Final test- pt 1

27. Gadolinium is useful in MRI because it has which magnetic property?

paramagnetic

17. In this image, the anatomy identified by the red ARROW (the bone itself is green) is the

parietal

Alpha is what form of ionizing radiation?

particulate

33. Compton scatter is dependent on atomic number. True or False

False

Protons as an emission from a radioactive nucleus constitute what form of radiation?

Particulate

5. The male pelvis is more narrow and deeper as compared to the female pelvis. True or False

True

55. A unit of measure is a value agreed upon by a society to give meaning to a quantity.

True

55. Characteristic photons are produced with the filling of each shell vacancy. True or False

True

6. Direct DR does not use a scintillator. True or False

True

61. The primary circuit is considered a low voltage circuit True or False

True

A breathing technique can be performed on an RAO sternum if the patient can tolerate it.

True

T/F According to a recent NCRP report, medical sources of radiation exposure are now the major source of exposure to the U.S. population

True

T/F CT scanning is now a major source of medical radiation exposure.

True

T/F Different parts of the body are composed of different quantities of various elements.

True

The most common source of human radiation exposure data comes from Chernobyl victims Japanese atomic bomb survivors Marshall Islanders All of the above

all of the above

11. What is the function of the line compensator?

adjust incoming power to precise voltage

Which is the correct order for administering basic life support?

airway, breathing, circulation

What cells in the human body are susceptible to developing cancer?

all cells

What do allergies, metabolic changes, and decreased fertility have in common?

all could result from genetic mutations or other causes

10. Which of the following is a characteristic of x-rays 1. capable of producing harmful effects 2. capable of penetrating matter 3. electrically neutral 4. have no mass 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 3, and 4

all of the above

12. Which of the following patient conditions require a change in technical factors? plaster casts additive diseases contrast media all of the above

all of the above

The protective housing protects the x ray tube by serving as _____ and _______ critical concept

electrical insulator thermal cushion

Matching-potential energy

energy of position

30. The acetabulum articulates with which of the following? clavicle femoral head greater trochanter sacrum

femoral head

50. The lines of force in space associated with a magnet are called

flux

Spatial resolution is principally affected by which of the following

focal spot size

A metal shroud that is made of nickel and surrounds the x-ray tube filaments on their back and sides, leaving the front open and facing the anode target.

focusing cup

somatic effect appearing after a latent period of several months to years

late

37. If the distance from the source is doubled, the quantity of radiation reaching a specific area is _____ the original. double quadruple half one fourth

one fourth

38. Why is it important to use proper body mechanics?

By applying proper body mechanics, a person can limit strain on parts of their body. Such as lower back, shoulders, and other muscle strains

9. In a city with several major industries that use toxic chemicals, what plan is needed to protect its citizens in the event of a major industrial accident? Evacuation plan Disaster response Trauma centers Emergency codes

Disaster response

23. Which of the following are factors of nonverbal communications? Voice volume and grammar Hygiene and appearance Humor and touch Grammar and body language

Hygiene and appearance

47. A patient with a blood pressure of 150/96 would be characterized as: Hypotensive Hypertensive Bradytensive Tachytensive

Hypertensive

51. A patient with a blood pressure of 150/96 would be characterized as: Hypotensive Hypertensive Bradytensive Tachytensive

Hypertensive

80. Which type of diabetic emergency occurs due to the blood sugar dropping too low? Ketoacidosis Hyperglycemic coma Hypoglycemia Stroke

Hypoglycemia

Which type of body habitus can be described as generally tall and thin with a long torso?

Hyposthenic/Asthenic

All of the following fundamental particles are located in the nucleus except: Protons Electrons Nucleons Neutrons

Electrons

8. The term for lifting, raising, or moving of a part superiorly is: Rotation Elevation Tilt Abduction

Elevation

Which term is defined as the ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor to the number of x-rays at the input phosphor?

Flux gain

66. Which component is labeled as number 6 in the x-ray circuit diagram?

High-voltage transformer (step-up transformer)

21. The use of non-vocal means to send messages and exchange information defines: Verbal communication Nonverbal communication Simple communication Compound communication

Nonverbal communication

Which of the following is an inorganic compound? Protein Carbohydrates Lipids None of the above

None of the above

59. How much CR angle is required for the AP bilateral frog-leg projection? 10 to 15 degrees cephalad 20 to 25 degrees cephalad 30 to 45 degrees cephalad None. CR is perpendicular to IR.

None. CR is perpendicular to IR.

How much CR angle is required for the AP bilateral frog-leg projection? - 10 to 15 degrees cephalad - 20 to 25 degrees cephalad - 30 to 45 degrees cephalad - None. CR is perpendicular to IR.

None. CR is perpendicular to IR.

not attracted to a magnetic field at all

Nonmagnetic

What are stochastic effects?

Nonthreshold, randomly occurring biologic somatic changes

What organic compound is responsible for the construction and repair of body tissues?

Protein

7. Which body plane divides the body into right and left segments? Sagittal plane Coronal plane Horizontal plane Oblique plane

Sagittal plane

16. Which exposure timer is based on how fast a motor turns a shaft?

Synchronous timer

75. The medical term for fainting is:. Vertigo Syncope Seizure Anaphylaxis

Syncope

12. Which of the following bones is part of the floor of the cranium? frontal occipital parietal temporal

temporal

Which of the following is true of spontaneous carcinogenesis and radiation-induced carcinogenesis?

they have the same qualities

If the absorbed dose from a diagnostic radiograph is 0.1 gray, what is the dose equivalent?

0.1 sievert

40. A whole-body dose of delivered [x] within a few days produces a measurable hematologic depression. 0.025 Gyt 0.25 Gyt 0.025 Sv 0.25 Sv

0.25 Gyt

The minimum required lead equivalent for an apron (for shielding) is

0.25 mm

If the patient cannot be supported for the lateral position of L-5/S-1 a ___degree angle on the tube may be used.

10 degree

The correct axial angle for the AP coccyx is which of the following?

10 degrees caudal

91. What type of CR angle is required for the AP axial projection of the foot? 5 degrees posterior 10 degrees posterior 15 degrees posterior 20 degrees posterior

10 degrees posterior

How many posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm on a well-inspired PA projection of the chest?

10 ribs

32. Exposure linearity can not exceed 1% 5% 10% 15%

10%

Exposure linearity can not exceed

10%

Mean survival time of the Hematologic manifest illness (syndrome) of ARS is _______ .

10-60 days

What are thought to be the two primary contributors to cancer?

Activation of oncogenes and the loss of suppressor genes

What is the average pulse rate of an infant?

115 to 130 beats per minute

55. The NCRP report that contains exposure limits is number 16 106 116 126

116

The NCRP report that contains exposure limits is number

116

47. Which of the following is classified as a floating rib? 1st rib 3rd rib 8th rib 11th rib

11th rib

Mobile radiographic examinations require a minimal source to skin distance of

12 inches

40. Calculate the mAs 400 mA 1/20 seconds

20 mAs

How much is the knee flexed for the lateral projection of the knee?

20 to 30 degrees

75. How much is the patient obliqued for the RAO sternum position? 45 degrees 30-45 degrees 70 - 90 degrees 15-20 degrees

30-45 degrees

What is clear Pb?

A transparent acrylic material with 30% lead by weight

5. In his initial research, Roentgen identified most of the properties of x-rays that we know today. True False

True

8. With digital systems, a higher kVp can be used than with film/screen. True or False

True

9. The force of attraction between the anode and filament electrons is so strong that the electrons reach ½ the speed of light.

True

T/F The probability of Compton is unaffected by atomic number

True

What metal is added to the filament to increase thermionic emission and extend tube life? a. thorium b. copper c. rhenium d. tungsten

a

31. To begin positioning of the part, instructions to the patient may include placing of their nose and forehead on the IR for a Caldwell the SMV a Water's a Towne's

a Caldwell

20. X-radiation is most like a wave of interacting electric and magnetic fields, traveling through space particle that can collide with other particles a and b neither a or b

a and b

19. The stationary anode includes an area of tungsten embedded in a copper rod a tungsten rod a molybdenum disc a copper disc

a copper rod

A larger bit depth: a. Increases contrast resolution b. Decreases contrast resolution c. Has no effect on contrast resolution d. Increases the pixel density

a

A small anode target angle: a. results in an increase in anode heel effect. b. results in a decrease in anode heel effect. c. results in an equalization of anode heel effect. d. does not influence anode heel effect.

a

36. Which of the following is most sensitive to extremes in environment? a. TLD b. Film badge c. Pocket ionization chamber d. Handheld ionization chambe

b. Film badge

In order to prevent the movement of electrons from the anode to the cathode during the exposure cycle, the type of current employed for x-ray tubes is:

direct current

68. What type of slider board should not be used when transferring a spinal cord injury patient from the stretcher to the x-ray table?

flexible slider board

Matching- binding energy

force that holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus

9. There are three ways to electrify an object. Please identify them.

friction contact induction

In a quality control program, how often should collimation be evaluated?

generally twice a year

another term for somatic effects of ionizing radiation that are heritable

genetic

33. In this image, what surface landmark is being identified?

glabella

57. The number of shades of gray that can be stored and displayed by a computer system is grayscale pixel depth pixel density contrast resolution

grayscale

When comparing a dose of radiation delivered over a short period of time to a dose of the same amount delivered over a greater period of time, which of the following is true of the biologic effect of the dose delivered over a short period of time?

greater

18. In this image, which arrow (color of the arrow) points to the ramus of the mandible?

green

If HOH+ and an electron combine, which of the following occurs?

h2o

6. Most of the energy used to produce x-rays results in which of the following?

heat

15. ___ are a measure of the amount of heat stored in a particular device Summary 13

heat units

A measure of the amount of heat stored in a particular device.

heat units

67. The optimal kVp for digital image receptors should be _____ than that for film-screen image receptors. higher lower the same as two times

higher

In a modern rotating anode, the rotator motion is accomplished by the use of a/an

induction motor

34. resistance to a change in motion

inertia

42. A body's resistance to a change in its state of motion is:

inertia

For both the AP and Lateral forearm the central enters in

mid-forearm

The target window is fashioned to _______the xrays

minimally absorb

Exposure to which body area of an adult patient will likely result in the greatest mean marrow dose?

pelvis and upper femora

Resembles a fountain pen and contains an ionization chamber

pocket dosimeter

The general principles of radiation protection include all of the following except:

quality

26. In this image, what sinus is being identified by the black line?

sphenoid

Which of the following would be considered an example of negative non-verbal communication?

standing with your arms crossed

. Name the 2 basic anode designs Describe each Summary 3

stationary and rotating ∙Stationary => target embedded in copper rod =>v little heat-load capacity ∙ Rotating =>rotating target to disapate heat, which greatly increases heat-load capacity *what we use today*

12. The portion of the induction motor that is outside the tube enclosure is the stator rotor disc bearing

stator

A part of an induction motor made up of electromagnets arranged in pairs around the rotor

stator

15. Which component increases voltage about 500 times?

step-up transformer

60. The articulation of the clavicle and the lateral border of the manubrium is called; glenoid fossa costosternum sternoclavicular clavicularmanubrium

sternoclavicular

How much does smoking increase the probability of dying of cancer?

twice as likely

37. The standard for a thyroid shield is ____. 0.5 mm Al equivalent 0.5 mm Co equivalent 0.5 mm Pb equivalent 0.5 mm Tu equivalent

0.5 mm Pb equivalent

The standard for a thyroid shield is ____.

