Final Review & Quizzes 1-9

Galileo was among the first to suggest that:

a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible

According to Hume, the mind is:

a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment

According to Szasz, the typical diagnosis of mental illness most often reflects a(n) ____.

a social judgment

Who, even before Pinel, argued that the mentally ill should be spared physical restraint and harsh treatment?

a. Chiarugi (p. 497)

Descartes concluded that we could trust sensory information because:

a. God created our sensory apparatus and God would not deceive us (p. 119)

According to the Deist:

a. God created the universe but thereafter had no involvement with it (p. 112)

Philo believed all of the following except:

a. God formed humans from dust and breathed life into their nostrils (pp. 72-73) --b. courage in the face of adversity was the highest virtue c. all knowledge came from God d. sensory experience should be avoided because it interferes with an understanding of God

Among the Renaissance humanists, Skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by:

a. Montaigne (p. 104)

In The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud refers to minor errors in everyday living such as slips of the tongue, forgetting things, and small accidents which are called:

a. Parapraxes (p. 528)

After Mesmer sank into obscurity as a result of a commission's findings about his practices, which of the following men gave well-received lectures on animal magnetism in the United States?

a. Poyen (p. 506)

All of the following individuals searched for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance except:

a. Pythagoras b. Plato ---c. William of Occam d. Aquinas (p. 92)

Which of the following questions raised by the Wurzburg school contributed to the downfall of structuralism?

a. Was there imageless thought or not? b. Could introspection be used to study the dynamics of the mind? (p. 285) c. Is it possible that some individuals have imageless thoughts and other individuals do not? --d. all of these choices

Which of the following accepted a completely materialistic philosophy?

a. Zeno of Citium b. the Epicureans c. the Stoics d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)

For Rousseau, the best guide for human conduct was (were):

a. a person's honest feelings and inclinations (p. 210)

Skinner was all of the following except:

a. a positivist --b. a logical positivist (p. 442) c. a radical behaviorist d. a descriptive behaviorist

Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom?

a. aesthetic - ethical - religious (p. 220)

All of the following are true about Hull's theory except:

a. after Hull's death, his theory was perpetuated primarily by Kenneth W. Spence b. Hull's theory was enormously popular from its inception into the 1960s c. Hull's theory is now viewed as being mainly of historical interest ---d. Hull's theory is more compatible with contemporary cognitive psychology than is Tolman's theory (p. 438)

Events following the death of Aristotle created a situation in which people sought:

a. answers to questions concerning problems of everyday living (p. 66)

Nietzsche believed all of the following except:

a. anything that increases a person's power was good ---b. without human companionship, human existence was meaningless (p. 224) c. anything that does not kill a person strengthened him or her d. happiness was the feeling that one's power was growing

Which of the following is not one of the abilities that Binet attempted to improve with his mental orthopedics?

a. attention b. will --c. test taking skills (p. 313) d. discipline

Descartes followed all of the following rules while seeking certainty except:

a. avoid all prejudgments b. proceed in an orderly fashion from the simple to the complex c. accept only conclusions that are beyond any doubt (p. 119) ---d. always proceed from the general to the specific

Hippocrates used all of the following treatments except:

a. baths b. fresh air c. proper diet --d. trepanation (p. 492)

When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living, the person:

a. becomes incongruent (p. 594) b. is no longer true to his or her own true feelings c. is not a fully functioning person -- d. all of these choices

According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied we feel:

a. bored (p. 215)

Anna Freud not only perpetuated her father's ideas, she extended them into new areas such as:

a. child analysis b. education c. child rearing -- d. all of these choices (p. 553)

Abelard's proposed compromise between nominalism (concepts summarize individual experience) and realism (once concepts are formed, they exist apart from individual experience), is called:

a. conceptualism (p. 87)

Galileo used experiments to do all of the following except:

a. demonstrate the existence of scientific laws b. convince Skeptics of the existence of scientific laws c. show the usefulness of mathematics in science ---d. show that essences are important for explanations (pp. 109-110)

Maslow referred to the tendency of some psychologists to use the scientific method to cut themselves off from the poetic, romantic, and spiritual aspects of human nature as:

a. desacralization

The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to:

a. distinguish between normal and retarded children (p. 311)

By equating God and nature, Spinoza:

a. eliminated the distinction between the sacred and the secular b. denied the existence of an anthropomorphic God and revelation c. embraced pantheism d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)

Titchener:

a. excluded women from membership in his organization, "The Experimentalists" b. supervised the research of the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology c. supervised the research of more female Ph.D.s than any psychologist of his generation d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)

Bacon believed that ____ must precede ____.

a. experiments of light; experiments of fruit (p. 117)

Newton believed all of the following except:

a. explanations of natural events must always be as simple as possible b. natural events can never be explained by postulating properties inherent to them c. classification is not explanation --d. because God created the universe, physical events can be understood in terms of their purpose

For James, tough-minded people are all of the following except:

a. fact-oriented --b. dogmatic (p. 346) c. materialistic d. fatalistic

Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a:

a. general impression (p. 271)

According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constituted the:

a. idol of the cave (p. 116)

In dream analysis, displacement is when:

a. instead of dreaming about an anxiety-provoking event, the dreamer dreams of something symbolically similar to it (p. 526)

Which of the following is not a characteristic of James' stream of consciousness?

a. it is personal ---b. it can be divided up for analysis (p. 341) c. it is constantly changing d. it is selective

All of the following were true of Aquinas' theology except:

a. it joined faith and reason b. it made the study of nature respectable c. it demonstrated that church dogma was debatable --d. it argued successfully that the Christian church should be as it had been described by St. Augustine (p. 90)

Bechterev criticized Pavlov's saliva method of studying conditioned reflexes for all the following reasons except:

a. it necessitated an operation b. it could not be used easily on humans c. it caused reactions in the experimental animal that could contaminate the experiment ---d. it was too similar to introspective analysis (p. 396)

Newton believed all of the following about the universe except that:

a. it was a machine created by God b. it operated according to principles that humans could discover --c. it was too complex to be understood by anyone but God d. it operated according to principles that could be expressed in precise mathematical terms

Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology?

a. it was useless in understanding higher mental processes (p. 266)

In the famous lecture "Psychology as a behaviorist views it," Watson outlined the tenets of behavioral psychology. Which of the following was not listed as part of the behavioral philosophy?

a. its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior b. introspection forms no essential part of its method c. the behaviorist...recognizes no dividing line between man and brute (animal) ---d. the value of introspective data is recognized as important for a complete analysis of human behavior (p. 401)

Which of the following is not one of Hume's laws of association?

a. law of opposition (pp. 146-147)

The humanistic psychologist believes all of the following except:

a. little of value can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals b. subjective reality is the primary guide for human behavior c. psychology should attempt to discover those things that expand and enrich human experience ---d. studying groups of humans is more informative than studying individuals (p. 586)

According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is really about is its ____ content.

a. manifest; latent (p. 526)

Those before Helmholtz who believed in animal spirits, or a vital force, believed that:

a. measuring the speed of nerve conduction was impossible (p. 238)

For classroom practices, Locke advocated:

a. mild punishment for undesirable behavior b. a step-by-step approach to teaching complex topics c. the recognition and praise of student accomplishments --d. all of these choices (p. 139)

Those who said so-called universals were nothing more than convenient verbal labels were called:

a. nominalists (pp. 91-92)

According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by:

a. perception b. behavior c. emotion ---d. sentiment (p. 414)

Nietzsche's ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy.

a. perspectivism (p. 223)

Determining a person's character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily structure, posture, and movement, was called:

a. physiognomy (p. 244)

The ____ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief, conflict, and frustration.

a. psychological (p. 488)

On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do. This is called:

a. psychophysical parallelism (p. 187)

Which of the following characterized the Enlightenment?

a. rationality and the methods of science were glorified b. a belief that societal perfection could be approximated c. a belief that knowledge was power d. all of these choices (p. 207)

Watson's objective psychology had all of the following in common with Russian objective psychology except:

a. rejection of introspection as a research tool (p. 403) b. rejection of mentalism in an explanation of behavior ---c. an interest in brain physiology d. rejection of the contention that consciousness could cause behavior

Freud believed all of the following except:

a. religion is an illusion ---b. both science and religion result from the human tendency to create myths (p. 537) c. humans will take advantage of their fellow humans any way they can d. religious principles could be, and should be, replaced by scientific principles as guides for living

Throughout history, the basic reasons for seeking help have been to obtain assistance in:

a. removing, modifying, or controlling anxiety, depression, alienation, or other distressing psychological states b. changing undesirable behavior patterns such as timidity or drug abuse c. promoting more positive personal growth and the development of greater meaning in one's life -- d. all of these choices (p. 489)

The mystery religions that were influential in the early Roman Empire were characterized by all of the following except

a. secret rites b. communion ceremonies c. beliefs concerning death and rebirth ---d. a belief in multiple Gods (p. 74)

Jung referred to the harmonious blending of all aspects of the personality as:

a. self-actualization (p. 557)

Spinoza believed the master motive for human behavior and thought to be:

a. self-preservation

Condillac was convinced that all of the powers that Locke attributed to the mind could be observed simply from the abilities to:

a. sense b. remember c. experience pleasure and pain d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)

Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?

a. she was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association b. she was the first woman president of the American Philosophical Association c. she made significant contributions to self-psychology --d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)

According to the author of your text, which of the following would be (an) appropriate part(s) of the answer to the question, "Is psychology a science?"

a. some aspects of psychology are scientific b. some aspects of psychology are not yet scientific but someday they may be c. some aspects of psychology will probably never be scientific

In Studies on Hysteria, many basic tenets of psychoanalysis were presented. Among these are:

a. symptoms are symbolic representations of underlying traumatic experiences that are repressed b. repressed memories are held in the unconscious because they provoke anxiety c. fundamental to the idea is that the repressed experiences and conflicts do not go away -- d. all of these choices (p. 524)

The early physician, Alcmaeon, proposed:

a. that health resulted from a balance of qualities in the body b. the physician's job was to help the patient regain equilibrium c. that sensation, memory, thinking, and understanding occurred in the brain d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)

All of the following agreed that there was a higher truth beyond any that could be experienced through the senses (though they disagreed as to what that higher truth was) except:

a. the Pythagoreans b. Plato (p. 91) c. the Scholastics ---d. the nominalists

The contention that the frequency with which a response is made increases if the response is followed by a pleasurable event and decreases if it is followed by a painful event was called:

a. the Spencer-Bain principle (p. 295)

One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with the church was over:

a. the age of the earth (p. 300)

Szasz argued that:

a. the belief that mental illness is a real medical illness has hurt more people than it has helped b. labeling problems in living as an illness or a disease implies that people are not responsible for their behavior and not responsible for solving their problems c. diagnosing a person as having a particular mental illness or disease may encourage him or her to think and act in ways dictated by the diagnosis -- d. all of these choices (p. 503)

Epicurus believed all of the following except:

a. the goal of life was happiness b. people should avoid excesses (p. 69) ---c. the soul left the body at death and was judged by God d. reason and choice had to be exercised in order to live a balanced life

Petrarch believed all of the following except:

a. the human spirit should be freed from medieval traditions b. religion should be like that described by St. Augustine c. life in this world is at least as important as life after death ---d. Scholasticism contained most of the solutions to human problems (p. 99)

Of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind, which one is not true?

a. the mind neither creates nor destroys ideas b. the mind can arrange existing ideas in an almost infinite number of configurations ---c. the mind clarifies innate ideas d. the mind combines simple ideas into complex ideas

Using Kuhn's terminology to describe the conditions of the 14th and 15th centuries, all of the following were true except:

a. the period was characterized by the intense creativity that results when several paradigms coexist (p. 93)

Helmholtz and many of his colleagues believed all of the following except:

a. the same laws apply to living and nonliving things b. nothing needed to be excluded from scientific analysis ---c. as useful as science was, it could never investigate life itself (p. 237) d. without innate ideas our knowledge of the physical world would be incomplete or distorted

Galileo believed all of the following except:

a. the universe could be understood only in mathematical terms b. true reality existed beyond the world of appearances (p. 109) c. Copernicus' heliocentric theory ---d. the geocentric theory

Gall believed all of the following except:

a. there was a relationship between the size of the cortex and intelligence b. the faculties of the mind were located in specific locations c. the bumps and indentations on the skull could be used to measure the magnitude of the underlying faculties ---d. the mind functioned as an indivisible whole (pp. 244-245)

All of the following were true of the British empiricists except:

a. they attempted to explain the functioning of the mind as Newton had explained the functioning of the universe b. they denied the existence of innate ideas c. they believed that all ideas were derived from experience (p. 131) ---d. they denied the existence of mental events

One important discovery of Fritsch and Hitzig was:

a. they found that when a certain area of the cortex was stimulated, muscular movements were elicited from the opposite side of the body (p. 250)

According to Sulloway, all of the following were valid criticisms of Freud and his followers except:

a. they had a low tolerance for ideas that conflicted with their own b. they claimed their opponents were displaying neurotic resistance ---c. they were overly cautious about experimentally verifying their concepts before presenting them to the public (p. 539) d. they tended to ignore the work that preceded their own, thereby creating the impression that their work was original

Terman found all of the following to be true of the children who participated in his study of genius except:

a. they had parents of above-average intelligence --b. because their intellectual ability developed so quickly and early in life, it was slower than average following childhood (pp. 319-321) c. they participated in a wide range of activities d. they had learned to read at an early age

Maslow found that all of the following characterized self-actualizing individuals except:

a. they were creative b. they were sometimes silly, wasteful, or thoughtless c. they sometimes had temper outbursts ---d. they were highly gregarious (p. 589)

Yerkes believed that for intelligence tests to be effective in the armed forces all of the following would need to be true except:

a. they would need to be administered to groups instead of individuals b. they would need to measure native intelligence c. they would need to be easy to administer and score ---d. they would need to be administered to one individual at a time (p. 324)

All of the following were goals of the British empiricists and the French sensationalists except:

a. to explain the mind as Newton had explained the physical world ---b. to show that metaphysical speculation could not be abandoned when attempting to explain human behavior (p. 162) c. to minimize or eliminate metaphysical speculation while explaining human psychology d. to explain mental events in mechanistic terms

Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the following is not representative of the position?

a. truth depends on the perceiver, not on physical reality b. perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences of individuals affect their perceptions ---c. what is truth is not affected by the culture in which one lives (p. 41) d. to understand why a person believes as he or she does, one must understand the person

Which of the following is not a theme that describe functionalist ideas?

a. understand the function of the mind b. wanted psychology to be a practical applied science ---c. were opposed to study of animals and children (p. 337) d. more interested in what made people different rather than their similarities

The fact that St. Paul ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers.

a. valued faith above reason (p. 76)

Margaret Floy Washburn:

a. was Titchener's first Ph.D. candidate b. was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology c. made significant contributions to comparative psychology d. all of these choices (this is the correct answer)

Kant agreed with Hume that:

a. we can never experience the physical world directly

For Binswanger, the way an individual views and embraces the world and through which one lives one's life is called:

a. world-design (p. 576)

Darwin defined fitness in terms of an organism's

ability to survive and reproduce

Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the:

absolute threshold

Albert Camus is often associated with the existential idea that to search for life's pre-ordained purpose is futile. This concept is referred to as the:

absurd

Which statement is most consistent with a Cynic's point of view?

Anything natural is good

Phlegm

Apathetic, dull, sluggish

Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness.

Apollonian

At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between:

Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies

Which of the following occurred during the Dark Ages (c. 400-1000)?

Arab philosophy, science, and theology flourished

Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1700 years before Copernicus?

Aristarchus of Samos

According to Lewin, ____ believed that uniqueness (individual differences) was a distortion caused by external forces interfering with an organism's natural growth tendencies.

Aristotle (p. 477)

Lewin distinguished between ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized inner essences and categories, and ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces.

Aristotle's; Galileo's

Epistemology

Asserts that the evidence of sense constitute the primary data of all knowledge

Law of contiguity

Associate things that occurred close in time and/or in same situations

Pavlov is to conditioned reflex as Bechterev is to:

Association reflex

Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions?

At one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival.

