculties of the mind as:
aspects of a unified mind
According to the author of the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to:
assimilate the doctrine of evolution
According to the author of your text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to
assimilate the doctrine of evolution
According to the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to:
assimilate the doctrine of evolution
All of the British empiricists following Hobbes used the concept of ____ to explain why mental events are experienced or remembered in a particular order.
association
For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is:
association
What Pavlov called a conditioned reflex, Bechterev called a ____ reflex.
association
The Skinnerian version of behavior therapy
assumes that abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as any normal behavior
The Skinnerian version of behavior therapy:
assumes that abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as any normal behavior (p. 449)
Which of the following is not part of the traditional view of science?
assumption of dualism
Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded his because it:
attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity
Wundt believed that schizophrenia might be explained as a breakdown of the:
attentional processes
Who was the first physician to argue against labeling individuals as witches?
b. Agrippa (p. 495)
Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1,700 years before Copernicus?
b. Aristarchus of Samos (p. 106)
The person who discovered that the retina, not the lens, is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease was:
b. Averroes (p. 84)
Herbart's concepts of the unconscious, repression, and conflict most likely affected the theory of ____.
b. Freud (p. 199)
According to Berkeley, the physical world (external reality) existed because:
b. God perceives it (p. 141)
Which of the following was a negative aspect of Protestantism?
b. It insisted on accepting the existence of God on faith alone; trying to understand God through reason was foolish. (p. 103)
Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of
Bacon
Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of:
Bacon
Hippocrates
Based all of his practices on objective observations - Diseases result from natural causes - Father of medicine and psychology Advocate of the involvement of women into medicine
Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S. behaviorism that was Pavlov's research on secretion?
Bechterev
Associationism
Belief that one or more laws of association can be used to explain the origins of ideas, memory, or how complex ideas are formed from simple ones
Who is most likely to support the statement, "Our genetic predisposition determines our behavior?"
Biological determinist
While studying artificial somnambulism, Puysegur discovered the phenomenon later called:
Both posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia
Who made the phenomenon of neuro-hypnology (later shortened to "hypnosis") respectable within the medical community?
Braid
For Luther, what is the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism?
Catholicism assimilated Aristotelian philosophy
Yellow bile
Choleric, irascible, easily angered
Who created the field that came to be known as information theory?
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the:
Clever Han's phenomenon
It is often found that the supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal is nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the:
Clever Hans phenomenon
Because of the principle of ____, incomplete figures are seen as complete.
Closure
Mental Chemistry
Complex ideas are not made up of aggregates of simple ideas but that idea can fuse to produce an idea that is completely different from the element which it was made
Largely due to this man's efforts, Christianity was defined by a simple set of beliefs and documents
Constantine
What did Galileo believe?
Copernicus' heliocentric theory
Who was among the first to suggest that mental experiences ranged from those of which we are aware to those of which we are unaware?
b. Leibniz (p. 516)
Which book became the official manual of the Inquisition?
b. Malleus Maleficarum (p. 493)
____ anxiety arises when the ego anticipates that it will be overwhelmed by the id.
b. Neurotic (p. 533)
Confessions, a volume about one man's sins, confessions, and forgiveness was written by:
b. St. Augustine (pp. 79-80)
For Adler, feelings of inferiority can produce either of two results: ____ or ____, depending on one's attitude toward them.
b. a stimulus for positive growth; as a disabling force (p. 560)
According to Descartes, when a sense receptor was stimulated, "delicate threads" were pulled and cavities in the brain were opened, thereby releasing ____ into the nerves.
b. animal spirits (p. 120)
The Cynic's view would propose that:
b. anything natural is good (p. 68)
The goal of Husserl's pure phenomenology was to:
b. catalog all of the mental acts and processes by which we interact with environmental objects and events (p. 573)
The naturalistic and humane treatment of patients that was inspired by Hippocrates and Galen lasted until the:
b. collapse of the Roman Empire in approximately A.D. 476 (p. 492)
Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterized poets, artists, and inventors.
b. constructive association (p. 160)
Bain's goal was to:
b. describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena (p. 159)
Anna Freud described the transition between childhood and adolescence in terms of:
b. developmental lines (p. 554)
Luther criticized the Church of his day because it:
b. drifted too far from the teachings of Jesus and the Bible (p. 101)
Nominalism was more in accordance with ____ than it was with ____.
b. empirical philosophy; rational philosophy (p. 87)
Galton called the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding:
b. eugenics (p. 303)
Panpsychism is the belief that:
b. everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes)
Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to:
b. free his research material from the influence of prior learning (p. 287)
Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise:
b. geometrically (p. 254)
According to St. Augustine, evil exists because:
b. humans chose it (p. 79)
According to Charcot, the sequence of events from trauma to pathogenic ideas, to physical symptoms could only occur in individuals who were:
b. inherently predisposed to hysteria (p. 509)
For Hering, space perception resulted from:
b. innate characteristics of the eye which provide information on height, left-right position, and depth (p. 242)
All of the following were true of Averroes' philosophy except:
b. it was basically Platonistic (p. 84)
It was the metaphor of humans as ____ that especially appealed to the French sensationalists.
b. machines (p. 162)
As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____.
b. meanings; specific words (p. 271)
According to Wundt, sciences like physics were based on ____ experience, whereas psychology should be based on ____ experience.
b. mediate; immediate (p. 266)
The compliant type, as discussed by Horney, uses the major adjustment pattern of:
b. moving toward people (p. 563)
Both Bacon and Descartes attempted to:
b. overcome the philosophical mistakes and biases of the past (p. 180)
According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consisted of:
b. people accepting the responsibility of making choices, but using as their guides ethical principles established by others (p. 220)
Descartes chose this part of the human body as the house for the mind:
b. pineal gland (p. 122)
For Locke, the safest and surest types of associations were those that:
b. reflected natural relationships in the environment (p. 138)
According to Muller, we are directly aware of:
b. sensory impulses (p. 236)
The major source of difficulty between Jung and Freud was their differing views of the libido. Freud saw the libido as ____, while Jung saw the libidinal energy as ____.
b. sexual energy; a creative life force (p. 556)
In general, ____ promoted a suspension of belief in anything and ____ promoted a retreat from society.
b. skepticism; cynicism (pp. 67-68)
Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior was called:
b. social Darwinism (p. 296)
In his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to:
b. suggestion (p. 309)
For Nietzsche, people approaching their full potential are:
b. supermen (p. 224)
Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on:
b. the ancient law of contiguity (p. 134)
For the Hippocratics, physical health was determined by ____ and mental health was determined by ____.
b. the condition of the four humors of the body; the condition of the brain (pp. 491-492)
Titchener defined ____ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment.
b. the consciousness (p. 275)
According to Spinoza, all human emotions were derived from:
b. the experiences of pleasure and pain (p. 183)
According to Titchener's context theory of meaning, what gives a present sensation its meaning?
b. the image of prior experiences (p. 277)
According to Lamarck, any habits adult members of a species developed that were conducive to survival were passed on to their offspring. This explanation of evolution was called:
b. the inheritance of acquired characteristics (p. 294)
Herbart felt psychology could not be an experimental science because:
b. the mind could not be fractionated for analysis (pp. 196-197)
According to Leibniz, there was nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses except for:
b. the mind itself (p. 186)
According to the author of your text, the Burt scandal taught us more about ____ than about ____.
b. the politics of science; the nature of intelligence (p. 315)
Schopenhauer believed that life was best viewed as:
b. the postponement of death (p. 215)
For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was:
b. the will to power (p. 224)
According to Helmholtz, it was the mind's job to create a reasonably accurate view of reality based on the distorted and incomplete information furnished by the senses. He described this process with his:
b. theory of signs (p. 241)
Which of the following is true of the efforts of such individuals as Pinel, Tuke, Chiarugi, Rush, and Dix?
b. they stimulated improvements in the surroundings and maintenance of mentally ill patients (pp. 498-499)
Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the:
b. unconscious (p. 217)
J. S. Mill believed that discrimination against women is
basically wrong
J.S. Mill believed that discrimination against women was
basically wrong
In explaining auditory perception, Helmholtz assumed that a sound wave of a particular frequency caused the appropriate fiber in the ____ to vibrate.
basilar membrane
As a treatment for the mentally ill, Pinel approved of ____ and argued effectively against the use of ____.
bathing and mild purgatives; the use of punishment and exorcism
Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology:
be free of any preconceptions
According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must:
be perceived
According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist it must:
be percieved
According to Herbart, if material presented to a student is not compatible with his or her apperceptive mass, the material will:
be rejected or at least will not be understood
Thorndike's contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a:
behaviorist (p. 375)
According to Binswanger, authentic individuals attempt to transform their circumstances by exercising their free will. He referred to this transformational process as:
being-beyond-the-world
According to David Barash, humans possess an innate ____ that structures their social behavior.
biogrammar
According to Plato, whether one is a philosopher-king, a soldier, or a slave, is largely determined by:
biological inheritance
Until the end of the 18th century, the most common way of treating mental and physical disorders was:
bloodletting
Watson allowed for some influence of genetics on personality by saying that ____ interacts with experience to produce specific behavior patterns.
bodily structure
According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied, we feel:
bored
Traditionally, the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of
both Kierkegaard and Nietzsche
When studying humans, James believed that:
both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used
When studying humans, James felt that:
both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used
Bouchard reasoned that if intelligence and personality are largely determined by experience (nurture) then:
both fraternal and identical twins reared together would correlate highly on these traits
La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that:
both human and nonhuman animals are automata
La Mettrie believed that if Desecrates had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that
both humans and nonhuman animals are automata
According to the sociobiologists, the social behavior of any individual is determined by:
both inherited dispositions (biology) and culture
By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as Peter ate lunch, Watson and Jones:
both made use of procedures later called behavior therapy and eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects (p. 408)
Which of the following holds humans responsible for their actions?
both nondeterminist and soft determinist
Lewin believed that a person's life space consisted of:
both objectively real facts and imagined facts
Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be:
both operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events (p. 430)
What term did Lewin use for intentions as wanting a car, wanting to go to college, or wanting to go to a party?
both psychological needs and quasi-needs
When studying humans, James felt that
both scientific and philosophic approach must be used
Which of the following exemplifies molar behavior?
both shopping for food in a grocery store and a child hiding from a stranger
Pavlov believed that his research showed that extinction does not eliminate a response but inhibits its occurrence. This is demonstrated by:
both spontaneous recovery of the response and the process of disinhibition
Kierkegaard believed that truth was:
both subjective and whatever a person believed privately and emotionally
According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by:
both succeeding more and attempting less
Which of the following was one of Wundt's major goals for experimental psychology?
both to discover the basic elements of thought and to discover the laws by which mental elements combine into more compelx mental experiences
The ideas of the enlightenment
brought an emphasis on experience and reason in the quest for knowledge and were challenged by philosophers such as Hume and Kant
Because of his ideas Giodano Bruno was
burned at the stake
According to the author of your text, psychology is best defined:
by the professional activities of psychologists
According to Szasz, psychiatry can be a worthy profession if it:
c .helps clients better understand themselves, others, and life (p. 503)
Malebranche suggested that ideas are not innate and that they come only from:
c. God (p. 185)
____ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being.
c. Ontology (p. 573)
Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)?
c. Pearson (p. 306)
History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science.
c. Skinner (p. 117)
May, like the other existentialists, believed that the most important fact about humans is that they are:
c. free (p. 578)
Which of the following is not one of the major characteristics of developmental lines that Anna Freud discussed?
c. from parental control to individual control (p. 554)
Baconian science stressed:
c. generalization following careful empirical observation and similarities and differences noted (p. 115)
For Jung, dream analysis:
c. helps determine which aspects of the psyche were being adequately expressed and which were not (p. 558)
The major assumption made in the ontological argument for the existence of God is:
c. if one can think of something, it must exist (p. 85)
According to Jung, ____ is the process by which the various components of the personality are manifested within the context of a person's life.
c. individuation (p. 558)
Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that:
c. intelligence is largely inherited (p. 316)
The Bell-Magendie law was significant because:
c. it demonstrated that specific mental functions were mediated by different anatomical structures (p. 234)
Descartes had an intellectual crisis when:
c. it occurred to him that everything he had ever learned was useless (p. 118)
Which of the following was true of the Ptolemaic system?
c. it was congenial to Christian theology because it gave humans a central place in the universe (p. Medium)
For Luther, the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism was:
c. its assimilation of Aristotle's philosophy (p. 101)
Descartes believed all of the following about the mind except:
c. its existence could be logically demonstrated
The church responded to Galileo's scientific achievements by:
c. making him recant his scientific conclusions (p. 111)
To study the higher mental processes, Wundt believed that we must use ____.
c. naturalistic observation of various forms (p. 266)
Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that:
c. not only was it measurable, but it was fairly slow (p. 238)
The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with:
c. one's own inner nature (p. 209)
According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency, but to terminate or avoid those that are not.
c. organismic valuing process (p. 593)
To study mental acts and intentionality, Brentano used:
c. phenomenological introspection (p. 279)
Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality were:
c. polar opposites (p. 270)
For Kelly, both scientific theories and construct systems:
c. predict future events (p. 582)
A male is disturbed by his homosexual urges and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies:
c. reaction formation (p. 534)
Aristotle's emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position.
c. reason (p. 90)
Herbart used this term to describe the force used to hold ideas incompatible with the apperceptive mass in the unconscious.
c. repression (p. 198)
By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychology's first:
c. retention curve (p. 288)
Aristotle's philosophy was highly influential in ____ during the so-called Dark Ages.
c. the Arab world
To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used:
c. the dialectic method (p. 86)
Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that:
c. they were all derived from experience (p. 239)
Goethe viewed science as:
c. useful but limited (p. 213)
Freud concluded that every dream was a/an ____, meaning a symbolic expression of a desire that the dreamer could not express directly without experiencing anxiety.
c. wish fulfillment (p. 526)
According to proponents of strong artificial intelligence (AI), computer programs:
can duplicate human cognitive abilities
Hall believed that masturbation ____.
can harm the quality of eventual offspring
According to proponents of weak artificial intelligence (AI), computer programs:
can only simulate human cognitive abilities
According to proponents of weak artificial intelligence, (AI) computer programs:
can only simulate human cognitive abilities
For Popper, a nonscientific theory:
can still be useful
One of McDougall's major criticisms of Watson's position is that it:
cannot account for the most satisfying human experiences
According to Galileo, secondary qualities:
cannot be measured objectively
The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using:
casual laws
The goal of Husserl's pure phenomenology is to:
catalog mental acts and processes of environmental interactions
Hume believed all of the following about cause and effect relationships except that:
causation is a logical necessity
In accounting for behavior, the empiricist tended to emphasize ____, whereas the rationalist tended to emphasize ____.