0.5 mm Pb equivalent

35. The normal range for creatinine in adults is: 0.1-0.5 mg/dl 0.3-0.7 mg/dl 0.5-1.0 mg/dl 0.6-1.3 mg/dl

0.6-1.3 mg/dl

23. The quality factor for x-rays is 20 10 5 1

1

83. The quality factor for x-rays is 20 10 5 1

1

Diagnostic x-rays are considered to have an RBE of:

1

Radiation survey instruments measure which of the following 1. total quantity of electrical charge resulting from ionization of the gas 2. rate at which the electrical charge is produced 3. luminescence

1 & 2

Electromagnetic radiation varies in terms of their: 1. wavelength. 2. frequency. 3. magnetic field.

1 & 2 only ------------ 1. wavelength. 2. frequency.

Which of the following are considered low-LET radiation(s)? 1. X-rays 2. Alpha particles 3. Gamma rays

1 & 3 only ---------- X-rays Gamma rays

How far above the humeral head should the upper margin of the cassette be placed for an AP humerus?

1 1/2 inches

At what dose does hematopoietic syndrome begin?

1 Gy (100 rad)

The housing enclosing the x-ray tube must be constructed so that the leakage radiation measured at a distance of

1 meter from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per hour

During inspiration, the vertical dimensions of the thorax are increased by the motion of the: 1. Diaphragm 2. Ribs 3. Sternum

1 only

For a left lateral decubitus projection of the abdomen, the CR is directed:

1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) above the iliac crest

63. Before entering the room of a patient who is under protective precautions, the first step is to: Perform hand hygiene Don sterile gloves Put on a surgical mask Put on a gown

Perform hand hygiene

9. The RAO demonstrates the _______ portion of the _____ ribs. axillary right axillary left posterior right posterior right

axillary left

A dual focus tube refers to a tube with: a. two focal tracks. b. two filaments. c. two focusing cups. d. two targets.

b

A technique of 50 kV, 100 mA, 0.1 seconds is to be used on a 3-phase, 6-pulse machine. How many heat units are produced with a single exposure? a. 500 b. 675 c. 705 d. 820

b

The x-ray tube is a part of the: a. x-ray circuit primary. b. x-ray circuit secondary. c. filament circuit. d. breaker circuit.

b

44. X-rays photons have a negative charge and no mass a negative charge and a mass / weight of 1 amu a positive charge and no mass no mass and no charge

no mass and no charge

A lack of a standard unit of measure was an early difficulty in attempts to reduce radiation exposure. T/F

true

22. Main purpose of the cathode objective 2

provides the source of electrons need for x ray production

Observed mutation cases divided by expected cases represents what type of risk assessment?

relative risk

What happens to a recessive mutant gene when it is suppressed?

remains suppressed

7. Legal term for "the thing speaks for itself" is [x] informed consent moral agent res ipsa loquitor respondeant superior

res ipsa loquitor

9. The tissue weighting factor is a conceptual mesarue for the relative [x] associated with irradiation of different body tissues. risk safety

risk

The tissue weighting factor is a conceptual measure for the relative _____ associated with irradiation of different body tissues.

risk

What (or who) controls the quality or penetrating power of an x-ray beam?

selection of kVp by technologist

21. In this image, what is J?

sella turcica

46. In this image, N identifies the anterior clinoid process sella turcica clivus temporal bone

sella turcica

62. 1. Which position should be used for a weakened patient that has difficulty breathing when lying supine?

semi-fowlers

71. The greater trochanter lies at approximately the same level as the: obturator foramen ischial tuberosity lesser trochanter symphysis pubis

symphysis pubis

21. The respiration phase for all projections of the skull is expiration inspiration shallow breathing suspended

suspended

26. The scintillator for the indirect capture DR system that utilizes a CCD is amorphous selenium barium fluorohalide crystalline silicon cesium iodide (Question 28)

cesium iodide

25. Part of a DR system with indirect capture, the light-sensitive device that is commonly found in digital cameras is the charge-couple device photoconductor thin film transistor scintillator (question 27)

charge-couple device

15. The Rhese is referred to as a three-point landing. The three points are the forehead, cheek and chin forehead, nose and chin nose, cheek and ear chin, cheek and nose

chin, cheek and nose

13. Delivery of hot air to the surface of the film is the function of which system? replenishment system recirculating system drying system transport system

drying system

3. An x-ray tube with two filaments is called a dual-focus tube two-focus tube tri-focal tube highly specialized tube

dual-focus tube

Which of the following medical terminology prefixes means "painful"

dys -

14. The image densities cast by filters in a dosimeter permit which of the following? determination of percentage of visible light emission reuse of the film in the badge estimation of energy of radiation reaching the badge determination of the electrical charge of the device

estimation of energy of radiation reaching the badge

80. The image densities cast by filters in a dosimeter permit which of the following? determination of percentage of visible light emission reuse of the film in the badge estimation of energy of radiation reaching the badge determination of the electrical charge of the device

estimation of energy of radiation reaching the badge

The image densities cast by filters in a film badge dosimeter permit which of the following?

estimation of energy of radiation reaching the badge

2. What does the pneumonic "EAM" represent? external auditory meatus external anterior mastoid external anterior meatus external acoustic magnum

external auditory meatus

23. What does the pneumonic EAM represent? external auditory meatus external anterior mastoid external anterior meatus external acoustic magnum

external auditory meatus

T/F A single radiation dose of 200 rad to the ovaries will result in permanent sterility.

false

T/F According to the Law of Bergione and Tribondeau, cell radiosensitivity is directly proportional to the degree of differentiation.

false

T/F It is not possible to collimate during fluoroscopy.

false

The lower the atomic number of a material, the more x-rays it absorbs T/F

false

The oxygen enhancement ratio states that cells are more radioinsensitive when in the presence of radiation. T/F

false

When ionizing radiation interacts with a cell, ionization's can occur only with water molecules contained in the cell. T/F

false

Electromagnetic radiation travels as an electric and magnetic disturbance:

in any medium

7. With the OSL dosimeter is "read out" by using a laser light at selected frequencies it becomes luminescent [x] to the amount of radiation exposure received. inversely in proportion

in proportion

74. With the OSL dosimeter is "read out" by using a laser light at selected frequencies it becomes luminescent [x] to the amount of radiation exposure received. inversely in proportion

in proportion

In general, how will dominant gene mutations be expressed?

in the following generation

85. Essentially all effects of low-LET irradiation in a living cell result from the [x] action. direct effect indirect effect

indirect effect

55. When an uncharged metallic object experiences a shift of electrons in the electric field of another this is electrification by:

induction

An electric motor in which the shaft is rotated through mutual induction.

induction motor

What is the medical term for tissue that dies due to lack of blood supply?

infarct

38. The ability to remove electrons from an atom is absorption transmission ionization none of the above

ionization

8. For precise measurement of radiation exposure in radiography, the total amount of [x] an x-ray beam produces in a known mass of air must be obtained. humidity ionization pressure temperature

ionization

For precise measurement of radiation exposure in radiography, the total amount of _____ an x-ray beam produces in a known mass of air must be obtained.

ionization

4. Which of the following exposure systems operates by ionizing air that creates and electrical charge? anatomically programmed radiography phototimer ionization chamber none of the above

ionization chamber

29. If the radiation quantiy exposure is being measured [x] radiation effect(s) being measued. the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object is the biologic effects are the ionization in air is the

ionization in air is the

8. When a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, the atom is said to be: radioactive unstable ionized neutral

ionized

When a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, the atom is said to be:

ionized

For radiation protection purposes, what are the two categories of the electromagnetic spectrum?

ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation

If the intensity of the x-ray is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, how does the intensity from the source change when the distance from the source and measured point is quadrupled?

it is decreased by a factor of 16 @ the new distance

40. If a magnetic material is placed in the field of a magnet, what happens to that field?

it is distorted

Unit of energy

joule

The primary controlling factor for radiographic contrast is:

kV

25. When using AEC, the radiographer is responsible for determining ________

kVp

A device that measures the voltage output from the autotransformer is the:

kVp meter

16. HU equation summary 13

kVp x mA x s x c

During ARS, after the period of initial radiation sickness, a period of apparent well being occurs. This is called the ____ period.

latent

Photons produced in the x-ray tube that are traveling in directions other than toward the patient.

leakage radiation

80. What lateral decubitus is represented by the radiograph? right lateral decub left lateral decub prone supine

left lateral decub

A principle that states by angling the face of the anode target a large actual focal spot size can be maintained and a small effective focal spot size can be created.

line-focus principle

31. The amount of radiation deposited per unit length of tissue traversed by incoming photons is called tissue exposure linear deposition of energy linear energy transfer effective dose limit

linear energy transfer

If a dose-response relationship graph has a straight line rising from (starting from) the point of zero dose, what type of graph would it be?

linear non threshold

Research indicates that high levels of radiation follow which model?

linear nonthreshold

What is the radiation dose-response relationship of most cancer?

linear nonthreshold

Which of the following also serves to protect vital organs?

lipids

Which of the following is necessary for production of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone?

lipids

17. The technologist has direct control of the resistance in the filament circuit through which setting on the control panel?

mA station

30. Changes in SID require a change in _______ to maintain the exposure to the IR.

mAs

The measure of the quantity of electrical current flowing through a circuit is called:

mAs

Which controls the OD of a radiographic image?

mAs

What is the DNA messenger?

mRNA

very large molecules that sometimes consist of hundreds of thousands of atoms

macromolecules

48. List the 3 fundamental qualities

mass length time

tissue density

mass of anatomic structures

65. What is the manual called if a chemical spill occurred, and you wanted to look up the information on the chemical that was spilled?

material safety data sheets MSDS

Matching-radiopaque

material that appears bright on a radiograph

matching-radio-lucency

material that transmits x-rays

22. Anything that occupies space and has shape or form is:

matter

13. What is the largest immovable bone of the face? mandible maxillae vomer zygoma

maxillae

22. In this image, which sinus is being identified by the black line?

maxillary sinus

53. The purpose of the line compensator is to

measure the voltage provided to the x-ray imaging system; adjusts the voltage to precisely 220V

14. A skull with a 47 degree angle between the petrous pyramids and the midsagittal plane is classified as: brachycephalic dolichocephalic mesocephalic morphocephalic

mesocephalic

2. The average skull with a 47 degree angle between the petrous pyramids and the midsagittal plane is classified as. brachycephalic dolichocephalic morphocephalic mesocephalic

mesocephalic

Which of the following cells are produced by pluripotential stem cells? Red blood cells White blood cells Platelet cells All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a type of gonadal shielding? flat contact shadow shaped contact All of the above

all of the above

Why are different cancers more prevalent in different geographic regions of the world? Diet Environment Exposure to carcinogens All of the above

all of the above

41. Heart penetration on an AP chest image: is obtained by increasing the kVp results in a lower contrast image results in a decrease in scatter radiation reaching the IR all of the above is correct

all of the above is correct

8. For the skull projections, placing the OML perpendicular to the IR places the part in the correct position for Caldwell PA PA Axial all of the above

all of the above9.