The person who discovered that the retina, not the lens, is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease was

Averroes

La Mettrie believed that

accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world

Because of the influence of Carl Stumpf, ____ and Gestalt psychology have much in common.

act psychology

James' advice concerning emotional experience was

act the way you want to feel

According to May, exercising one's freedom means:

acting contrary to traditions, mores, or conventions

Using the method of ____, the subject is instructed to adjust a variable stimulus so that its magnitude appears to equal that of a standard stimulus. After this, the average difference between the variable stimuli and the standard is determined.

adjustment

Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely

all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection

Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely:

all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection

According to Aristotle, __ posses a soul

all living things

According to Aristotle, ____ possess a soul.

all living things

Which is true about Franz

all, exercism, restore, stronger magnets

For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of:

allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object

According to Spencer, the best government is one that:

allows free competition among all its citizens

For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that

allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will

For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that:

allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will

According to Guthrie, practice improves the performance of a skill because it:

allows many specific S-R associations to be formed

For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it:

allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized

Wundt's concept of mental chronometry is:

an accurate cataloging of the time it took to perform various mental acts

According to Locke, a secondary quality was:

an aspect of the physical world that could only stimulate psychological experiences

According to Seligman, ____ determines how easily an animal will learn an association.

an association's place on the preparedness continuum

The co-option of an original adaptation for a useful but unrelated function is called:

an exaptation

According to pragmatism

an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness

According to pragmatism:

an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness

The Hippocrates believed that physical illness was caused by:

an imbalance of the four bodily humors

The Hippocratics believed that physical illness was caused by:

an imbalance of the four bodily humors

According to Melanie Klein, notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, come from:

an infant's interactions with his or her mother's breast during the oral stage

According to Koffka, as adults, most of our conscious experiences are determined by:

an interaction between memory processes and memory traces or trace systems

Which of the following was a theme running through functionalism

an interest in the function of the mind rather than its contents

Which of the following was a theme running through functionalism?

an interest in the function of the mind rather than its contents (p. 336)

According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes:

an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction

An ____ character tends to be generous, messy, or wasteful, while an ____ character tends to be stingy, orderly, and perhaps perfectionistic.

anal-expulsive; anal-retentive

According to Jung, the ____ provided the feminine component of the male personality and a framework within which males can interact with females.

anima

According to Descartes, when a sense receptor is stimulated, "delicate threads" are pulled and cavities in the brain are opened, thereby releasing ____ into the nerves.

animal spirits

Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be __, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ___

animalistic, good

Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____.

animalistic; good

The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicated that:

animals learned constantly, but only translated what had been learned into behavior when there was a incentive to do so

Viewing all of nature as though it were alive is called:

animism

Persistent observations after they have already occurred is called

anomaly

Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain is called a(n)

anomaly

The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against:

anthropocentrism

In a discipline that Kant called ____, he discussed such topics as gender differences, marriage, insanity, and production and control of human behavior.

anthropology

Projecting human attributes onto nature is called:

anthropomorphism

projecting human attributes onto nature is called

anthropomorphism

According to Heidegger, what goes hand in hand with freedom?

anxiety and responsibility

Heidegger believed that when individuals exercise their freedom, they experience ____, and if they do not, they experience ____.

anxiety; guilt

The Cynic's view would propose

anything natural is good

According to Lewin, a psychological fact was:

anything of which a person was aware at any given moment

What did Kelly find to be effective in treating individuals with emotional problems?

anything that caused the clients to view themselves or their problems differently

The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was the observation of:

apparent movement

The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is:

apperceived

Leibniz's term for awareness was

apperception

According to Herbart, the ____ contains all of the ideas to which we are attending.

apperceptive mass

Munsterberg's efforts did much to create:

applied psychology

Within psychology in the U.S., interests in individual differences and ____ have always been closely related.

applied psychology

Herbart was one of the first to:

apply a mathematical model to psychology

The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is

appreceived

When one has mixed feelings about one goal, what type of conflict is this?

approach - avoidance conflict

According to the Gestaltists' idea of transposition, if an animal is trained to approach a medium gray card and to avoid a black card, and then is presented with a medium gray card along with a white one, the animal will tend to:

approach the white card

Which type of conflict is most difficult to resolve?

approach-avoidance

Neural networks based on Hebb's rule ____; however, back-propagation systems ____.

are self-correcting; require a "teacher" to provide feedback about performance

Reid viewed faculties of the mind as:

aspects of a unified mind

According to the author of the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to:

assimilate the doctrine of evolution

According to the author of your text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to

assimilate the doctrine of evolution

According to the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to:

assimilate the doctrine of evolution

All of the British empiricists following Hobbes used the concept of ____ to explain why mental events are experienced or remembered in a particular order.

association

For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is:

association

What Pavlov called a conditioned reflex, Bechterev called a ____ reflex.

association

The Skinnerian version of behavior therapy

assumes that abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as any normal behavior

The Skinnerian version of behavior therapy:

assumes that abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as any normal behavior (p. 449)

Which of the following is not part of the traditional view of science?

assumption of dualism

Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded his because it:

attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity

Wundt believed that schizophrenia might be explained as a breakdown of the:

attentional processes

Who was the first physician to argue against labeling individuals as witches?

b. Agrippa (p. 495)

Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1,700 years before Copernicus?

b. Aristarchus of Samos (p. 106)

The person who discovered that the retina, not the lens, is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease was:

b. Averroes (p. 84)

Herbart's concepts of the unconscious, repression, and conflict most likely affected the theory of ____.

b. Freud (p. 199)

According to Berkeley, the physical world (external reality) existed because:

b. God perceives it (p. 141)

Which of the following was a negative aspect of Protestantism?

b. It insisted on accepting the existence of God on faith alone; trying to understand God through reason was foolish. (p. 103)

Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of

Bacon

Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of:

Bacon

Hippocrates

Based all of his practices on objective observations - Diseases result from natural causes - Father of medicine and psychology Advocate of the involvement of women into medicine

Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S. behaviorism that was Pavlov's research on secretion?

Bechterev

Associationism

Belief that one or more laws of association can be used to explain the origins of ideas, memory, or how complex ideas are formed from simple ones

Who is most likely to support the statement, "Our genetic predisposition determines our behavior?"

Biological determinist

While studying artificial somnambulism, Puysegur discovered the phenomenon later called:

Both posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia

Who made the phenomenon of neuro-hypnology (later shortened to "hypnosis") respectable within the medical community?

Braid

For Luther, what is the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism?

Catholicism assimilated Aristotelian philosophy

Yellow bile

Choleric, irascible, easily angered

Who created the field that came to be known as information theory?

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the:

Clever Han's phenomenon

It is often found that the supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal is nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the:

Clever Hans phenomenon

Because of the principle of ____, incomplete figures are seen as complete.

Closure

Mental Chemistry

Complex ideas are not made up of aggregates of simple ideas but that idea can fuse to produce an idea that is completely different from the element which it was made

Largely due to this man's efforts, Christianity was defined by a simple set of beliefs and documents

Constantine

What did Galileo believe?

Copernicus' heliocentric theory

Who was among the first to suggest that mental experiences ranged from those of which we are aware to those of which we are unaware?

b. Leibniz (p. 516)

Which book became the official manual of the Inquisition?

b. Malleus Maleficarum (p. 493)

____ anxiety arises when the ego anticipates that it will be overwhelmed by the id.

b. Neurotic (p. 533)

Confessions, a volume about one man's sins, confessions, and forgiveness was written by:

b. St. Augustine (pp. 79-80)

For Adler, feelings of inferiority can produce either of two results: ____ or ____, depending on one's attitude toward them.

b. a stimulus for positive growth; as a disabling force (p. 560)

According to Descartes, when a sense receptor was stimulated, "delicate threads" were pulled and cavities in the brain were opened, thereby releasing ____ into the nerves.

b. animal spirits (p. 120)

The Cynic's view would propose that:

b. anything natural is good (p. 68)

The goal of Husserl's pure phenomenology was to:

b. catalog all of the mental acts and processes by which we interact with environmental objects and events (p. 573)

The naturalistic and humane treatment of patients that was inspired by Hippocrates and Galen lasted until the:

b. collapse of the Roman Empire in approximately A.D. 476 (p. 492)

Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterized poets, artists, and inventors.

b. constructive association (p. 160)

Bain's goal was to:

b. describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena (p. 159)

Anna Freud described the transition between childhood and adolescence in terms of:

b. developmental lines (p. 554)

Luther criticized the Church of his day because it:

b. drifted too far from the teachings of Jesus and the Bible (p. 101)

Nominalism was more in accordance with ____ than it was with ____.

b. empirical philosophy; rational philosophy (p. 87)

Galton called the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding:

b. eugenics (p. 303)

Panpsychism is the belief that:

b. everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes)

Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to:

b. free his research material from the influence of prior learning (p. 287)

Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise:

b. geometrically (p. 254)

According to St. Augustine, evil exists because:

b. humans chose it (p. 79)

According to Charcot, the sequence of events from trauma to pathogenic ideas, to physical symptoms could only occur in individuals who were:

b. inherently predisposed to hysteria (p. 509)

For Hering, space perception resulted from:

b. innate characteristics of the eye which provide information on height, left-right position, and depth (p. 242)

All of the following were true of Averroes' philosophy except:

b. it was basically Platonistic (p. 84)

It was the metaphor of humans as ____ that especially appealed to the French sensationalists.

b. machines (p. 162)

As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____.

b. meanings; specific words (p. 271)

According to Wundt, sciences like physics were based on ____ experience, whereas psychology should be based on ____ experience.

b. mediate; immediate (p. 266)

The compliant type, as discussed by Horney, uses the major adjustment pattern of:

b. moving toward people (p. 563)

Both Bacon and Descartes attempted to:

b. overcome the philosophical mistakes and biases of the past (p. 180)

According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consisted of:

b. people accepting the responsibility of making choices, but using as their guides ethical principles established by others (p. 220)

Descartes chose this part of the human body as the house for the mind:

b. pineal gland (p. 122)

For Locke, the safest and surest types of associations were those that:

b. reflected natural relationships in the environment (p. 138)

According to Muller, we are directly aware of:

b. sensory impulses (p. 236)

The major source of difficulty between Jung and Freud was their differing views of the libido. Freud saw the libido as ____, while Jung saw the libidinal energy as ____.

b. sexual energy; a creative life force (p. 556)

In general, ____ promoted a suspension of belief in anything and ____ promoted a retreat from society.

b. skepticism; cynicism (pp. 67-68)

Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior was called:

b. social Darwinism (p. 296)

In his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to:

b. suggestion (p. 309)

For Nietzsche, people approaching their full potential are:

b. supermen (p. 224)

Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on:

b. the ancient law of contiguity (p. 134)

For the Hippocratics, physical health was determined by ____ and mental health was determined by ____.

b. the condition of the four humors of the body; the condition of the brain (pp. 491-492)

Titchener defined ____ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment.

b. the consciousness (p. 275)

According to Spinoza, all human emotions were derived from:

b. the experiences of pleasure and pain (p. 183)

According to Titchener's context theory of meaning, what gives a present sensation its meaning?

b. the image of prior experiences (p. 277)

According to Lamarck, any habits adult members of a species developed that were conducive to survival were passed on to their offspring. This explanation of evolution was called:

b. the inheritance of acquired characteristics (p. 294)

Herbart felt psychology could not be an experimental science because:

b. the mind could not be fractionated for analysis (pp. 196-197)

According to Leibniz, there was nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses except for:

b. the mind itself (p. 186)

According to the author of your text, the Burt scandal taught us more about ____ than about ____.

b. the politics of science; the nature of intelligence (p. 315)

Schopenhauer believed that life was best viewed as:

b. the postponement of death (p. 215)

For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was:

b. the will to power (p. 224)

According to Helmholtz, it was the mind's job to create a reasonably accurate view of reality based on the distorted and incomplete information furnished by the senses. He described this process with his:

b. theory of signs (p. 241)

Which of the following is true of the efforts of such individuals as Pinel, Tuke, Chiarugi, Rush, and Dix?

b. they stimulated improvements in the surroundings and maintenance of mentally ill patients (pp. 498-499)

Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the:

b. unconscious (p. 217)

J. S. Mill believed that discrimination against women is

basically wrong

J.S. Mill believed that discrimination against women was

basically wrong

In explaining auditory perception, Helmholtz assumed that a sound wave of a particular frequency caused the appropriate fiber in the ____ to vibrate.

basilar membrane

As a treatment for the mentally ill, Pinel approved of ____ and argued effectively against the use of ____.

bathing and mild purgatives; the use of punishment and exorcism

Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology:

be free of any preconceptions

According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must:

be perceived

According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist it must:

be percieved

According to Herbart, if material presented to a student is not compatible with his or her apperceptive mass, the material will:

be rejected or at least will not be understood

Thorndike's contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a:

behaviorist (p. 375)

According to Binswanger, authentic individuals attempt to transform their circumstances by exercising their free will. He referred to this transformational process as:

being-beyond-the-world

According to David Barash, humans possess an innate ____ that structures their social behavior.

biogrammar

According to Plato, whether one is a philosopher-king, a soldier, or a slave, is largely determined by:

biological inheritance

Until the end of the 18th century, the most common way of treating mental and physical disorders was:

bloodletting

Watson allowed for some influence of genetics on personality by saying that ____ interacts with experience to produce specific behavior patterns.

bodily structure

According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied, we feel:

bored

Traditionally, the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of

both Kierkegaard and Nietzsche

When studying humans, James believed that:

both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used

When studying humans, James felt that:

both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used

Bouchard reasoned that if intelligence and personality are largely determined by experience (nurture) then:

both fraternal and identical twins reared together would correlate highly on these traits

La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that:

both human and nonhuman animals are automata

La Mettrie believed that if Desecrates had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that

both humans and nonhuman animals are automata

According to the sociobiologists, the social behavior of any individual is determined by:

both inherited dispositions (biology) and culture

By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as Peter ate lunch, Watson and Jones:

both made use of procedures later called behavior therapy and eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects (p. 408)

Which of the following holds humans responsible for their actions?

both nondeterminist and soft determinist

Lewin believed that a person's life space consisted of:

both objectively real facts and imagined facts

Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be:

both operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events (p. 430)

What term did Lewin use for intentions as wanting a car, wanting to go to college, or wanting to go to a party?

both psychological needs and quasi-needs

When studying humans, James felt that

both scientific and philosophic approach must be used

Which of the following exemplifies molar behavior?

both shopping for food in a grocery store and a child hiding from a stranger

Pavlov believed that his research showed that extinction does not eliminate a response but inhibits its occurrence. This is demonstrated by:

both spontaneous recovery of the response and the process of disinhibition

Kierkegaard believed that truth was:

both subjective and whatever a person believed privately and emotionally

According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by:

both succeeding more and attempting less

Which of the following was one of Wundt's major goals for experimental psychology?

both to discover the basic elements of thought and to discover the laws by which mental elements combine into more compelx mental experiences

The ideas of the enlightenment

brought an emphasis on experience and reason in the quest for knowledge and were challenged by philosophers such as Hume and Kant

Because of his ideas Giodano Bruno was

burned at the stake

According to the author of your text, psychology is best defined:

by the professional activities of psychologists

According to Szasz, psychiatry can be a worthy profession if it:

c .helps clients better understand themselves, others, and life (p. 503)

Malebranche suggested that ideas are not innate and that they come only from:

c. God (p. 185)

____ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being.

c. Ontology (p. 573)

Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)?

c. Pearson (p. 306)

History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science.

c. Skinner (p. 117)

May, like the other existentialists, believed that the most important fact about humans is that they are:

c. free (p. 578)

Which of the following is not one of the major characteristics of developmental lines that Anna Freud discussed?

c. from parental control to individual control (p. 554)

Baconian science stressed:

c. generalization following careful empirical observation and similarities and differences noted (p. 115)

For Jung, dream analysis:

c. helps determine which aspects of the psyche were being adequately expressed and which were not (p. 558)

The major assumption made in the ontological argument for the existence of God is:

c. if one can think of something, it must exist (p. 85)

According to Jung, ____ is the process by which the various components of the personality are manifested within the context of a person's life.

c. individuation (p. 558)

Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that:

c. intelligence is largely inherited (p. 316)

The Bell-Magendie law was significant because:

c. it demonstrated that specific mental functions were mediated by different anatomical structures (p. 234)

Descartes had an intellectual crisis when:

c. it occurred to him that everything he had ever learned was useless (p. 118)

Which of the following was true of the Ptolemaic system?

c. it was congenial to Christian theology because it gave humans a central place in the universe (p. Medium)

For Luther, the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism was:

c. its assimilation of Aristotle's philosophy (p. 101)

Descartes believed all of the following about the mind except:

c. its existence could be logically demonstrated

The church responded to Galileo's scientific achievements by:

c. making him recant his scientific conclusions (p. 111)

To study the higher mental processes, Wundt believed that we must use ____.

c. naturalistic observation of various forms (p. 266)

Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that:

c. not only was it measurable, but it was fairly slow (p. 238)

The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with:

c. one's own inner nature (p. 209)

According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency, but to terminate or avoid those that are not.

c. organismic valuing process (p. 593)

To study mental acts and intentionality, Brentano used:

c. phenomenological introspection (p. 279)

Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality were:

c. polar opposites (p. 270)

For Kelly, both scientific theories and construct systems:

c. predict future events (p. 582)

A male is disturbed by his homosexual urges and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies:

c. reaction formation (p. 534)

Aristotle's emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position.

c. reason (p. 90)

Herbart used this term to describe the force used to hold ideas incompatible with the apperceptive mass in the unconscious.

c. repression (p. 198)

By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychology's first:

c. retention curve (p. 288)

Aristotle's philosophy was highly influential in ____ during the so-called Dark Ages.

c. the Arab world

To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used:

c. the dialectic method (p. 86)

Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that:

c. they were all derived from experience (p. 239)

Goethe viewed science as:

c. useful but limited (p. 213)

Freud concluded that every dream was a/an ____, meaning a symbolic expression of a desire that the dreamer could not express directly without experiencing anxiety.

c. wish fulfillment (p. 526)

According to proponents of strong artificial intelligence (AI), computer programs:

can duplicate human cognitive abilities

Hall believed that masturbation ____.