causes; reasons
For Skinner, "mental events" are:
certain bodily processes to which we have assigned verbal labels
In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same?
change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior (p. 448)
According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that:
changes the rate with which a response is made
Jean Piaget's major contribution to the field of psychology was:
characterizing the evolution of schemata during maturation and through experience
Hippocrates believed all of the following except:
charging a patient a substantial fee gave him or her an incentive to recover more quickly
While studying learning at Tenerife, Kohler's research subjects were
chimpanzees
Premodernism refers to the belief prevalent during the Middle Ages that all things, including human behavior, could be explained by employing
church dogma
The main target of the skeptics was dogmatism. A dogmatist is anyone who:
claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth
For Titchener, attention was:
clearness of sensation
According to the Gestaltists, when an organism was confronted with a problem, a ____ was set up and continued until the problem was solved.
cognitive disequilibrium
In the 1970's, information-processing psychologists combined their efforts to understand cognition with other professionals such as philosophers, linguists, engineers, and computer scientists, thus creating the field of:
cognitive science
According to Herbart, an idea is allowed to enter consciousness if it is:
compatible with the apperceptive mass
According to Herbart, an idea was allowed to enter consciousness if it was:
compatible with the apperceptive mass
Bain's law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it.
compound association
According to Rogers, what is said to exist when the relevant people in a child's life give him or her love and acceptance under some circumstances but not under others (only if one acts or thinks in certain ways):
conditions of worth
Which one of the following is not one of the three parts of the dialectic process of Hegel?
conflict
Hebb's contention that neurons that are active together become associated was instrumental in the development of:
connectionism
In general, phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies:
conscious experience as it occurs without attempting to reduce it to its component parts
Following Spinoza, Fechner believed that:
consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter
Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their:
consequences
With their notion of psychophysical isomorphism, the Gestaltists opposed the:
constancy hypothesis (p. 465)
Using the method of ____, pairs of stimuli are presented to the subject. One stimulus remains the same, the standard, and the other varies from one presentation to the next.
constant stimuli
Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors.
constructive association
According to Kelly, people are similar when they:
construe the world in similar ways
In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn's use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of:
contemporary cognitive psychologists
Which of the following did St. Paul add to the Judaic tradition?
d. God sacrificed his Son to atone for our shared transgression, otherwise known as original sin, which allows humans to reunite with God (p. 75)
The founder of the Nancy School of hypnosis was:
d. Liebeault (p. 507)
In addition to making a comprehensive review of Aristotle's works and the Islamic and Jewish scholar's interpretation of Aristotle's works, ____ was the first since the Greeks to attempt to learn about nature by making careful empirical observations.
d. Magnus (p. 89)
____ sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy.
d. Maimonides (p. 84)
The book, Emile, was written about education in the form of a novel. Who was the author?
d. Rousseau (p. 211)
The Roman Empire's emphasis on law and order fit well with:
d. Stoicism (p. 71)
Which of the following did not characterize Renaissance humanism?
d. a deep appreciation of Aristotelianism
La Mettrie believed that:
d. accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world (p. 165)
According to Ladd-Franklin, which of the following sequences accurately describes the evolution of vision?
d. achromatic vision - blue-yellow sensitivity - red-green sensitivity (p. 244)
According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a yellow object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she would experience a ____ afterimage.
d. blue (p. 242)
The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is making slight steering adjustments driving exemplifies:
d. both mental set and a determining tendency (p. 284)
Wundt believed that topics such as religion, social customs, and language could be studied:
d. both using historical analysis and using naturalistic observation (p. 271)
For Freud, religion:
d. comes from the human feeling of helplessness and insecurity and keeps humans operating at a childlike, irrational level (p. 537)
Freud believed that all ego defense mechanisms:
d. distort reality and operate on the unconscious level (p. 533)
The two major orientations or attitudes described by Jung are:
d. introversion and extroversion (p. 557)
Hume considered the ____ as a "gentle force" that created certain associations instead of others.
d. laws of association (p. 146)
Pyrrho suggested that by ____ one could avoid the frustration of being wrong.
d. not believing in anything (p. 67)
Concerning Spencer's contention that the notion of survival of the fittest should apply to societies, Darwin was:
d. partially sympathetic
Myths serve several functions. Which of the following is not a function?
d. provide a sense of strong independence (p. 579)
Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a:
d. psychophysical parallelist (p. 277)
The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called:
d. realism (pp. 86-87)
According to Freud, in order for the female child to resolve her Oedipal complex she must:
d. repress her hostility toward her mother and repress her sexual attraction toward her father (p. 535)
When a person accepts values dictated by society (not those personally attained) as their own, he or she is experiencing:
d. self-alienation (p. 578)
According to Freud, when directed toward one's self, the death instinct manifests itself as:
d. suicide and masochism (p. 533)
For Jung, two or more independent events coming together in a meaningful way is called:
d. synchronicity (pp. 557-558)
Which of the following was not a factor in the acceptance of objective study of nature due to the weakening of church authority?
d. the embracing of Aristotle's empirical views (p. 105)
According to Kant, our phenomenological experience resulted from:
d. the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought (p. 193)
Freud's original contribution to psychology was:
d. the synthesizing of many known facts into a comprehensive theory of personality (p. 517)
The group commissioned to investigate the validity of Mesmer's claims concerning animal magnetism concluded that:
d. there was no such thing as animal magnetism and any positive results from Mesmer's treatments were due to the imagination (p. 506)
In his work on two-point threshold, Weber found that the most sensitive area (smallest threshold) was the ____ and the least sensitive area (largest threshold) was ____.
d. tongue; middle of the back (p. 251)
Luther believed the reason evil exists is:
d. unfathomable to humans; only God knows
Descartes believed that innate ideas:
d. were revealed by God
Hobbes approach to studying humans was
deductive
Hobbes' approach to studying humans was:
deductive
Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as:
demonstrative knowledge
The radical behaviorists addressed the mind-body problem by:
denying the existence of a causal mind
Skinner was content to manipulate environmental events (such as reinforcement contingencies) and note the effects of these manipulations on behavior. What is this called?
descriptive behaviorism
One of the most perplexing concepts in the history of philosophy and science has been
determinism
The __ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes
determinist
Wundt was a(n):
determinist
The belief that the world is as we immediately experience it is called:
direct realism
What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it?
direct realism
The widespread acceptance of the medical model of mental illness in modern times resulted in:
discouraging a search for psychological causes of mental illness
The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to:
distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children
The divisions of psychology listed by the APA today gives a clear indication of the:
diversity of the field
The position that states that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called:
double aspectism
Empedocles suggested that everything in the world, including humans, was made of
earth, fire, air and water
Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach?
eclectic
The approach to writing a history of psychology that combines the best of several approaches is referred to as:
eclecticism
The force that transforms matter into a particular form is its __ cause
efficient
The job of the ____ is to match the wishes of the id with their counterparts in the physical environment.
ego
Empedocles assumed that perception resulted when:
eidola entered the pores of the body and mixed with elements found in the blood
Empedocles assumed that perception results when:
eidola enters the pores of the body and mixes with elements found in the blood
No matter how complex something is, Democritus believed that it can be explained in terms of atoms and their activity. This view is referred to as:
elementism
The Gestaltists were opposed to any type of:
elementism (p. 456)
By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as he (Peter) ate lunch, Watson and Jones:
eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects through what would later be known as behavior therapy
According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual decides to:
embrace God and take God's existence on faith
According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being was arrived at when the individual decided to
embrace God and take God's existence on faith
According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being was arrived at when the individual decided to:
embrace God and take God's existence on faith
A currently popular way of explaining mind-body relationships that claims mental states emerge from brain activity is called
emergentism
Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be characterized by which of the following?
empathic understanding
In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic, it must:
emphasize the uniqueness of humans
Popper disagreed with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with:
empirical observation
Popper disagrees with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with:
empirical observation
The ultimate authority of science has always been:
empirical observation
Science has two major compontents
empirical observation and theory
Occam's views were widely taught and can be viewed as the beginning of
empirical philosophy
Hume's goal was to combine __ with principles of __ to create a science of human nature
empirical philosophy; Newtonian science
What Bacon ultimately proposed was a position intermediate between:
empiricism and rationalism
The ____ tends to assume that the human mind takes in information passively.
empiricist
Ebbinghaus is often mistaken for a(n) ____, but he was in fact a(n) ____.
empiricist; rationalist
A major difference between Descartes and Leibniz was that Leibniz:
encouraged the study of consciousness in nonhuman animals
According to Aristotle, the ultimate goal of humans was to
engage in active reasoning
Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by:
engaging in the activities to be learned
Dewey believed that the best way to learn was by:
engaging in the activities to be learned
The term "modernism" means about the same thing as
enlightenment
According to Aristotle, the ____kept an object moving or developing in its prescribed direction until its full potential was reached.
entelechy
For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence is to:
enter into a personal, emotional union with God
For Tolman, independent variables are ____ and give rise to internal, unobservable events that, in turn, cause behavior.
environmental events
The study of knowledge is called:
epistemology
The life instincts were referred to collectively as ____ and the death instincts were referred to as ____.
eros; thanatos
According to Fromm, the first thing many individuals do when they discover their freedom is to:
escape from that freedom
The German word Pragnanz has no exact English counterpart, but an approximation is:
essence
The German word Prägnanz has no exact English counterpart but an approximation is
essence
What term did Galton use for the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding?
eugenics
Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if:
every individual strove to be all that he or she could be
Panpsychism is the belief that
everything in nature has consciousness
Sociobiology attempts to explain complex social behavior in terms of ____ theory.
evolutionary
According to Spencer, a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of survival and abandon behaviors that do not. This phenomena is called:
evolutionary associationism
Spencer's synthesis of the principle of contiguity and evolutionary theory has been called:
evolutionary associationism
The term sociobiology is often used interchangeably with the term:
evolutionary psychology
Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on:
evolutionary theory
Adler proposed that people are free to make choices to affect their life. This aligned him with the:
existentialists
According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind
experience
According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind.
experience
According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from:
experiences of pleasure and pain
According to May, exercising one's freedom means all of the following except:
experiencing guilt
Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in
experimental neurosis
Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in what he referred to as:
experimental neurosis
From the experiment with the pendulum clock (thought meter), Wundt concluded that:
experimental psychology must stress selective attention
Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described?
explicit learned behavior
If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur
extinction
If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur.
extinction
The recent interest in cognitive psychology spurred a renewed interest in:
faculty psychology and the mind-body problem
According to Kierkegaard, God gave humans a way of dealing with the absolute paradox and that was:
faith
According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the "absolute paradox" with:
faith
Aristotle's emphasis on __ placed the church in a difficult position
faith
The fact that St. Paul valued ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers
faith above reason
Wittgenstein replaced the traditional concept of essence or universal with that of:
family resemblance
The Jonah complex refers to the:
fear of one's own success
Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from:
feelings of pleasure and pain
Gestalt psychology can be seen as an effort to model psychology after ____ instead of ____.
field theory; Newtonian physics
Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs) that come to signal biologically significant events the:
first-signal system
Anaximander proposed a rudimentary theory of evolution, which included ____ and humans:
fish
Kelly called his approach to treatment:
fixed-role therapy
Seligman has found that:
for any given species of animal, some associations are easier to learn than others
What advice did James give for a developing good habbits
force yourself to act in ways that are beneficial to you even if doing so at first is distasteful and requires considerable effort
What advice did James give for developing good habits?
force yourself to act in ways that are beneficial to you even if doing so at first is distasteful and requires considerable effort (p. 343)
In his explanation of physical events, Galileo emphasized:
forces external to physical events
Due to Münsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first:
forensic psychologists
The particular form or pattern of an object is its ____ cause.
formal
The particular form or pattern of an object is its ____ cause:
formal
Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to
free his research material from the influence of prior learning
Hebb's rule is based on associative laws of ____ and ____.
frequency; contiguity
Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the:
function of the mind
According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:
functional
Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should:
furnish practical knowledge
Condillac felt that Locke:
gave the mind unnecessary innate powers
Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a
general impression
Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a(n):
general impression
In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of:
generalization
Baconian science stressed
generalization following careful empirical observation and similarities and differences noted
According to Bouchard, any similarities in intelligence or personality between twins separated at birth must be due to:
genetic influences
For Koffka, the ____ environment constituted the physical environment and the ____ environment constituted subjective reality.
geographical; behavioral
Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise
geometrically
The major conclusion from Terman's study of genius was that:
gifted children became gifted adults
According to Heidegger, an inauthentic life results whenever one:
gives up his or her freedom and lives according to the dictates of others
Lashley's work:
gradually showed that brain activity was similar to the description of the Gestaltists
According to St. Augustine, not acting in accordance with one's internal sense causes:
guilt
According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing?
habit
Hull defined ____ as the number of reinforced pairings between a stimulus and a response.
habit strength (p. 437)
Condillac felt that Locke
had given the mind unnecessary powers
According to Anaximander, the physis was something that:
had the capability of becoming anything
Kierkegaard believed that the existence of God:
had to be taken on faith
Cognitive dissonance exists when a person:
has incompatible ideas that motivates him or her to change beliefs or behavior
Kant stated that a mind without concepts would:
have no capacity to think
Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because:
he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number
Titchener formed "The Experimentalists" because:
he believed the APA was too friendly towards applied topics
Which of the following is correctly associated with Hollingworth?
he made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of intellectually gifted children
Münsterberg died in relative obscurity because:
he tried to improve German-American relationships at a time when Americans had strong, negative feelings toward Germany
In accounting for behavior, the empiricist tended to emphasize __, whereas the rationalist tended to emphasize __
hedonism, associative principles
Hobbes' theory of human motivation was
hedonistic
Hobbes' theory of human motivation was:
hedonistic
Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on:
his daughters
What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years?
historical development approach
Those who take the molar approach to studying behavior and/or psychological phenomena are called:
holists (p. 457)
The allegory of the cave demonstrates:
how difficult it is to deliver humans from ignorance
May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the:
human dilemma
Mach believed that:
humans could be certain only of their own sensations (p. 423)
After visiting with Galileo, Hobbes became convinced that:
humans could be completely understood employing only the concepts of matter and motion
Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that:
humans do not share the same ideas
Watson's final position on instincts was that:
humans had no instincts (p. 405)
Watson's final position on instincts was that
humans have no instincts
According to Rousseau, all the governments of his time were based on the faulty assumption that
humans need to be governed
According to Rousseau, all the governments of his time were based on the faulty assumption that:
humans need to be governed
According to Tolman, the first thing an animal develops in a learning situation is a(n):
hypothesis
According to Freud, the ____ contains all instincts and is the driving force of personality.
id
What, according to Hume, were the ultimate causes of behavior?