59. To get electrons to flow along a conductor, there must be

an excess of electrons at one end of the wire and an excess of positive charges at the other end

To get electrons to flow along a conductor, there must be

an excess of electrons at one end of the wire and an excess of positive charges at the other end

32. During ionization, the orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated are called

an ion pair

What is the definition of a fomite?

an item to which microorganisms cling

Which of the following involves building up of nutritive material?

anabolism

Research conducted prior to Chernobyl enabled doctors to better treat those victims. T/F

true

Studying high-dose radiation exposure helps scientists understand what may happen at lower doses. T/F

true

T/F Magnification mode increases patient dose.

true

T/F Pair production involves an interaction with the nucleus of a tissue atom.

true

T/F The higher the grid ratio, the higher the patient dose.

true

T/F Water helps regulate body temperature.

true

The most important aspect of radiobiologic research involves radiation dose-response relationships. T/F

true

Wearing a personnel dosimeter in a consistent location is the responsibility of the individual wearing the device. T/F

true

5. 1. What is a usual method of transportation for patients who can sit or walk safely on their own without discomfort?

wheelchair

47. Gonadal shielding should be used on every exam performed whenever it will not obstruct the area of clinical interest only on childern and women of childbearing age only during pregnancy

whenever it will not obstruct the area of clinical interest

46. The concentration of charges on a curved surface of a conductor will be greatest

where the curve is the greatest

All the following will result in histogram analysis errors except a. unusual pathologic conditions. b. poor positioning. c. motion. d. alignment of the anatomic part with the IR.

d

Which of the following is the medical terminology suffix for surgical repair?

-plasty

When lifting a patient, what must you remember? 1. keep your back straight 2. keep your arms straight 3. keep your legs straight

1 only

If CPR is not started with in _____ of cardiac arrest, there will be brain damage due to lack of oxygen.

1 to 3 minutes

All of the following are true about histogram analysis errors, except that a. when defining the VOI, it is acceptable to only have one boarder showing without the opposite border present b. histogram analysis errors may occur as a result of poor central ray centering. c. fog values outside the exposure field, but included in the VOI, cause widening of the histogram. d. selecting the wrong body part or projection in the workstation menu will cause a histogram analysis error.

a

9. Hematopoietic syndrome Dose

1 to 10 Gy

The natural curve of the lumbar spine is considered what?

Concave

52. What is the fundamental difference between conductors and insulators?

Conductors have many free electrons.

38, Which of the following is the mode of transmission for E. coli bacteria? Vector Blood-borne Airborne Contact

Contact

What is the proper CR angle and direction for the PA oblique projections of the cervical spine? A. 45 degrees cephalic B. 45 degrees caudal C. 15 degrees cephalic D. 15 degrees caudal

D. 15 degrees caudal

11. 1. What does the acronym RACE stand for concerning fire safety?

remove patient from fire location alert and activate the alarm contain the fire and close doors extinguis the fire using an appropriate fire extinguisher and evacuate

Matching- electron shells

represented with the letters K, L, M, N, O, P and Q

42. Periodic variations in voltage about a steady value defines (the variations of the voltage across the x-ray tube) (the variations of not maintaining a constant kVp)

ripple

unit of measurement that is the same for all systems

second

How is the radiographer actually responsible for the radiation dose received by the patient during an x-ray procedure?

selection of technical factors and size of collimated field controlled by technologist

another name for velocity

Speed

Matching-latent image

invisible image that exits before developing (via computer algorithms)

Germ cells may be damaged by which of the following?

ionizing radiation at all doses

9. Which of the following has the same number of protons and neutrons but different amounts of nuclear energy? Isotope Isotone Isomer Isobar

isomer

32. Why is AC desirable for mutual induction?

it creates a moving magnetic field

54. Which end of the electromagnetic spectrum is more likely to exhibit wave characteristics ?

low end

Which end of the electromagnetic spectrum is more likely to exhibit wave characteristics ?

low end

Why is the embryo-fetus most sensitive in the first trimester?

made up of a large number of stem cells

63. Size distortion is also called elongation magnification shape distortion foreshortening

magnification

What causes a decrease in the viscosity of the fluid in a cell?

main chain scission

19. The only movable bone in the normal adult skull is the inferior conchae nasal bone mandible zygoma

mandible

22. When the PSP plate is exposed to the laser of the reader, the energy is released and converted to a digital signal, becoming a latent image analog image manifest image primary image (question 24)

manifest image

What is the meaning of the medical terminology prefix "poly"

many

51. The phenomenon in which a current in one conductor induces a current to flow in another conductor defines

mutual induction

15. In this image, the anatomy identified by the green ARROW (the bone itself is pink) is the:

nasal bone

17. The depression on the anterior surface of the skull between the orbits is called the acanthion inner canthus nasion infraorbital margin

nasion

31. In this image, what surface landmark is being identified?

nasion

If a dose-response relationship graph has a curved line rising from (starting from) the point of a specific number or dose, what type of graph would it be?

non linear threshold

Match the term with the correct definition or statement as dose increases, severity of response or effect increases probablity of occurace is proportional to the dose stochastic non stochastic

non stochastic - as dose increases, severity of response or effect increases stochastic - probablity of occurace is proportional to the dose

Which of the following would best describe an ambulatory patient?

one that is able to walk

In general, how will recessive gene mutations be expressed?

only if matched with another recessive gene

61. If there were no contrast in a radiograph, the image would include only the same shade of gray black and white light gray and dark gray black and light gray

only the same shade of gray

intensity of light transmitted through a given area of the dosimetry film

optical density

50. Electron shells refer to

orbit of the electron

molecules that contains carbon

organic molecules

37. If a stable atom contains 28 protons, the atom will have ____ electrons. 2 8 18 28

28

If a stable atom contains 28 protons, the atom will have ____ electrons.

28

Both occupational and non-occupational dose limits may be stated in: 1. Coulomb per kilogram (roentgen) 2. Gray (rads) 3. Sievert (rem)

3 only

44. What type of CR angle is required for an AP projection of the knee for a patient with an ASIS-to-table distance of 16 cm? 3 to 5 degrees caudad 3 to 5 degrees cephalad 10 to 15 degrees cephalad None. CR is perpendicular to IR.

3 to 5 degrees caudad

How much rotation of the foot is required for the AP oblique-medial rotation projection of the foot?

30-40 degrees

38. How many electrons will the N shell (it is the 4th shell out of 7) have?

32

What percentage of breast cancers is thought to be related to gene amplification?

33%

What is the correct angle of body rotation for an LAO for the esophagus?

35 to 40 degrees

24. What is the angle between the OML and the plane of the image receptor for the parietoacanthial projection for facial bones? 40 degrees 37 degrees 42 degrees 15 degrees

37 degrees

SSD for fixed fluoroscopes can not exceed

38 cm

The minimum source-to-skin distance for fixed (stationary) radiography unit is

38 cm

For a PA projection of the hand, the central ray is directed to the:

3rd MCP joint

How many rectifiers are necessary to produce full wave rectification?

4

1. What is the resistance in a circuit that has a potential difference of 100V and a current of 25?

4 ohms

Approximately what percentage of cancers can be traced to occupational exposure to chemicals or environmental pollution?

5%

33. For reproducibility, a variance of ____ is allowed. 2% or less 5% or less 12% or less 15% or less

5% or less

For reproducibility, a variance of ____ is allowed.

5% or less

The dose limit for fetus exposure for entire gestation is

5.0 mSv

58. The annual effective dose limit for occupational workers is ____. 10 mSv 50 mSv 150 mSv 10 mSv x their age

50 mSv

The annual effective dose limit for occupational workers is ____.

50 mSv

What is the annual occupational effective dose limit?

50 mSv

Determine the cumulative effective dose limit for an occupationally exposed person who is 52 years old.

520 mSv

The recommended SID for a lateral sternum is:

60" to 72"

In what part of the body can radiation absorption take place? Skin Bone Organs All of the above

All of the above

Nucleic acids are contained in each cell and are used to form which of the following? DNA RNA mRNA All of the above

All of the above

The primary elements of protoplasm include which of the following? Carbon and oxygen Carbon and nitrogen Oxygen and hydrogen All of the above

All of the above

What affects the amount of biologic damage? Radiation dose received Type of tissue irradiated Linear energy transfer (LET) All of the above

All of the above

What affects the speed of interphase and mitosis? The cell function The person's age The person's stress level All of the above

All of the above

What can a radiographer do to minimize exposure during an examination? Use beam-limitation devices Use appropriate filtration Use shielding devices All of the above

All of the above

What happens to photons that scatter as they pass through the body? Deflect in a different direction Penetrate the body and expose the image receptor Create a hazard to personnel All of the above

All of the above

What is cytoplasm made of? Suspended organic compounds Cytoplasmic organelles Suspended inorganic compounds All of the above

All of the above

13. What do the initials ARRT stand for?

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)

10. When using AEC with digital imaging, errors resulting in overexposure to the IR result in images that are dark images with appropriate brightness overexposed patients B and C

B and C

9.The cathode of the x ray tube is made up of ____ and ____ Summary 9

-2 filament coils -focusing cup

6. Why do we use Molybdenum in the construction of the rotating anode? Summary 4.3

-it has low thermal conductivity -its tinsel strength

33. Calculate the exposure time for the following settings: 200 mA 5 mAs

.025 sec

What is the full occupancy factor?