can harm the quality of eventual offspring

According to proponents of weak artificial intelligence (AI), computer programs:

can only simulate human cognitive abilities

According to proponents of weak artificial intelligence, (AI) computer programs:

can only simulate human cognitive abilities

For Popper, a nonscientific theory:

can still be useful

One of McDougall's major criticisms of Watson's position is that it:

cannot account for the most satisfying human experiences

According to Galileo, secondary qualities:

cannot be measured objectively

The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using:

casual laws

The goal of Husserl's pure phenomenology is to:

catalog mental acts and processes of environmental interactions

Hume believed all of the following about cause and effect relationships except that:

causation is a logical necessity

In accounting for behavior, the empiricist tended to emphasize ____, whereas the rationalist tended to emphasize ____.

causes; reasons

For Skinner, "mental events" are:

certain bodily processes to which we have assigned verbal labels

In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same?

change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior (p. 448)

According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that:

changes the rate with which a response is made

Jean Piaget's major contribution to the field of psychology was:

characterizing the evolution of schemata during maturation and through experience

Hippocrates believed all of the following except:

charging a patient a substantial fee gave him or her an incentive to recover more quickly

While studying learning at Tenerife, Kohler's research subjects were

chimpanzees

Premodernism refers to the belief prevalent during the Middle Ages that all things, including human behavior, could be explained by employing

church dogma

The main target of the skeptics was dogmatism. A dogmatist is anyone who:

claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth

For Titchener, attention was:

clearness of sensation

According to the Gestaltists, when an organism was confronted with a problem, a ____ was set up and continued until the problem was solved.

cognitive disequilibrium

In the 1970's, information-processing psychologists combined their efforts to understand cognition with other professionals such as philosophers, linguists, engineers, and computer scientists, thus creating the field of:

cognitive science

According to Herbart, an idea is allowed to enter consciousness if it is:

compatible with the apperceptive mass

According to Herbart, an idea was allowed to enter consciousness if it was:

compatible with the apperceptive mass

Bain's law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it.

compound association

According to Rogers, what is said to exist when the relevant people in a child's life give him or her love and acceptance under some circumstances but not under others (only if one acts or thinks in certain ways):

conditions of worth

Which one of the following is not one of the three parts of the dialectic process of Hegel?

conflict

Hebb's contention that neurons that are active together become associated was instrumental in the development of:

connectionism

In general, phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies:

conscious experience as it occurs without attempting to reduce it to its component parts

Following Spinoza, Fechner believed that:

consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter

Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their:

consequences

With their notion of psychophysical isomorphism, the Gestaltists opposed the:

constancy hypothesis (p. 465)

Using the method of ____, pairs of stimuli are presented to the subject. One stimulus remains the same, the standard, and the other varies from one presentation to the next.

constant stimuli

Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors.

constructive association

According to Kelly, people are similar when they:

construe the world in similar ways

In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn's use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of:

contemporary cognitive psychologists

Which of the following did St. Paul add to the Judaic tradition?

d. God sacrificed his Son to atone for our shared transgression, otherwise known as original sin, which allows humans to reunite with God (p. 75)

The founder of the Nancy School of hypnosis was:

d. Liebeault (p. 507)

In addition to making a comprehensive review of Aristotle's works and the Islamic and Jewish scholar's interpretation of Aristotle's works, ____ was the first since the Greeks to attempt to learn about nature by making careful empirical observations.

d. Magnus (p. 89)

____ sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy.

d. Maimonides (p. 84)

The book, Emile, was written about education in the form of a novel. Who was the author?

d. Rousseau (p. 211)

The Roman Empire's emphasis on law and order fit well with:

d. Stoicism (p. 71)

Which of the following did not characterize Renaissance humanism?

d. a deep appreciation of Aristotelianism

La Mettrie believed that:

d. accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world (p. 165)

According to Ladd-Franklin, which of the following sequences accurately describes the evolution of vision?

d. achromatic vision - blue-yellow sensitivity - red-green sensitivity (p. 244)

According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a yellow object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she would experience a ____ afterimage.

d. blue (p. 242)

The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is making slight steering adjustments driving exemplifies:

d. both mental set and a determining tendency (p. 284)

Wundt believed that topics such as religion, social customs, and language could be studied:

d. both using historical analysis and using naturalistic observation (p. 271)

For Freud, religion:

d. comes from the human feeling of helplessness and insecurity and keeps humans operating at a childlike, irrational level (p. 537)

Freud believed that all ego defense mechanisms:

d. distort reality and operate on the unconscious level (p. 533)

The two major orientations or attitudes described by Jung are:

d. introversion and extroversion (p. 557)

Hume considered the ____ as a "gentle force" that created certain associations instead of others.

d. laws of association (p. 146)

Pyrrho suggested that by ____ one could avoid the frustration of being wrong.

d. not believing in anything (p. 67)

Concerning Spencer's contention that the notion of survival of the fittest should apply to societies, Darwin was:

d. partially sympathetic

Myths serve several functions. Which of the following is not a function?

d. provide a sense of strong independence (p. 579)

Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a:

d. psychophysical parallelist (p. 277)

The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called:

d. realism (pp. 86-87)

According to Freud, in order for the female child to resolve her Oedipal complex she must:

d. repress her hostility toward her mother and repress her sexual attraction toward her father (p. 535)

When a person accepts values dictated by society (not those personally attained) as their own, he or she is experiencing:

d. self-alienation (p. 578)

According to Freud, when directed toward one's self, the death instinct manifests itself as:

d. suicide and masochism (p. 533)

For Jung, two or more independent events coming together in a meaningful way is called:

d. synchronicity (pp. 557-558)

Which of the following was not a factor in the acceptance of objective study of nature due to the weakening of church authority?

d. the embracing of Aristotle's empirical views (p. 105)

According to Kant, our phenomenological experience resulted from:

d. the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought (p. 193)

Freud's original contribution to psychology was:

d. the synthesizing of many known facts into a comprehensive theory of personality (p. 517)

The group commissioned to investigate the validity of Mesmer's claims concerning animal magnetism concluded that:

d. there was no such thing as animal magnetism and any positive results from Mesmer's treatments were due to the imagination (p. 506)

In his work on two-point threshold, Weber found that the most sensitive area (smallest threshold) was the ____ and the least sensitive area (largest threshold) was ____.

d. tongue; middle of the back (p. 251)

Luther believed the reason evil exists is:

d. unfathomable to humans; only God knows

Descartes believed that innate ideas:

d. were revealed by God

Hobbes approach to studying humans was

deductive

Hobbes' approach to studying humans was:

deductive

Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as:

demonstrative knowledge

The radical behaviorists addressed the mind-body problem by:

denying the existence of a causal mind

Skinner was content to manipulate environmental events (such as reinforcement contingencies) and note the effects of these manipulations on behavior. What is this called?

descriptive behaviorism

One of the most perplexing concepts in the history of philosophy and science has been

determinism

The __ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes

determinist

Wundt was a(n):

determinist

The belief that the world is as we immediately experience it is called:

direct realism

What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it?

direct realism

The widespread acceptance of the medical model of mental illness in modern times resulted in:

discouraging a search for psychological causes of mental illness

The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to:

distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children

The divisions of psychology listed by the APA today gives a clear indication of the:

diversity of the field

The position that states that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called:

double aspectism

Empedocles suggested that everything in the world, including humans, was made of

earth, fire, air and water

Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach?

eclectic

The approach to writing a history of psychology that combines the best of several approaches is referred to as:

eclecticism

The force that transforms matter into a particular form is its __ cause

efficient

The job of the ____ is to match the wishes of the id with their counterparts in the physical environment.

ego

Empedocles assumed that perception resulted when:

eidola entered the pores of the body and mixed with elements found in the blood

Empedocles assumed that perception results when:

eidola enters the pores of the body and mixes with elements found in the blood

No matter how complex something is, Democritus believed that it can be explained in terms of atoms and their activity. This view is referred to as:

elementism

The Gestaltists were opposed to any type of:

elementism (p. 456)

By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as he (Peter) ate lunch, Watson and Jones:

eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects through what would later be known as behavior therapy

According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual decides to:

embrace God and take God's existence on faith

According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being was arrived at when the individual decided to

embrace God and take God's existence on faith

According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being was arrived at when the individual decided to:

embrace God and take God's existence on faith

A currently popular way of explaining mind-body relationships that claims mental states emerge from brain activity is called

emergentism

Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be characterized by which of the following?

empathic understanding

In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic, it must:

emphasize the uniqueness of humans

Popper disagreed with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with:

empirical observation

Popper disagrees with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with:

empirical observation

The ultimate authority of science has always been:

empirical observation

Science has two major compontents

empirical observation and theory

Occam's views were widely taught and can be viewed as the beginning of

empirical philosophy

Hume's goal was to combine __ with principles of __ to create a science of human nature

empirical philosophy; Newtonian science

What Bacon ultimately proposed was a position intermediate between:

empiricism and rationalism

The ____ tends to assume that the human mind takes in information passively.

empiricist

Ebbinghaus is often mistaken for a(n) ____, but he was in fact a(n) ____.

empiricist; rationalist

A major difference between Descartes and Leibniz was that Leibniz:

encouraged the study of consciousness in nonhuman animals

According to Aristotle, the ultimate goal of humans was to

engage in active reasoning

Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by:

engaging in the activities to be learned

Dewey believed that the best way to learn was by:

engaging in the activities to be learned

The term "modernism" means about the same thing as

enlightenment

According to Aristotle, the ____kept an object moving or developing in its prescribed direction until its full potential was reached.

entelechy

For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence is to:

enter into a personal, emotional union with God

For Tolman, independent variables are ____ and give rise to internal, unobservable events that, in turn, cause behavior.

environmental events

The study of knowledge is called:

epistemology

The life instincts were referred to collectively as ____ and the death instincts were referred to as ____.

eros; thanatos

According to Fromm, the first thing many individuals do when they discover their freedom is to:

escape from that freedom

The German word Pragnanz has no exact English counterpart, but an approximation is:

essence

The German word Prägnanz has no exact English counterpart but an approximation is

essence

What term did Galton use for the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding?

eugenics

Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if:

every individual strove to be all that he or she could be

Panpsychism is the belief that

everything in nature has consciousness

Sociobiology attempts to explain complex social behavior in terms of ____ theory.

evolutionary

According to Spencer, a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of survival and abandon behaviors that do not. This phenomena is called:

evolutionary associationism

Spencer's synthesis of the principle of contiguity and evolutionary theory has been called:

evolutionary associationism

The term sociobiology is often used interchangeably with the term:

evolutionary psychology

Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on:

evolutionary theory

Adler proposed that people are free to make choices to affect their life. This aligned him with the:

existentialists

According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind

experience

According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind.

experience

According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from:

experiences of pleasure and pain

According to May, exercising one's freedom means all of the following except:

experiencing guilt

Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in

experimental neurosis

Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in what he referred to as:

experimental neurosis

From the experiment with the pendulum clock (thought meter), Wundt concluded that:

experimental psychology must stress selective attention

Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described?

explicit learned behavior

If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur

extinction

If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur.

extinction

The recent interest in cognitive psychology spurred a renewed interest in:

faculty psychology and the mind-body problem

According to Kierkegaard, God gave humans a way of dealing with the absolute paradox and that was:

faith

According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the "absolute paradox" with:

faith

Aristotle's emphasis on __ placed the church in a difficult position

faith

The fact that St. Paul valued ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers

faith above reason

Wittgenstein replaced the traditional concept of essence or universal with that of:

family resemblance

The Jonah complex refers to the:

fear of one's own success

Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from:

feelings of pleasure and pain

Gestalt psychology can be seen as an effort to model psychology after ____ instead of ____.

field theory; Newtonian physics

Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs) that come to signal biologically significant events the:

first-signal system

Anaximander proposed a rudimentary theory of evolution, which included ____ and humans:

fish

Kelly called his approach to treatment:

fixed-role therapy

Seligman has found that:

for any given species of animal, some associations are easier to learn than others

What advice did James give for a developing good habbits

force yourself to act in ways that are beneficial to you even if doing so at first is distasteful and requires considerable effort

What advice did James give for developing good habits?

force yourself to act in ways that are beneficial to you even if doing so at first is distasteful and requires considerable effort (p. 343)

In his explanation of physical events, Galileo emphasized:

forces external to physical events

Due to Münsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first:

forensic psychologists

The particular form or pattern of an object is its ____ cause.

formal

The particular form or pattern of an object is its ____ cause:

formal

Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to

free his research material from the influence of prior learning

Hebb's rule is based on associative laws of ____ and ____.

frequency; contiguity

Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the:

function of the mind

According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:

functional

Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should:

furnish practical knowledge

Condillac felt that Locke:

gave the mind unnecessary innate powers

Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a

general impression

Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a(n):

general impression

In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of:

generalization

Baconian science stressed

generalization following careful empirical observation and similarities and differences noted

According to Bouchard, any similarities in intelligence or personality between twins separated at birth must be due to:

genetic influences

For Koffka, the ____ environment constituted the physical environment and the ____ environment constituted subjective reality.

geographical; behavioral

Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise

geometrically

The major conclusion from Terman's study of genius was that:

gifted children became gifted adults

According to Heidegger, an inauthentic life results whenever one:

gives up his or her freedom and lives according to the dictates of others

Lashley's work:

gradually showed that brain activity was similar to the description of the Gestaltists

According to St. Augustine, not acting in accordance with one's internal sense causes:

guilt

According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing?

habit

Hull defined ____ as the number of reinforced pairings between a stimulus and a response.

habit strength (p. 437)

Condillac felt that Locke

had given the mind unnecessary powers

According to Anaximander, the physis was something that:

had the capability of becoming anything

Kierkegaard believed that the existence of God:

had to be taken on faith

Cognitive dissonance exists when a person:

has incompatible ideas that motivates him or her to change beliefs or behavior

Kant stated that a mind without concepts would:

have no capacity to think

Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because:

he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number

Titchener formed "The Experimentalists" because:

he believed the APA was too friendly towards applied topics

Which of the following is correctly associated with Hollingworth?

he made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of intellectually gifted children

Münsterberg died in relative obscurity because:

he tried to improve German-American relationships at a time when Americans had strong, negative feelings toward Germany

In accounting for behavior, the empiricist tended to emphasize __, whereas the rationalist tended to emphasize __

hedonism, associative principles

Hobbes' theory of human motivation was

hedonistic

Hobbes' theory of human motivation was:

hedonistic

Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on:

his daughters

What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years?

historical development approach

Those who take the molar approach to studying behavior and/or psychological phenomena are called:

holists (p. 457)

The allegory of the cave demonstrates:

how difficult it is to deliver humans from ignorance

May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the:

human dilemma

Mach believed that:

humans could be certain only of their own sensations (p. 423)

After visiting with Galileo, Hobbes became convinced that:

humans could be completely understood employing only the concepts of matter and motion

Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that:

humans do not share the same ideas

Watson's final position on instincts was that:

humans had no instincts (p. 405)

Watson's final position on instincts was that

humans have no instincts

According to Rousseau, all the governments of his time were based on the faulty assumption that

humans need to be governed

According to Rousseau, all the governments of his time were based on the faulty assumption that:

humans need to be governed

According to Tolman, the first thing an animal develops in a learning situation is a(n):

hypothesis

According to Freud, the ____ contains all instincts and is the driving force of personality.

id

What, according to Hume, were the ultimate causes of behavior?

ideas

In the system of psychic mechanics, Herbart stated that:

ideas have the power to either attract or repel other ideas

According to Anna Freud, when a person adopts the values of a feared person, it is called:

identification with the aggressor

According to Freud, a healthy resolution of the male Oedipus conflict occurs when the male child

identifies with his father

According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them constituted the:

idol of the tribe

According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constitutes the:

idols of the cave

According to the Turing test:

if an observer cannot differentiate between the answers to questions given by a human and those given by a computer, the computer can be said to think

Xenophanes believed that:

if animals could convey their impression of gods, those gods would have animal characteristics

Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that

if ideas were innate, all humans would have those ideas, and they do not

The major assumption made in the ontological argument for the existence of God is that:

if one can think of something, it must exist

According to Plato, direct examination of the empirical world via sensory experience resulted in:

ignorance or, at best, opinion

According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to

ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction

According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to:

ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction (p. 447)

According to Aristotle, ____ was explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience:

imagination

For Watson, thinking was:

implicit speech (p. 404)

Hume distinguished between ____, which were strong, vivid perceptions, and ____, which were relatively weak perceptions.

impressions; ideas

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work:

in physiology (p. 389)

Which of the following did occur during the Dark Ages

in the Western world the question concerning what is true became very important to determine

Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of:

inclusiveness (pp. 468-469)

According to Skinner, a reinforcer was anything that:

increased the rate with which a response was made

A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a

indeterminist

A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n):

indeterminist

The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that:

individual brain areas have specialized functions

Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty have in common.

inductive definition

Plato's theory of forms is best represented by the statement: The cats that we see are:

inferior copies of an abstract pure idea of "catness"

Tolman's influence on contemporary psychology can be clearly seen in the work of the:

information-processing psychologists (p. 433)

Nativist is to ____ as empiricist to ____.

inheritance; experience

The most important concept that Sechenov introduced into psychology was:

inhibition (p. 386)

Lashley:

initially sought to support Watsonian behaviorism with neurophysiological evidence

For Plato, all knowledge was:

innate

Kant believed that the categories of thought are:

innate

Kant believed the categories of thought to be:

innate

For information-processing psychologists, ____ replaces stimulus and ____ replaces behavior and response.