ideas
In the system of psychic mechanics, Herbart stated that:
ideas have the power to either attract or repel other ideas
According to Anna Freud, when a person adopts the values of a feared person, it is called:
identification with the aggressor
According to Freud, a healthy resolution of the male Oedipus conflict occurs when the male child
identifies with his father
According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them constituted the:
idol of the tribe
According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constitutes the:
idols of the cave
According to the Turing test:
if an observer cannot differentiate between the answers to questions given by a human and those given by a computer, the computer can be said to think
Xenophanes believed that:
if animals could convey their impression of gods, those gods would have animal characteristics
Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that
if ideas were innate, all humans would have those ideas, and they do not
The major assumption made in the ontological argument for the existence of God is that:
if one can think of something, it must exist
According to Plato, direct examination of the empirical world via sensory experience resulted in:
ignorance or, at best, opinion
According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to
ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction
According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to:
ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction (p. 447)
According to Aristotle, ____ was explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience:
imagination
For Watson, thinking was:
implicit speech (p. 404)
Hume distinguished between ____, which were strong, vivid perceptions, and ____, which were relatively weak perceptions.
impressions; ideas
Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work:
in physiology (p. 389)
Which of the following did occur during the Dark Ages
in the Western world the question concerning what is true became very important to determine
Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of:
inclusiveness (pp. 468-469)
According to Skinner, a reinforcer was anything that:
increased the rate with which a response was made
A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a
indeterminist
A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n):
indeterminist
The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that:
individual brain areas have specialized functions
Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty have in common.
inductive definition
Plato's theory of forms is best represented by the statement: The cats that we see are:
inferior copies of an abstract pure idea of "catness"
Tolman's influence on contemporary psychology can be clearly seen in the work of the:
information-processing psychologists (p. 433)
Nativist is to ____ as empiricist to ____.
inheritance; experience
The most important concept that Sechenov introduced into psychology was:
inhibition (p. 386)
Lashley:
initially sought to support Watsonian behaviorism with neurophysiological evidence
For Plato, all knowledge was:
innate
Kant believed that the categories of thought are:
innate
Kant believed the categories of thought to be:
innate
For information-processing psychologists, ____ replaces stimulus and ____ replaces behavior and response.
input; output
Spinoza viewed the mind and body as
inseperable
The Brelands referred to the interference or displacement of learned behavior by instinctive behavior as:
instinctual drift
Masters and his colleagues argue that:
institutions with token economies are natural
Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that
intelligence is largely inherited
According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most.
intelligent humans
The contention that mental acts always referred to objects or events outside of themselves defined Brentano's concept of:
intentionality
The contention that mental acts always refers to objects or events outside of themselves defines Brentano's concept of:
intentionality
What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself?
intentionality
Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed:
interactionism
The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of
interactionism
The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of:
interactionism
For Watson, thinking is:
internal speech
According to Adler, traumatic experiences are:
interpreted in any way that suits a person's purposes
Hull borrowed the concept of ____ from Tolman.
intervening variables
According to Hartley, as ideas or stimuli came to elicit behaviors not originally associated with them, ____ behavior was converted into ____ behavior.
involuntary; voluntary
The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important?
irrational feelings
For Spinoza, free will:
is a fiction
A phase sequence:
is a group of cell assemblies that becomes neurologically interrelated
For Watson, speech:
is a type of overt behavior
According to Bacon, accepting a scientific theory:
is likely to bias one's observations
A person living according to the organismic valuing process
is motivated by hir/her own true feelings and is living what the existentialists call an authentic life
According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it
is reinforcing to the punisher
According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it:
is reinforcing to the punisher
Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses:
is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Cybernetics:
is the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems
Which of the following was true of Aristotle's philosophy?
it assumed that knowledge could be attained only by studying nature directly
Which of the following was true of Aristotle's philosphy
it assumed that knowledge could be attained only by studying nature directly
According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because:
it made common sense to do so
Descartes had an intellectual crisis when
it occurred to him that everything he had ever learned was useless
Third-force psychology contrasts with most other types of psychology because:
it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is subjective reality
Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology:
it was useless in understanding higher mental processes
A brain that is a split-brain preparation has had:
its corpus callosum and optic chiasm ablated
Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which one of the following is not one of the three inherited emotions?
jealousy
Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the:
just noticeable difference
Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to:
kinesthesis
Watson's research indicated that rats use their ____ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately.
kinesthetic
The work of several individuals contributed to the improvement of physical surroundings and maintenance of the mentally ill. However, treatment was still lacking. Alexander and Selsenick suggested three reasons for poor treatment provided for patients. Which of the following is not one of those reasons?
lack of public interest in the plight of the mentally ill
Chomsky radically changed the course of psychology by showing that:
language acquisition cannot be explained using operant principles
Galton believed that intelligence was
largely determined by sensory acuity
The ____ asserts that all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment.
law of Pragnanz (p. 466)
Which of the following refers to the observation that "what is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done"?
law of contiguity
In their explanation of apparent movement, Wundt and Helmholtz emphasized ____, though their descriptions were different.
learning
Ebbinghaus was the first to study
learning and memory as they occurred
Ebbinghaus was the first to study:
learning and memory as they occurred
Tolman believed that:
learning occurs independently of reinforcement
Goethe viewed __ as the ultimate source of happiness
liberty
Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness.
liberty
The collective energy associated with the instincts in the id is called the ___ and accounts for most human behavior
libido
According to Lewin, a person's ____ consisted of all of the influences acting upon him or her at a given time.
life space
Leibniz referred to the point at which an experience becomes strong enough to cause awareness as the:
limen
Contemporary psychologists have found all of the following to be true except:
logical positivism provides an excellent guide for productive research
Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which of the following in one of the three inherited emotions?
love
David Hume
- "I sense therefore I am" - Distinguishes between impressions and ideas - Principles of association - We don't perceive causality directly - Our belief about possessing a "self" is actually an illusion
Mental illness, as we now refer to it, has been described in various ways historically. What is one term that was used in earlier times to refer to this condition?
lunatic
It was the metaphor of humans as __ that especially appealed to the French senationalists
machines
In the 1930's and 1940's, Hull and Tolman postulated intervening variables. For Hull, these variables were ____; for Tolman, they were ____.
mainly physiological; mainly cognitive
According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they:
make postictions rather than predictions
According to Hippocrates, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to:
mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease
According to the Hippocratics, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to
mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease
Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day.
materialism
Homunculus (Skinner)
- "little person in the head" controlling our behaviour
Mary Whiton Calkins
- 1st woman to be president of APA - Paired associates method (frequency, recency, vividness on memory) - Self-psychology
Phi Phenomenon (Wertheimer)
- 2 flashing balls, they flash in a rhythm which reflects the time it would take them to move that distance in the physical world. - The mind does not infer movement, but perceives the event as a whole - Perception is not just a copy of the stimulus
Developmental Psychology
- A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
Barrier problem (Lewin)
- A person must initially move away from an object/goal with positive valence in order to eventually achieve/get it - Ex: Child seeing a toy through a glass window must walk away from the window to enter the room with the toy
Memory Process (Koffka)
- A physical event causes a specific activity in the brain
Unconditioned reflex (Pavlov)
- A reflex is unconditioned if the same response always occurs in the presence of the same stimulus Ex: Food is an unconditioned stimulus and salivation is an unconditioned response to food
Apperceptive mass (Herbart)
- A set of ideas that assimilates consistent ideas and rejects inconsistent ideas - Ideas that have attracted enough other similar ideas become apprehended by consciousness
Psychophysics parallelism (Fechner)
- A strict paralleslism exists between soul and body in such a way that from one, properly understood, the other can be constructed - Inner psychophysics - Outer psychophysics
Thelma Hunt
- A study of social intelligence of Ten Thousand Persons in Industry and College Life - Developer of first Medical College Admissions Test for the Association of American Medical Colleges - Co-founder and director of the Center for Psychological Services
Plasticity (JameS)
- Ability of an organism to alter it's behaviour as circumstances change
Repression (Freud)
- Actively forgetting experiences that would be too painful to recall
Geographic Environment (Koffka)
- Actual environment which surrounds us
Lewis Termin
- Adapted the Stanford-Binet scale for the US context - Concerned with standardizing the IQ test - Believed the intelligence is inherited - Normal child's IQ = 100
Mary Wollstonecraft
- Advocated education for women - No innate ideas - Emotions are not merely bodily agitations - Women are more influenced by their feelings than men
Experimental Aesthetics (Fechner)
- Aesthetics from above (based on theoretical standards) - Aesthetics from below (based on empirical data)
Edward Bradford Tichener
- Against Volkerpsychologie - Interested in comparative psychology - Brought structuralism back to the US -Psychological parallelism (we may be able to explain mental processes without regarding those events in the nervous system as causing mental processes)
Span of apprehensions (Wundt)
- All apprehensions of which we can be aware at one particular point in time (N=6)
Hans Vaihinger
- All we ever experience directly are: sensations, relationships between sensations, all certainty is limited to sensations - Language (give meaning to our sensations by inventing terms to talk about it)
August Compte
- Almost replaces religion by science - Advocated a science of history and human social behaviour
Alpha & Beta Tests (Yerkes)
- Alpha: literate ex: Washington is to Adams, as first is to __________ - Beta: Illiterate ex: Pictures with a missing piece, like a profile of a person with no nose
Herbert Spencer
- Applied principles of evolution (Lamarck's version) - later changed and applied Darwin's theory of evolution - The more intelligent you are then you would then be the fittest
If you took a monistic position on the mind-body question, which of the following does your position most likely represent?
materialism
Systematic experimental introspection and retrospection (Kulpe)
- Ask someone to perform a complex task - Ask them to retrospectively explain how they completed the task/how they thought about it - Replicate the solution to perfect the description of what was actually done
Who were among the first to accept Copernicus's heliocentric theory?
mathematicians who embraced Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy
Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles.
mechanical
Descartes explained all animal behavior and much of human behavior in terms of __ principles
mechanical
The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain.
medical
Bartlett in his book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, demonstrated that:
memory is greatly influenced by personal, cognitive themes and schemas
Koffka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific activity in the brain that he called a ____; in addition, he called a remnant of this a ____.
memory process; memory trace
John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others
mental chemistry
Johan Friedrich Herbart
- Attempts to cast a psychological theory in mathematical terms - Psychology cannot be an experimental science - All mental life is the action and interaction of elementary ideas - Some ideas inhibit/facilitate each other - Apperceptive mass - Founder of educational psychology - Ideas pass back and forth across the threshold of consciousness
Projection (A. Freud)
- Attributing one's own unacknowledged wishes to someone else Ex: You want someone so you instead think they want you
Behaviour equation (Lewin)
- B=f(P,E) (P,E)= Life space
Kurt Lewin
- Beginning of social psychology - Field Theory - Life Space - Barrier problem - Zeigarnik effect - 3 types of conflict - Group dynamics
Respondent behaviour (Skinner)
- Behaviour elicited by a known stimulus (Pavlov's domain)
Julian de la Mettrie
- Believed in mind influencing the body - Monist - Materialist - Believed the size of the brain indicated how smart you would be
Gustav Theodor Fechner
- Believed that everything has a soul - Doctrine of Panpsychism (the notion that mind permeates everything in the universe) - Psychophysics parallelism - Experimental aesthetics
Galen
- Believed that the brain was the organ of the mind - Founder of experimental neurology - Humeral theory of personality
Taoism
- Both nature and society work in the same way. - Focus on the nature of change.
Intentionality (Husserl)
- By comparing a number of similar experiences, we can intuitively grasp their essential nature
Weber's Law (Weber)
- Change in intensity over intensity = weber's constant Change in I/I=k
Dark ages
- Christian church became increasingly powerful - Superstition at it's peak
Thelma Gwinn Thurstone
- Co-developed the Primary Mental Abilities test battery
William Stern
- Coined the term IQ (mental age/chronological age)
Maud A. Merrill James
- Collaborated with Terman on the revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test - Concerned with children who were developmentally delayed
Fritz Heider
- Common sense psychology - In everyday life we form ideas about other people in social situations, we interpret their actions - Harmonious/balanced situation vs. unbalanced situation (p-o-x)
John Watson
- Comparative psychology - No reference to consciousness (replace introspection) - All behaviour is understood through stimulus-response relationships - Habits - Serially ordered behaviours
Frederick W. Taylor
- Concerned with the efficiency of human movement - Personal ambition = most powerful incentive - Time and motions study
Conditioned reflex (Pavlov)
- Conditional in that they occur under certain circumstances Ex: tone is a conditioned stimulus and salivation is a conditioned response
Extinction (Pavlov)
- Conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus leads to extinction - When conditioned stimuli fail to lead to unconditioned stimuli, extinction occurs
Freud's Dynamic Model
- Conscious (what we are aware) - Preconscious (What we are not now aware but could become aware) - Unconscious (Of what you are not aware and cannot directly become aware)
B.F. Skinner
- Consciousness is a form OF behaviour, not a mysterious process responsible FOR behaviour - Homunculus - Reinforcement increases behaviour, punishment decreases it
Life Space (Lewin)
- Consists of everything that determines the behaviour of an individual at any particular moment - Person does not have to be aware of it to be in the life space (opposite of Koffka)
Trace System (Koffka)
- Consolidation/integration of a number of inter-related experiences
Principles of Perceptual Organization
- Continuity - Proximity - Inclusiveness -Similarity - Closure - Symmetry - Figure/Ground
Volkerpsychologie (Wundt)
- Cultural psychology/Social psychology - The study of those mental products which are created by a community of human life, and are, therefore inexplicable in terms merely of individual consciousness, since they presuppose the reciprocal action of many.
Protagoras
- Cultural relativism - Maximize pleasure and minimize pain - Trust in sensory experience - Man is the measure of all things
Wilhelm Wundt
- Defined experimental psychology - First laboratory in experimental psychology - 2 types of research: laboratory & naturalistic observations - Trained the first generation of experimental psychologists
Isaac Newton
- Deist - Laws of motion - We must study nature objectively
Becoming or Processes
- Deny all fixed truths and pure being - The only constant is change; things never simply 'are' - Moral values change with time
Wundt Curve
- Depicts the relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and it's pleasantness. Implies that we will get more pleasure from moderate levels of intensity.