1

Which are components of PACS? (1) Network (2) Storage system (3) Implementation system

1 and 2 only

65. According to Standard Precautions, personal barriers can be worn to protect the: (1) skin (2) eyes (3) respiratory system 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

82.Which of the following will increase comfort when the patient is positioned supine? (1) Elevating the knees on a radiolucent support (2) Placing a radiolucent pad on the table (3) Providing a pillow to support the head, when possible 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

How long may temporary sterility last after exposure to the testes?

12mo

44. Epidemiological studies of late stochasitc effects of people exposed to radiation is usually not difficult. True False

False

96. After the radiolysis of water, if the two ion pair recombine, this will produce major biologic damage. True or False

False

97. For early tissue reactions, the amount of biologic damage does not depend on the actual absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. True or False

False

98. Radiation-induced damage at the cellular level may lead to measurable somatic and hereditary damage in the living organism as a whole later in life. These outcomes are called early effects and are the short-term results of radiation exposure. True or False

False

t/f Inorganic compounds contain carbon.

False

49. Ribs increase in length the closer they are to the lumbar region of the spine. True or False

Fasle

34. What is pyrexia? Fever High blood pressure High pulse rate Slow, shallow respirations

Fever

43. What is pyrexia? Fever High blood pressure High pulse rate Slow, shallow respirations

Fever

Which is part of the cathode? - Stator - Target - Filament - Window

Filament

Which rotation of the humerus will result in a lateral position of the proximal humerus?

Internal rotation ( epicondyles perpendicular to IR )

Which radiation protection standards organization publishes radiation protection standards in various reports? Which of its published reports are the effective dose limits found?

NCRP Report 116

The agency that enforces radation protection standards at the federal level is the

NRC

70. Should a patient who hasn't been able to stand since having surgery be helped into a wheelchair?

No, a stretcher should be used since it is safer and it can't be assumed the patient can stand.

14.Should inpatients be allowed to walk to the radiology department?

No, they must be transported via wheelchair or stretcher.

A well-positioned AP projection of the elbow will demonstrate:

Slight superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna

The total absorption of an incident photon with the ejection of an inner shell electron is the result of which effect?

Photoelectric

When it is necessary to immobilize a patient undergoing a radiographic examination, the person holding the patient should never be which of the following?

a radiologic technologist

How can radiographers minimize their risk of radiation exposure during fluoroscopy? Place a protective drape between the operator and the side of the patient. Use a Bucky slot cover and a cumulative timer. Rotate personnel to distribute the exposure among several radiographers All of the above

all of the above

How does filtration reduce patient dose? By absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the x-ray beam By preventing low-energy x-ray photons from reaching the body all of the above

all of the above

In what part of the body can radiation absorption take place? skin bone organs all of the above

all of the above

What is an important consideration when determining the genetically significant dose (GSD)? Type of examination Gonad dose per exam Gender All of the above

all of the above

What is the goal of an effective patient communication program? Alleviating the concerns of the patient Educating the patient about the procedure Building trust between the radiographer and patient All of the above

all of the above

When considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does general public refer to? -Personnel who do not work with radiographic equipment -Patients -Visitors -All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following are stages of acute radiation syndrome? Prodromal stage Latent stage Manifest illness stage All of the above

all of the above

What is defined as a charged particle?

an ion

8.1. What is the point located in the lower midsection around which body weight is balanced called?

center of gravity

What is the primary function of the cell nucleus?

housing DNA and RNA

4. Reduced levels of oxygen travelling to the brain upon moving from resting position (such as lying down) to a sitting or standing position. This causes light-headedness and potentially fainting.

hypostatic orthotension

Which of the following people should never hold a patient during a radiographic examination?

imaging personnel

Leukemia causes bone marrow to produce an abnormally large number of which of the following?

immature white blood cells

Why does the use of a cone improve the contrast of the radiographic image?

less scatter radiation is produced

74. Bony landmarks used in radiography of the pelvis would include all expect ASIS greater trochanter iliac crest lesser tronchanter

lesser tronchanter

What type of cancer has increased dramatically in children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident?

leukemia

What is believed to have caused the death of Marie Curie, a pioneering radiation researcher?

leukemia from radiation exposure

As a group, white blood cells are known as which of the following?

leukocytes

10. The focusing cup is able to keep the electrons together because opposite charges repel opposite charges attract like charges repel like charges attract

like charges repel

66. When you have good posture, what intersects with the base of support?

line of gravity

24. Explain the line-focus principle Objective 5

the line-focus principle states that by angling the face of the anode target, a large actual focal spot size can be maintained and a small effective focal spot size can be created

8. The detectors selected for an image should be the center detector because that is where the central ray is going the two of three detector that are covered by the part being imaged the ones that are superimposed by the anatomic structure of interest all three so that the system can work properly

the ones that are superimposed by the anatomic structure of interest

A radiologic technologist's primary responsibility is to which of the following?

the patient

head

the rounded, wide end of a long bone

T/F Half-value layer is a measure of quality.

true

57. The unit of electric potential is the

volt

When the body is invaded by pathogens, what is the body's response?

white blood cells increase

5. this image represents a circuit in which current _____ flow

will not

The upper portion of the sternum is termed:

Manubrium

15.1. Orthostatic hypotension is what?

1. A slight decrease in oxygen supply to a person's brain that typically happens when a patient goes from a sitting position to a standing position, causing one to feel light-headed

38. 1. Temporal bone 2. Frontal Bone 3. Sphenoid bone 4.Ethmoid bone A. Location of superciliary arches B. Location of cribiform plate C. Location of sella turcica D. Location of petrous pyramids

1. D. Location of petrous pyramids 2. A. Location of superciliary arches 3. C. Location of sella turcica 4. B. Location of cribiform plate

Minimum source-to-skin distance for a c-arm must be

30 cm

69. 1. Is it easier to pull heavy objects than push them?

1. Is it easier to pull heavy objects than push them?

41. Why is it important to identify equipment that is being transferred with the patient?

1. It is important because some of these devices can easily get caught or accidentally removed if not considered. This could impact the health of your patient.

Which one of the following is not a component of the bony thorax?

Clavicle

27.What is the center of gravity?

1. The point on your body where your weight is balanced.

67. Which side of the wheelchair should be next to a bed or x-ray table, when attempting to transfer a patient that has had a stroke?

1. The strong side of the patient should be adjacent to the bed or x-ray table while transferring.

Which generator type provides the highest quality and quantity of x-ray beam?

High-frequency

53. Which of the following emotions generally has a negative effect on one's professional attitude? Sympathy Empathy Aggression

Aggression

Anode (x-ray tube)

A

electron stream

A

17. Which of the following statements is true concerning computed radiography (CR) systems? Use storage phosphors to temporarily store energy representing the image signal Require that the storage phosphor undergoes a process to extract the latent image Have detectors that directly capture and read out an electronic image signal A and B

A and B

34. Digital imaging quality control focuses on the display monitors the viewing environement the radiologist's comfort A and B (Question 37)

A and B

Which of the following, if used correctly, will reduce the exposure during fluoroscopy to both the patient and occupational workers a. pulse progressive b. last image hold c. dead man switch d. lowest mA station possible

A, B & C- a. pulse progressive b. last image hold c. dead man switch

Which will increase scatter production?

An increase in x-ray field size

What is the purpose of the thoracic duct?

Conveys lymph into the left subclavian vein

What is the primary purpose of x-ray beam-limitation devices?

Decrease patient exposure

99. Which of the following are symptoms of shock? Lethargy and anxiety Decreased blood pressure and tachycardia Cold, clammy skin and bradycardia Tachypnea and lethargy

Decreased blood pressure and tachycardia

34. What happens to absorption as kVp increases? kVp does not affect absorption Increases Decreases

Decreases

50. What happens to current as resistance increases?

Decreases

What happens to absorption as kVp increases?

Decreases

6. The electronic device commonly located on the top of a crash cart and used to reverse cardiac fibrillation or asystole is termed a: C-arm Laryngoscope Defibrillator Pulse oximeter

Defibrillator

During irradiation, which of the following is more biologically dangerous?

Dense

Studies of radiation-induced cancer have shown the dose-response relationship to be which of the following? The same for all cancers Different in men and women Dependent on the type of cancer None of the above

Dependent on the type of cancer

materials weakly repelled by a magnetic field

Diamagnetic

The product of D x WR x WT

EfD

What is the best location for the control panel exposure switch?

Either stationary on the control panel or on a short cord so that it can be used only from within the control booth

12. The source of fire of greatest concern in imaging departments is: Paper waste Electrical equipment Chemicals Oxygen

Electrical equipment

32. 1. What is the most likely cause of a fire in an imaging department?

Electrical fires due to an electrical problem.

15. X-rays are what form of ionizing radiation? Electromagnetic Particulate

Electromagnetic

14. What kind of energy represents the strength of attachment between the orbiting electrons and the nucleus?

Electron binding energies

Which combination of SID and OID would produce the least magnification?

Long SID and short OID

7. Which level is used to designate the most basic emergency services that are available? Level I Level II Level III Level IV

Level IV

Absorption will result in which shades of the radiographic image?

Light or white

76. Which of the following is a symptom of a stroke? One side of face drooping Respiratory depression Tachycardia Shaking and jerking of the body

One side of face drooping

Which of the following types of molecules contain carbon? Inorganic Organic All molecules in the body contain carbon

Organic

50. A drop in blood pressure that occurs with changes in body position from recumbent to upright is termed: Traumatic hypotension Enigmatic hypotension Orthostatic hypotension Positional shock

Orthostatic hypotension

60. A drop in blood pressure that occurs with changes in body position from recumbent to upright is termed: Traumatic hypotension Enigmatic hypotension Orthostatic hypotension Positional shock

Orthostatic hypotension

6. In this image, what topographical anatomy (landmark) is being identified by the arrow?

Outer Canthus

3. Changing the mA controls which of the following? Penetrating power of the x-ray beam Quality of the x-ray beam Quantity of the x-ray beam Average photon energy of the x-ray beam

Quantity of the x-ray beam

6. [x] dosimeter contains an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) detector (thin layer). A film badge The OSL A pocket ionization chamber The TLD

The OSL

When performing radiographic analysis of a Posterior oblique (Grashey) shoulder image:

The anterior and posterior rims of the glenoid cavity will be superimposed

32. In knee arthrography, the best injection approach (actual site of injection) is: Lateral Anterior Medial The approach preferred by the physician

The approach preferred by the physician

30. Discuss cathode designs and construction objective 7

The cathode is the negative end of the tube; it provides the source of electrons needed for x-ray production. The cathode is made up of the filaments and the focusing cup (Fig. 5.9) and is connected to two different parts of the x-ray circuit. Recall that the filaments are connected to the filament circuit and the focusing cup is connected to the secondary circuit.