input; output

Spinoza viewed the mind and body as

inseperable

The Brelands referred to the interference or displacement of learned behavior by instinctive behavior as:

instinctual drift

Masters and his colleagues argue that:

institutions with token economies are natural

Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that

intelligence is largely inherited

According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most.

intelligent humans

The contention that mental acts always referred to objects or events outside of themselves defined Brentano's concept of:

intentionality

The contention that mental acts always refers to objects or events outside of themselves defines Brentano's concept of:

intentionality

What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself?

intentionality

Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed:

interactionism

The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of

interactionism

The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of:

interactionism

For Watson, thinking is:

internal speech

According to Adler, traumatic experiences are:

interpreted in any way that suits a person's purposes

Hull borrowed the concept of ____ from Tolman.

intervening variables

According to Hartley, as ideas or stimuli came to elicit behaviors not originally associated with them, ____ behavior was converted into ____ behavior.

involuntary; voluntary

The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important?

irrational feelings

For Spinoza, free will:

is a fiction

A phase sequence:

is a group of cell assemblies that becomes neurologically interrelated

For Watson, speech:

is a type of overt behavior

According to Bacon, accepting a scientific theory:

is likely to bias one's observations

A person living according to the organismic valuing process

is motivated by hir/her own true feelings and is living what the existentialists call an authentic life

According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it

is reinforcing to the punisher

According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it:

is reinforcing to the punisher

Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses:

is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Cybernetics:

is the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems

Which of the following was true of Aristotle's philosophy?

it assumed that knowledge could be attained only by studying nature directly

Which of the following was true of Aristotle's philosphy

it assumed that knowledge could be attained only by studying nature directly

According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because:

it made common sense to do so

Descartes had an intellectual crisis when

it occurred to him that everything he had ever learned was useless

Third-force psychology contrasts with most other types of psychology because:

it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is subjective reality

Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology:

it was useless in understanding higher mental processes

A brain that is a split-brain preparation has had:

its corpus callosum and optic chiasm ablated

Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which one of the following is not one of the three inherited emotions?

jealousy

Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the:

just noticeable difference

Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to:

kinesthesis

Watson's research indicated that rats use their ____ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately.

kinesthetic

The work of several individuals contributed to the improvement of physical surroundings and maintenance of the mentally ill. However, treatment was still lacking. Alexander and Selsenick suggested three reasons for poor treatment provided for patients. Which of the following is not one of those reasons?

lack of public interest in the plight of the mentally ill

Chomsky radically changed the course of psychology by showing that:

language acquisition cannot be explained using operant principles

Galton believed that intelligence was

largely determined by sensory acuity

The ____ asserts that all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment.

law of Pragnanz (p. 466)

Which of the following refers to the observation that "what is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done"?

law of contiguity

In their explanation of apparent movement, Wundt and Helmholtz emphasized ____, though their descriptions were different.

learning

Ebbinghaus was the first to study

learning and memory as they occurred

Ebbinghaus was the first to study:

learning and memory as they occurred

Tolman believed that:

learning occurs independently of reinforcement

Goethe viewed __ as the ultimate source of happiness

liberty

Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness.

liberty

The collective energy associated with the instincts in the id is called the ___ and accounts for most human behavior

libido

According to Lewin, a person's ____ consisted of all of the influences acting upon him or her at a given time.

life space

Leibniz referred to the point at which an experience becomes strong enough to cause awareness as the:

limen

Contemporary psychologists have found all of the following to be true except:

logical positivism provides an excellent guide for productive research

Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which of the following in one of the three inherited emotions?

love

David Hume

- "I sense therefore I am" - Distinguishes between impressions and ideas - Principles of association - We don't perceive causality directly - Our belief about possessing a "self" is actually an illusion

Mental illness, as we now refer to it, has been described in various ways historically. What is one term that was used in earlier times to refer to this condition?

lunatic

It was the metaphor of humans as __ that especially appealed to the French senationalists

machines

In the 1930's and 1940's, Hull and Tolman postulated intervening variables. For Hull, these variables were ____; for Tolman, they were ____.

mainly physiological; mainly cognitive

According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they:

make postictions rather than predictions

According to Hippocrates, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to:

mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease

According to the Hippocratics, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to

mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease

Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day.

materialism

Homunculus (Skinner)

- "little person in the head" controlling our behaviour

Mary Whiton Calkins

- 1st woman to be president of APA - Paired associates method (frequency, recency, vividness on memory) - Self-psychology

Phi Phenomenon (Wertheimer)

- 2 flashing balls, they flash in a rhythm which reflects the time it would take them to move that distance in the physical world. - The mind does not infer movement, but perceives the event as a whole - Perception is not just a copy of the stimulus

Developmental Psychology

- A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

Barrier problem (Lewin)

- A person must initially move away from an object/goal with positive valence in order to eventually achieve/get it - Ex: Child seeing a toy through a glass window must walk away from the window to enter the room with the toy

Memory Process (Koffka)

- A physical event causes a specific activity in the brain

Unconditioned reflex (Pavlov)

- A reflex is unconditioned if the same response always occurs in the presence of the same stimulus Ex: Food is an unconditioned stimulus and salivation is an unconditioned response to food

Apperceptive mass (Herbart)

- A set of ideas that assimilates consistent ideas and rejects inconsistent ideas - Ideas that have attracted enough other similar ideas become apprehended by consciousness

Psychophysics parallelism (Fechner)

- A strict paralleslism exists between soul and body in such a way that from one, properly understood, the other can be constructed - Inner psychophysics - Outer psychophysics

Thelma Hunt

- A study of social intelligence of Ten Thousand Persons in Industry and College Life - Developer of first Medical College Admissions Test for the Association of American Medical Colleges - Co-founder and director of the Center for Psychological Services

Plasticity (JameS)

- Ability of an organism to alter it's behaviour as circumstances change

Repression (Freud)

- Actively forgetting experiences that would be too painful to recall

Geographic Environment (Koffka)

- Actual environment which surrounds us

Lewis Termin

- Adapted the Stanford-Binet scale for the US context - Concerned with standardizing the IQ test - Believed the intelligence is inherited - Normal child's IQ = 100

Mary Wollstonecraft

- Advocated education for women - No innate ideas - Emotions are not merely bodily agitations - Women are more influenced by their feelings than men

Experimental Aesthetics (Fechner)

- Aesthetics from above (based on theoretical standards) - Aesthetics from below (based on empirical data)

Edward Bradford Tichener

- Against Volkerpsychologie - Interested in comparative psychology - Brought structuralism back to the US -Psychological parallelism (we may be able to explain mental processes without regarding those events in the nervous system as causing mental processes)

Span of apprehensions (Wundt)

- All apprehensions of which we can be aware at one particular point in time (N=6)

Hans Vaihinger

- All we ever experience directly are: sensations, relationships between sensations, all certainty is limited to sensations - Language (give meaning to our sensations by inventing terms to talk about it)

August Compte

- Almost replaces religion by science - Advocated a science of history and human social behaviour

Alpha & Beta Tests (Yerkes)

- Alpha: literate ex: Washington is to Adams, as first is to __________ - Beta: Illiterate ex: Pictures with a missing piece, like a profile of a person with no nose

Herbert Spencer

- Applied principles of evolution (Lamarck's version) - later changed and applied Darwin's theory of evolution - The more intelligent you are then you would then be the fittest

If you took a monistic position on the mind-body question, which of the following does your position most likely represent?

materialism

Systematic experimental introspection and retrospection (Kulpe)

- Ask someone to perform a complex task - Ask them to retrospectively explain how they completed the task/how they thought about it - Replicate the solution to perfect the description of what was actually done

Who were among the first to accept Copernicus's heliocentric theory?

mathematicians who embraced Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy

Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles.

mechanical

Descartes explained all animal behavior and much of human behavior in terms of __ principles

mechanical

The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain.

medical

Bartlett in his book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, demonstrated that:

memory is greatly influenced by personal, cognitive themes and schemas

Koffka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific activity in the brain that he called a ____; in addition, he called a remnant of this a ____.

memory process; memory trace

John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others

mental chemistry

Johan Friedrich Herbart

- Attempts to cast a psychological theory in mathematical terms - Psychology cannot be an experimental science - All mental life is the action and interaction of elementary ideas - Some ideas inhibit/facilitate each other - Apperceptive mass - Founder of educational psychology - Ideas pass back and forth across the threshold of consciousness

Projection (A. Freud)

- Attributing one's own unacknowledged wishes to someone else Ex: You want someone so you instead think they want you

Behaviour equation (Lewin)

- B=f(P,E) (P,E)= Life space

Kurt Lewin

- Beginning of social psychology - Field Theory - Life Space - Barrier problem - Zeigarnik effect - 3 types of conflict - Group dynamics

Respondent behaviour (Skinner)

- Behaviour elicited by a known stimulus (Pavlov's domain)

Julian de la Mettrie

- Believed in mind influencing the body - Monist - Materialist - Believed the size of the brain indicated how smart you would be

Gustav Theodor Fechner

- Believed that everything has a soul - Doctrine of Panpsychism (the notion that mind permeates everything in the universe) - Psychophysics parallelism - Experimental aesthetics

Galen

- Believed that the brain was the organ of the mind - Founder of experimental neurology - Humeral theory of personality

Taoism

- Both nature and society work in the same way. - Focus on the nature of change.

Intentionality (Husserl)

- By comparing a number of similar experiences, we can intuitively grasp their essential nature

Weber's Law (Weber)

- Change in intensity over intensity = weber's constant Change in I/I=k

Dark ages

- Christian church became increasingly powerful - Superstition at it's peak

Thelma Gwinn Thurstone

- Co-developed the Primary Mental Abilities test battery

William Stern

- Coined the term IQ (mental age/chronological age)

Maud A. Merrill James

- Collaborated with Terman on the revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test - Concerned with children who were developmentally delayed

Fritz Heider

- Common sense psychology - In everyday life we form ideas about other people in social situations, we interpret their actions - Harmonious/balanced situation vs. unbalanced situation (p-o-x)

John Watson

- Comparative psychology - No reference to consciousness (replace introspection) - All behaviour is understood through stimulus-response relationships - Habits - Serially ordered behaviours

Frederick W. Taylor

- Concerned with the efficiency of human movement - Personal ambition = most powerful incentive - Time and motions study

Conditioned reflex (Pavlov)

- Conditional in that they occur under certain circumstances Ex: tone is a conditioned stimulus and salivation is a conditioned response

Extinction (Pavlov)

- Conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus leads to extinction - When conditioned stimuli fail to lead to unconditioned stimuli, extinction occurs

Freud's Dynamic Model

- Conscious (what we are aware) - Preconscious (What we are not now aware but could become aware) - Unconscious (Of what you are not aware and cannot directly become aware)

B.F. Skinner

- Consciousness is a form OF behaviour, not a mysterious process responsible FOR behaviour - Homunculus - Reinforcement increases behaviour, punishment decreases it

Life Space (Lewin)

- Consists of everything that determines the behaviour of an individual at any particular moment - Person does not have to be aware of it to be in the life space (opposite of Koffka)

Trace System (Koffka)

- Consolidation/integration of a number of inter-related experiences

Principles of Perceptual Organization

- Continuity - Proximity - Inclusiveness -Similarity - Closure - Symmetry - Figure/Ground

Volkerpsychologie (Wundt)

- Cultural psychology/Social psychology - The study of those mental products which are created by a community of human life, and are, therefore inexplicable in terms merely of individual consciousness, since they presuppose the reciprocal action of many.

Protagoras

- Cultural relativism - Maximize pleasure and minimize pain - Trust in sensory experience - Man is the measure of all things

Wilhelm Wundt

- Defined experimental psychology - First laboratory in experimental psychology - 2 types of research: laboratory & naturalistic observations - Trained the first generation of experimental psychologists

Isaac Newton

- Deist - Laws of motion - We must study nature objectively

Becoming or Processes

- Deny all fixed truths and pure being - The only constant is change; things never simply 'are' - Moral values change with time

Wundt Curve

- Depicts the relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and it's pleasantness. Implies that we will get more pleasure from moderate levels of intensity.

Scala Naturae

- Differentiation between forms of life in terms of the power they posses; a measure of the degree of perfection - Plants = self-nutrition - Animals = self-nutrition, sensation - Humans = self-nutrition, sensation, reason

Latent content (Freud)

- Discovered by analysis

Johannes Muller

- Doctrine/Law of specific nerve energies - Depending on which nerve is stimulated, the experience is different therefore specific nerves carry certain amounts/specific information

Florence L. Goodenough

- Draw-a-man test - Assumes to assess intelligence without relying on verbal ability - Consists of: draw-a-man, draw-a-woman, or draw yourself

Pythagoras

- Dualist (believed the body was a prison for the soul; we should work toward freeing our soul from this prison) - The structure of mathematics is the structure of reality - Concept of harmony and unity are central - Most important set of opposites is limit vs. unlimited

Reaction Formation (A. Freud)

- Ego recruits additional energy in repressing a wish - Exaggerated form of behaviour/overcompensation Ex: hating someone you want bad

Thomas Malthus

- Essay on the Principle of Population As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society - The food supply increases arithmetically whereas the population increases geometrically - Too many people competing for too little food

Being or Structure

- Eternal, unchangeable truths - Some things that exist apart from humanity (not materialist) - Truths exist in a realm of pure being, are changeless and apart from the changing world

Democritus

- Everything was made up of atoms - Reductionist

Spoonerisms (Lashley)

- Ex: saying 'you have tasted your worm' instead of 'you have waster your term'

Priming (Lashley)

- Ex: typing 'wrapid writing' instead of 'rapid writing' - the first w is primed

Temperament groups (Pavlov)

- Excitatory group (easy to condition) - Inhibitory group (hard to condition)

Spontaneous Recovery (Pavlov)

- Extinguished conditioned response returns after an interval of no testing

Ego Anxiety (Freud)

- Failure to satisfy 1. Realistic (External world) 2. Moral (super-ego, standards other people have on us) 3. Neurotic (id, inaccessible)

Ideas (Hume)

- Faint copies of impressions - We are conscious of them when we reflect on any sensations - All of our ideas are derived from impressions

Primary Process (Freud)

- Fantasizing - Pleasure principle

2 Ratios (Skinner)

- Fixed (certain number of responses reinforced) - Variable (required number varies from one reinforcer to the next)

Aristotle

- Form and matter are intertwined - Theory of form - Teleology - Potentiality and actuality

Solomon Asch

- Forming impressions of personality - We experience people as whole psychological units and not a sum of their pieces - Ex: two exact same lists of adjectives except "cold" and "warm" - Conformity

Marcus Aurelius

- Four chief passions (fear, grief, pleasure, desire) - 3 senses (vision, hearing, sleeping)

Kurt Koffka

- Geographic vs. Behavioural environment - Direct stimuli vs. Proximal stimuli - Law of Perceptual Constancies - The earliest experiences children have are figure/ground relationships - Memory

Xenophanes

- God is conceptualized as a representation of ourselves - Morality is a human invention

Psyche Cattell

- Has dyslexia - Develops the Cattell Infant Intelligence scale

Operant behaviour (Skinner)

- Has no eliciting stimulus, may be studied using Skinner's box

Binet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of:

mental orthopedics

If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes:

metaphysical nonsense

Comte and Mach had in common the belief that:

metaphysical speculation must be avoided

Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior?

methodological behaviorism

Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior, provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior?

methodological behaviorism (p. 412)

Who would be most likely to view artificial intelligence (AI) as potentially useful in an effort to understand humans?

methodological behaviorists

Heidegger used the term ____ to indicate that a person and the world were inseparable.

Dasein

Witmer is credited with which of the following?

Demonstrating how the principles from scientific psychology can help troubled individuals

Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism?

Dewey (pp. 362-363)

In the United States, who visited 18 states within a three-year period, bringing about institutional reforms in most of those states?

Dix

The Hippocratic Oath

Do not harm

The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees?

Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD)

Closed System

Does not criticize itself (e.g., Confucian ideology or Christianity)

Who founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960?

George Miller and Jerome Bruner

Lashley's address to the International Congress of Psychology did much to further the acceptance of:

Gestalt psychology

There is a kinship between information-processing psychology and which of the following?

Gestalt psychology

Who believed that a search for a one-to-one correspondence between a sensory event and a mental event is doomed to failure?

Gestaltists

Descartes concluded that we could trust sensory information because

God created our sensory apparatus and God would not deceive us

Pico argued that:

God had granted humans a unique position in the universe.

Pantheism is the belief that:

God is everywhere and in everything

According to Berkeley, external reality exists because:

God perceives it

According to Berkeley, the physical world (external reality) existed because

God perceives it

Descartes concluded that we can trust sensory information because:

God will not deceive us

Rousseau supported Protestantism because:

God's existence could be defended on the basis of individual feelings

During the Renaissance, Europe gradually switched from being __ -centered to being __ -centered

God; human

Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil?

Goethe

Asclepius

Greek God of medicine

Because he believed learning occurs in one trial, ____ rejected the law of frequency in his explanation of learning.

Guthrie

With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed?

Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.

Which of the following best describes Hall's views on co-education?

He believed that coeducation could interfere with later sexual functioning.

How did Guthrie account for forgetting?

He believed that is resulted from the replacement of an old association with a new one.

Which of the following is true of Franz Mesmer?

He believed that redistributing a person's magnetic force field could restore one's health.