Scala Naturae
- Differentiation between forms of life in terms of the power they posses; a measure of the degree of perfection - Plants = self-nutrition - Animals = self-nutrition, sensation - Humans = self-nutrition, sensation, reason
Latent content (Freud)
- Discovered by analysis
Johannes Muller
- Doctrine/Law of specific nerve energies - Depending on which nerve is stimulated, the experience is different therefore specific nerves carry certain amounts/specific information
Florence L. Goodenough
- Draw-a-man test - Assumes to assess intelligence without relying on verbal ability - Consists of: draw-a-man, draw-a-woman, or draw yourself
Pythagoras
- Dualist (believed the body was a prison for the soul; we should work toward freeing our soul from this prison) - The structure of mathematics is the structure of reality - Concept of harmony and unity are central - Most important set of opposites is limit vs. unlimited
Reaction Formation (A. Freud)
- Ego recruits additional energy in repressing a wish - Exaggerated form of behaviour/overcompensation Ex: hating someone you want bad
Thomas Malthus
- Essay on the Principle of Population As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society - The food supply increases arithmetically whereas the population increases geometrically - Too many people competing for too little food
Being or Structure
- Eternal, unchangeable truths - Some things that exist apart from humanity (not materialist) - Truths exist in a realm of pure being, are changeless and apart from the changing world
Democritus
- Everything was made up of atoms - Reductionist
Spoonerisms (Lashley)
- Ex: saying 'you have tasted your worm' instead of 'you have waster your term'
Priming (Lashley)
- Ex: typing 'wrapid writing' instead of 'rapid writing' - the first w is primed
Temperament groups (Pavlov)
- Excitatory group (easy to condition) - Inhibitory group (hard to condition)
Spontaneous Recovery (Pavlov)
- Extinguished conditioned response returns after an interval of no testing
Ego Anxiety (Freud)
- Failure to satisfy 1. Realistic (External world) 2. Moral (super-ego, standards other people have on us) 3. Neurotic (id, inaccessible)
Ideas (Hume)
- Faint copies of impressions - We are conscious of them when we reflect on any sensations - All of our ideas are derived from impressions
Primary Process (Freud)
- Fantasizing - Pleasure principle
2 Ratios (Skinner)
- Fixed (certain number of responses reinforced) - Variable (required number varies from one reinforcer to the next)
Aristotle
- Form and matter are intertwined - Theory of form - Teleology - Potentiality and actuality
Solomon Asch
- Forming impressions of personality - We experience people as whole psychological units and not a sum of their pieces - Ex: two exact same lists of adjectives except "cold" and "warm" - Conformity
Marcus Aurelius
- Four chief passions (fear, grief, pleasure, desire) - 3 senses (vision, hearing, sleeping)
Kurt Koffka
- Geographic vs. Behavioural environment - Direct stimuli vs. Proximal stimuli - Law of Perceptual Constancies - The earliest experiences children have are figure/ground relationships - Memory
Xenophanes
- God is conceptualized as a representation of ourselves - Morality is a human invention
Psyche Cattell
- Has dyslexia - Develops the Cattell Infant Intelligence scale
Operant behaviour (Skinner)
- Has no eliciting stimulus, may be studied using Skinner's box
Binet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of:
mental orthopedics
If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes:
metaphysical nonsense
Comte and Mach had in common the belief that:
metaphysical speculation must be avoided
Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior?
methodological behaviorism
Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior, provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior?
methodological behaviorism (p. 412)
Who would be most likely to view artificial intelligence (AI) as potentially useful in an effort to understand humans?
methodological behaviorists
Heidegger used the term ____ to indicate that a person and the world were inseparable.
Dasein
Witmer is credited with which of the following?
Demonstrating how the principles from scientific psychology can help troubled individuals
Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism?
Dewey (pp. 362-363)
In the United States, who visited 18 states within a three-year period, bringing about institutional reforms in most of those states?
Dix
The Hippocratic Oath
Do not harm
The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees?
Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD)
Closed System
Does not criticize itself (e.g., Confucian ideology or Christianity)
Who founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960?
George Miller and Jerome Bruner
Lashley's address to the International Congress of Psychology did much to further the acceptance of:
Gestalt psychology
There is a kinship between information-processing psychology and which of the following?
Gestalt psychology
Who believed that a search for a one-to-one correspondence between a sensory event and a mental event is doomed to failure?
Gestaltists
Descartes concluded that we could trust sensory information because
God created our sensory apparatus and God would not deceive us
Pico argued that:
God had granted humans a unique position in the universe.
Pantheism is the belief that:
God is everywhere and in everything
According to Berkeley, external reality exists because:
God perceives it
According to Berkeley, the physical world (external reality) existed because
God perceives it
Descartes concluded that we can trust sensory information because:
God will not deceive us
Rousseau supported Protestantism because:
God's existence could be defended on the basis of individual feelings
During the Renaissance, Europe gradually switched from being __ -centered to being __ -centered
God; human
Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil?
Goethe
Asclepius
Greek God of medicine
Because he believed learning occurs in one trial, ____ rejected the law of frequency in his explanation of learning.
Guthrie
With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed?
Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.
Which of the following best describes Hall's views on co-education?
He believed that coeducation could interfere with later sexual functioning.
How did Guthrie account for forgetting?
He believed that is resulted from the replacement of an old association with a new one.
Which of the following is true of Franz Mesmer?
He believed that redistributing a person's magnetic force field could restore one's health.
Which of the following was an accomplishment of Charcot?
He described a disease of the motor neurons, which is still called Charcot's disease.
Which of the following did Hebb accomplish?
He linked the reticular activating system with cognitive and behavioral performance
Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing?
He resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures
Which of the following is true of Galton's "anthropometric laboratory"?
He studied male-female differences as well as the relationships among measures.
What was an important discovery of David Ferrier?
He used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex
A neural network that proposes that the strengths of the connections among units that are active together are increased by mathematically increasing their weights is referred to as:
Hebb's rule
The belief that human behavior is determined but the causes of behavior cannot be accurately measured is most compatible with:
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of:
Helmholtzian physiologists
What indicates how much of the variation among measures (e.g., test scores) is attributed to genetic influences?
Heritability
What important epidemiological question was raised by Heraclitus' philosophy
How can something be known if it is constantly changing?
According to the Sophists, what is it that determines if an idea is accepted as the truth?
How effectively the idea is communicated
Which statement best illustrates Gassendi's beliefs?
Humans consists of nothing but matter.
Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement, "Existence precedes essence"?
Humans have no essence at birth and therefore, they become what they choose to be.
Describing a stimulus as visual or auditory defines the ____ of the stimulus, while describing the stimulus in terms of how loud or bright it is describes its ____.
modality; intensity
For Tolman, ____ was the same as ____.
molar behavior; purposive behavior
According to Leibniz, everything in the world consisted of living, conscious atoms, which he called
monads
According to May, the person experiencing ____ conforms to tradition, religious dogma, the expectation of others, or anything else that reduces his or her need to make personal choices.
neurotic anxiety
Because Gorgias believed that there is no objective way of establishing truth, he was a
nihilist
Once Aristotle's ideas were assimilated into church dogma, they were:
no longer challengeable
In Charcot's time, most physicians dismissed hysteria as malingering because:
no organic cause could be found for its symptoms
Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n):
noble savage
Goddard, along with several leading scientists of the day, believed that feeble-minded individuals should
not be allowed to reproduce
Goddard, along with several leading scientists of the day, believed that individuals with intellectual disabilities should:
not be allowed to reproduce
Pyrrho suggested that by __ one could avoid the frustration of being wrong
not believing in anything
Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that
not only was it measurable, but it was fairly slow
According to Popper, the highest status that a scientific theory can attain is:
not yet confirmed
According to Plato:
nothing in the empirical world was perfect or knowable
For Hobbes, choice was:
nothing more than a verbal label we use to describe the attractions and aversions we experience while interacting with the environment
What is Broca best known for?
observing a behavioral disorder and then discovering the brain area responsible for that disorder
In contrast to Watson, McDougall believed that mental events could be studied objectively by:
observing the influence of such events on behavior
The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called:
occam's razor
The position on the mind-body question claiming that mental and bodily events are coordinated through God's intervention is called:
occasionalism
According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because:
of the remnants of sensory experiences
Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because:
of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology
According to Plato, the components of the soul are
often in conflict with one another
By alienation, Hegel meant the realization that:
one's mind existed apart from The Absolute
The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with
ones own inner nature
For Leibniz, his monadology gave consciousness to
only god and humans
According to the Pythagoreans, perfection is found:
only in the abstract mathematical world and understood only by reason
According to Bacon, science should utilize
only the direct observation of nature
According to Bacon, science should utilize:
only the direct observation of nature
Newton believed that the universe:
operates according to principles that humans could discover
If you define a concept in terms of the procedures followed while measuring the concept, you are using a(n)
operational definition
If you define a concept in terms of the procedures followed while measuring the concept, you are using a(n):
operational definition
Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be
operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events
According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency but to terminate or avoid those that are not.
organismic valuing process
Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it.
original law of effect
Muller believed that
our knowledge of the physical world was limited by the type of sensory receptors we possess
Muller believed that:
our knowledge of the physical world was limited by the type of sensory receptors we possess
Which of the following observations by Wertheimer launched the school of Gestalt psychology?
our perceptions are more than, or different from, the sensations that make them up (p. 458)
Adler believed that a weakness could be converted into a strength through
overcompensation
If a phenomenon has two or more causes it is said to be ____, a very important concept in Freudian theory.
overdetermined
When behavior results from many causes, we say that it is:
overdetermined
According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called:
paradigm
In Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud refers to minor errors in everyday living such as slips of the tongue, forgetting things, and small accidents. These are called:
parapraxes
Of all human relationships, Horney believed the relationship between ____ to be the most important.
parent and child
Spinoza's concept of ____ might be called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud's psychoanalysis.
passion
What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior?
passions
According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consisted of
people accepting the responsibility of making choices, but using as their guides ethical principles established by others
Nietzsche believed that:
people are their own creation (
According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consisted of
people open to experiences who seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose
According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consisted of:
people recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering into a personal relationship with God
Benjamin Rush argued that:
people with mental illness should experience fresh air
Hebart's goal was to mathematically express the relationship among several aspects of the mind. Which of the following is not among those aspects of the mind?
perceived sensations
Mach demonstrated that:
perception is independent of any particular cluster of sensory elements
According to Hume, the mind was:
perceptions that a person was having at any given moment
Members of the Nancy School believed that hypnotizability was ____, whereas Charcot believed it to be ____.
perfectly normal; a sign of mental pathology
Tolman defined ____ as the translation of learning into behavior.
performance
For Tolman, motivation influences ____ but not ____.
performance; learning
The Renaissance humanists wanted religion to be
personal
The Renaissance humanists wanted religion to be more:
personal
What did Rousseau trust most as a guide for human conduct?
personal feelings
According to Jung, the ___ consists of experiences that had either been repressed or simply forgotten
personal unconcious
Leibniz referred to the point at which an experience becomes strong enough to cause awareness as the
petites perceptions
Leibniz's term for perceptions that occurred below the level of awareness was:
petites perceptions
Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage, while Klein believed it develops in the ____ stage.
phallic; oral
For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology is ____, or mental experience as it occurs to the naïve observer.
phenomenological experience
Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:
philosopher-kings
According to Erasmus, among those listed below, who was least likely to speak the truth?
philosophers
Examining the protrusions and depressions on person's skull to determine the strength of his or her faculties is called:
phrenology
Examining the protrusions and depressions on person's skull to determine the strength of his or her faculties was called:
phrenology
Largely because of its relationship with ____, faculty psychology came into disfavor among scientists and was essentially discarded.
phrenology
What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem?
physical monism
Concerning the mind-body problem, Skinner was a(n):
physical monist
Concerning the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a
physical monist
With regard to the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a(n):
physical monist
The belief that all sciences should be unified and use a common language was called:
physicalism
Muller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the:
physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought
Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the:
physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought
Which of the following presents Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the proper order?
physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, self-actualization
Which of the following present Maslow's hierarchy of needs in proper order?
physiological; safety; belonging and love; esteem; self-actualization
It was __ that provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology
physiology
The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n)
physis
The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n):
physis
The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a:
physis
Which part of the human body did Descartes identify as the house for the mind?
pineal gland
Melanie Klein believed that children as young as two years of age could be psychoanalyzed by examining their:
play activities
According to Titchener, all feelings can be explained by employing the dimension of:
pleasantness-unpleasantness
Hedonism, according to Epicurus, is:
pleasure in having one's basic needs satisfied and avoiding pain
Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are:
polar opposites
When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be
positively correlated
Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called
postdiction
While studying artificial somnambulism, Puységur discovered the phenomenon later called:
posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia
Which of the following has been described as "radical relativism"?
postmodernism
The ____ believes that "truth" is always determined by cultural, group, or personal perspectives.
postmodernist
Sechenov:
postulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain
For Watson, the goal of psychology is to:
predict and control behavior
For Watson, the goal of psychology was to
predict and control behavior
according to the author of your text, magic, religion, philosophy, and science can all be viewed as efforts to:
predict and control nature
Barash wrote the book, The Whisperings Within. "Whisperings" refers to what?
predispositions to act in certain ways
The claim that God arranges for mental and bodily events to be perfectly coordinated is called:
preestablished harmony
Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and:
prepare children to live effectively in a complex society
Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to
prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life
Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to:
prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life
Popper saw scientific method as involving 3 stages. Which of the following is not one of the stages:
prestudy analysis
According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality?
primary quality: size; secondary quality: color
Galileo made a sharp distinction between objective and subjective reality. These concepts refer respectively to which?
primary; secondary qualities
According to the ___, energy is never created or lost in a system, but is only transformed from one form to another.
principle of conservation of energy
According to the ____, energy is never created or lost in a system, but is only transformed from one form to another.
principle of conservation of energy
Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to free his research material from the influence of:
prior learning
For the Gestaltists, analysis of experience:
proceeds from the whole (top) to the parts (bottom)
Hippocrates used which of the following treatments?
proper diet
According to Kant, the experiences of space and time:
provide the context for all mental phenomena and are produced by innate categories of thought
When stimuli are close together, they tend to be grouped together as a perceptual unit. This exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:
proximity
According to Bernard, Spinoza's belief in ____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology.
psychic determinism
The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior.
psychical determinist
The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behaviour:
psychical determinist
The attempt to explain psychological phenomena in terms of their biological foundations is called:
psychobiology
What important lesson did Freud learn from Charcot?
psychological disorders can cause physical problems
Nietzsche considered himself primarily a
psychologist
Nietzsche primarily considered himself a:
psychologist
About psychology, Kant believed:
psychology could not become an experimental science
Kant believed:
psychology could not become an experimental science
Watson, along with most functionalists and behaviorists, believed:
psychology should be useful and applied to improvement in the human condition
According to Köhler, patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are always structurally equivalent. This described the Gestalt concept of:
psychophysical isomorphism
On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do, This is called:
psychophysical parallelism
The position on the mind-body question claiming that both mental events and bodily responses occur simultaneously even though the two events are independent of each other is called:
psychophysical parallelism
Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a
psychophysical parallelist
Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a(n):
psychophysical parallelist
What is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events?
psychophysics
For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are:
publicly observable
Husserl's ____ studied the processes of the mind independent of the physical world to discover the essence of conscious experience, or of the person turned inward.
pure phenomenology
The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was:
purposive
Tolman learned from Holt and Perry that the ____ aspects of behavior could be studied without sacrificing scientific objectively.
purposive
Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____.
purposiveness
According to James's ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study.
radical empiricism
According to the text, information-processing psychology follows in the tradition of:
rationalism
What philosophical position postulates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone?
rationalism
Which of the following philosophies most influenced Wundt?
rationalism
Which of the following philosophies most influential Wundt
rationalism
Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?
rationalism and empiricism
The __ tends to assume that the human mind takes in information activity
rationalist
A man is disturbed by his homosexual urges, and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies:
reaction formation
According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables.
reaction potential
Plotinus
- Hierarchy of life: God, the Spirit, the Soul, Nature - The soul is imprisoned in the body
Ernst Mach
- How we seek knowledge from our sensations - The physical world cannot be known or experienced directly - All we know is our sensation - Mach band (our brain must be doing something to make our world appear the way it does)
Philo
- Human soul was part of God himself - The body is made of dust, lowly and despicable - Knowledge comes from the soul/God - We can't gain knowledge if our soul is not pure
3 Categories of Mental Acts (Brentano)
- Ideating (I see, I hear, I imagine) - Judging (I acknowledge, I reject) - Loving-Hating (I feel, I wish, I desire)
Pierre Gassendi
- If there is movement, there is life
Elton Mayo
- If you pay attention to workers, you will have an impact (attentive listening) - Hawthorn effect (any change in work condition increases output)
Inclusiveness
- Individual dots which form a shape will not be perceived as dots but as the shape they form Ex: TV pixels
Apprehension (Wundt)
- Individual impressions enter into consciousness
Secondary Process (Freud)
- Inhibition of primary process, devoting energy to develop reliable means for gratifying wishes in accordance with the demands of reality - Reality principle
Wolfgang Kohler
- Insight learning (all or nothing phenomenon) - Transposition - Psychophysical isomorphism (variant of psychophysical parallelism) - Satiation theory
Edmund Husserl
- Intentionality - "The study of the self turned inward" - Focusing on the subjective experience. Now what we perceive, but how we perceive it.