53. What does it mean when a stem cell has gone through differentiation? What has happened to the cell?

The cell becomes more specialized. It has devolped from a stem cell into a specific cell; a heart cell, a liver cell, ect

If the nucleus of an atom is destroyed by exposure to ionizing radiation, what will happen to the cell?

The cell would die because when enough energy is deposited into DNA contained in the nucleus it will kill the cell. This is target theory.

For the AP projection of the elbow:

The central ray is directed perpendicular to the joint

What is the purpose of using a grid during a radiographic procedure?

To reduce scattered radiation reaching the receptor

What is the purpose of a myelogram?

To study the spinal cord and nerve root branches using a contrast medium

T/F Photodisintegration involves an interaction with the nucleus of a tissue atom.

True

What can happen to individuals who survive acute radiation syndrome? The effects of radiation exposure can result in cancers The effects of radiation exposure can result in genetic damage The effects of radiation exposure can result in both cancers and genetic damage None of the above

The effects of radiation exposure can result in both cancers and genetic damage

What can cause biologic damage?

The energy absorbed by the irradiated object

38. In determining barrier thickness, what does the use factor or beam direction factor represent? The use of the space behind the primary barrier The fractional amount of time the primary beam is energized and directed at a barrier The direction of the control booth barrier in relation to the primary beam The direction of scatter radiation from the primary beam

The fractional amount of time the primary beam is energized and directed at a barrier

In determining barrier thickness, what does the use factor or beam direction factor represent?

The fractional amount of time the primary beam is energized and directed at a barrier

Risk assessments of radiation-induced carcinogenesis must first begin by determining which of the following?

The frequency of a cancer appearing in the general population

What bearing does the dose-rate effect have on the risk of radiation-induced mutations?

The longer it takes to administer a given dose of radiation, the lower the risk

The term effective dose-equivalent (EDE) limit refers to which of the following?

The maximum allowable occupational dose

Quality control of the radiographic equipment is primarily the responsibility of which of the following?

The medical physicist

14. A mobile x-ray machine is parked in a hallway near a fire exit. Which of the following statements is true? The mobile unit is a hazard since it may cause someone using the exit to collide with it and it blocks access to the exit. The mobile unit is in a safe place as long as the other fire exits are accessible. The mobile unit is not a hazard because it is not plugged into an outlet. There is not enough information to evaluate this situation.

The mobile unit is a hazard since it may cause someone using the exit to collide with it and it blocks access to the exit.

4. Early experiments with x-rays resulted in radiation burns, skin ulcers, and in some cases amputations. True or False

True

Visually the dynamic range refers to which of the following?

The number of shades of gray that can be represented

34. Why would the orbit and jaw not be utilized to ensure proper positioning of your patient for head work?

The orbits are not always symmetric in size and shape, the lower jaw is often asymmetric, and the nasal bones and cartilage are frequently deviated from the midsagittal plane.

12. The term projection is defined as: The physical position of the patient The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient The anatomy of the patient recorded on the image receptor The alignment of the x-ray tube to the anatomy

The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient

27. The term projection is defined as: The physical position of the patient The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient The anatomy of the patient recorded on the image receptor The alignment of the x-ray tube to the anatomy

The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient

22. While reviewing a patient chart prior to a UGI procedure, you notice the nurse's notation from 7:30 a.m. of "pt. NPO since 18:00." What does this note mean? The patient has not been out of bed since 6:00 p.m. The lab value of prothrombin time has been stable since 6:00 p.m. The patient has had nothing to eat since 6:00 p.m. The pertinent normal pulse oximetry values are stable over 18 minutes.

The patient has not been out of bed since 6:00 p.m.

Why are additional protective measures required in fluoroscopic procedures?

The risk of exposure in fluoroscopic procedures is higher than in most other radiographic procedures

34. 1. How do you transfer a patient who has a back or spinal injury?

The safest transfer for a patient with a spinal injury is a transfer by stretcher.

5. Which side of the wheelchair should be next to a bed or x-ray table, when attempting to transfer a patient that has had a stroke?

The strong side of the patient should be adjacent to the bed or x-ray table while transferring.

62. Using this diagram, which of the following statements is not true

The sum of the currents through each circuit element is equal to the total circuit element

Who is responsible for limiting the x-ray beam during a radiographic examination?

The technologist performing the examination

For the lateral projection of the forearm:

The ulnar surface must be in contact with the film

24. The sternum is made up of ____ distinct parts. (Anatomy) Two Three Four Five

Three

21. The medial malleolus is an aspect of the: Fibula Talus Tibia Calcaneus

Tibia

61. What is the purpose of exercising the joint (gently flexing the knee) after the contrast is injected for a knee arthogram? To disperse the contrast medium into the joint capsule for a thin even coating of soft tissue structures To increase patient comfort To demonstrate range of motion To prevent contrast artifacts

To disperse the contrast medium into the joint capsule for a thin even coating of soft tissue structures

Which of the following is true of positive beam-limiting collimators?

They are all automatic

39 How are insulators incorporated into the use of electricity?

They are used to contain electric flow

60.1. Can stretcher transfers be done by yourself?

They can only be done alone if the patient is capable of self-transfer

20. What happens to the majority of interactions between filament electrons and the target material? They produce characteristic photons They produce Bremsstrahlung photons They result in pair production They produce heat

They produce heat

When is an embryo-fetus at least risk from radiation exposure?

Third trimester

91. The deepest burns are classified as: A percentage of the total skin area First-degree Second-degree Third-degree

Third-degree

71. 1. When are draw sheets and slider boards used?

To help transfer a patient to a stretcher, especially when the patients has trouble moving or assisting with the transfer process

43. Tapping a ferromagnetic material such as an iron bar against a solid object will help magnetize it. True or false

True

From what metal are the filament wires in radiographic tubes made?

Tungsten

16.1. List the three steps for a possible electrical fire.

Turn off electricity at the main power source. Call for qualified help. Stand by with a Class C fire extinguisher

Marked with an A

Using this image, in what area would a technologist receive the least amount of radiation exposure if they were standing there during a procedure?

10. Define Ohm's law or V=IR

V is the electric potential in volts = I is the electric current in amperes (times) R is the electric resistance in ohms

Which is the most commonly used type of beam restrictor?

Variable-aperture collimator

19. Which infection-causing agent can only reproduce within a living cell? Fungus Parasite Bacteria Virus

Virus

22. Which of the following are factors of verbal communications? Voice volume and tone Touch and eye contact Hygiene and appearance Body language and humor

Voice volume and tone

unit of measurement for electric potential

Volt

27. What is the equation to find work?

W=Fd

Which of the following is not a macromolecule? Proteins Lipids Water Nucleic acid

Water

Frequency is a characteristic of which of the following?

Wave

Transmission is a characteristic of which of the following?

Wave

Attenuation of x-rays is a characteristic of?

Waves

25. 1. When should a stretcher be used for a patient transport instead of a wheelchair?

When a patient is unable to sit or stand; patient has not stood or walked since a recent accident, stroke, surgery, or heart attack; patient with spinal injuries or surgery; and patients who are unable to climb safely or comfortably onto the imaging table.

What should radiographers do if protective barriers are not available to use with mobile radiographic equipment?

Wear appropriate protective garments

33. Health care workers can protect themselves from exposure to airborne pathogens by: Strict hand hygiene Careful handling of contaminated objects Wearing special filter masks Wearing an oxygen cannula

Wearing special filter masks

37. Health care workers can protect themselves from exposure to airborne pathogens by: Strict hand hygiene Careful handling of contaminated objects Wearing special filter masks Wearing an oxygen cannula

Wearing special filter masks

Radiation response begins to occur at a specific dose

What is graph #2 (in red) demonstrating?

73. When are X-ray photons actually produced?

When electrons interact with target material

When is relative risk a helpful tool for researchers? When precise data are available regarding radiation exposure When precise data are available regarding the naturally occurring risk of mutations When exact ionizing radiation doses are not known All of the above

When exact ionizing radiation doses are not known

When should lead-equivalent gloves of 0.25 mm lead or equivalent be worn to protect the hands of the radiologic technologist?

When the hands might be in the x-ray beam

Aspirated objects are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus because it is:

Wider and more vertical

Why is the risk of developing cancer greater if a person is exposed to ionizing radiation when young rather than when old?

With older individuals, natural death may occur before the end of the latent period

11. A Class A fire extinguisher should be used on fires fueled by: Electrical wiring Diesel fuel Combustible gas Wood

Wood

40. A Class A fire extinguisher should be used on fires fueled by: Electrical wiring Diesel fuel Combustible gas Wood

Wood

In determining barrier thickness, the amount of time an x-ray unit operates is referred to as which of the following?

Workload factor

unit of electric potential

kVp

29. In this image, which letter identifies the alveolar process of the maxilla?

F

Photons

F

(T/F) Radiography does not include understanding how to set a control panel.

FALSE

(T/F) The line focus principle states that angling of the x-ray target allows for a larger area for heating (or the effective area) while maintaining a small focal spot (or the actual area).

FALSE

(T/F) Transformers can operate on either AC or DC voltage.

FALSE

(T/F) X-rays carry a negative charge that causes ionization.

FALSE

15. When the electrons strike the anode target, they all produce x-rays. True or Fals

FALSE

materials weakly attracted to a magnetic field

Paramagnetic

50. Identify the projection (or method name) for this image AP Axial Axiolateral oblique Oblique inferosuperior Parietoacanthial

Parietoacanthial

The term projection is defined as the:

Path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and passes through the patient

What is the proper patient positioning for an AP lordotic chest projection?

