Final - Study Guide (w/o Multiple Choice)
The assignment operator is the _____ sign.
=
Most programming languages allow you to ask two or more questions in a single comparison by using a(n) _____ operator that joins decisions in a single statement.
AND
_____ is the process of paying attention to important properties while ignoring nonessential details.
Abstraction
Programmers employ the acronym _____ to mean that if your input is incorrect, your output is worthless.
GIGO
A _____ allows users to interact with a program in a graphical environment.
GUI (Graphical User Interface)
_____ variables and constants are known to the entire program.
Global
_____ is where a variable's data type or other information is stored as part of the name.
Hungarian notation
_____ files involves combining two or more files while maintaining the sequential order of the records.
Merging
You use the _____ operator to reverse the meaning of a Boolean expression.
NOT
When the first letter of a variable name is uppercase, as in HourlyWage, the format is known as _____ casing.
Pascal casing
_____ applications require that a record be accessed immediately while a client is waiting.
Real-time
_____ are groups of fields that go together for some logical reason.
Records
_____ evaluation is when each part of an expression that uses an operator is evaluated only as fast as necessary to determine whether the entire expression is true or false.
Short-circuit
_____ errors are relatively easy to locate and correct because the compiler or interpreter you use highlights every error.
Syntax
_____ are diagrams used in mathematics and logic to help describe the truth of an entire expression based on the truth of its parts.
Truth tables
When the records in a file are sorted in order from lowest to highest values, the records are in _____ order.
ascending
A _____ search starts looking in the middle of a sorted list, and then determines whether it should continue higher or lower.
binary
After a programmer plans the logic of a program, the next step is _____.
coding the program
A(n) _____ is a location on your computer screen where you type text entries to communicate with the computer's operating system.
command line
A _____ is a collection of data stored on a nonvolatile device in a computer system.
computer file
Named _____ holds values that do not change during a program's execution.
constants
A(n) _____ is any numeric variable you use to count the number of times an event has occurred.
counter
Array elements all have the same _____ in common.
data type
The process of finding and correcting program errors is called ______.
debugging
In most programming languages, before you can use any variable, you must include a _____ for it.
declaration
A(n) _____ loop executes a predetermined number of times.
definite
Programmers use the term _____ to describe programs that are well designed and easy to understand and maintain.
elegant
Fill in the blank in the following pseudocode: if someCondition is true then do oneProcess _____ do theOtherProcess endif
else
The _____ clause of the decision is the part that executes only when the tested condition in the decision is false.
else
Programmers say the statements that are contained in a module have been _____.
encapsulated
Pseudocode uses the end-structure statement _____ to clearly show where the structure ends.
endif
Structures can be stacked or connected to one another at their _____.
entry or exit points
In a truth table, the expression _____ is false.
false OR false
Every array has a(n) _____ size.
finite
Fractional numeric variables that contain a decimal point are known as _____ variables.
floating-point
Directories and _____ are organization units on storage devices.
folders
The _____ loop is particularly useful when processing arrays.
for
Programmers say that variables and constants declared within a module are _____ only within that module.
in scope
As programs become larger and more complicated, the need for good planning and design _____.
increases
Parallel arrays are most useful when value pairs have a(n) ____ relationship.
indirect
A(n) _____ is a repeating flow of logic with no end.
infinite loop
The first step in a while loop is typically to _____.
initialize the loop control variable
IN all languages, subscript values must be sequential _____.
integers
You may hear programmers refer to looping as _____.
iteration
When you search through a list from one end to the other, you are performing a _____.
linear search
The action or actions that occur within a loop are known as a(n) _____.
loop body
A loop must return to the _____ question at some later point in a structure.
loop-controlling
The _____ is the standard terminal symbol for a flowchart.
lozenge
After programs are put into production, making necessary changes is called _____.
maintenance
The process of breaking down a large program into modules is called _____.
modularization
Structured programs can be easily broken down into routines or _____ that can be assigned to any number of programmers.