Which of the following was an accomplishment of Charcot?

He described a disease of the motor neurons, which is still called Charcot's disease.

Which of the following did Hebb accomplish?

He linked the reticular activating system with cognitive and behavioral performance

Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing?

He resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures

Which of the following is true of Galton's "anthropometric laboratory"?

He studied male-female differences as well as the relationships among measures.

What was an important discovery of David Ferrier?

He used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex

A neural network that proposes that the strengths of the connections among units that are active together are increased by mathematically increasing their weights is referred to as:

Hebb's rule

The belief that human behavior is determined but the causes of behavior cannot be accurately measured is most compatible with:

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of:

Helmholtzian physiologists

What indicates how much of the variation among measures (e.g., test scores) is attributed to genetic influences?

Heritability

What important epidemiological question was raised by Heraclitus' philosophy

How can something be known if it is constantly changing?

According to the Sophists, what is it that determines if an idea is accepted as the truth?

How effectively the idea is communicated

Which statement best illustrates Gassendi's beliefs?

Humans consists of nothing but matter.

Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement, "Existence precedes essence"?

Humans have no essence at birth and therefore, they become what they choose to be.

Describing a stimulus as visual or auditory defines the ____ of the stimulus, while describing the stimulus in terms of how loud or bright it is describes its ____.

modality; intensity

For Tolman, ____ was the same as ____.

molar behavior; purposive behavior

According to Leibniz, everything in the world consisted of living, conscious atoms, which he called

monads

According to May, the person experiencing ____ conforms to tradition, religious dogma, the expectation of others, or anything else that reduces his or her need to make personal choices.

neurotic anxiety

Because Gorgias believed that there is no objective way of establishing truth, he was a

nihilist

Once Aristotle's ideas were assimilated into church dogma, they were:

no longer challengeable

In Charcot's time, most physicians dismissed hysteria as malingering because:

no organic cause could be found for its symptoms

Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n):

noble savage

Goddard, along with several leading scientists of the day, believed that feeble-minded individuals should

not be allowed to reproduce

Goddard, along with several leading scientists of the day, believed that individuals with intellectual disabilities should:

not be allowed to reproduce

Pyrrho suggested that by __ one could avoid the frustration of being wrong

not believing in anything

Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that

not only was it measurable, but it was fairly slow

According to Popper, the highest status that a scientific theory can attain is:

not yet confirmed

According to Plato:

nothing in the empirical world was perfect or knowable

For Hobbes, choice was:

nothing more than a verbal label we use to describe the attractions and aversions we experience while interacting with the environment

What is Broca best known for?

observing a behavioral disorder and then discovering the brain area responsible for that disorder

In contrast to Watson, McDougall believed that mental events could be studied objectively by:

observing the influence of such events on behavior

The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called:

occam's razor

The position on the mind-body question claiming that mental and bodily events are coordinated through God's intervention is called:

occasionalism

According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because:

of the remnants of sensory experiences

Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because:

of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology

According to Plato, the components of the soul are

often in conflict with one another

By alienation, Hegel meant the realization that:

one's mind existed apart from The Absolute

The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with

ones own inner nature

For Leibniz, his monadology gave consciousness to

only god and humans

According to the Pythagoreans, perfection is found:

only in the abstract mathematical world and understood only by reason

According to Bacon, science should utilize

only the direct observation of nature

According to Bacon, science should utilize:

only the direct observation of nature

Newton believed that the universe:

operates according to principles that humans could discover

If you define a concept in terms of the procedures followed while measuring the concept, you are using a(n)

operational definition

If you define a concept in terms of the procedures followed while measuring the concept, you are using a(n):

operational definition

Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be

operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events

According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency but to terminate or avoid those that are not.

organismic valuing process

Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it.

original law of effect

Muller believed that

our knowledge of the physical world was limited by the type of sensory receptors we possess

Muller believed that:

our knowledge of the physical world was limited by the type of sensory receptors we possess

Which of the following observations by Wertheimer launched the school of Gestalt psychology?

our perceptions are more than, or different from, the sensations that make them up (p. 458)

Adler believed that a weakness could be converted into a strength through

overcompensation

If a phenomenon has two or more causes it is said to be ____, a very important concept in Freudian theory.

overdetermined

When behavior results from many causes, we say that it is:

overdetermined

According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called:

paradigm

In Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud refers to minor errors in everyday living such as slips of the tongue, forgetting things, and small accidents. These are called:

parapraxes

Of all human relationships, Horney believed the relationship between ____ to be the most important.

parent and child

Spinoza's concept of ____ might be called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud's psychoanalysis.

passion

What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior?

passions

According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consisted of

people accepting the responsibility of making choices, but using as their guides ethical principles established by others

Nietzsche believed that:

people are their own creation (

According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consisted of

people open to experiences who seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose

According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consisted of:

people recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering into a personal relationship with God

Benjamin Rush argued that:

people with mental illness should experience fresh air

Hebart's goal was to mathematically express the relationship among several aspects of the mind. Which of the following is not among those aspects of the mind?

perceived sensations

Mach demonstrated that:

perception is independent of any particular cluster of sensory elements

According to Hume, the mind was:

perceptions that a person was having at any given moment

Members of the Nancy School believed that hypnotizability was ____, whereas Charcot believed it to be ____.

perfectly normal; a sign of mental pathology

Tolman defined ____ as the translation of learning into behavior.

performance

For Tolman, motivation influences ____ but not ____.

performance; learning

The Renaissance humanists wanted religion to be

personal

The Renaissance humanists wanted religion to be more:

personal

What did Rousseau trust most as a guide for human conduct?

personal feelings

According to Jung, the ___ consists of experiences that had either been repressed or simply forgotten

personal unconcious

Leibniz referred to the point at which an experience becomes strong enough to cause awareness as the

petites perceptions

Leibniz's term for perceptions that occurred below the level of awareness was:

petites perceptions

Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage, while Klein believed it develops in the ____ stage.

phallic; oral

For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology is ____, or mental experience as it occurs to the naïve observer.

phenomenological experience

Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:

philosopher-kings

According to Erasmus, among those listed below, who was least likely to speak the truth?

philosophers

Examining the protrusions and depressions on person's skull to determine the strength of his or her faculties is called:

phrenology

Examining the protrusions and depressions on person's skull to determine the strength of his or her faculties was called:

phrenology

Largely because of its relationship with ____, faculty psychology came into disfavor among scientists and was essentially discarded.

phrenology

What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem?

physical monism

Concerning the mind-body problem, Skinner was a(n):

physical monist

Concerning the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a

physical monist

With regard to the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a(n):

physical monist

The belief that all sciences should be unified and use a common language was called:

physicalism

Muller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the:

physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought

Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the:

physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought

Which of the following presents Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the proper order?

physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, self-actualization

Which of the following present Maslow's hierarchy of needs in proper order?

physiological; safety; belonging and love; esteem; self-actualization

It was __ that provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology

physiology

The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n)

physis

The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n):

physis

The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a:

physis

Which part of the human body did Descartes identify as the house for the mind?

pineal gland

Melanie Klein believed that children as young as two years of age could be psychoanalyzed by examining their:

play activities

According to Titchener, all feelings can be explained by employing the dimension of:

pleasantness-unpleasantness

Hedonism, according to Epicurus, is:

pleasure in having one's basic needs satisfied and avoiding pain

Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are:

polar opposites

When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be

positively correlated

Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called

postdiction

While studying artificial somnambulism, Puységur discovered the phenomenon later called:

posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia

Which of the following has been described as "radical relativism"?

postmodernism

The ____ believes that "truth" is always determined by cultural, group, or personal perspectives.

postmodernist

Sechenov:

postulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain

For Watson, the goal of psychology is to:

predict and control behavior

For Watson, the goal of psychology was to

predict and control behavior

according to the author of your text, magic, religion, philosophy, and science can all be viewed as efforts to:

predict and control nature

Barash wrote the book, The Whisperings Within. "Whisperings" refers to what?

predispositions to act in certain ways

The claim that God arranges for mental and bodily events to be perfectly coordinated is called:

preestablished harmony

Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and:

prepare children to live effectively in a complex society

Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to

prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life

Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to:

prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life

Popper saw scientific method as involving 3 stages. Which of the following is not one of the stages:

prestudy analysis

According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality?

primary quality: size; secondary quality: color

Galileo made a sharp distinction between objective and subjective reality. These concepts refer respectively to which?

primary; secondary qualities

According to the ___, energy is never created or lost in a system, but is only transformed from one form to another.

principle of conservation of energy

According to the ____, energy is never created or lost in a system, but is only transformed from one form to another.

principle of conservation of energy

Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to free his research material from the influence of:

prior learning

For the Gestaltists, analysis of experience:

proceeds from the whole (top) to the parts (bottom)

Hippocrates used which of the following treatments?

proper diet

According to Kant, the experiences of space and time:

provide the context for all mental phenomena and are produced by innate categories of thought

When stimuli are close together, they tend to be grouped together as a perceptual unit. This exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:

proximity

According to Bernard, Spinoza's belief in ____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology.

psychic determinism

The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior.

psychical determinist

The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behaviour:

psychical determinist

The attempt to explain psychological phenomena in terms of their biological foundations is called:

psychobiology

What important lesson did Freud learn from Charcot?

psychological disorders can cause physical problems

Nietzsche considered himself primarily a

psychologist

Nietzsche primarily considered himself a:

psychologist

About psychology, Kant believed:

psychology could not become an experimental science

Kant believed:

psychology could not become an experimental science

Watson, along with most functionalists and behaviorists, believed:

psychology should be useful and applied to improvement in the human condition

According to Köhler, patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are always structurally equivalent. This described the Gestalt concept of:

psychophysical isomorphism

On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do, This is called:

psychophysical parallelism

The position on the mind-body question claiming that both mental events and bodily responses occur simultaneously even though the two events are independent of each other is called:

psychophysical parallelism

Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a

psychophysical parallelist

Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a(n):

psychophysical parallelist

What is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events?

psychophysics

For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are:

publicly observable

Husserl's ____ studied the processes of the mind independent of the physical world to discover the essence of conscious experience, or of the person turned inward.

pure phenomenology

The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was:

purposive

Tolman learned from Holt and Perry that the ____ aspects of behavior could be studied without sacrificing scientific objectively.

purposive

Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____.

purposiveness

According to James's ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study.

radical empiricism

According to the text, information-processing psychology follows in the tradition of:

rationalism

What philosophical position postulates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone?

rationalism

Which of the following philosophies most influenced Wundt?

rationalism

Which of the following philosophies most influential Wundt

rationalism

Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?

rationalism and empiricism

The __ tends to assume that the human mind takes in information activity

rationalist

A man is disturbed by his homosexual urges, and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies:

reaction formation

According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables.

reaction potential

Plotinus

- Hierarchy of life: God, the Spirit, the Soul, Nature - The soul is imprisoned in the body

Ernst Mach

- How we seek knowledge from our sensations - The physical world cannot be known or experienced directly - All we know is our sensation - Mach band (our brain must be doing something to make our world appear the way it does)

Philo

- Human soul was part of God himself - The body is made of dust, lowly and despicable - Knowledge comes from the soul/God - We can't gain knowledge if our soul is not pure

3 Categories of Mental Acts (Brentano)

- Ideating (I see, I hear, I imagine) - Judging (I acknowledge, I reject) - Loving-Hating (I feel, I wish, I desire)

Pierre Gassendi

- If there is movement, there is life

Elton Mayo

- If you pay attention to workers, you will have an impact (attentive listening) - Hawthorn effect (any change in work condition increases output)

Inclusiveness

- Individual dots which form a shape will not be perceived as dots but as the shape they form Ex: TV pixels

Apprehension (Wundt)

- Individual impressions enter into consciousness

Secondary Process (Freud)

- Inhibition of primary process, devoting energy to develop reliable means for gratifying wishes in accordance with the demands of reality - Reality principle

Wolfgang Kohler

- Insight learning (all or nothing phenomenon) - Transposition - Psychophysical isomorphism (variant of psychophysical parallelism) - Satiation theory

Edmund Husserl

- Intentionality - "The study of the self turned inward" - Focusing on the subjective experience. Now what we perceive, but how we perceive it.

Outer psychophysics (Fechner)

- Interaction between the external world and the experience (stimuli) that gives rise to within 'us'

Alfred Binet

- Interested in individual differences - Develops mental age - Mental orthopedics (special aid programs to facilitate the growth and development of people's intelligence)

4 Categories of cues (Berkeley)

- Interposition (things hidden behind other things are further away) - Relative size (further images seem smaller) - Chiaroscuro (things far away have a purplish tinge apparently) - Eye movements (Sensations from the eye muscles indicate things that are further away)

Insight learning (Kohler)

- Involves a perceptual restructuring of the situation, not trial and error - Ex: apes in a cage with 2 sticks

The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called

realism

Regarding realism versus nominalism, Galileo was a/an:

realist

The ego is governed by the ___ principle

reality

According to Heidegger, to live an authentic life, one must first:

realize that one's life is finite

Aristotle's emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position.

reason

A major difference between connectionism (neural networks) and good old fashioned AI (GOFAI) is that GOFAI systems ____ and neural networks ____.

reason about the information they contain; change associations based on experience

Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. This belief was called:

recapitulation theory

Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called?

recapitulation theory

Neural network systems have been most successful at:

recognizing patterns and objects

Aquinas' great achievement was the

reconciliation of faith and reason

Aquinas' great achievement was the:

reconciliation of faith and reason

Kelly believed that the major goal of scientists and nonscientists is the same, namely, to:

reduce uncertainty

Franz Clemens Brentano

- It wasn't a matter of the contents of the mind as much as it is about the processes of the mind - Developed act psychology - Everything the mind does is a mental act - Defined the subject matter of psychology by distinguishing mental phenomena from physical phenomena

Ernest Hienrich Weber

- Just Noticeable Difference (JND) - Sense of touch - Sensation - Localization in space depends on: the mind's action, relations among sensations - Compass test

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

- Lamarkian theory of the inheritance of acquire characteristics - Ancestral generation is modified by experiences and ALL it's members contribute equally to the subsequent generation

Introspection (James)

- Looking into our own minds and reporting what we there discover. - The most natural and obvious psychological method. - Presented difficulties, prone to error.

Rationalization (A. Freud)

- Making excuses when behaviour is inconsistent with the ego's conception of the self Ex: Teacher thinks he's great and students suck. Turns out he hates the students and gives them low marks.

Johanne Wolfgang Von Goethe

- Managed to describe "after images"

John Stuart Mill

- Mental chemistry (treats complex ideas as the product of a process analogous to a chemical reaction) - Sensations are stronger than ideas (sensations = primary mental state, ideas = secondary mental state) - Law of contiguity - Strength of associations

Achetypes (Jung)

- Mind is not a blank slate, archetypes make us perceive, feel and act in particular ways. - Innate organizational tendencies that organize experiences without determining content.

Behavioural Environment (Koffka)

- More derived from our experience than geography - Determines/guides our behaviour - Is an individuals phenomenal/experienced world

Saint Thomas Aquinas

- Most successful interpreter of Artistotle's work for the church - Demonstrated that Aristotle's work was not incompatible with a Christian worldview - Divided faith and reason as two means to attain the same truth

Productive thinking (Wertheimer)

- Not just rote memorization, but the 'apprehension ofrelations' - An intrinsic reward is derived

Gestalt Laws of Organization

- Not nativists - Top down analysis - Law of Pragnanz (good form)

William of Occam

- Occam's razor - Empiricist - We must accept God on faith alone

Emmanuel Kant

- One can reach definite conclusions through the use of reason - Innate 'intuitions' frame our experience

Ewald Hering

- Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision (yellow-blue, red-green, white-black)

Erogenous zones (Freud)

- Oral (sucking) - Anal (control of sphincter) - Phallic (genitals) - Genital (finding a suitable sexual partner)

Kurt Goldstein

- Organismic theory (thinking of the organism as a whole not just a set of reflexes) - Self-actualization - Worked with WWI veterans with brain damage - Abstract attitude

David Hartley

- Our ability to think properly is dependent on the white medullary substance of the brain - Positive after images (e.g. looking at the flash of a camera) - When multiple stimuli are received, associations are made through repetition

Impressions (Hume)

- Our more lively perceptions (love, will, hearing, hating, desires)

Law of Perceptual Constancies (Koffka)

- Our perception of the properties of objects remains the same even though the proximal stimulus may change - As we turn distal into proximal stimuli, we take into account the whole surrounding of our perceived world - Shape Constancy - Size constancy

Symmetry

- Overlapping symmetrical squares are not seen as a singular object but 2 overlapping symmetrical squares

Confucianism

- People exist through and are defined by their relationships to other. These relationships are structured hierarchically.