Patient approximately 12" away from the IR and leaning back with shoulders, back neck and head against the IR, hands on hips, palms out and shoulders rolled forward

20. Which one of the following positioning considerations is most important in demonstrating air/fluid levels in the thorax during chest radiography? 72-inch (183-cm) SID High kVp technique Shoulders rolled forward Patient in upright position

Patient in upright position

22. Where is the adductor tubercle located? Posteromedial aspect of the lateral condyle of the distal femur Posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle of the distal femur Anterior surface of the distal femur Between the medial and lateral condyle of the femur

Posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle of the distal femur

56. Which of the following is a state of energy?

Potential

5. If a patient has been referred for chest radiography, which of the following is an example of a system-specific symptom that should be assessed as a part of the patient history? Previous surgeries Presence or absence of cough Blood in stool What factors alleviate the problem

Presence or absence of cough

29. Which of the following is an example of a closed question that would be relevant to obtaining a patient history for a foot x-ray examination? "How did you injure your foot?" "What foot problems brought you in today for these x-rays?" "Did your doctor tell you why you need your foot x-rayed?" "How would you describe your pain?"

"Did your doctor tell you why you need your foot x-rayed?"

A SID and collimator test tool is a QA/QC test that must be accurate to (could also be stated: alignment and congruence differences between x-ray and light beams)

(+/-) 2 % of SID

The quality factor for x-rays is

1

Polysaccharides are a form of

Carb

16. What is the equation to find force?

F=MA

(T/F) The primary circuit is considered a low voltage circuit.

TRUE

attenuation

absorption

32. another name for velocity

speed

32. Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the facial bones? acanthion midway between the glabella and the EAM outer canthus zygoma, midway between the EAM and outer canthus

zygoma, midway between the EAM and outer canthus

Because electron cloud flows from ____to ___ it is a continuation of ____

∙cathode ∙the flow of electricity through the x-ray circuit

7. Why do we use Tungsten in the construction of the rotating anode? Summary 4.4

∙high atomic number =makes x ray production more efficient ∙high thermal capacity (melting point)

21. Main purpose of the anode objective 2

-Provides the target for electron interaction to produce xrays -is an electrical and thermal conductor

81. Radiation survey instruments measure which of the following 1. total quantity of electrical charge resulting from ionization of the gas 2. rate at which the electrical charge is produced 3. luminescence 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3

1 and 2 only

39. What device can be used to protect against scatter radiation? 1. Lead apron and gloves 2. Protective glasses 3. Neck and thyroid shields 1 only 2 only 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3

1, 2 and 3

40. When considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does "general public" refer to? 1. Patients 2. Visitors 3. Personnel who do not work with radiographic equipment 1 only 2 only 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3

1, 2 and 3

48. X-ray photons 1. can penetrate human tissue 2. can be absorbed into human tissue 3. can cause damage to human tissue 1 only 1 and 2 only 1, 2 and 3 no of them are true statements

1, 2 and 3

X-ray photons 1. can penetrate human tissue 2. can be absorbed into human tissue 3. can cause damage to human tissue

1, 2 and 3

What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?

12 to 16 respirations per minute

45. Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time 400 mA 3/10 s

120

28. What percentage change in kVp is roughly equal to doubling the mAs?

15

A mediolateral projection is preferred for radiographs of the:

1st finger

23. Distance indicators must be accurate to within [z]% of the source-to-image receptor distance (SID). 0.2 2 20

2

41. A radiation dose of [x] may cause temporary sterility for as long as 12 months 0.20 Gyt 0.50 Gyt 2 Gyt 5 Gyt

2 Gyt

92. A myelogram may be contraindicated if the patient has had a lumbar puncture with the preceding: 3 days 7 days 2 weeks 3 weeks

2 weeks

51. If the intensity of radiation at SID 36" is 800 mR, what is the intensity if the SID is increased to 72"?

200

44. Which of the following have the ability to ionize matter? 1. Infrared 2. Ultraviolet 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays

3 and 4

22. Which of the following have the ability to ionize matter? 1. Infrared 2. Microwaves 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays

3 and 4 only

Which of the following have the ability to ionize matter? 1. Infrared 2. Ultraviolet 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays

3 and 4 only -------------- 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays

If the radiation dose (aka the output intensity) @ 4 feet from the x-ray table is 5 R, what is the distance from the source with an output intensity of 10 R?

3 feet

How many segments are found in the coccyx?

3-5

46. Determine the cumulative effective dose to the whole body of a 34 year old occupational worker. 3400 mSv 340 mSv 34 mSv 3.4 mSv

340 mSv

Determine the cumulative effective dose to the whole body of a 34 year old occupational worker.

340 mSv

14. What is the velocity of a bullet if it covers 12,000 meters in 3 seconds?

4,000 m/s

A fluoroscopy timer must make an audible noise after how much beam-on time?

5 minutes

For the lateral tib-fib, the knee is flexed

45 degrees

11. Cerebrovascular Syndrome Dose

50 Gy or more

10. Gastrointestinal Syndrome Dose

6 to 10 Gy

18. Which of the following technique settings will have the highest resistance in the filament circuit? 70 kV @ 10 mA 80 kV @ 50 mA 90 kV @ 100 mA 100 kV@ 1000 mA

70 kV @ 10 mA

44. Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 400 mA 0.2 s

80

71. Based on the following figure, the atomic number of uranium is _____________.

92

To double the radiographic density on a radiograph originally taken at 80 kV, the kV would be adjusted to:

92

72. Based on this illustration, what was the kVp selected? 30 69 75 95

95

What is a single-hit chromosome aberration? Chromosome damage caused by a single x-ray photon Chromosome damage to a single chromosome caused by a single x-ray photon A single chromosome broken in one location All of the above

A single chromosome broken in one location

100. A B C D

A. Acromion B. Spine C. coracoid D. Glenoid Cavity

11. What is the most important thing to remember before preparing to sit a patient down in a wheelchair?

A. Make sure the wheels are locked.

42. In this image, please identify A, B, and C.

A. Zygomatic bone B. Ethmoid bone C. Sphenoid bone

39. The photoelectric interaction most commonly occurs when the incident photon strikes a/an: A. inner shell electron B. outer shell electron C. proton D. neutron

A. inner shell electron

19. Which timer has the patient as the variable

AEC

54. Which timer has the patient as the variable?

AEC

What is the amount of radiation exposure at waist level under a protective lead apron?

About 10% of the level outside the lead apron

74. Which type of seizure is characterized by staring into space and eye fluttering? Tonic-clonic Grand mal Absence Syncopal

Absence

54. The proper medical term for a heart attack is: Acute syncopal episode Vertigo Acute myocardial infarction Cardiac arrest

Acute myocardial infarction

41. Major trauma, such as a burn, may cause a medical emergency that precedes respiratory failure. This medical emergency is known as: Acute respiratory distress syndrome Respiratory syncytial virus Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

12. What do the initials ACA stand for?

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

71. How often should the x-ray table be cleaned? After every procedure Twice a day Twice a week Monthly

After every procedure

What is the recommended cumulative whole-body EDE limit?

Age in years multiplied by 10 mSv (1000 mrem)

27. What do basal cells of the skin, intestinal crypt cells, and reproductive cells have in common? All cells are radioinsensitive. All cells are radiosensitive.

All cells are radiosensitive.

93. What do basal cells of the skin, intestinal crypt cells, and reproductive cells have in common? All cells are radioinsensitive. All cells are radiosensitive.

All cells are radiosensitive.

34. What affects the amount of biologic damage? Radiation dose received Type of tissue irradiated Linear energy transfer (LET) All of the above

All of the above

How can patient exposure be limited during fluoroscopic procedures? -Use protective shields to protect areas not of clinical interest -Properly collimate to limit the x-ray beam to only the area of clinical interest -Ensure selection of the proper exposure factors increases patient dose -All of the above

All of the above

15. What do the initials ASRT stand for?

American Society of Radiological Technologists (ASRT)

16. What type of current flows back and forth in a sine curve fashion between a positive and negative direction?

Alternating

sensing material found in the OSL dosimeters

Aluminum oxide

50. 1. Can patients help in a transfer?

Always explain the plan of action on a transfer and explain the patients role in the transfer. Many patients can help participate in the transfer and can often anticipate painful errors, helping make the transfer much easier for everyone

Define half-value layer

Amount of filtration that reduces the intensity of the x-ray beam to half of its original value

24. Which wave characteristic refers to the height of a wave?

Amplitude

The height of a sine wave is called:

Amplitude

40. You are having coffee with a friend at a small diner. Suddenly, an elderly gentleman at a nearby table jumps up clutching his throat. His face is very red. He is most likely experiencing: ARDS An asthma attack Acute respiratory failure An airway obstruction

An airway obstruction

4. Coronary artery disease is often the cause of a burning or tingling sensation in the chest termed: Acute syncopal episode Angina pectoris Cardiac arrest Ketoacidosis

Angina pectoris

55. Coronary artery disease is often the cause of a burning or tingling sensation in the chest termed Acute syncopal episode Angina pectoris Cardiac arrest Ketoacidosis

Angina pectoris

Who is the best choice when someone is needed to hold a patient during a radiographic exam?

An older relative or friend

What happens when a free electron combines with another water molecule?

An unstable, negatively charged molecule results.

3. Phenomenon resulting from the angling of the target face that causes the intensity of the x-ray beam to be less on the anode side because the "heel" of the target is in the path of the beam.

Anode Heel Effect

88. What is the primary guideline for answering patient questions? Refer every question to a physician. Answer all questions to the best of your ability. Only answer questions related to the chief complaint. Answer only those questions that are within your scope of practice.

Answer only those questions that are within your scope of practice.

LET and biological damage are directly proportional. What does this mean?

As LET increases, biologic damage increases. As LET decreases, biologic damage decreases.

The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that:

Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation

It is the responsibility of a female radiologic technologist who is planning a pregnancy or becomes pregnant to inform her supervisor of that fact at which of the following times?

As soon as she finds out she is pregnant

29. How does the size of a radiation dose affect mean survival time? As the dose increases, the mean survival time decreases. As the dose increases, the mean survival time increases. As the dose decreases, the mean survival time decreases. No relationship has been established.

As the dose increases, the mean survival time decreases.

How does the size of a radiation dose affect mean survival time?

As the dose increases, the mean survival time decreases.

51. A calm, but firm expression of oneself is the proper use of: Empathy Sympathy Aggression Assertiveness

Assertiveness

46. Chemical shorthand" is used to identify individual elements in the periodic table . What 3 individual items are identified in these boxes?

Atomic mass number, atomic number and symbol

48. What aligns to form magnetic domains?

Atoms

Which feature on a fluoroscope allows the radiologist to select an image brightness level that is subsequently maintained automatically by varying the kVp, the mAs, or both?