Outer psychophysics (Fechner)
- Interaction between the external world and the experience (stimuli) that gives rise to within 'us'
Alfred Binet
- Interested in individual differences - Develops mental age - Mental orthopedics (special aid programs to facilitate the growth and development of people's intelligence)
4 Categories of cues (Berkeley)
- Interposition (things hidden behind other things are further away) - Relative size (further images seem smaller) - Chiaroscuro (things far away have a purplish tinge apparently) - Eye movements (Sensations from the eye muscles indicate things that are further away)
Insight learning (Kohler)
- Involves a perceptual restructuring of the situation, not trial and error - Ex: apes in a cage with 2 sticks
The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called
realism
Regarding realism versus nominalism, Galileo was a/an:
realist
The ego is governed by the ___ principle
reality
According to Heidegger, to live an authentic life, one must first:
realize that one's life is finite
Aristotle's emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position.
reason
A major difference between connectionism (neural networks) and good old fashioned AI (GOFAI) is that GOFAI systems ____ and neural networks ____.
reason about the information they contain; change associations based on experience
Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. This belief was called:
recapitulation theory
Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called?
recapitulation theory
Neural network systems have been most successful at:
recognizing patterns and objects
Aquinas' great achievement was the
reconciliation of faith and reason
Aquinas' great achievement was the:
reconciliation of faith and reason
Kelly believed that the major goal of scientists and nonscientists is the same, namely, to:
reduce uncertainty
Franz Clemens Brentano
- It wasn't a matter of the contents of the mind as much as it is about the processes of the mind - Developed act psychology - Everything the mind does is a mental act - Defined the subject matter of psychology by distinguishing mental phenomena from physical phenomena
Ernest Hienrich Weber
- Just Noticeable Difference (JND) - Sense of touch - Sensation - Localization in space depends on: the mind's action, relations among sensations - Compass test
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
- Lamarkian theory of the inheritance of acquire characteristics - Ancestral generation is modified by experiences and ALL it's members contribute equally to the subsequent generation
Introspection (James)
- Looking into our own minds and reporting what we there discover. - The most natural and obvious psychological method. - Presented difficulties, prone to error.
Rationalization (A. Freud)
- Making excuses when behaviour is inconsistent with the ego's conception of the self Ex: Teacher thinks he's great and students suck. Turns out he hates the students and gives them low marks.
Johanne Wolfgang Von Goethe
- Managed to describe "after images"
John Stuart Mill
- Mental chemistry (treats complex ideas as the product of a process analogous to a chemical reaction) - Sensations are stronger than ideas (sensations = primary mental state, ideas = secondary mental state) - Law of contiguity - Strength of associations
Achetypes (Jung)
- Mind is not a blank slate, archetypes make us perceive, feel and act in particular ways. - Innate organizational tendencies that organize experiences without determining content.
Behavioural Environment (Koffka)
- More derived from our experience than geography - Determines/guides our behaviour - Is an individuals phenomenal/experienced world
Saint Thomas Aquinas
- Most successful interpreter of Artistotle's work for the church - Demonstrated that Aristotle's work was not incompatible with a Christian worldview - Divided faith and reason as two means to attain the same truth
Productive thinking (Wertheimer)
- Not just rote memorization, but the 'apprehension ofrelations' - An intrinsic reward is derived
Gestalt Laws of Organization
- Not nativists - Top down analysis - Law of Pragnanz (good form)
William of Occam
- Occam's razor - Empiricist - We must accept God on faith alone
Emmanuel Kant
- One can reach definite conclusions through the use of reason - Innate 'intuitions' frame our experience
Ewald Hering
- Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision (yellow-blue, red-green, white-black)
Erogenous zones (Freud)
- Oral (sucking) - Anal (control of sphincter) - Phallic (genitals) - Genital (finding a suitable sexual partner)
Kurt Goldstein
- Organismic theory (thinking of the organism as a whole not just a set of reflexes) - Self-actualization - Worked with WWI veterans with brain damage - Abstract attitude
David Hartley
- Our ability to think properly is dependent on the white medullary substance of the brain - Positive after images (e.g. looking at the flash of a camera) - When multiple stimuli are received, associations are made through repetition
Impressions (Hume)
- Our more lively perceptions (love, will, hearing, hating, desires)
Law of Perceptual Constancies (Koffka)
- Our perception of the properties of objects remains the same even though the proximal stimulus may change - As we turn distal into proximal stimuli, we take into account the whole surrounding of our perceived world - Shape Constancy - Size constancy
Symmetry
- Overlapping symmetrical squares are not seen as a singular object but 2 overlapping symmetrical squares
Confucianism
- People exist through and are defined by their relationships to other. These relationships are structured hierarchically.
Max Wertheimer
- Phi Phenomenon - The Minimum Principle - Productive Thinking
Thomas Hobbes
- Physical monist - Reductionist - Rejected innate ideas - Determinist
Heraclitus
- Physis = fire - "No one ever steps in the same river twice"
Gestalt Philosophy
- Pieces vs. Parts - Parts are related to the whole - Pieces are arbitrary fragments
Temple Medicine
- Practiced by priests/religious personel who resided in the temples
How we should teach students (Herbart)
- Preparation - Presentation - Association - Generalization - Application
Ane Anastasi
- President of APA - Enters university at 15, PhD at 21 - Wrote more than 150 articles and books
2 Systems of Speech (Pavlov)
- Primary signalling system (mostly sensory stimuli, ex: tone) - Secondary signalling system (mostly words, plays a crucial role)
Primary and Secondary qualities (Locke)
- Primary: belongs to the object itself (snowball - white, cold, round) - Secondary: our experience influencing the stimulus received (colours, tastes, sounds)
Carls Stumph
- Psychology of tone - Started the Berlin association for Child Psychology - Introspection = the method through which we access this orientation to outside objects (not conscious) - Theory of emotion (reduced emotion to feelings as sensation)
Neoplatonism
- Rationalism is minimized - Emphasis on God - De-emphasis on the Forms, the Ideal State, etc. - Individual mortality - Human passion
Rene Descartes
- Rationalist - Nativist - Cogito Ero Sum - Mind is separate from the body - Determinist - Deist
Displacement (A. Freud)
- Redirection an impulse to a safer target Ex: take it out on the family
Epicurus of Samos
- Refined hedonism - Pleasure seeking but only the essential pleasures (higher pleasures are dangerous)
Bekhterev
- Reflexology (all behaviour in terms of the reflex concept) Ex: Every new social movement meets with some form of opposition
Cynics
- Rejected society - Perceives humanity as corrupted - A quest for simplicity
Sigmund Freud
- Repression - Traumatic experiences can cause energy to be tied up for repression and thus not discharged in the usual way - Dynamic Model - Psychosexual development - Eros vs. Thanatos
Francis Galton
- Reputation as an indicator of eminence (theory of hereditary based on reputation) - Attempted to show that intelligence was handed down through families - Statistics and the normal distribution - Autobiographical memory - Acknowledged that the environment had to be favourable to have a positive impact on individuals
Principles of associations (Hume)
- Resemblance (ideas that resemble each other will be associated together) - Contiguity (things that happen together in time or space will be associated together) - Cause and effect (causes and effects will be associated together)
Regression (Freud)
- Returning or going back to an earlier stage of development)
Francis Bacon
- Science should use only the facts of observation - No introspection - Use controlled conditions to study humans - Use quantitative approach - Use an inductive process
Types of Introspection (Wundt)
- Self-observation/pure introspection (prone to personal bias, usually engaged in by everyone) - Experimental introspection/inner perception (deliberately observing one's own mental processes)
Plato
- Sensation and reason produce knowledge - Nativist - Differentiated between senses and forms
James Mill
- Sensations are the building blocks of the mind - Mental elements combine by laws of association - Advocate of democracy but not the woman's vote - Children are born alike, little difference in ability for learning - Reductionist
Serially ordered behaviours (Watson)
- Series of stimuli to generate responses in proper sequence - Through conditioning, the first stimulus can set off the entire chain EX: piano
Skeptics
- Similar to sophists (believed there was no truth, peak of relativsm) - Doubted sensory experience - Human behaviour should be governed by primal sensations/intuition, not by social conventions
Association of ideas (Locke)
- Simple Ideas: cannot be reduced to anything more elementary - Complex ideas: compounded out of simple ones
Zeigarnik effect (Lewin)
- Something that is unfinished tends to be better remembered than something that is finished - This is because completed things cause a resolution in tension whereas the unfinished results in an unresolved tension Ex: After an exam you remember the questions you don't think you got right rather than the ones you know you got right
Bain
- Spencer-Bain Principle (Persisting random behaviours are those leading to pleasant feelings; extinguished random behaviours are those leading to painful feelings) - The sense and the intellect - The emotions and the Will - Mind and body
Bell-Magendie Law (Fechner)
- Spoke about neurons - Looked at the dorsal route of the spinal cord - Dorsal side was responsible for bringing in sensory information - Ventral side seems to take information away from the CNS to the muscles, organs, etc.
James McKeen Cattell
- Started the journal Science - First psychologist to be elected to the National Academy of Science - One of the founding members of the APA
Tropism (Watson)
- Stimulus provoking a response in a mechanical way just like turning on a switch
William James
- Stream of consciousness - Plasticity - Comparative method - The "I" & the "me" - Habit (come about as organisms adapt to their surroundings)
Herman Ebbinghaus
- Studied learning and memory - Tested memory using non-sense syllables - Did work on forgetting
George Berkeley
- Subjective Idealism or Immaterialism - To be is to be perceived - What is real is only what we experience - God's perception explains existence - Theory of vision
Empedocles
- Suggested there are 4 elements: earth, fire, water, air - Causal powers are love and strife Theory of perception (eidola)
Oswald Kulpe
- Systematic experimental introspection and retrospection - Imageless thoughts - Mental sets - Founder of the Wurzburg School
Transposition (Kohler)
- Taking a relationship acquired in one situation and applying it to another situation Ex: chickens pecking
Tridimensional Theory of Feelings (Wundt)
- Tension & Relief - Depression & Excitement - Pleasant & Unpleasant
Abstract attitude (Goldstein)
- The ability to think about something that is not concrete or is not there - Some people with brain damage have difficulty doing this - This ability is funddamental for our ability to function everyday
Charles Lyell
- The earth was of a great age - The changes that had taken place since it's beginning could be explained in terms of purely natural forces
Inner psychophysics (Fechner)
- The study of the relationship between the mind and the brain
Field Theory (Lewin)
- The total forces acting on the object/organism at the moment - Complex dynamic forces acting on the organism influenced/determines human behaviour
Charles Darwin
- Theory of Evolution - Natural Selection - Selective Retention (adaptive variations are retained) - Blind Variation (variations/adaptations occur by chance)
Christine Ladd Franklin
- Theory of the Evolution of Colour Vision (black-white, blue-yellow, red-green) - Since red-green is the last to develop, red-green colour blindness is the most common
Psychophysical isomorphism (Kohler)
- There is no point to point correspondence between events in the brain and events in experience - Correspondence between brain (processes) and mind (experience) is structural
Creative synthesis (Wundt)
- Through apperception, our experience becomes a unified whole, and not just a series of elementary sensations
Psychologists Fallacy (James)
- To confuse your own standpoint with the mental facts to be reported
Theory of cause
- To know about something (marble statue of a man) we need to know: - Material cause (marble) - Formal cause (shape of the man) - Efficient cause (force required to make the statue) - Final cause (purpose of the statue)
Georges John Romanes
- To study the mind: study the activities of living organisms & organism must suggest to have consciousness AND choice - Assumes animal intelligence and mental evolution in animals - No real qualitative difference between animals and humans.