Max Wertheimer

- Phi Phenomenon - The Minimum Principle - Productive Thinking

Thomas Hobbes

- Physical monist - Reductionist - Rejected innate ideas - Determinist

Heraclitus

- Physis = fire - "No one ever steps in the same river twice"

Gestalt Philosophy

- Pieces vs. Parts - Parts are related to the whole - Pieces are arbitrary fragments

Temple Medicine

- Practiced by priests/religious personel who resided in the temples

How we should teach students (Herbart)

- Preparation - Presentation - Association - Generalization - Application

Ane Anastasi

- President of APA - Enters university at 15, PhD at 21 - Wrote more than 150 articles and books

2 Systems of Speech (Pavlov)

- Primary signalling system (mostly sensory stimuli, ex: tone) - Secondary signalling system (mostly words, plays a crucial role)

Primary and Secondary qualities (Locke)

- Primary: belongs to the object itself (snowball - white, cold, round) - Secondary: our experience influencing the stimulus received (colours, tastes, sounds)

Carls Stumph

- Psychology of tone - Started the Berlin association for Child Psychology - Introspection = the method through which we access this orientation to outside objects (not conscious) - Theory of emotion (reduced emotion to feelings as sensation)

Neoplatonism

- Rationalism is minimized - Emphasis on God - De-emphasis on the Forms, the Ideal State, etc. - Individual mortality - Human passion

Rene Descartes

- Rationalist - Nativist - Cogito Ero Sum - Mind is separate from the body - Determinist - Deist

Displacement (A. Freud)

- Redirection an impulse to a safer target Ex: take it out on the family

Epicurus of Samos

- Refined hedonism - Pleasure seeking but only the essential pleasures (higher pleasures are dangerous)

Bekhterev

- Reflexology (all behaviour in terms of the reflex concept) Ex: Every new social movement meets with some form of opposition

Cynics

- Rejected society - Perceives humanity as corrupted - A quest for simplicity

Sigmund Freud

- Repression - Traumatic experiences can cause energy to be tied up for repression and thus not discharged in the usual way - Dynamic Model - Psychosexual development - Eros vs. Thanatos

Francis Galton

- Reputation as an indicator of eminence (theory of hereditary based on reputation) - Attempted to show that intelligence was handed down through families - Statistics and the normal distribution - Autobiographical memory - Acknowledged that the environment had to be favourable to have a positive impact on individuals

Principles of associations (Hume)

- Resemblance (ideas that resemble each other will be associated together) - Contiguity (things that happen together in time or space will be associated together) - Cause and effect (causes and effects will be associated together)

Regression (Freud)

- Returning or going back to an earlier stage of development)

Francis Bacon

- Science should use only the facts of observation - No introspection - Use controlled conditions to study humans - Use quantitative approach - Use an inductive process

Types of Introspection (Wundt)

- Self-observation/pure introspection (prone to personal bias, usually engaged in by everyone) - Experimental introspection/inner perception (deliberately observing one's own mental processes)

Plato

- Sensation and reason produce knowledge - Nativist - Differentiated between senses and forms

James Mill

- Sensations are the building blocks of the mind - Mental elements combine by laws of association - Advocate of democracy but not the woman's vote - Children are born alike, little difference in ability for learning - Reductionist

Serially ordered behaviours (Watson)

- Series of stimuli to generate responses in proper sequence - Through conditioning, the first stimulus can set off the entire chain EX: piano

Skeptics

- Similar to sophists (believed there was no truth, peak of relativsm) - Doubted sensory experience - Human behaviour should be governed by primal sensations/intuition, not by social conventions

Association of ideas (Locke)

- Simple Ideas: cannot be reduced to anything more elementary - Complex ideas: compounded out of simple ones

Zeigarnik effect (Lewin)

- Something that is unfinished tends to be better remembered than something that is finished - This is because completed things cause a resolution in tension whereas the unfinished results in an unresolved tension Ex: After an exam you remember the questions you don't think you got right rather than the ones you know you got right

Bain

- Spencer-Bain Principle (Persisting random behaviours are those leading to pleasant feelings; extinguished random behaviours are those leading to painful feelings) - The sense and the intellect - The emotions and the Will - Mind and body

Bell-Magendie Law (Fechner)

- Spoke about neurons - Looked at the dorsal route of the spinal cord - Dorsal side was responsible for bringing in sensory information - Ventral side seems to take information away from the CNS to the muscles, organs, etc.

James McKeen Cattell

- Started the journal Science - First psychologist to be elected to the National Academy of Science - One of the founding members of the APA

Tropism (Watson)

- Stimulus provoking a response in a mechanical way just like turning on a switch

William James

- Stream of consciousness - Plasticity - Comparative method - The "I" & the "me" - Habit (come about as organisms adapt to their surroundings)

Herman Ebbinghaus

- Studied learning and memory - Tested memory using non-sense syllables - Did work on forgetting

George Berkeley

- Subjective Idealism or Immaterialism - To be is to be perceived - What is real is only what we experience - God's perception explains existence - Theory of vision

Empedocles

- Suggested there are 4 elements: earth, fire, water, air - Causal powers are love and strife Theory of perception (eidola)

Oswald Kulpe

- Systematic experimental introspection and retrospection - Imageless thoughts - Mental sets - Founder of the Wurzburg School

Transposition (Kohler)

- Taking a relationship acquired in one situation and applying it to another situation Ex: chickens pecking

Tridimensional Theory of Feelings (Wundt)

- Tension & Relief - Depression & Excitement - Pleasant & Unpleasant

Abstract attitude (Goldstein)

- The ability to think about something that is not concrete or is not there - Some people with brain damage have difficulty doing this - This ability is funddamental for our ability to function everyday

Charles Lyell

- The earth was of a great age - The changes that had taken place since it's beginning could be explained in terms of purely natural forces

Inner psychophysics (Fechner)

- The study of the relationship between the mind and the brain

Field Theory (Lewin)

- The total forces acting on the object/organism at the moment - Complex dynamic forces acting on the organism influenced/determines human behaviour

Charles Darwin

- Theory of Evolution - Natural Selection - Selective Retention (adaptive variations are retained) - Blind Variation (variations/adaptations occur by chance)

Christine Ladd Franklin

- Theory of the Evolution of Colour Vision (black-white, blue-yellow, red-green) - Since red-green is the last to develop, red-green colour blindness is the most common

Psychophysical isomorphism (Kohler)

- There is no point to point correspondence between events in the brain and events in experience - Correspondence between brain (processes) and mind (experience) is structural

Creative synthesis (Wundt)

- Through apperception, our experience becomes a unified whole, and not just a series of elementary sensations

Psychologists Fallacy (James)

- To confuse your own standpoint with the mental facts to be reported

Theory of cause

- To know about something (marble statue of a man) we need to know: - Material cause (marble) - Formal cause (shape of the man) - Efficient cause (force required to make the statue) - Final cause (purpose of the statue)

Georges John Romanes

- To study the mind: study the activities of living organisms & organism must suggest to have consciousness AND choice - Assumes animal intelligence and mental evolution in animals - No real qualitative difference between animals and humans.

Self-Psychology (Calkins)

- Totality of Self (totality, a one of many characters) - Unique being (I am I, and you are you) - Identical being (I the adult self and my 10 year old self are in a real sense the same self) - A changing being (I the adult self differ from the 10 year old self)

St.Paul

- Trichotomy (body, soul, spirit) - Shift away from reason toward faith - God is omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent - Try to know god

Herman Von Helmholtz

- Trichromatic Theory of Color Perception (red, green, blue): subtracting of colours to make new colours - Place Theory of Audition (each separate nerve fibre is constructed to take cognizance of a definite note)

Saint Augustine

- Tried to create a unified theory of Christianity from the influences of the philosophers - Combined Stoicism, Neoplatonism, Judaism - The soul is unchangeable - Tripartite division of the soul (memory, understanding, the will)

Group Dynamics (Lewis)

- Tries to understand the group as a system instead of pieces

Metronome experiment (Wundt)

- Try to experience the beats WITHOUT emphasizing every second beat in the way that we hear the clock go 'tick-tock' with the emphasis on the tock

Repetition compulsion (Freud)

- Trying to replicate the original conditions under which our wishes were gratified

Figure/Ground

- Two competing images in one picture Ex: old lady/young woman

Robert Yerkes

- US Army testing - Age should not be a determining factor in terms of intelligence

Pavlov

- Unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and reflexes - Speech - Temperaments

Comparative Psychology

- Understanding the evolution of behaviour through the comparison of different species - Darwinism as a central influence - Part of functionalism

Carl Jung

- Wanted to desexualize the libido - Psychological types: extroversion and introversion - Collective unconscious - Archetypes - Balancing opposites - 4 functions (Perception: sensation vs. intution, Judgment: thinking vs. feeling)

Functionalism

- Wanted to understand the function of the mind - Research is interested in animals, children, and abnormal humans - More interest in individual differences rather than similarities - Heavily influenced by William James

Cathexis (Freud)

- We become attached to activities that will gratify wishes

Similarity

- We bunch similar items together

The Minimum Principle (Wertheimer)

- We do not perceive what is actually in the external world so much as we tend to organize our experiences so that it is as simple as possible Ex: seeing 2 animals vs. a 2 headed animal

John Locke

- We get ideas from 2 sources: sensory experience & reflection - Rejected the concept of innate ideas - Tabula Rasa - Association of ideas - Primary and secondary qualities

Countercathexis

- We give up the attachments to activities that gratify wishes - Amounts to forgetting that we want a particular thing

Apperception (Wundt)

- We organize and make sense of our experience (follows apprehension)

Proximity

- We tend to bunch nearby things together into groups as opposed to seeing them individually

Closure

- We tend to want to close open figures

Manifest contest (Freud)

- What we experience when we dream

Stoics

- Whatever happens is for a reason - Valued self-control and eradcation of disturbing emotion - Shifting of focus from the nature of the universe to how it is best to live

Memory Traces (Koffka)

- When the physical event stops the memory process stops and leaves a trace in the brain

Karen Horney

- Womb envy (men envy women for the ability to have children and their creativity) - Status envy (women envy men for their superior status in society) 1. Moving toward people = self-effacing/compliant 2. Moving away from people = indifference 3. Moving against people = hostile vindictiveness

Karl Lashley

- Worked on localization of function - Believed psychology came before physiology (opposite Pavlov) - Criticized serially ordered behaviour theory for not being able to explain the priming of responses of spoonerisms

Tamara Dembo

- Worked with the disabled - Studied anger and frustration, experimentally

Continuity

- You don't perceive it as 4 lines meeting, but as a cross

Satiation Theory (Kohler)

- You saturate your perception system to the point where it's tired and an alternate directional perception system takes over - Ex: Necker Cube

Positivism

- the transition from thinking about knowledge creation to thinking of science as the real dogma for knowledge seeking

All of the following occurred in Kelly's brand of psychotherapy except:

---a. the client was encouraged to respond to the therapist as if he or she was a significant person in the client's life (p. 583) b. the client was given a role to play c. the therapist played the part of a supporting actor d. the client wrote a self-characterization

All of the following was true of the Pythagoreans except:

---a. they believed that experiences of the flesh were superior to those of the mind (p. 35) b. they encouraged women to join their organization c. they urged the humane treatment of slaves and animals d. they believed in the transmigration of the soul

Because Democritus attempted to explain events occurring in one domain (observable phenomena) in terms of events occurring in another domain (the arrangements of atoms), he is considered a(n):

reductionist

For Locke, the safest and surest types of associations were those that

reflected natural relationships in the environment

According to Leibniz, a conscious experience always:

reflected the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences

Galton used the concept of __ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring

regression toward the mean

Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring.

regression toward the mean

Which of the following best describes Guthrie's view of reinforcement?

reinforcement changes the stimulating conditions, thus preventing unlearning

Humanistic psychologists:

reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal

If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization, he or she is said to be:

reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal

Through the centuries, mental illness has always been defined:

relative to the experiences of an average person

What did Hume refer to as an "inexplicable mystery"?

religion

Through the centuries, mental illness has always been defined relative to

religious ideals

According to your text, the mind-body problem:

remains one of psychology's persistent problems

Burt believed all of the following except:

remedial educational programs can raise the intellectual level of students with low intellectual ability

According to Aristotle, ____ is a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced and ____ involves an actual mental search for a past experience.

remembering; recall

Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____.

repressed; expressed

___ is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all of the other defense mechanisms.

repression

While in psychoanalysis, the patient stops short of realizing the crucial event. This is called:

resistance

Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the:

resonance place theory

For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ___ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ___ behavior.

respondent; operant

For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ____ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ____ behavior.

respondent; operant

The "cures" proposed by the Hippocratics included:

rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage, and bath

Georg Elias Müller was the first to demonstrate:

retroactive inhibition

According to Hebb, ____ allows neurons that are temporarily separated to become associated.

reverberating neural activity

Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement was effective in modifying behavior, but punishment was not.

revised law of effect (pp. 374-375)

During the preparadigmatic stage of the development of a science:

rival camps compete with each other for dominion of the discipline

A fundamental difference between the views of Erasmus and the views of Luther concerned the:

role of free will in religion

Kraepelin originally called which of the following mental illnesses dementia praecox?

schizophrenia

During the period before the Renaissance, which of the following was not true?

scientific inquiry and reason were encouraged

A consistently observed relationship between two or more classes of empirical events defines a:

scientific law

The original members of the American Psychological Association (APA) believed that anything in psychology worth applying to practical matters came from:

scientific psychology

According to Popper, psychology's persistent questions would be persistent even if they were scientific questions because:

scientific solutions can only attain the status of "not yet disconfirmed"

Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality "signals of signals" or the:

second-signal system

According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, tidology, and psychology are inexact sciences because their ____ are not understood.

secondary laws

At one point, Freud believed that adult hysteria was the result of an actual sexual incident that occurred in the life of the patient. This was called the:

seduction theory

for Skinner, the environment was important because it:

selected behavior through reinforcement contingencies

James admitted that his concept of ____ was similar to the older concepts of "soul" or "spirit."

self as knower (p. 343)

When a person accepts values dictated by society (not those personally attained) as their own, he/she is experiencing

self-alienation

James defined ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved.

self-esteem

James identified ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved.

self-esteem

Spinoza believed the master motive for human behavior and thought to be

self-preservation

Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins?

self-psychology

Parmenides believed that knowledge is attained only through rational thought because sensory experience provides:

Illusion

Sociobiologists depend heavily on ____ in their explanation of human social behavior

Inclusive fitness

What field is most interested in the transformation that information undergoes as it enters a communication system, as it operates within the system, and as it leaves the system?

Information theory

Plato's philosophy ____ the development of science.

Inhibited

Nativism

Innate abilities we possess from birth

A belief in the importance of ____ formed the core of McDougall's theory.

Instincts

Thales

Introduced the concept of fundamental substances: - smoke - wood - stone - water

____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior.

Irrationalism

According to the text, what was a criticism of monadology?

It asserted that because God created the world, it cannot be improved on

Which of the following was true of Aquinas' theology?

It demonstrated that church dogma was debatable.

What would Copernicus say is the only justification for accepting his heliocentric theory?

It explains known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order

For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas

James; Münsterberg

For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas.

James; Münsterberg

Although connectionism in the neural network model has been well accepted, it does have its critics. Who, in spite of supporting the Computational Theory of Mind (CTM), has written about the limits in explaining human cognition through any computational model?

Jerry Fodor

Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on

Jung

Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on:

Jung

According to Flanagan, when cognitive scientists are asked about their philosophical forebears, one hears the name of ____ more than any other.

Kant

Schopenhauer's philosophy was based on the distinction between the noumenal and phenomenal worlds proposed by:

Kant

Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation

Kenneth Clark

Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation?

Kenneth Clark

What factor most influenced Kepler's acceptance of Copernicus's heliocentric theory?

Kepler was a Platonist seeking mathematical simplicity and harmony.

Traditionally, the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of:

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche

Rationalism

Knowledge comes from the use of reason

Who published the article, "Perception: An Introduction to Gestalt-Theorie," which led to many believing that Gestalt psychology was only about perception?

Koffka

Who was one of the first to systematically study the effects of drugs on various cognitive and behavioral functions?

Kraepelin

The professional relationship between Watson and Lashley was strained because:

Lashley's research did not support Watson's switchboard conception of the brain

Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume's laws of associations?

Law of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder

Whose name is correctly associated with the theory of cognitive dissonance?

Leon Festinger

Vitalism

Life is never completely reduced to material things and this is due to a vital force which is existent in humans, animals, and plants

According to Wundt, a __ occurred whenever a sense organ was stimulated and the resulting impulse reached the brain

sensation

According to Wundt, a ____ occurred whenever a sense organ was stimulated and the resulting impulse reached the brain.

sensation

Which of the following is true concerning monads?

Next to God, humans possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking.

According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain:

sensation

For Locke, all ideas come from:

sensation and reflection

Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions?