modules
All array elements have the same group _____.
name
A mistake programmers often make with loops is that they _____.
neglect to initialize the loop control variable prior to entering the loop body
A loop within another loop is known as a(n) _____ loop.
nested
To avoid confusion, you can use _____ statements instead of using AND and OR operators.
nested if
The following pseudocode is an example of ____. if conditionA is true then do stepE else do stepB do stepC do stepD endif
nesting
The maximum number of entry points that any programming structure can have is _____.
one
When one loop appears inside another, the loop that contains the other loop is called the _____ loop.
outer
The _____ is used to represent output in a flowchart.
parallelogram
The saved version of a master file is the _____ file; the updated version is the child file.
parent
You can use _____ for clarity and to override the default order of operations.
parentheses
The combination of the disk drive plus the complete hierarchy of directories in which a file resides is its _____.
path
Files exist on _____ storage devices, such as hard disks, DVDs, USB drives, and reels of magnetic tape.
permanent
Providing array values is sometimes called _____.
populating the array
In a _____, the loop body executes at least one time because the loop control variable is not tested until after one iteration.
posttest loop
In a _____, the loop body might never execute because the question controlling the loop might be false the first time it is asked.
pretest loop
A _____ read is an added statement that gets the first input value in a program.
priming
The major difference between the two main programming styles in use today is the _____.
programmer's focus during the earliest planning stages of a project
You can perform a _____ by making comparisons using either the lowest or highest value in a range of values.
range check
In a flowchart, the _____ is used to represent processing.
rectangle
The case structure is a variation of the _____ structure.
selection
One advantage to using a named constant is that the statement becomes _____.
self-documenting
Use a counter or a(n) _____ to control a loop's repetitions.
sentinel value
To generate a control break report, your input records must be organized in _____ order based on the field that will cause the breaks.
sequential
When a program uses a _____, it reads all the records in the file from beginning to end, processing them one at a time.
sequential file
A _____ break is a break in the logic of the program that is based on the value of a single variable.
single-level control
The number of elements in an array is called the _____ of the array.
size
Programs that use _____ code logic are unstructured programs that do not follow the rules of structured logic.
spaghetti
One way to straighten out an unstructured flowchart is to use the _____ method.
spaghetti bowl
The following pseudocode is an example of _____. do stepA do stepB if conditionC is true then do stepD else do stepE endif while conditionF is true do stepG endwhile
stacking
The amount by which a for loop control variable changes is often called a _____ value.
step
Usually, _____ variables are not considered to be equal unless they are identical.
string
In every programming language, when you access data stored in an array, you must use a _____ containing a value that accesses memory occupied by the array.
subscript
Business reports that list only totals, with no individual item details, are called ______.
summary reports
A _____ variable is not used for input or output, but instead is just a working variable that you use during a program's execution.
temporary
When you write a program that stores a value in a variable, you are using _____ storage.
temporary
A(n) _____ is a program that you use to create simple text files.
text editor
Once your logic enters the body of a structured loop, _____.
the entire loop must execute
Suppose that you have declared a numeric array named numbers, and two of its elements are numbers[1] and numbers[5]. You know that _____.
there are exactly three elements between those two elements
The _____ file holds temporary data that is used to update the master file.
transaction
Before a programmer plans the logic of the program, he or she must _____.
understand the problem
Loops are frequently used to _____; that is, to make sure it is meaningful and useful.
validate data
The true benefit of using an array lies in your ability to use a _____ as a subscript to the array.
variable
When you write programs, you work with data in three different forms: _____.
variables, literals (or unnamed constants), and names constants
C#, C++, C, and Java use the symbol _____ as the logical OR operator.
||
A(n) ____ decision is a decision in which two conditions must be true for an action to take place.
AND
In older languages, you could leave a selection or loop before it was complete by using a _____ statement.
go to
The priming read is an example of a(n) _____ task.
housekeeping
An array can be used to replace _____.
nested decisions
The conditional AND operator in Java, C++, and C# is _____.
&&