Automatic brightness control

20. In this image, which letter identifies the mastoid process?

B

35. As the energy of electromagnetic radiation increases, the: 1. frequency decreases 2. wavelength decreases 3. speed increases A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 & 3 only D. 2 & 3 only

B. 2 only

67. Which one of the following is not a component of the bony thorax? Sternum Thoracic spine Clavicle Ribs

Clavicle

Which projection of the thoracic spine demonstrates open intervertebral foramina? A. AP projection B. Lateral projection C. AP oblique projection D. PA oblique projection

B. Lateral projection

46. 1. Why do bed transfers require at least two people?

Bed transfers require at least two people because the beds are very heavy and patients during bed transfer require careful attention to their physical status during the transfer

36. During a photoelectric interaction, the incident photon is ____________ by the electron of the target atom. A. partially absorbed B. totally absorbed C. partially deflected D. totally deflected

B. totally absorbed

What are free radicals?

Biproduct of formation of unnatural molecules and compounds in the body

34. Where should the central ray be centered for a dorsoplantar projection of the foot? Second metatarsophalangeal joint Base of the third metatarsal Anterior talus Intermediate cuneiform

Base of the third metatarsal

40. As anatomic tissue thickness increases: Beam attenuation decreases and transmission increases Beam attenuation increases and transmission increases Beam attenuation decreases and transmission decreases Beam attenuation increases and transmission decreases

Beam attenuation increases and transmission decreases

Why can repair enzymes usually reverse the cellular damage caused by low-LET radiation?

Because low LET is typically sublethal

Why are radiations such as visible light and radio waves considered to be non-ionizing?

Because they are low energy waves so they do not have the ability to ionize.

Where is a grid positioned in the imaging chain?

Between the patient and the image receptor

25. Which of the following statements about personal bias are true? Bias can interfere with quality of patient care. Bias does not affect patient care quality. Bias improves the quality of patient care. The quality of patient care is not affected when one is aware of their personal bias.

Bias can interfere with quality of patient care.

Late stochastic effects

Biologic effects that will increase in probability within months/years as dose increases

Early deterministic effects

Biologic effects that will increase in severity within hours/days as dose increases

3. What are Body Mechanics and why is it important?

Body mechanics are principles for proper body alignment, balance, and movement. These principles help in reducing energy expended when standing, squatting, lifting, carrying, walking, etcetera, that maximize your personal strength and reduces your risk of injury.

87. What is the purpose of responding, restating, and reflecting during interpersonal communications? Build rapport Increase miscommunications Emphasize verbal communications Emphasize nonverbal communications

Build rapport

Matching-atom

Building Block of all Matter

50. How does filtration reduce patient dose? By absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the x-ray beam By preventing low-energy x-ray photons from reaching the body Both

Both

Which of the following is responsible for the substantial rise in medical radiation exposure? CT scanning Nuclear medicine procedures Both a and b

Both a and b

42. A slow heartbeat, usually defined as slower than 60 beats per minute, is termed: Tachypnea Tachycardia Bradypnea Bradycardia

Bradycardia

What causes main-chain scission? Cross-linking Molecular lesions Breakage in the thread or backbone of a long-chain molecule All of the above

Breakage in the thread or backbone of a long-chain molecule

The term contusion is synonymous with the term:

Bruise

Isoexposure profiles during fluoroscopy show the need for which of the following? Primary barriers Secondary barriers Bucky slot covers and protective curtains Collimation

Bucky slot covers and protective curtains

19. In this image, which letter points to the lacrimal bone?

C

27. In this image, which letter identifies the occipital bone?

C

68. Which of the following in this image has the highest energy?

C

Electrons (x-ray tube)

C

Where does the CR enter the patient for the AP projection of the thoracic spine? A. Perpendicular to T10 B. Perpendicular to T5 C. Perpendicular to T7 D. Perpendicular to C7

C. Perpendicular to T7

Which cytoplasmic organelle affects the formation of the mitotic spindle?

Centrosome

Which of the following helps position the entire thoracic spine parallel to the IR when the patient is in a lateral recumbent position? A. Radiolucent support under the head and neck B. Radiolucent support under the shoulders and hips C. Radiolucent support under the waist and/or hips D. Radiolucent support between the knee

C. Radiolucent support under the waist and/or hips

Which of the following would be most radiosensitive? Cells that reproduce slowly Cells that reproduce rapidly

Cells that reproduce rapidly

51. Water constitutes approximately _______ of the weight of the human body. A.50% to 55% B.60% to 70% C.80% to 85% D.90% to 95%

C.80% to 85%

19. Which of the following instruments is used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic x-ray equipment? A.Proportional counter B.GM detector C.Ionization chamber with electrometer D.Pocket ionization chamber

C.Ionization chamber with electrometer

25. Acute radiation syndrome presents in four major response stages. In what order do these stages occur? A.Latent period, prodromal, manifest illness, recovery or death B.Manifest illness, prodromal, latent period, recovery or death C.Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death D.Manifest illness, latent period, prodromal, recovery or death

C.Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death

creates the image on the computer monitor

CR reader

94. The largest and strongest of the tarsal bones is the: Calcaneus Navicular Talus Cuboid

Calcaneus

67. What type of precautions would be used when working with a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma? Contact Droplet Airborne Cancers do not require transmission-based precautions.

Cancers do not require transmission-based precautions.

Which of the following are the sources of the body's starches and sugars? Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

An area in which there is a radiation source requires the posting of a sign that states

Caution Radiation area

79. Which of the following occurs due to either an ischemic or hemorrhage episode in the brain? Hypoglycemia Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome Epistaxis

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Hemorrhage of small blood vessels is associated with which of the following?

Cerebrovascular syndrome

Why are children more susceptible than adults to the late somatic effects and genetic effects of ionizing radiation?

Children usually have more years of life ahead than adults, and many negative effects of radiation may take years to manifest

A radiographic study of the biliary ducts is termed:

Cholangiography

74. Who was the first known radiation (x-ray) related death in the United States? (Give the first and last name)

Clarence Dally

32. Which of the following is the result of excitation of an orbital electron without removing it from its shell? Classical Compton Photoelectric Photodisintegration

Classical

Which interaction involves photons generally below 10keV?

Classical

Which interaction results in scattering of the x-ray photon without ionization?

Classical

A radiologic technologist s occupational radiation exposure dose is measured by a radiation monitor. This device must be worn where to give an accurate reading?

Collar outside of shielding

What is the name of the main bile duct that leads directly from the liver?

Common hepatic duct

27. Which interaction is the major source of occupational exposure? Pair production Photoelectric Classical Compton

Compton

57. You have an order to obtain a chest and KUB on a patient diagnosed with MRSA. Due to the patient's weakened and contagious condition, the order is changed from routine to mobile. What type of transmission-based precautions would you expect when you arrive at the patient's room? Droplet Contact Airborne MRSA does not require transmission-based precautions.

Contact

66. You have an order to obtain a chest and KUB on a patient diagnosed with MRSA. Due to the patient's weakened and contagious condition, the order is changed from routine to mobile. What type of transmission-based precautions would you expect when you arrive at the patient's room? Droplet Contact Airborne MRSA does not require transmission-based precautions.

Contact

type of metal used a a filter in film badge

Copper

4. List 3 elements used in the construction of the rotating anode. Summary 4

Copper Molybdenum Tungsten

What is the name of the process that extends anteriorly from the scapula?

Coracoid process

What is the SI unit that refers to the amount of ionizing radiation that may strike an object such as the human body when in the vicinity of a radiation source?

Coulombs per kilogram

13. Active infants and toddlers are best transported via _____

Crib with high sides

Which duct connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct?

Cystic duct

28. In this image, which letter identifies the temporal bone?

D

30. In this image, which letter identifies the zygomatic bone?

D

48. In this image, what letter identifies the parietal bone? B C D E

D

Filament

D

42. While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates the cell's master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell? Loss of all intracellular fluid Increased pressure on the cell membrane leading to immediate rupture Disruption of cell chemistry only Death

Death

While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates the cell's master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell?

Death

18. Which of the following requirements should radiation survey instruments fulfill? 1.Instruments must be reliable by accurately recording exposure or exposure rate. 2.Instruments must be durable enough to withstand normal use. 3.Instruments should interact with ionizing radiation in a manner similar to the way in which human tissue interacts. A.1 only B.2 only C.3 only D.1, 2, and 3

D.1, 2, and 3

26. What molecule in the human body is most commonly directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through an indirect action? A.Protein B.Carbohydrate C.Fat D.Water

D.Water

35. While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates (kills) the cell's master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell? Loss of all intracellular fluid Increased pressure on the cell membrane leading to immediate rupture Disruption of cell chemistry only Death

Death

35. _________ is the standard format for digital medical images. PACS DICOM teleradiology RIS (Question 38)

DICOM

In a human cell, the master molecule is thought to be the _____ of a cell.

DNA

In the second meiotic division, which of the following is not duplicated? Chromosomes Daughter cells DNA None of the above

DNA

Which of the following is not present in cytoplasm? Protein Carbohydrates Lipids DNA

DNA

Once the space charge reaches a size commensurate with the current used, it becomes _____

Difficult for additional electrons to be emitted

44. A device that contains P type and N type material is called a

Diode

19. What device is labeled as number 7 in this x-ray circuit diagram?

Diodes

What is the difference between direct and indirect action of ionizing radition on atoms of the human body?

Direct action interacts with DNA and indirect action interacts with water. Indirect is more likely because body is mostly made up of water but direct action will cause more biologic damage.

73. Which of the following is the proper method to disinfect an x-ray table after a procedure? Disinfect from the most contaminated area to the least contaminated area. Disinfect from the least contaminated area to the most contaminated area. Disinfect in a circular pattern beginning at the center and moving outward. Disinfect in a circular patent beginning at the edge and moving toward the center.

Disinfect from the least contaminated area to the most contaminated area.

88. The process of flexing the foot and toes back toward the ankle is termed: Plantar flexion Dorsiflexion Plantar extension Plantar abduction

Dorsiflexion

4. The name of the projection in which the central ray enters the top of the foot and exits the bottom of the foot is: Plantodorsal Dorsoplantar Palmardorsal Dorsopalmar

Dorsoplantar

73. What is the MAJOR error on this image? Wrong marker used Positioning error Double exposed Motion

Double exposed

33. Examine the image below. What contrast technique was used for this arthrogram? Single radiopaque contrast Double-contrast

Double-contrast

When are Bucky slot covers and protective curtains used?

During fluoroscopic procedures

When does radiolysis of water occur?

During the ionization of water (indirect effect)

How is EqD calculated?

DxWr Dose multiplied by the weighing factor of the type of radiation

Which term is defined as the range of values that can be displayed by an imaging system?