Non determinist and soft determinist

What did the Skeptics use as their guide(s) for living?

sensations, feelings, and convention

Condillac was convinced that all powers Locke attributed to the mind could be observed simply from the abilities to

sense, remember, experience please and pain... all of the above

The clearest distinction between rationalism and empiricism can be made with regard to the acceptance or rejection of

sensory information

Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that:

sensory systems distorted our knowledge of the physical world to the extent that they do

For Democritus, perception occurred when atoms emanating from the surface of objects entered the ____ and were transmitted to the ____:

sensory systems of the body; brain

McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is not one of the three?

sentiment (p. 414)

According to Aristotle, the unmoved mover:

set nature in motion and did little else

In his hypothetic-deductive theory, Hull conceived of a process in which a(n):

set of postulates are created from which empirical relationships are predicted

According to Miller, the magical number for humans' capacity to process information is:

seven +/- two

In analyzing human thinking, Avicenna started with five external senses then postulated:

seven internal senses

According to Jung, we project the ___ onto the world as such things as devils, demons, and monsters.

shadow

According to Jung, we project the ____ onto the world as such things as devils, demons, and monsters.

shadow

Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her Ph.D. in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because:

she was a woman

Yerkes believed that immigration ____.

should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused

James Mill maintained that any mental experience can be reduced to:

simple ideas

Jesus can be best thought of as a(n):

simple man with focused goals

During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was generally taken as a sign of:

sinfulness and witchcraft

In general, ____ promotes a suspension of belief in anything and ____ promotes a retreat from society.

skepticism; cynicism

In general. __ promoted a suspension of belief in anything and __ promoted a retreat from society

skepticism; cynicism

Spencer's application of the notion of survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior was called

social Darwinism

Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as:

social Darwinism

According to Adler, for a lifestyle to be truly effective, it must contain considerable:

social interest

The ____ believes that because cognitive processes such as intentions, values, and beliefs intervene between experience and behavior, humans are responsible for their actions:

soft determinist

Concerning Spencer's contention that the notion of survival of the fittest should apply to societies, Darwin was

somewhat opposed for religious reasons

The study of ____ is especially important to ethologists.

species-specific behavior

The part of the cortex known as Broca's area is associated with

speech articulation

The part of the cortex known as Wernicke's area is associated with

speech comprehension

The idea of mass action:

states that the amount of loss of ability is related to the amount of destruction in the cortex

The observation concerning the behavior of cats that Guthrie and Horton made in 1946 and that supported Guthrie's theory of learning was:

stereotyped behavior (p. 440)

Rousseau believed that education should:

stimulate the development of a child's natural impulses

According to Hebb, when a phase sequence fires, we experience a(n):

stream of thought

Kierkegaard believed that truth was

subjective

Freud considered such things as poetry, art, religion, and baseball to be examples of:

sublimation

Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art.

sublimation

Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art.

sublimation

According to Donders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by:

subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination

in his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to:

suggestion

Who was the first African-American in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. in psychology?

sumner

For Nietzsche, people approaching their full potential are

supermen

According to the text, Freud's most original contribution to psychology was the:

synthesizing of many known facts into a comprehensive theory of personality

Külpe's technique of ____ involves giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engage in to solve them.

systematic experimental introspection

Because Aristotle assumed that everything in nature exists for a purpose, his theory is labeled:

teleological

James referred to individuals who are intellectual, idealistic, religious, and who believe in free will, as:

tender-minded

James referred to individuals who were intellectual, idealistic, religious and who believed in free will as:

tender-minded (p. 346)

Rousseau supported Protestantism in that he believed:

that God's existence could be defended on the basis of individual feeling

The early physician, Alcmaeon, proposed

that health resulted from a balance of qualities in the body

For Hegel, the only true understanding is an understanding of:

the Absolute

Aristotle's philosophy was highly influential in __ during the so-called Dark Ages

the Arab world

Perhaps the closest psychology has ever come to being a single-paradigm discipline has been during:

the Middle Ages

Freud originally concluded that young boys tend to love their mothers and hate their fathers. This was called:

the Oedipus complex

Whereas Watson modeled his psychology after ____, Skinner modeled his after ____.

the Russian physiologists; Thorndike (p. 445)

The probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome. What is this called?

the Spencer-Bain principle

One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with organized religion was over:

the age of earth

Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on

the ancient law of contiguity

In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept?

the associative principles of contiguity and frequency

In 1960, Donald Hebb referred to the American revolution in psychology. According to Hebb, only one phase of the American revolution in psychology had taken place at that time:

the behavioristic movement

Broca's research in craniometry found erroneously that:

the brain is larger in eminent men and superior races

Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior

the categorical imperative

Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior:

the categorical imperative

Based on his theory of development, Freud would most agree with the statement:

the child is father to the man

For the third-force psychologists, what was missing and what they sought was:

the conditions that make healthy people healthier

The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a physician will do so in a group is called

the contagion effect

The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a physician will do so in a group is called:

the contagion effect

What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology?

the cortical area of the brain functioned as a whole

According to May, ____ is at the heart of many myths and of most great art and literature.

the daimonic

Wundt's principle of ____ stated that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience.

the development of opposites

Wundt's principle of ____ states that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience.

the development of opposites

Which of the following did Darwin believe

the difference between humans and other animals is one one of degree

Copernicus argued that:

the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory) (p. 106)

According to Spinoza, all human emotions were derived from

the experiences of pleasure and pain

Thorndike's identical elements theory of transfer states that:

the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) investigates:

the extent to which machines can replicate the mental powers of humans

After a painful search, Descartes concluded that the only thing of which he could be certain was

the fact that he doubted

Who created the field of cybernetics?

Norbert Wiener

What was Guthrie's one rule for breaking undesirable habits?

Observe the stimuli that elicit the behavior and perform another act in the presence of those stimuli.

After a painful search, Descartes concluded that the only thing of which he could be certain was:

the fact that he doubted

The Jonah Complex refers to

the fear of one's own success

The Jonah complex refers to:

the fear of one's own success

Locke believed that all human emotions derived from

the feeling of pleasure and pain

Using the split-brain preparation, Sperry and his colleagues speculated that:

the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were dramatically different

The behavioristic explanation of transposition offered by Spence emphasized:

the generalization of behavioral tendencies (pp. 473-474)

According to Wundt's principle of ____, something almost always occurs during goal-directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern

the heterogony of ends

Which of the following is not part of the existential philosophy

the importance of rational thought

According to Lamarck, any habits adult members of a species developed that were conductive to survival were passed on to their offspring. This explanation of evolution was called

the inheritance of acquired characteristics

According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult's offspring. This phenomenon is called:

the inheritance of acquired characteristics

According to Kant, our phenomenological experience results from:

the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

According to the Gestaltists, what governs brain activity is:

the invariant dynamics that govern all physical systems

What aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning:

the laws of association

The work of such researches of Broca, Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier did not support phrenology because:

the localized cortical functions that is isolated were not where the phrenologists said they were and the cortical functions that were discovered were quite different from those functions postulated by the phrenologists

The work of such researchers as Broca, Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier did not support phrenology because:

the localized cortical functions that it isolated were not where the phrenologists said they were and the cortical functions that were discovered were quite different from those functions postulated by the phrenologists

Titchener defined __ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime

the mind

Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime

the mind

Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime.

the mind

Descartes believed that:

the mind is nonmaterial

According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for:

the mind itself

Bechterev suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be employed.

the natural sciences

After collecting questionnaire date from 200 fellow scientists, Galton stated that the potential for high intelligence was inherited but that it must be nurtured by a proper environment, thus beginning

the nature-nurture controversy

Bain's explanation of voluntary behavior combined:

the notions of spontaneous activity and hedonism

Plato and Aristotle did not believe in evolution for different reasons; Aristotle believed that

the number of species was fixed, transmutation from one species to another was impossible

Historicism refers to the belief that:

the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present

Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe:

the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment (p. 392)

Wertheimer demonstrated that explanations of apparent movement based on learning were not plausible by showing that:

the phi phenomenon occurred in two directions at the same time (p. 464)

Which of the following characteristics of contemporary psychology would most disappoint Watson:

the popularity of cognitive psychology

Schopenhauer believed that life is best viewed as:

the postponement of death

Jean-Paul Sartre was most interested in:

the power we let others have over ourselves

Presentism assumes that:

the present state of a discipline is its best, most fully developed state

Lewin's contention that only facts currently present on one's life space can influence a person's thinking and behavior is called:

the principle of contemporaneity (p. 478)

According to Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory?

the principle of falsifiability

Köhler said that the brightness constancy exists because:

the ratio of the brightness of the figure to the brightness of the ground remains constant

Rogers found that if therapy is effective

the real and ideal selves become increasingly similar

Rogers found that if therapy is effective:

the real and ideal selves become increasingly similar

Thorndike's law of exercise stated that

the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced

Thorndike's law of exercise stated that:

the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced (p. 374)

According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment

the struggle for survival

Comte used the term sociology to describe:

the study of how different societies compared in terms of his proposed three stages of development

According to Klein's theory:

the superego develops early in life and the development of the superego is determined by interactions between life and death instincts

Which of the following characterized Rousseau's utopian society?

the surrender of the individual will to the general will

according to the sophists, what is it that determines if an idea is accepted

the truthfulness of an idea

According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____.

the uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks

According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____.

the uniqueness of humans; the abnormal

At various times in history a soul, mind, or self had been postulated in order to account for

the unity and continuity of human experience

For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was

the will to power

According to Schopenhauer, when the blind, aimless universal manifests itself in a particular organism, it becomes:

the will to survive

Hebb's preferred approach to studying cognitive processes was to speculate about:

their biological foundations

According to Aristotle, we perceive environmental objects because:

their movement influences a medium, which in turn stimulates one or more of the five senses

According to Comte's law of three stages, a culture at the most primitive stage of explaining things used ____ explanations.

theological

An area in cognitive development that concerns how we come to know the beliefs, feelings, plans, and behavioral intentions of other people is referred to as:

theory of mind

According to Leibniz's law of continuity:

there are no leaps or gaps in nature

According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment:

there is a struggle for survival

The group commissioned to investigate the validity of Mesmer's claims concerning animal magnetism concluded that

there was no such thing as animal magnetism and any positive results from Mesmer's treatments were due to the imagination

According to Reid, the mind reasons and the stomach digests food because:

they are innately designed to do so

According to the text, psychology's persistent questions are persistent because:

they are philosophical questions

According to Galileo, all of the following were true of secondary qualities except:

they are the only qualities of which we can be certain

According to Galileo, all of the following were true of secondary qualities:

they correspond to nothing that exists in the physical world b. they are merely names we give to certain psychological experiences c. they are irrelevant to an understanding of the physical world

Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because:

they fear death

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?

they have many close friends and acquaintances

Darwin believed all of the following about human emotions except:

they were qualitatively different from the emotions of nonhuman animals

For Aristotle, the greatest happiness came from

thinking rationally

For Aristotle, the greatest happiness came from:

thinking rationally

In contemporary psychology, romanticism and existentialism have combined to form:

third-force psychology

According to Hebb, when a cell assembly fires, we experience a(n):

thought of an environmental object

To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of

three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors

To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of:

three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors

Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control, such as male or female, rich or poor, our nationality. This he called:

thrownness

For the Stoics, the basic moral choice a person makes is:

to act or not to act in accordance with nature's plan

Horney believed that the child has two basic needs: ___ and ___.

to be safe; to have biological needs satisfied

As discussed in the book, there are several reasons to study the history of psychology. Which of the following is not one of those discussed in the book?

to see how psychology fits into social/cultural history

According to the romantics, the best way to find out what humans were really like was to study the

total person

In explaining how the elements of thought combine, Titchener emphasized:

traditional associationism

When a patient expresses emotions toward the therapist that once were expressed toward another person, this is called ____.

transference

In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity ____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it otherwise would not possess.

transform

In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity ____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it would not otherwise possess.

transform

Toward the end of his life, Maslow began to develop ____ psychology that went beyond personal experience (mystical, ecstatic, spiritual aspects) and had much in common with non-Western psychologies, philosophies, and religions.

transpersonal and fourth-force

Gestalt psychology's version of the transfer of training was called:

transposition (p. 473)

Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to:

treat them as small adults

The procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape was called

trepanation

What is the procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape?

trepanation

Primitive man viewed illness as a result of evil forces or spirits entering the body. This led to attempts to rid the body of those spirits or evil forces by various means including:

trepanation and bleeding the patient

In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurs when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement are employed is:

trivial

In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurred when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement were employed was:

trivial (p. 475)

A Russian geneticist once said "Nothing about evolution makes sense in the light of modern biology.

true

A scientific theory may be defined as a "coherent set of principles or statements that explain a large set of observations or findings."

true

Alogia is defined as a lack of motivation

true

Bell's research indicated a separation of sensory and motor functions in the nervous system

true

Darwin made his case for humans being a product of evolution in his book On the Origin of Species.

true

Evolution is evident in plants, insects, and some animals, but there is no strong evidence for evolution in humans

true

Evolution occurs through mutations in the organism's DNA structure which results in adaptations, which increase the probability of survival and procreation

true

Most scientists reject Intelligent Design as a valid theory because it fails to meet minimal criteria of scientific verifiability.

true

Pre-Frontal lobotomy has also been referred to as "euthanasia of the mind."

true

Romanticism and Existentialism were reactions to and criticisms of the enlightenment philosophy.

true

Structuralism was essentially an attempt to study scientifically what had been the philosophical concerns of the past.

true

The Positivism of Comte equated knowledge with empirical observations

true

The biological model assumes that all disease is caused by malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain.

true

The first psychology lab was created by Wundt in 1879

true

The major difference between Kierkegaard and Nietzsche was that Kierkegaard believed in God and Nietzsche said God was dead

true

Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the

two-point threshold

What did Weber called the smallest distance between two points at which a subject reported sensing two points instead of one?

two-point threshold

The belief that human behavior is determined but the cause of behavior cannot be accurately measured is called

uncertainty principle

The belief that human behavior is determined but the causes of behavior cannot be accurately measured is called:

uncertainty principle

In Pavlov's experimental example, the meat powder was the

unconditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the

unconditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the:

unconditioned stimulus

Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to

understand animal consciousness

Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to:

understand animal consciousness (p. 373)

According to Wertheimer, productive thinking occurred as the result of:

understanding

Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that

unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless

Guthrie argued that the learning theories and descriptions proposed by such individuals as Tolman, Hull, Watson, and Skinner were:

unparsimonious

Viktor E. Frankl, Karl Jaspers, and Medard Boss:

used existentialism to understand human nature

The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called

Occam's razor

____ can be viewed as parallelism with divine intervention.

Occasionalism

Which statement would Peter Lombard most likely agree with?

One can learn about God by studying the empirical world.

Alcmaeon

One of the first recorded anatomists - Balance between opposites

___ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being.

Ontology

Law of contrast

Opposite things are associated

Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology.

Overt behavior

Zeno's paradox was offered as proof for whose philosophy?

Parmenides'

According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consists of which of the following?

People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others.

According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consists of which of the following?

People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose.

Bouchard reached which of the following conclusions?

People have similar personality traits to the extent that they are genetically related.

According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following?

People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with God.

According to Erasmus, who is least likely to speak the truth?

Philosophers

Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called:

Philosophical Studies

The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior

Physical determinist

Who developed a cognitive development theory and is considered an even more prolific writer than Wundt?

Piaget

Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called:

Positivism

Anthropomorphism

Projecting human feelings onto inanimate objects

Luther's new religious movement that denied the authority of the pope was called:

Protestantism

All of the following were antecedents of third-force psychology except

Psychoanalysis

___ is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events.

Psychophysics

According to Khun, what happens during the paradigmatic stage of science?

Puzzle-solving activity occurs

____ is the belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type.

Radical behaviorism

Which of the following did Watson's objective psychology have in common with Russian objective psychology?

Rejection of introspection as a research tool

Which of the following is consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers?

Relate new material to what has already been learned.

Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test?

Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods.

For Heidegger, freedom and ___ went hand in hand

Responsibility

The statement "Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with:

Rousseau

The statement, "Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with:

Rousseau

Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism?

Rousseau

According to ____, psychology's persistent questions are most appropriately addressed philosophically rather than scientifically.

Russell and Medawar

Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior?

Salivating when a bell is rung

Blood

Sanguine

The attempt to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology is referred to as:

Scholasticism

Which of the following did Comte believe?

Scientific laws are statements that summarize experiences.

What is the belief that the only valid knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that science can solve all human problems?

Scientism

__ was the belief that the only valid knowledge was scientific knowledge, and that science could solve all human problems

Scientism

Critical Tradition

Self- criticizing (e.g., the Greeks, Socratic doubt)

Imagination

Sense impressions decay over time

Attention

Sense organs retain the motion caused by certain external objects

Galileo used experiments to do which of the following?

Show the uselessness of metaphysics in science

Law of similarity

Similar things are associated

Law of compound association

Single ideas are not associated, rather an idea is usually associated with several other ideas through contiguity or similarity

History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, __ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science

Skinner

According to Hebb, the second phase of the American revolution in psychology would consist of:

using scientific rigor to study cognitive processes

According to ___, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people

utilitarianism

According to ____, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.

utilitarianism

The fact that St. Paul __ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers.

valued faith above reason

Wundt believed that feelings are:

various combinations of three attributes

For Socrates, essences were

verbal definitions

For Socrates, essences were:

verbal definitions

Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations:

vibratiuncles

During the early stages of hypothesis formation, an organism may ponder alternatives at the choice point. This apparent pondering is called:

vicarious trial and error (p. 431)

According to Kelly, the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client:

view things differently

According to Freud, both hysterical symptoms and dreams could be:

viewed as symbolic manifestations of repressed traumatic thoughts

According to Wundt, empiricism lacked an appreciation of:

volitional processes

Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as

voluntarism

According to Skinner, the most important aspect of operant behavior was that it

was controlled by its consequences, not elicited by a stimulus

According to Skinner, the most important aspect of operant behavior was that it:

was controlled by its consequences, not elicited by a stimulus

Both Bacon and Descartes sought to develop a system of thought that:

was impervious to the doubts of the Skeptics

Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"?

Spencer

If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is again presented, the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response. This reappearance of the conditioned response is called:

Spontaneous recovery

Who was responsible for the ontological argument for the existence of God?