Self-Psychology (Calkins)
- Totality of Self (totality, a one of many characters) - Unique being (I am I, and you are you) - Identical being (I the adult self and my 10 year old self are in a real sense the same self) - A changing being (I the adult self differ from the 10 year old self)
St.Paul
- Trichotomy (body, soul, spirit) - Shift away from reason toward faith - God is omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent - Try to know god
Herman Von Helmholtz
- Trichromatic Theory of Color Perception (red, green, blue): subtracting of colours to make new colours - Place Theory of Audition (each separate nerve fibre is constructed to take cognizance of a definite note)
Saint Augustine
- Tried to create a unified theory of Christianity from the influences of the philosophers - Combined Stoicism, Neoplatonism, Judaism - The soul is unchangeable - Tripartite division of the soul (memory, understanding, the will)
Group Dynamics (Lewis)
- Tries to understand the group as a system instead of pieces
Metronome experiment (Wundt)
- Try to experience the beats WITHOUT emphasizing every second beat in the way that we hear the clock go 'tick-tock' with the emphasis on the tock
Repetition compulsion (Freud)
- Trying to replicate the original conditions under which our wishes were gratified
Figure/Ground
- Two competing images in one picture Ex: old lady/young woman
Robert Yerkes
- US Army testing - Age should not be a determining factor in terms of intelligence
Pavlov
- Unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and reflexes - Speech - Temperaments
Comparative Psychology
- Understanding the evolution of behaviour through the comparison of different species - Darwinism as a central influence - Part of functionalism
Carl Jung
- Wanted to desexualize the libido - Psychological types: extroversion and introversion - Collective unconscious - Archetypes - Balancing opposites - 4 functions (Perception: sensation vs. intution, Judgment: thinking vs. feeling)
Functionalism
- Wanted to understand the function of the mind - Research is interested in animals, children, and abnormal humans - More interest in individual differences rather than similarities - Heavily influenced by William James
Cathexis (Freud)
- We become attached to activities that will gratify wishes
Similarity
- We bunch similar items together
The Minimum Principle (Wertheimer)
- We do not perceive what is actually in the external world so much as we tend to organize our experiences so that it is as simple as possible Ex: seeing 2 animals vs. a 2 headed animal
John Locke
- We get ideas from 2 sources: sensory experience & reflection - Rejected the concept of innate ideas - Tabula Rasa - Association of ideas - Primary and secondary qualities
Countercathexis
- We give up the attachments to activities that gratify wishes - Amounts to forgetting that we want a particular thing
Apperception (Wundt)
- We organize and make sense of our experience (follows apprehension)
Proximity
- We tend to bunch nearby things together into groups as opposed to seeing them individually
Closure
- We tend to want to close open figures
Manifest contest (Freud)
- What we experience when we dream
Stoics
- Whatever happens is for a reason - Valued self-control and eradcation of disturbing emotion - Shifting of focus from the nature of the universe to how it is best to live
Memory Traces (Koffka)
- When the physical event stops the memory process stops and leaves a trace in the brain
Karen Horney
- Womb envy (men envy women for the ability to have children and their creativity) - Status envy (women envy men for their superior status in society) 1. Moving toward people = self-effacing/compliant 2. Moving away from people = indifference 3. Moving against people = hostile vindictiveness
Karl Lashley
- Worked on localization of function - Believed psychology came before physiology (opposite Pavlov) - Criticized serially ordered behaviour theory for not being able to explain the priming of responses of spoonerisms
Tamara Dembo
- Worked with the disabled - Studied anger and frustration, experimentally
Continuity
- You don't perceive it as 4 lines meeting, but as a cross
Satiation Theory (Kohler)
- You saturate your perception system to the point where it's tired and an alternate directional perception system takes over - Ex: Necker Cube
Positivism
- the transition from thinking about knowledge creation to thinking of science as the real dogma for knowledge seeking
All of the following occurred in Kelly's brand of psychotherapy except:
---a. the client was encouraged to respond to the therapist as if he or she was a significant person in the client's life (p. 583) b. the client was given a role to play c. the therapist played the part of a supporting actor d. the client wrote a self-characterization
All of the following was true of the Pythagoreans except:
---a. they believed that experiences of the flesh were superior to those of the mind (p. 35) b. they encouraged women to join their organization c. they urged the humane treatment of slaves and animals d. they believed in the transmigration of the soul
Because Democritus attempted to explain events occurring in one domain (observable phenomena) in terms of events occurring in another domain (the arrangements of atoms), he is considered a(n):
reductionist
For Locke, the safest and surest types of associations were those that
reflected natural relationships in the environment
According to Leibniz, a conscious experience always:
reflected the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences
Galton used the concept of __ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring
regression toward the mean
Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring.
regression toward the mean
Which of the following best describes Guthrie's view of reinforcement?
reinforcement changes the stimulating conditions, thus preventing unlearning
Humanistic psychologists:
reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal
If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization, he or she is said to be:
reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal
Through the centuries, mental illness has always been defined:
relative to the experiences of an average person
What did Hume refer to as an "inexplicable mystery"?
religion
Through the centuries, mental illness has always been defined relative to
religious ideals
According to your text, the mind-body problem:
remains one of psychology's persistent problems
Burt believed all of the following except:
remedial educational programs can raise the intellectual level of students with low intellectual ability
According to Aristotle, ____ is a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced and ____ involves an actual mental search for a past experience.
remembering; recall
Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____.
repressed; expressed
___ is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all of the other defense mechanisms.
repression
While in psychoanalysis, the patient stops short of realizing the crucial event. This is called:
resistance
Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the:
resonance place theory
For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ___ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ___ behavior.
respondent; operant
For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ____ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ____ behavior.
respondent; operant
The "cures" proposed by the Hippocratics included:
rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage, and bath
Georg Elias Müller was the first to demonstrate:
retroactive inhibition
According to Hebb, ____ allows neurons that are temporarily separated to become associated.
reverberating neural activity
Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement was effective in modifying behavior, but punishment was not.
revised law of effect (pp. 374-375)
During the preparadigmatic stage of the development of a science:
rival camps compete with each other for dominion of the discipline
A fundamental difference between the views of Erasmus and the views of Luther concerned the:
role of free will in religion
Kraepelin originally called which of the following mental illnesses dementia praecox?
schizophrenia
During the period before the Renaissance, which of the following was not true?
scientific inquiry and reason were encouraged
A consistently observed relationship between two or more classes of empirical events defines a:
scientific law
The original members of the American Psychological Association (APA) believed that anything in psychology worth applying to practical matters came from:
scientific psychology
According to Popper, psychology's persistent questions would be persistent even if they were scientific questions because:
scientific solutions can only attain the status of "not yet disconfirmed"
Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality "signals of signals" or the:
second-signal system
According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, tidology, and psychology are inexact sciences because their ____ are not understood.
secondary laws
At one point, Freud believed that adult hysteria was the result of an actual sexual incident that occurred in the life of the patient. This was called the:
seduction theory
for Skinner, the environment was important because it:
selected behavior through reinforcement contingencies
James admitted that his concept of ____ was similar to the older concepts of "soul" or "spirit."
self as knower (p. 343)
When a person accepts values dictated by society (not those personally attained) as their own, he/she is experiencing
self-alienation
James defined ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved.
self-esteem
James identified ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved.
self-esteem
Spinoza believed the master motive for human behavior and thought to be
self-preservation
Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins?
self-psychology
Parmenides believed that knowledge is attained only through rational thought because sensory experience provides:
Illusion
Sociobiologists depend heavily on ____ in their explanation of human social behavior
Inclusive fitness
What field is most interested in the transformation that information undergoes as it enters a communication system, as it operates within the system, and as it leaves the system?
Information theory
Plato's philosophy ____ the development of science.
Inhibited
Nativism
Innate abilities we possess from birth
A belief in the importance of ____ formed the core of McDougall's theory.
Instincts
Thales
Introduced the concept of fundamental substances: - smoke - wood - stone - water
____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior.
Irrationalism
According to the text, what was a criticism of monadology?
It asserted that because God created the world, it cannot be improved on
Which of the following was true of Aquinas' theology?
It demonstrated that church dogma was debatable.
What would Copernicus say is the only justification for accepting his heliocentric theory?
It explains known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order
For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas
James; Münsterberg
For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas.
James; Münsterberg
Although connectionism in the neural network model has been well accepted, it does have its critics. Who, in spite of supporting the Computational Theory of Mind (CTM), has written about the limits in explaining human cognition through any computational model?
Jerry Fodor
Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on
Jung
Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on:
Jung
According to Flanagan, when cognitive scientists are asked about their philosophical forebears, one hears the name of ____ more than any other.
Kant
Schopenhauer's philosophy was based on the distinction between the noumenal and phenomenal worlds proposed by:
Kant
Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation
Kenneth Clark
Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation?
Kenneth Clark
What factor most influenced Kepler's acceptance of Copernicus's heliocentric theory?
Kepler was a Platonist seeking mathematical simplicity and harmony.
Traditionally, the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of:
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche
Rationalism
Knowledge comes from the use of reason
Who published the article, "Perception: An Introduction to Gestalt-Theorie," which led to many believing that Gestalt psychology was only about perception?
Koffka
Who was one of the first to systematically study the effects of drugs on various cognitive and behavioral functions?
Kraepelin
The professional relationship between Watson and Lashley was strained because:
Lashley's research did not support Watson's switchboard conception of the brain
Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume's laws of associations?
Law of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder
Whose name is correctly associated with the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
Vitalism
Life is never completely reduced to material things and this is due to a vital force which is existent in humans, animals, and plants
According to Wundt, a __ occurred whenever a sense organ was stimulated and the resulting impulse reached the brain
sensation
According to Wundt, a ____ occurred whenever a sense organ was stimulated and the resulting impulse reached the brain.
sensation
Which of the following is true concerning monads?
Next to God, humans possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking.
According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain:
sensation
For Locke, all ideas come from:
sensation and reflection
Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions?
Non determinist and soft determinist
What did the Skeptics use as their guide(s) for living?
sensations, feelings, and convention
Condillac was convinced that all powers Locke attributed to the mind could be observed simply from the abilities to
sense, remember, experience please and pain... all of the above
The clearest distinction between rationalism and empiricism can be made with regard to the acceptance or rejection of
sensory information
Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that:
sensory systems distorted our knowledge of the physical world to the extent that they do
For Democritus, perception occurred when atoms emanating from the surface of objects entered the ____ and were transmitted to the ____:
sensory systems of the body; brain
McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is not one of the three?
sentiment (p. 414)
According to Aristotle, the unmoved mover:
set nature in motion and did little else
In his hypothetic-deductive theory, Hull conceived of a process in which a(n):
set of postulates are created from which empirical relationships are predicted
According to Miller, the magical number for humans' capacity to process information is:
seven +/- two
In analyzing human thinking, Avicenna started with five external senses then postulated:
seven internal senses
According to Jung, we project the ___ onto the world as such things as devils, demons, and monsters.
shadow
According to Jung, we project the ____ onto the world as such things as devils, demons, and monsters.
shadow
Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her Ph.D. in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because:
she was a woman
Yerkes believed that immigration ____.
should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused
James Mill maintained that any mental experience can be reduced to:
simple ideas
Jesus can be best thought of as a(n):
simple man with focused goals
During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was generally taken as a sign of:
sinfulness and witchcraft
In general, ____ promotes a suspension of belief in anything and ____ promotes a retreat from society.
skepticism; cynicism
In general. __ promoted a suspension of belief in anything and __ promoted a retreat from society
skepticism; cynicism
Spencer's application of the notion of survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior was called
social Darwinism
Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as:
social Darwinism
According to Adler, for a lifestyle to be truly effective, it must contain considerable:
social interest
The ____ believes that because cognitive processes such as intentions, values, and beliefs intervene between experience and behavior, humans are responsible for their actions:
soft determinist
Concerning Spencer's contention that the notion of survival of the fittest should apply to societies, Darwin was
somewhat opposed for religious reasons
The study of ____ is especially important to ethologists.
species-specific behavior
The part of the cortex known as Broca's area is associated with
speech articulation
The part of the cortex known as Wernicke's area is associated with
speech comprehension
The idea of mass action:
states that the amount of loss of ability is related to the amount of destruction in the cortex
The observation concerning the behavior of cats that Guthrie and Horton made in 1946 and that supported Guthrie's theory of learning was:
stereotyped behavior (p. 440)
Rousseau believed that education should:
stimulate the development of a child's natural impulses
According to Hebb, when a phase sequence fires, we experience a(n):
stream of thought
Kierkegaard believed that truth was
subjective
Freud considered such things as poetry, art, religion, and baseball to be examples of:
sublimation
Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art.
sublimation
Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art.
sublimation
According to Donders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by:
subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination
in his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to:
suggestion
Who was the first African-American in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. in psychology?
sumner
For Nietzsche, people approaching their full potential are
supermen
According to the text, Freud's most original contribution to psychology was the:
synthesizing of many known facts into a comprehensive theory of personality
Külpe's technique of ____ involves giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engage in to solve them.
systematic experimental introspection
Because Aristotle assumed that everything in nature exists for a purpose, his theory is labeled:
teleological
James referred to individuals who are intellectual, idealistic, religious, and who believe in free will, as:
tender-minded
James referred to individuals who were intellectual, idealistic, religious and who believed in free will as:
tender-minded (p. 346)
Rousseau supported Protestantism in that he believed:
that God's existence could be defended on the basis of individual feeling
The early physician, Alcmaeon, proposed
that health resulted from a balance of qualities in the body
For Hegel, the only true understanding is an understanding of:
the Absolute
Aristotle's philosophy was highly influential in __ during the so-called Dark Ages
the Arab world
Perhaps the closest psychology has ever come to being a single-paradigm discipline has been during:
the Middle Ages
Freud originally concluded that young boys tend to love their mothers and hate their fathers. This was called:
the Oedipus complex
Whereas Watson modeled his psychology after ____, Skinner modeled his after ____.
the Russian physiologists; Thorndike (p. 445)
The probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome. What is this called?
the Spencer-Bain principle
One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with organized religion was over:
the age of earth
Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on
the ancient law of contiguity
In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept?
the associative principles of contiguity and frequency
In 1960, Donald Hebb referred to the American revolution in psychology. According to Hebb, only one phase of the American revolution in psychology had taken place at that time:
the behavioristic movement
Broca's research in craniometry found erroneously that:
the brain is larger in eminent men and superior races
Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior
the categorical imperative
Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior:
the categorical imperative
Based on his theory of development, Freud would most agree with the statement:
the child is father to the man
For the third-force psychologists, what was missing and what they sought was:
the conditions that make healthy people healthier
The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a physician will do so in a group is called
the contagion effect
The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a physician will do so in a group is called:
the contagion effect
What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology?
the cortical area of the brain functioned as a whole
According to May, ____ is at the heart of many myths and of most great art and literature.
the daimonic
Wundt's principle of ____ stated that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience.
the development of opposites
Wundt's principle of ____ states that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience.
the development of opposites
Which of the following did Darwin believe
the difference between humans and other animals is one one of degree
Copernicus argued that:
the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory) (p. 106)
According to Spinoza, all human emotions were derived from
the experiences of pleasure and pain
Thorndike's identical elements theory of transfer states that:
the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations
The field of artificial intelligence (AI) investigates:
the extent to which machines can replicate the mental powers of humans
After a painful search, Descartes concluded that the only thing of which he could be certain was
the fact that he doubted
Who created the field of cybernetics?
Norbert Wiener
What was Guthrie's one rule for breaking undesirable habits?
Observe the stimuli that elicit the behavior and perform another act in the presence of those stimuli.