St. Anselm

During which stage of early American psychology was the statement "Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God" true?

Stage One: moral and mental philosophy

The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:

Stern

For the __, courage in the face of danger was considered the highest virtue

Stoic

Existentialism

Stressed the meaning of human existence, freedom of choice. and the uniqueness of each individual

Impressions

Strong vivid perceptions

Historicism

Studying history using a contextual approach as opposed to whig history

Berkeley's theory of distance perception

Suggests that for distance to be judged several sensations from different modalities must be associated

Who was the first to emphasize natural explanations and to minimize supernatural explanations?

Thales

the first philosopher was

Thales

Empiricism

That which comes from constant observations; the process of using the senses to gather data

Which of the following did Burt believe?

The "g" or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited.

Why did the APA create the category of associate member for psychologists who held a doctorate but had no scientific publications beyond their dissertation?

The APA had a strong interest in the scientific pursuit of psychological inquiry

Of Darwin's books, the one most directly related to psychology is:

The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals

What did Galton find about mental imagery?

The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed.

Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray's book The Bell Curve?

The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite.

Gall believed which of the following?

The bumps and indentations on the skull indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties

The ____ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes.

The determinist

According to Aristotle, an unmoved mover:

was nature

For Aristotle, sensory experience:

was necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge

Lashley's search for the engram:

was unsuccessful

Gorgias was a solipsist because he believed that:

we can be aware only of our own experiences and mental states

Kant agreed with Hume that

we can never experience the physical world of directly

Which of the following did Darwin believe?

The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree.

What is Müller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy?

The doctrine of specific nerve energies

Copernicus argues that

The earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory

The approach to writing a history of psychology that takes the best from a variety of viewpoints is referred to as

The eclectic approach

Paradigm

The entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques and so on shared by the members of a given (scholarly) community

Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists?

The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement

Cosmology

The explanation of origin, structure, and processes governing the universe; universe is explainable

Petrarch believed in which of the following?

The human spirit should be freed from medieval traditions

What did romanticism and existentialism have in common?

The importance of subjective experience

What concerns were held by both St. Augustine and St. Jerome?

The influence that pagan philosophies held over Christians

What aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning

The laws of association

Which analogy best illustrates the concept of double aspectism?

The mind and the body are like two sides of a coin

What is true of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind?

The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas.

William of Occam believed that

we could know the world directly without being concerned about a "higher" reality beyond our sensory experience and the mind classifies things on the basis of what they have in common

According to Kant:

we must be forever ignorant of physical reality

Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct?

we strike a person and then become angry

If any conceivable observation supports a theory, Popper would conclude that the theory is:

weak

When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they:

were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success

Most existentialists accept Nietzsche's proclamation:

what does not kill me, makes me stronger

According to Guthrie, the effectiveness of punishment is determined by:

what it causes an organism to do in the presence of stimuli that elicit undesirable behavior (p. 441)

Philosophy began:

when logos replaced mythos

Insightful learning occurs

when the things necessary for a problem's solution are present (p. 472)

Posthypnotic suggestion is

where an individual is told to perform some act while in a hypnotic trance and then they actually perform the act after being aroused from the trance

Posthypnotic suggestion is:

where an individual is told to perform some act while in a hypnotic trance and then they actually perform the act after being aroused from the trance

The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was

will

The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was:

will

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

-Interested in individual differences, in particular gifted and retarded children - Influenced Thorndike to move away from inherited intelligence - Studied women and eminence and women's performance during the menstrual cycle - Challenged the concept that women were inherently less intelligent than men

Freud concluded that every dream is a ____, meaning a symbolic expression of a desire that the dreamer could not express directly without experiencing anxiety.

wish fulfillment

According to Popper, scientific activity begins:

with a problem

The Hippocratics believed that hysteria afflicted only:

women

Horney believed that women often feel inferior to men because:

women are culturally inferior to men

According to Adler, which of the following describes the conceptual development of a child?

worldview | guiding fictions | lifestyle

Helmholtz found that when individuals with normal sight wore distorted lenses they

would make perceptual mistakes at first but then would adapt and perceive normally

Helmholtz found that when individuals with normal sight wore distorted lenses they:

would make perceptual mistakes at first but then would adapt and perceive normally

According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a ____ afterimage.

yellow

The first Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) was offered by the:

University of Illinois

____ maintains that life can never be completely explained in terms of material things and mechanical laws.

Vitalism

____ promotes that life can never be completely explained in terms of material things and mechanical laws.

Vitalism

According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning?

A child's natural interests

Searle concluded which of the following?

A computer can pass the Turing test without being able to think.

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common?

A criticism of the organized church and science

In 1988, a group of scientific psychologists protested the prevailing interests of the American Psychological Association (APA) by creating the:

American Psychological Society (APS)

____ proposed an infinite number of elements, called seeds, from which everything comes.

Anaxagoras

Which of the following statements is supported by the work of the Brelands?

Animal behavior cannot be properly understood without a knowledge of the animal's instinctual tendencies.

Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's at about the same times that Darwin formulated his own theory

Wallace

Lashley did pioneering ethological research with:

Watson

When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position, Titchener was not upset because he (Titchener) believed that:

Watson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper

Whig Psychology

We think about today and our knowledge as "normal" and we look at what these people did in those times and think they are stupid

Ideas

Weak perceptions;Faint images in thinking and reasoning

Who wrote a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches' Hammer) and referred to witch burning as "Godlessness"?

Weyer

Presentism

What are the movements in the past that explain our present beliefs

Zeitgeist

What is believed at the time; spirit of the times

Which of the following did Zing Yang Kuo find?

What might be thought to be an instinctive behavior, such as a cat killing a rat, is actually based on life experiences.

Sensation

When a sense organ is stimulated and the impulse reaches the brain

For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.

Why

Who denounced the search for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance?

William of Occam

The founder of sociobiology was:

Wilson

Why is it inaccurate to say that psychology is becoming cognitively oriented?

With only a few exceptions psychology has always been cognitively oriented.

Which of the following best describes Vaihinger's attitude toward "fictions"?

Without them, societal living would be impossible.

Who developed the language games

Wittgenstain

Hull's theory can be seen as an elaboration of the "O" in ____ S-O-R conception of psychology.

Woodworth's

Theory of Humors

Yellow bile, black bile, blood, phlegm

Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior is caused by:

a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain

Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior was caused by:

a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain (p. 392)

For Titchener, attention is:

a clearness of sensation

Lightner Witmer made three lasting impressions on clinical psychology. Of the following, which is not reflective of those lasting impressions?

a conception that clinical psychologists should be eclectic

When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response, the reaction is called

a conditioned response (CR)

When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response, the reaction is called:

a conditioned response (CR)

Wundt was

a determinist

Plato's analogy of the divided line illustrates:

a hierarchy of understanding

According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is

a matter of choice

Which of the following best describes Guthrie's view of "reinforcement"?

a mechanical arrangement that prevents unlearning

The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is driving exemplifies:

a mental set and a determining tendency

According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act?

a motive or need

According to the author of your text, contemporary psychology is:

a multiparadigmatic science

Nietzsche believed that

a person had to create whatever meaning his or her life was going to have

For Rousseau, the best guide for human conduct was

a person's honest feelings and inclinations

Insightful learning has several characteristics. Which one of the following is not one of the characteristics?

a principle gained by insight is not readily applied to other problems (p. 473)

Galileo was among the first to suggest that

a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible

The self has 2 parts (James)

-The "I" (pure ego, knows things) - The "me" (empirical self): the material self, the social self, the spiritual self

The first quantitative law in psychology was

-websters law

During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was generally taken as a sign of

-witchcraft, or sin/supernatural

Bouchard estimated the heritability of intelligence to be about:

.70

3 Types of Conflict (Lewin)

1. Approach-approach conflict (2 attractive goals and you can't make up your mind) 2. Avoidance-avoidance conflict (2 unattractive goals and you want neither) 3. Approach-avoidance conflict (attractive and unattractive aspects about a goal)

Defence Mechanisms (Anna Freud)

1. Displacement 2. Projection 3. Rationalization 4. Reaction Formation

3 Habits Humans Form (Watson)

1. Emotional (innate respones of fear, rage, love) 2. Manual (range of muscular responses allowing the accomplishment of physical tasks) 3. Verbal (No thought without language, ' thought is nothing but talking to ourselves')

Stream of Consciousness (James)

1. Every thought is my own and no one elses (personal consciousness) 2. Thought is always changing) 3. Consciousness is sensibly continuous. 4. Object of our thought is the undivided state of consciousness. 5. Interested in some parts of objects to the exclusion of others.

3 Term Contingencies (Skinner)

1. The environment provides a stimulus situation 2. Elicits a response 3. Followed by a reinforcing stimulus

Horney believed Freud

1. Underestimated the role of social factors in personality 2. Overestimated the role of sexuality 3. Overestimated early childhood experiences

Scientific Management (Taylor)

1. Work plan given minimum 24 hours prior 2. Complete written instructions of plan 3. The means to do the work had to be ready

Theory

1. organized empirical observations 2. act as a guide for future observations

Titchener concluded that there were about ____ identifiable sensations, most of which were related to the sense of ____.

40,000; vision

Bouchard and his colleagues found the heritability for personality traits to be about ____ and for religious interest, attitudes, and values to be about ____.

50;50

Estimates show that about ____ of the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA) identify themselves as health care providers.

70%

Connectionism takes as its model a complex system of artificial neurons called a:

neural network

Feelings

Accompanied sensations and could be described along three dimensions (tridimensional theory of pleasantness) [Pleasantness-unpleasantness; excitement-calm; strain-relaxtion] of feelings

What was James's advice with regard to emotional experience?

Act the way you want to feel.

Which of the following will be most helpful to an individual's survival in a given environment?

Adaptive features

The Enlightenment is also referred to as the :

Age of Reason

The Enlightenment is also referred to as:

Age of reason

Which of the following is consistent with neobehaviorism?

All theoretical terms must be operationally defined.

Wertheimer was influenced by and took several courses from which of the following men?

Ehrenfels

Which of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology?

Elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans.

Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists?

Empiricists used induction via a"bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach

This person preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title "Destroyer of Religion."

Epicurus

Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question?

Epiphenomenalism

Objective Reality

Exist independent of one's own perception

Husserl's phenomenology soon expanded into

Existentialism

According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science?

Existing paradigms are displaced

Double aspectism

Experience is the connection between the mind and body communication

Mechanism

Explaining human behaviour as a machine, like the functioning of a clock

What is one of the criticisms of adaptationism?

Factors other than adaptation can cause evolutionary change

Who believes that science cannot be characterized by any set of prescribed methods, principles, or rules?

Feyerabend.

The purpose for which an object exists is its ____ cause:

Final

Alexander Bain

First Psychologist

Kierkegaard

First modern existentialist

____ positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining rationalism and empiricism.

Logical (p. 424)

Philosophy

Love of knowledge and wisdom

According to ____, when a person has a desire to move his arm, God is aware of this desire and moves the person's arm.

Malebranche

What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?

Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population

Experimentalism

Manipulated variables under controlled settings to examine a causal relationship

Which psychologist would posit that psychology is a science with a core content and widely accepted processes and principles?

Matarazzo

You are a monist with regard to the mind-body question. Which of the following does your position most likely represent?

Materialism

Black bile

Melancholic, ill tempered

What was the outcome of Mesmer's proposal that 10 of his patients be treated by him and 10 be treated by members of the French Academy of Medicine, and then the results compared?

Mesmer's proposal was rejected

Parallelism

Mind and body are separate entities

Which of the following statements is most closely associated with Angell?

Mind and body cannot be separated; they act as a unit in an organism's struggle for survival.

Interactionism

Mind and body interact and communicate together

Law of constructive association

Mind can rearrange memories of experiences into an almost infinite number of combinations, accounts for creativity

Law of frequency

More often events occur together - stronger the association

____ combined behaviorism and logical positivism

Neobehaviorism

____ combined behaviorism and logical positivism.

Neobehaviorism

Why were the Greek nobility more likely to follow the Olympian religion rather than the Dionysiac-Orphic religion?

The personification of orderliness, rationality, and intelligence in the Olympian gods

What did McDougall include in his definition of psychology that Watson did not?

The study of human consciousness

Historiography is:

The study of the proper way to write history

Epiphenomenon

The subjective experience of external phenomenon

Which of the following most characterized Rousseau's utopian society?

The surrender of the individual will to the general will

Which of the following is a characteristic of insightful learning?

The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete.

According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle.

Thesis

Which is a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?

They are creative.

What was true of the British empiricists?

They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles.

During his early career, Freud first made a name for himself as a:

neuroanimist

Which of the following is true of the Hippocratics?

They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of both physical and mental illness.

Which of the following is true of neural networks?

They process several sequences of information simultaneously.

What did Martin Buber and Ernest Becker share in common with Rollo May?

They were interested in myth and human convention

Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior?

Thorndike

The first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior, was done by:

Thorndike (p. 373)

Pavlov acknowledged that ____ objective work on the learning process preceded his own.

Thorndike's (p. 393)

Ethology was developed primarily by Von Frisch, Lorenz, and:

Tinbergen

What was a goal of St.Thomas Aquinas?

To strengthen the position of the church through reason

Who introduced the use of intervening variables into psychology?

Tolman

According to the text, Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory can be considered a direct descendent of ____ theory.

Tolman's

Which of the following best describes Charcot's explanation of hysteria?

Traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms.

The York Retreat was founded by ____; it provided freedom, respect, and medical treatment for the mentally ill and became a model for mental health institutions throughout the world.

Tuke

The founder of artificial intelligence was:

Turing

The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called:

c. Zoroastrianism (p. 74)

According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is:

c. a matter of choice

For Leibniz, sensory experience was important because it:

c. allowed the potential ideas within us to become actualized (p. 186)

According to Jung, the ____ provided the masculine component of the female personality and a framework within which females can interact with males.

c. animus (p. 557)

Heidegger believed that when individuals exercised their freedom, they experienced ____, and if they did not, they experienced ____.

c. anxiety; guilt (p. 575)

For Hartley, the only process that converted simple ideas into complex ideas was:

c. association (p. 151)

According to Jung, the ____ was the deepest and most powerful component of the personality.

c. collective unconscious (p. 556)

Adler departed from Freudian theory with his concept of ____, in which he claimed that humans did not need to be victims of their past, their environment, or their biological inheritance.

c. creative self (p. 561)

Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature.

c. empirical philosophy; Newtonian science (p. 144)

For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence was to:

c. enter into a personal, emotional union with God (p. 81)

Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process?

c. evolution just happens (p. 300)

Husserl's phenomenology soon expanded into:

c. existentialism (p. 573)

The only justification for accepting Copernicus' heliocentric theory was that it:

c. explained known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order (p. 107)

For Wittgenstein, language:

created reality and is a tool used by members of a community to communicate with one another

The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced along with it.

contiguity

The cornerstone of Guthrie's theory of learning was the law of:

contiguity (p. 439)

Stimuli that seem to go in the same direction from a perceptual unit exemplify which Gestalt principle?

continuity (p. 468)

Correlational laws allow for prediction, but causal laws permit prediction and __________

control

Nietzsche believed that the best life reflected

controlled passion

Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects:

controlled passion

For James, by controlling one's thoughts, one:

controls one's behavior

Roger Sperry and his colleagues discovered that information could be transferred from one cerebral hemisphere to the other via the:

corpus callosum and optic chiasm

Bessel used personal equations to:

correct differences in the reaction times among various observers

When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be:

correlated

__ describe how classes of events vary together in some systematic way

correlation laws

Before Thomas Kuhn, scientific activity was guided by the:

correspondence theory of truth

Terman believed that those with low intelligence:

could not be moral people

If during psychoanalysis the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the client, ___ has occurred.

countertransference

If during psychoanalysis, the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the patient, ____ has occurred.

countertransference

According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____

create ideas of physical attributes (solidarity, extension, shape, motion quantity); create ideas with no physical counterpart; (Color, sound, temperature, taste)

Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology.

motivation

Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, so he called his psychology dynamic psychology.

motivation (p. 368)

According to Guthrie, the association between stimuli and a(n) ____ is formed in one-trial.

movement

Horney described three major adjustment patterns available to neurotic people (those with basic anxiety). Which of the following is not one of the three?

moving with people (social type)

According to Husserl, experimental psychology:

must be preceded by phenomenological analysis

Neoplatonism is a philosophy that emphasized the most ____ aspects of Plato's philosophy.

mystical

The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called:

naive realism

According to May, ____ examines the stories by which people live and understand their lives and the effectiveness of those stories.

narrative therapy

Behavioral geneticists tend toward ____ because they believe that at least some thought processes or behavior patterns are strongly influenced by heredity.

nativism

The 18th century belief that mental illness was punishment for a sinful life was called:

natural law

According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the __ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value

natural selection

According to Woodworth, an organism will act differently in the same physical environment depending on what:

need or drive is present

According to Woodworth, in the same physical environment, an organism would act differently depending on what:

need or drive was present (pp. 368-369)

Helmholtz found that when individuals who had been blind since birth acquired sight they

need to learn to perceive

Helmholtz found that when individuals who had been blind since birth acquired sight they:

needed to learn to perceive

Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold:

negative sensations