After a painful search, Descartes concluded that the only thing of which he could be certain was:
the fact that he doubted
The Jonah Complex refers to
the fear of one's own success
The Jonah complex refers to:
the fear of one's own success
Locke believed that all human emotions derived from
the feeling of pleasure and pain
Using the split-brain preparation, Sperry and his colleagues speculated that:
the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were dramatically different
The behavioristic explanation of transposition offered by Spence emphasized:
the generalization of behavioral tendencies (pp. 473-474)
According to Wundt's principle of ____, something almost always occurs during goal-directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern
the heterogony of ends
Which of the following is not part of the existential philosophy
the importance of rational thought
According to Lamarck, any habits adult members of a species developed that were conductive to survival were passed on to their offspring. This explanation of evolution was called
the inheritance of acquired characteristics
According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult's offspring. This phenomenon is called:
the inheritance of acquired characteristics
According to Kant, our phenomenological experience results from:
the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought
According to the Gestaltists, what governs brain activity is:
the invariant dynamics that govern all physical systems
What aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning:
the laws of association
The work of such researches of Broca, Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier did not support phrenology because:
the localized cortical functions that is isolated were not where the phrenologists said they were and the cortical functions that were discovered were quite different from those functions postulated by the phrenologists
The work of such researchers as Broca, Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier did not support phrenology because:
the localized cortical functions that it isolated were not where the phrenologists said they were and the cortical functions that were discovered were quite different from those functions postulated by the phrenologists
Titchener defined __ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime
the mind
Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime
the mind
Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime.
the mind
Descartes believed that:
the mind is nonmaterial
According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for:
the mind itself
Bechterev suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be employed.
the natural sciences
After collecting questionnaire date from 200 fellow scientists, Galton stated that the potential for high intelligence was inherited but that it must be nurtured by a proper environment, thus beginning
the nature-nurture controversy
Bain's explanation of voluntary behavior combined:
the notions of spontaneous activity and hedonism
Plato and Aristotle did not believe in evolution for different reasons; Aristotle believed that
the number of species was fixed, transmutation from one species to another was impossible
Historicism refers to the belief that:
the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present
Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe:
the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment (p. 392)
Wertheimer demonstrated that explanations of apparent movement based on learning were not plausible by showing that:
the phi phenomenon occurred in two directions at the same time (p. 464)
Which of the following characteristics of contemporary psychology would most disappoint Watson:
the popularity of cognitive psychology
Schopenhauer believed that life is best viewed as:
the postponement of death
Jean-Paul Sartre was most interested in:
the power we let others have over ourselves
Presentism assumes that:
the present state of a discipline is its best, most fully developed state
Lewin's contention that only facts currently present on one's life space can influence a person's thinking and behavior is called:
the principle of contemporaneity (p. 478)
According to Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory?
the principle of falsifiability
Köhler said that the brightness constancy exists because:
the ratio of the brightness of the figure to the brightness of the ground remains constant
Rogers found that if therapy is effective
the real and ideal selves become increasingly similar
Rogers found that if therapy is effective:
the real and ideal selves become increasingly similar
Thorndike's law of exercise stated that
the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced
Thorndike's law of exercise stated that:
the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced (p. 374)
According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment
the struggle for survival
Comte used the term sociology to describe:
the study of how different societies compared in terms of his proposed three stages of development
According to Klein's theory:
the superego develops early in life and the development of the superego is determined by interactions between life and death instincts
Which of the following characterized Rousseau's utopian society?
the surrender of the individual will to the general will
according to the sophists, what is it that determines if an idea is accepted
the truthfulness of an idea
According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____.
the uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks
According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____.
the uniqueness of humans; the abnormal
At various times in history a soul, mind, or self had been postulated in order to account for
the unity and continuity of human experience
For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was
the will to power
According to Schopenhauer, when the blind, aimless universal manifests itself in a particular organism, it becomes:
the will to survive
Hebb's preferred approach to studying cognitive processes was to speculate about:
their biological foundations
According to Aristotle, we perceive environmental objects because:
their movement influences a medium, which in turn stimulates one or more of the five senses
According to Comte's law of three stages, a culture at the most primitive stage of explaining things used ____ explanations.
theological
An area in cognitive development that concerns how we come to know the beliefs, feelings, plans, and behavioral intentions of other people is referred to as:
theory of mind
According to Leibniz's law of continuity:
there are no leaps or gaps in nature
According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment:
there is a struggle for survival
The group commissioned to investigate the validity of Mesmer's claims concerning animal magnetism concluded that
there was no such thing as animal magnetism and any positive results from Mesmer's treatments were due to the imagination
According to Reid, the mind reasons and the stomach digests food because:
they are innately designed to do so
According to the text, psychology's persistent questions are persistent because:
they are philosophical questions
According to Galileo, all of the following were true of secondary qualities except:
they are the only qualities of which we can be certain
According to Galileo, all of the following were true of secondary qualities:
they correspond to nothing that exists in the physical world b. they are merely names we give to certain psychological experiences c. they are irrelevant to an understanding of the physical world
Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because:
they fear death
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?
they have many close friends and acquaintances
Darwin believed all of the following about human emotions except:
they were qualitatively different from the emotions of nonhuman animals
For Aristotle, the greatest happiness came from
thinking rationally
For Aristotle, the greatest happiness came from:
thinking rationally
In contemporary psychology, romanticism and existentialism have combined to form:
third-force psychology
According to Hebb, when a cell assembly fires, we experience a(n):
thought of an environmental object
To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of
three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors
To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of:
three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors
Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control, such as male or female, rich or poor, our nationality. This he called:
thrownness
For the Stoics, the basic moral choice a person makes is:
to act or not to act in accordance with nature's plan
Horney believed that the child has two basic needs: ___ and ___.
to be safe; to have biological needs satisfied
As discussed in the book, there are several reasons to study the history of psychology. Which of the following is not one of those discussed in the book?
to see how psychology fits into social/cultural history
According to the romantics, the best way to find out what humans were really like was to study the
total person
In explaining how the elements of thought combine, Titchener emphasized:
traditional associationism
When a patient expresses emotions toward the therapist that once were expressed toward another person, this is called ____.
transference
In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity ____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it otherwise would not possess.
transform
In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity ____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it would not otherwise possess.
transform
Toward the end of his life, Maslow began to develop ____ psychology that went beyond personal experience (mystical, ecstatic, spiritual aspects) and had much in common with non-Western psychologies, philosophies, and religions.
transpersonal and fourth-force
Gestalt psychology's version of the transfer of training was called:
transposition (p. 473)
Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to:
treat them as small adults
The procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape was called
trepanation
What is the procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape?
trepanation
Primitive man viewed illness as a result of evil forces or spirits entering the body. This led to attempts to rid the body of those spirits or evil forces by various means including:
trepanation and bleeding the patient
In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurs when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement are employed is:
trivial
In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurred when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement were employed was:
trivial (p. 475)
A Russian geneticist once said "Nothing about evolution makes sense in the light of modern biology.
true
A scientific theory may be defined as a "coherent set of principles or statements that explain a large set of observations or findings."
true
Alogia is defined as a lack of motivation
true
Bell's research indicated a separation of sensory and motor functions in the nervous system
true
Darwin made his case for humans being a product of evolution in his book On the Origin of Species.
true
Evolution is evident in plants, insects, and some animals, but there is no strong evidence for evolution in humans
true
Evolution occurs through mutations in the organism's DNA structure which results in adaptations, which increase the probability of survival and procreation
true
Most scientists reject Intelligent Design as a valid theory because it fails to meet minimal criteria of scientific verifiability.
true
Pre-Frontal lobotomy has also been referred to as "euthanasia of the mind."
true
Romanticism and Existentialism were reactions to and criticisms of the enlightenment philosophy.
true
Structuralism was essentially an attempt to study scientifically what had been the philosophical concerns of the past.
true
The Positivism of Comte equated knowledge with empirical observations
true
The biological model assumes that all disease is caused by malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain.
true
The first psychology lab was created by Wundt in 1879
true
The major difference between Kierkegaard and Nietzsche was that Kierkegaard believed in God and Nietzsche said God was dead
true
Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the
two-point threshold
What did Weber called the smallest distance between two points at which a subject reported sensing two points instead of one?
two-point threshold
The belief that human behavior is determined but the cause of behavior cannot be accurately measured is called
uncertainty principle
The belief that human behavior is determined but the causes of behavior cannot be accurately measured is called:
uncertainty principle
In Pavlov's experimental example, the meat powder was the
unconditioned stimulus
In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the
unconditioned stimulus
In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the:
unconditioned stimulus
Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to
understand animal consciousness
Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to:
understand animal consciousness (p. 373)
According to Wertheimer, productive thinking occurred as the result of:
understanding
Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that
unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless
Guthrie argued that the learning theories and descriptions proposed by such individuals as Tolman, Hull, Watson, and Skinner were:
unparsimonious
Viktor E. Frankl, Karl Jaspers, and Medard Boss:
used existentialism to understand human nature
The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called
Occam's razor
____ can be viewed as parallelism with divine intervention.
Occasionalism
Which statement would Peter Lombard most likely agree with?
One can learn about God by studying the empirical world.
Alcmaeon
One of the first recorded anatomists - Balance between opposites
___ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being.
Ontology
Law of contrast
Opposite things are associated
Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology.
Overt behavior
Zeno's paradox was offered as proof for whose philosophy?
Parmenides'
According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consists of which of the following?
People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others.
According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consists of which of the following?
People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose.
Bouchard reached which of the following conclusions?
People have similar personality traits to the extent that they are genetically related.
According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following?
People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with God.
According to Erasmus, who is least likely to speak the truth?
Philosophers
Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called:
Philosophical Studies
The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior
Physical determinist
Who developed a cognitive development theory and is considered an even more prolific writer than Wundt?
Piaget
Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called:
Positivism
Anthropomorphism
Projecting human feelings onto inanimate objects
Luther's new religious movement that denied the authority of the pope was called:
Protestantism
All of the following were antecedents of third-force psychology except
Psychoanalysis
___ is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events.
Psychophysics
According to Khun, what happens during the paradigmatic stage of science?
Puzzle-solving activity occurs
____ is the belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type.
Radical behaviorism
Which of the following did Watson's objective psychology have in common with Russian objective psychology?
Rejection of introspection as a research tool
Which of the following is consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers?
Relate new material to what has already been learned.
Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test?
Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods.
For Heidegger, freedom and ___ went hand in hand
Responsibility
The statement "Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with:
Rousseau
The statement, "Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with:
Rousseau
Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism?
Rousseau
According to ____, psychology's persistent questions are most appropriately addressed philosophically rather than scientifically.
Russell and Medawar
Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior?
Salivating when a bell is rung
Blood
Sanguine
The attempt to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology is referred to as:
Scholasticism
Which of the following did Comte believe?
Scientific laws are statements that summarize experiences.
What is the belief that the only valid knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that science can solve all human problems?
Scientism
__ was the belief that the only valid knowledge was scientific knowledge, and that science could solve all human problems
Scientism
Critical Tradition
Self- criticizing (e.g., the Greeks, Socratic doubt)
Imagination
Sense impressions decay over time
Attention
Sense organs retain the motion caused by certain external objects
Galileo used experiments to do which of the following?
Show the uselessness of metaphysics in science
Law of similarity
Similar things are associated
Law of compound association
Single ideas are not associated, rather an idea is usually associated with several other ideas through contiguity or similarity
History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, __ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science
Skinner
According to Hebb, the second phase of the American revolution in psychology would consist of:
using scientific rigor to study cognitive processes
According to ___, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people
utilitarianism
According to ____, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.
utilitarianism
The fact that St. Paul __ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers.
valued faith above reason
Wundt believed that feelings are:
various combinations of three attributes
For Socrates, essences were
verbal definitions
For Socrates, essences were:
verbal definitions
Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations:
vibratiuncles
During the early stages of hypothesis formation, an organism may ponder alternatives at the choice point. This apparent pondering is called:
vicarious trial and error (p. 431)
According to Kelly, the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client:
view things differently
According to Freud, both hysterical symptoms and dreams could be:
viewed as symbolic manifestations of repressed traumatic thoughts
According to Wundt, empiricism lacked an appreciation of:
volitional processes
Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as
voluntarism
According to Skinner, the most important aspect of operant behavior was that it
was controlled by its consequences, not elicited by a stimulus
According to Skinner, the most important aspect of operant behavior was that it:
was controlled by its consequences, not elicited by a stimulus
Both Bacon and Descartes sought to develop a system of thought that:
was impervious to the doubts of the Skeptics
Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"?
Spencer
If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is again presented, the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response. This reappearance of the conditioned response is called:
Spontaneous recovery
Who was responsible for the ontological argument for the existence of God?
St. Anselm
During which stage of early American psychology was the statement "Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God" true?
Stage One: moral and mental philosophy
The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:
Stern
For the __, courage in the face of danger was considered the highest virtue
Stoic
Existentialism
Stressed the meaning of human existence, freedom of choice. and the uniqueness of each individual
Impressions
Strong vivid perceptions
Historicism
Studying history using a contextual approach as opposed to whig history
Berkeley's theory of distance perception
Suggests that for distance to be judged several sensations from different modalities must be associated
Who was the first to emphasize natural explanations and to minimize supernatural explanations?
Thales
the first philosopher was
Thales
Empiricism
That which comes from constant observations; the process of using the senses to gather data
Which of the following did Burt believe?
The "g" or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited.
Why did the APA create the category of associate member for psychologists who held a doctorate but had no scientific publications beyond their dissertation?
The APA had a strong interest in the scientific pursuit of psychological inquiry
Of Darwin's books, the one most directly related to psychology is:
The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals
What did Galton find about mental imagery?
The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed.
Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray's book The Bell Curve?
The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite.
Gall believed which of the following?
The bumps and indentations on the skull indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties
The ____ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes.
The determinist
According to Aristotle, an unmoved mover:
was nature
For Aristotle, sensory experience:
was necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge
Lashley's search for the engram:
was unsuccessful
Gorgias was a solipsist because he believed that:
we can be aware only of our own experiences and mental states
Kant agreed with Hume that
we can never experience the physical world of directly
Which of the following did Darwin believe?
The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree.
What is Müller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy?
The doctrine of specific nerve energies
Copernicus argues that
The earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory
The approach to writing a history of psychology that takes the best from a variety of viewpoints is referred to as
The eclectic approach
Paradigm
The entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques and so on shared by the members of a given (scholarly) community
Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists?
The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement
Cosmology
The explanation of origin, structure, and processes governing the universe; universe is explainable
Petrarch believed in which of the following?
The human spirit should be freed from medieval traditions
What did romanticism and existentialism have in common?
The importance of subjective experience
What concerns were held by both St. Augustine and St. Jerome?
The influence that pagan philosophies held over Christians
What aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning
The laws of association
Which analogy best illustrates the concept of double aspectism?
The mind and the body are like two sides of a coin
What is true of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind?
The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas.
William of Occam believed that
we could know the world directly without being concerned about a "higher" reality beyond our sensory experience and the mind classifies things on the basis of what they have in common
According to Kant:
we must be forever ignorant of physical reality
Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct?
we strike a person and then become angry
If any conceivable observation supports a theory, Popper would conclude that the theory is:
weak
When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they:
were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success
Most existentialists accept Nietzsche's proclamation:
what does not kill me, makes me stronger
According to Guthrie, the effectiveness of punishment is determined by:
what it causes an organism to do in the presence of stimuli that elicit undesirable behavior (p. 441)
Philosophy began:
when logos replaced mythos
Insightful learning occurs
when the things necessary for a problem's solution are present (p. 472)
Posthypnotic suggestion is
where an individual is told to perform some act while in a hypnotic trance and then they actually perform the act after being aroused from the trance
Posthypnotic suggestion is:
where an individual is told to perform some act while in a hypnotic trance and then they actually perform the act after being aroused from the trance
The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was
will
The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was:
will
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
-Interested in individual differences, in particular gifted and retarded children - Influenced Thorndike to move away from inherited intelligence - Studied women and eminence and women's performance during the menstrual cycle - Challenged the concept that women were inherently less intelligent than men
Freud concluded that every dream is a ____, meaning a symbolic expression of a desire that the dreamer could not express directly without experiencing anxiety.
wish fulfillment
According to Popper, scientific activity begins:
with a problem
The Hippocratics believed that hysteria afflicted only:
women
Horney believed that women often feel inferior to men because:
women are culturally inferior to men
According to Adler, which of the following describes the conceptual development of a child?
worldview | guiding fictions | lifestyle
Helmholtz found that when individuals with normal sight wore distorted lenses they
would make perceptual mistakes at first but then would adapt and perceive normally
Helmholtz found that when individuals with normal sight wore distorted lenses they:
would make perceptual mistakes at first but then would adapt and perceive normally
According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a ____ afterimage.
yellow
The first Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) was offered by the:
University of Illinois
____ maintains that life can never be completely explained in terms of material things and mechanical laws.
Vitalism
____ promotes that life can never be completely explained in terms of material things and mechanical laws.
Vitalism
According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning?
A child's natural interests
Searle concluded which of the following?
A computer can pass the Turing test without being able to think.
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common?
A criticism of the organized church and science
In 1988, a group of scientific psychologists protested the prevailing interests of the American Psychological Association (APA) by creating the:
American Psychological Society (APS)
____ proposed an infinite number of elements, called seeds, from which everything comes.
Anaxagoras
Which of the following statements is supported by the work of the Brelands?
Animal behavior cannot be properly understood without a knowledge of the animal's instinctual tendencies.
Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's at about the same times that Darwin formulated his own theory
Wallace
Lashley did pioneering ethological research with:
Watson
When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position, Titchener was not upset because he (Titchener) believed that:
Watson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper
Whig Psychology
We think about today and our knowledge as "normal" and we look at what these people did in those times and think they are stupid
Ideas
Weak perceptions;Faint images in thinking and reasoning
Who wrote a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches' Hammer) and referred to witch burning as "Godlessness"?
Weyer
Presentism
What are the movements in the past that explain our present beliefs
Zeitgeist
What is believed at the time; spirit of the times
Which of the following did Zing Yang Kuo find?
What might be thought to be an instinctive behavior, such as a cat killing a rat, is actually based on life experiences.
Sensation
When a sense organ is stimulated and the impulse reaches the brain
For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.
Why
Who denounced the search for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance?
William of Occam
The founder of sociobiology was:
Wilson
Why is it inaccurate to say that psychology is becoming cognitively oriented?
With only a few exceptions psychology has always been cognitively oriented.
Which of the following best describes Vaihinger's attitude toward "fictions"?
Without them, societal living would be impossible.
Who developed the language games
Wittgenstain
Hull's theory can be seen as an elaboration of the "O" in ____ S-O-R conception of psychology.
Woodworth's
Theory of Humors
Yellow bile, black bile, blood, phlegm
Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior is caused by:
a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain
Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior was caused by:
a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain (p. 392)
For Titchener, attention is:
a clearness of sensation
Lightner Witmer made three lasting impressions on clinical psychology. Of the following, which is not reflective of those lasting impressions?
a conception that clinical psychologists should be eclectic
When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response, the reaction is called
a conditioned response (CR)
When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response, the reaction is called:
a conditioned response (CR)
Wundt was
a determinist
Plato's analogy of the divided line illustrates:
a hierarchy of understanding
According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is
a matter of choice
Which of the following best describes Guthrie's view of "reinforcement"?
a mechanical arrangement that prevents unlearning
The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is driving exemplifies:
a mental set and a determining tendency
According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act?
a motive or need
According to the author of your text, contemporary psychology is:
a multiparadigmatic science
Nietzsche believed that
a person had to create whatever meaning his or her life was going to have
For Rousseau, the best guide for human conduct was
a person's honest feelings and inclinations
Insightful learning has several characteristics. Which one of the following is not one of the characteristics?
a principle gained by insight is not readily applied to other problems (p. 473)
Galileo was among the first to suggest that
a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible
The self has 2 parts (James)
-The "I" (pure ego, knows things) - The "me" (empirical self): the material self, the social self, the spiritual self
The first quantitative law in psychology was
-websters law
During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was generally taken as a sign of
-witchcraft, or sin/supernatural
Bouchard estimated the heritability of intelligence to be about:
.70
3 Types of Conflict (Lewin)
1. Approach-approach conflict (2 attractive goals and you can't make up your mind) 2. Avoidance-avoidance conflict (2 unattractive goals and you want neither) 3. Approach-avoidance conflict (attractive and unattractive aspects about a goal)
Defence Mechanisms (Anna Freud)
1. Displacement 2. Projection 3. Rationalization 4. Reaction Formation
3 Habits Humans Form (Watson)
1. Emotional (innate respones of fear, rage, love) 2. Manual (range of muscular responses allowing the accomplishment of physical tasks) 3. Verbal (No thought without language, ' thought is nothing but talking to ourselves')
Stream of Consciousness (James)
1. Every thought is my own and no one elses (personal consciousness) 2. Thought is always changing) 3. Consciousness is sensibly continuous. 4. Object of our thought is the undivided state of consciousness. 5. Interested in some parts of objects to the exclusion of others.
3 Term Contingencies (Skinner)
1. The environment provides a stimulus situation 2. Elicits a response 3. Followed by a reinforcing stimulus
Horney believed Freud
1. Underestimated the role of social factors in personality 2. Overestimated the role of sexuality 3. Overestimated early childhood experiences
Scientific Management (Taylor)
1. Work plan given minimum 24 hours prior 2. Complete written instructions of plan 3. The means to do the work had to be ready
Theory
1. organized empirical observations 2. act as a guide for future observations
Titchener concluded that there were about ____ identifiable sensations, most of which were related to the sense of ____.
40,000; vision
Bouchard and his colleagues found the heritability for personality traits to be about ____ and for religious interest, attitudes, and values to be about ____.
50;50
Estimates show that about ____ of the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA) identify themselves as health care providers.
70%
Connectionism takes as its model a complex system of artificial neurons called a:
neural network
Feelings
Accompanied sensations and could be described along three dimensions (tridimensional theory of pleasantness) [Pleasantness-unpleasantness; excitement-calm; strain-relaxtion] of feelings
What was James's advice with regard to emotional experience?
Act the way you want to feel.
Which of the following will be most helpful to an individual's survival in a given environment?
Adaptive features
The Enlightenment is also referred to as the :
Age of Reason
The Enlightenment is also referred to as:
Age of reason
Which of the following is consistent with neobehaviorism?
All theoretical terms must be operationally defined.
Wertheimer was influenced by and took several courses from which of the following men?
Ehrenfels
Which of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology?
Elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans.
Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists?
Empiricists used induction via a"bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach
This person preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title "Destroyer of Religion."
Epicurus
Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question?
Epiphenomenalism
Objective Reality
Exist independent of one's own perception
Husserl's phenomenology soon expanded into
Existentialism
According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science?
Existing paradigms are displaced
Double aspectism
Experience is the connection between the mind and body communication
Mechanism
Explaining human behaviour as a machine, like the functioning of a clock
What is one of the criticisms of adaptationism?
Factors other than adaptation can cause evolutionary change
Who believes that science cannot be characterized by any set of prescribed methods, principles, or rules?
Feyerabend.
The purpose for which an object exists is its ____ cause:
Final
Alexander Bain
First Psychologist
Kierkegaard
First modern existentialist
____ positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining rationalism and empiricism.
Logical (p. 424)
Philosophy
Love of knowledge and wisdom
According to ____, when a person has a desire to move his arm, God is aware of this desire and moves the person's arm.
Malebranche
What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?
Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population
Experimentalism
Manipulated variables under controlled settings to examine a causal relationship
Which psychologist would posit that psychology is a science with a core content and widely accepted processes and principles?
Matarazzo
You are a monist with regard to the mind-body question. Which of the following does your position most likely represent?
Materialism
Black bile
Melancholic, ill tempered
What was the outcome of Mesmer's proposal that 10 of his patients be treated by him and 10 be treated by members of the French Academy of Medicine, and then the results compared?
Mesmer's proposal was rejected
Parallelism
Mind and body are separate entities
Which of the following statements is most closely associated with Angell?
Mind and body cannot be separated; they act as a unit in an organism's struggle for survival.
Interactionism
Mind and body interact and communicate together
Law of constructive association
Mind can rearrange memories of experiences into an almost infinite number of combinations, accounts for creativity
Law of frequency
More often events occur together - stronger the association
____ combined behaviorism and logical positivism
Neobehaviorism
____ combined behaviorism and logical positivism.
Neobehaviorism
Why were the Greek nobility more likely to follow the Olympian religion rather than the Dionysiac-Orphic religion?
The personification of orderliness, rationality, and intelligence in the Olympian gods
What did McDougall include in his definition of psychology that Watson did not?
The study of human consciousness
Historiography is:
The study of the proper way to write history
Epiphenomenon
The subjective experience of external phenomenon
Which of the following most characterized Rousseau's utopian society?
The surrender of the individual will to the general will
Which of the following is a characteristic of insightful learning?
The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete.
According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle.
Thesis
Which is a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?
They are creative.
What was true of the British empiricists?
They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles.
During his early career, Freud first made a name for himself as a:
neuroanimist
Which of the following is true of the Hippocratics?
They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of both physical and mental illness.
Which of the following is true of neural networks?
They process several sequences of information simultaneously.
What did Martin Buber and Ernest Becker share in common with Rollo May?
They were interested in myth and human convention
Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior?
Thorndike
The first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior, was done by:
Thorndike (p. 373)
Pavlov acknowledged that ____ objective work on the learning process preceded his own.
Thorndike's (p. 393)
Ethology was developed primarily by Von Frisch, Lorenz, and:
Tinbergen
What was a goal of St.Thomas Aquinas?
To strengthen the position of the church through reason
Who introduced the use of intervening variables into psychology?
Tolman
According to the text, Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory can be considered a direct descendent of ____ theory.
Tolman's
Which of the following best describes Charcot's explanation of hysteria?
Traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms.
The York Retreat was founded by ____; it provided freedom, respect, and medical treatment for the mentally ill and became a model for mental health institutions throughout the world.
Tuke
The founder of artificial intelligence was:
Turing
The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called:
c. Zoroastrianism (p. 74)
According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is:
c. a matter of choice
For Leibniz, sensory experience was important because it:
c. allowed the potential ideas within us to become actualized (p. 186)
According to Jung, the ____ provided the masculine component of the female personality and a framework within which females can interact with males.
c. animus (p. 557)
Heidegger believed that when individuals exercised their freedom, they experienced ____, and if they did not, they experienced ____.
c. anxiety; guilt (p. 575)
For Hartley, the only process that converted simple ideas into complex ideas was:
c. association (p. 151)
According to Jung, the ____ was the deepest and most powerful component of the personality.
c. collective unconscious (p. 556)
Adler departed from Freudian theory with his concept of ____, in which he claimed that humans did not need to be victims of their past, their environment, or their biological inheritance.
c. creative self (p. 561)
Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature.
c. empirical philosophy; Newtonian science (p. 144)
For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence was to:
c. enter into a personal, emotional union with God (p. 81)
Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process?
c. evolution just happens (p. 300)
Husserl's phenomenology soon expanded into:
c. existentialism (p. 573)
The only justification for accepting Copernicus' heliocentric theory was that it:
c. explained known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order (p. 107)
For Wittgenstein, language:
created reality and is a tool used by members of a community to communicate with one another
The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced along with it.
contiguity
The cornerstone of Guthrie's theory of learning was the law of:
contiguity (p. 439)
Stimuli that seem to go in the same direction from a perceptual unit exemplify which Gestalt principle?
continuity (p. 468)
Correlational laws allow for prediction, but causal laws permit prediction and __________
control
Nietzsche believed that the best life reflected
controlled passion
Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects:
controlled passion
For James, by controlling one's thoughts, one:
controls one's behavior
Roger Sperry and his colleagues discovered that information could be transferred from one cerebral hemisphere to the other via the:
corpus callosum and optic chiasm
Bessel used personal equations to:
correct differences in the reaction times among various observers
When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be:
correlated
__ describe how classes of events vary together in some systematic way
correlation laws
Before Thomas Kuhn, scientific activity was guided by the:
correspondence theory of truth
Terman believed that those with low intelligence:
could not be moral people
If during psychoanalysis the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the client, ___ has occurred.
countertransference
If during psychoanalysis, the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the patient, ____ has occurred.
countertransference
According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____
create ideas of physical attributes (solidarity, extension, shape, motion quantity); create ideas with no physical counterpart; (Color, sound, temperature, taste)
Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology.
motivation
Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, so he called his psychology dynamic psychology.
motivation (p. 368)
According to Guthrie, the association between stimuli and a(n) ____ is formed in one-trial.
movement
Horney described three major adjustment patterns available to neurotic people (those with basic anxiety). Which of the following is not one of the three?
moving with people (social type)
According to Husserl, experimental psychology:
must be preceded by phenomenological analysis
Neoplatonism is a philosophy that emphasized the most ____ aspects of Plato's philosophy.
mystical
The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called:
naive realism
According to May, ____ examines the stories by which people live and understand their lives and the effectiveness of those stories.
narrative therapy
Behavioral geneticists tend toward ____ because they believe that at least some thought processes or behavior patterns are strongly influenced by heredity.
nativism
The 18th century belief that mental illness was punishment for a sinful life was called:
natural law
According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the __ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value
natural selection
According to Woodworth, an organism will act differently in the same physical environment depending on what:
need or drive is present
According to Woodworth, in the same physical environment, an organism would act differently depending on what:
need or drive was present (pp. 368-369)
Helmholtz found that when individuals who had been blind since birth acquired sight they
need to learn to perceive
Helmholtz found that when individuals who had been blind since birth acquired sight they:
needed to learn to perceive
Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold:
negative sensations