Dynamic range

49. In this image, which letter identifies the petrous ridge? A C D E

E

Pyrex envelope

E

49. The ability to understand and perceive the emotions of others is termed: Sympathy Assertiveness Empathy Aggression

Empathy

What is the term for the network of tubes in a cell that transports food, waste products, and mRNA?

Endoplasmic reticulum

6. In which of the following scenarios is ionizing radiation occurring?

Energy radiates matter and removes an orbital electron from the interacted atom.

56. Which of the following projections best demonstrates free intraperitoneal air in the abdomen? PA supine Erect AP Right lateral decubitus Fowler position

Erect AP

28. The scientific study of humans and their work, including the anatomic, physiologic, psychologic, and mechanical principles affecting the efficient use of human energy, defines: Body mechanics Ergonomics Kinesiology Base of support

Ergonomics

The junction between the esophagus and stomach is termed:

Esophagogastric junction

3. An outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle is termed: Flexion Inversion Eversion Rotation

Eversion

An outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle is termed:

Eversion

1. Radiation-induced damage at the cellular level may lead to measurable somatic and hereditary damage in the living organism as a whole later in life. These outcomes are called early effects and are the short-term results of radiation exposure. True False

False

14. Collimation is not required when AEC is used. True or false

False

15. Once a part has been selected using APR, the exposure factors cannot be adjusted. True or False

False

15. The adult skeleton system contains 256 bones. True or False

False

16. DR image receptors do not use histograms. True or False

False

16. The scapula is part of the axial skeleton. True or False

False

16. Using the plus or minus density controls should be done frequently to produce optimal images with AEC. True or False

False

17. Negative contrast agents increase the attenuation of the x-ray beam. True or False

False

17.1. A gait belt should be used to assist all patients getting on the x-ray table. T/F?

False, it should be used to help weak or unsteady patients to stand or walk.

20.Air Assisted Lateral Patient transfer devices can be used instead of other devices by techs.

False. There is special training to use these devices.

68. What changes with age and requires different communications strategies to alleviate? Fears and anxieties Hormones Physical strength Nutritional needs

Fears and anxieties

materials strongly attracted to a magnetic field

Ferromagnetic

37. 1. How do you transfer a patient to a wheelchair?1. How do you transfer a patient to a wheelchair?

First, lower the bed to the lowest position, and then lower side rails. Place the wheelchair parallel to the patient's bed with the wheels locked and foot rest out of way. Gentle lift patient to sitting position, pivot while lifting, allowing the patient's legs to wing over the side of the bed. Allow the patient to rest on the side of bed before transferring to the wheelchair. Use face-face assist to raise the patient to standing position. Help the patient pivot their back to wheelchair, and ease them down to sitting. Lastly adjust leg-rests and footrests, and cover the patient's lap and legs with a blanket.

Which type of grid has grid strips angled to align with beam divergence?

Focused

Which portion of the x-ray tube is the negatively charged metal shroud that surrounds the filament?

Focusing cup

36. An inanimate object that has been contaminated by an infectious agent is called a: Pathogen Fomite Vector Carrier

Fomite

95. An inanimate object that has been contaminated by an infectious agent is called a: Pathogen Fomite Vector Carrier

Fomite

A wedge compensating filter is often used for imaging which of the following?

Foot

What is the push or pull on an object called?

Force

23. Which term accounts for the number of waves that pass a set point in a set amount of time?

Frequency

What is the purpose of a voiding cystourethrogram?

Functional study of bladder and urethra

10. Why is a gait belt used?

Gait belts are used when assisting patients who are weak or unsteady on their feet. Gait belts provide a secure handhold for the radiologic technologist to use when helping a patient stand or walk.

33.1. Why is a gait belt often used?

Gait belts are used when assisting patients who are weak or unsteady on their feet. Gait belts provide a secure handhold for the radiologic technologist to use when helping a patient stand or walk.

45. Which of the following has no mass and no charge? Alpha Beta Gamma Alpha and beta

Gamma

89. Which of the following are examples of Low-LET. Pick all and there are more then one ... Alpha Particles Gamma rays Ions of heavy nuclides Neutrons X-rays

Gamma rays X-rays

Which of the following shoulder projections best demonstrates the scapulohumeral joint space?

Grashey method

The number of grid lines per centimeter or inch defines:

Grid frequency

The ratio of grid height to grid strip separation defines:

Grid ratio

100. Which federal law protects confidentiality, access, and security of electronic health information? The CARE Bill Radiation Protection Act HIPAA All of the above are federal laws related to confidentiality and security of health records.

HIPAA

31. Blood-borne pathogens of concern to health care workers are: HIV and AIDS HIV and hepatitis B and C Hepatitis B and E Hepatitis and staphylococcus bacteria

HIV and hepatitis B and C

65. The thickness of a designated absorber required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value defines the HTV HVL50 HVL lead equivalent

HVL

The thickness of a designated absorber required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value defines the

HVL

24. The thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce the energy of the beam to one half its original intensity describes ____________. Inverse square law Inherent filtration Compensating filtration Half value layer

Half value layer

Which two specific structures form the costovertebral joint?

Head of rib and body of thoracic vertebrae

81. HIPAA stands for: Health Information Privacy and Accessibility Act Health Information Privacy and Accountability Act Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Health Insurance Portability and Accessibility Act

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

14. What do the initials HIPAA stand for?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Which term is used to denote the decreased x-ray intensity at the anode end of the x-ray tube?

Heel effect

Match Epidemiology GI Syndrome Hematologic syndrome Cerebrovascular syndrome death is due to bone marrow destruction Death occurs due to catastrophic damage to epithelial cells Death occurs due to increased intracranial pressure study of the occurrence, distribuition, and cause of disease in humans

Hematologic syndrome - death is due to bone marrow destruction GI Syndrome - Death occurs due to catastrophic damage to epithelial cells Cerebrovascular syndrome - Death occurs due to increased intracranial pressure Epidemiology - study of the occurrence, distribuition, and cause of disease in humans

What syndrome most likely occurs when a person is exposed to 1 to 10 Gy (100 to 1000 rad) of ionizing radiation?

Hematopoietic syndrome

63. Bleeding into the thoracic cavity is termed: Pneumothorax Hemothorax Atelectasis Pneumonia

Hemothorax

83. What specific positioning error is present when the right iliac wing is elongated on an AP pelvis? Hips were rotated towards the right side Hips were rotated towards the left side Feet were not internally rotated 15 to 20 degrees CR was not properly centered midway between ASIS and symphysis pubis

Hips were rotated towards the right side

27. The proper way to carry a heavy object is to: Hold the object as far away from the center of gravity as possible Hold the object as close to the center of gravity as possible Use a narrow base of support Align the object parallel to the base of support

Hold the object as close to the center of gravity as possible

6. Which of the following is also referred to as the transverse plane? Coronal Horizontal Oblique Occlusal

Horizontal

18. An animal or plant that nourishes another organism is termed a: Microorganism Host Pathogen Fungus

Host

70. An animal or plant that nourishes another organism is termed a: Microorganism Host Pathogen Fungus

Host

78. Which type of shock is caused by a loss of blood volume? Hypovolemic Vasogenic Neurogenic Cardiogenic

Hypovolemic

98. Which type of shock is caused by a loss of blood volume? Hypovolemic Vasogenic Neurogenic Cardiogenic

Hypovolemic

7. Which radiographic line is identified with letter K?

IOML (infraorbitalmeatal line)

At what level is the CR directed for a supine AP projection of the abdomen?

Iliac crest

If someone is exposed to a 1 Gy (100 rad) whole-body dose of ionizing radiation, what will be the result?

Illness, but death will not normally occur

Which term is used to denote the invisible, residual electronic image that may be present on a digital IR after a high exposure?

Image lag

35. What population is at the greatest risk as a susceptible host? Pediatric patients Elderly patients Immunocompromised patients Healthy health care workers

Immunocompromised patients

1. What effect does a step-up transformer have on voltage from the primary windings to the secondary windings?

Increase it

83. All of the following are reasons to use immobilization except: Reduce risk of imaging voluntary motion. Increase patient comfort. Improve image quality. Increase patient intimidation.

Increase patient intimidation.

4. All that we know about the atom is based on Direct observation Physical manipulation Indirect observation Visual examination

Indirect observation

18. What type of electromagnetic device uses an electric current supplied to a system of stators that produce a magnetic field to promote the rotation of a rotor?

Induction motor

resistance to a change in motion

Inertia

44. Why is wheeled transport required even for ambulatory patients

Inpatients aren't allowed to walk to the imaging department, even if ambulatory. A patient may become weak or faint so it is important to keep the safety of the patient at all times.

Which portion of the image intensifier tube receives the remnant radiation from the patient?

Input phosphor

2. Cyanosis is an indication of: Liver failure Kidney failure Metastasis Insufficient oxygen

Insufficient oxygen

a material that resists the flow of electrons

Insulator

What do we call the period of growth that occurs prior to cell division?

Interphase

14. The prominent bony ridge located on the posterior aspect of the proximal femur extending between the trochanters is the: Anatomical neck Surgical neck Intertrochanteric fossa Intertrochanteric crest

Intertrochanteric crest

What first happens when an x-ray interacts with and ionizes a molecule of water?

Ion pair is created

45. X-rays may remove electrons from atoms in the body by a process called: Electrification Exposure Ionization Radicalizing

Ionization

16. Choose all the following that occur due to the radiolysis of water. There will be more then one. Ionization of a water molecule Organic free radical formation Production of cell-damaging substances Production of undesirable chemical reactions and biologic damage

Ionization of a water molecule Organic free radical formation Production of cell-damaging substances Production of undesirable chemical reactions and biologic damage

What is the major disadvantage of a shadow shield?

It cannot be used during fluoroscopy

45. In this image, the sphenoid sinuses are identified by what letter? H J L N

J

20. Which electron shell is closest to the nucleus?

K

9. Which electron shell is closest to the nucleus? K L M N

K

58. Which of the following is an important consideration when transporting patients who have a urinary catheter? Keep the collection bag 18 to 20 inches above the insertion site. Keep the collection bag below the level of the urinary bladder. Keep the collection bag level with the urinary bladder. The height of the collection bag is not a consideration.

Keep the collection bag below the level of the urinary bladder.

21.1. Why do work area spill kits contain kitty litter?

Kitty litter is used to absorb spills. Litter causes liquid to clump into a solid material that can be swept up and disposed of.

22. If filling a K shell vacancy, which shell would produce the weakest photon? L M N O

L

The illiac crest is at the level of which of the following?

L4

Define LET. Contrast the differences between high-LET radiation and low-LET radiation - specifically their biological damage potential

LET is linear energy transfer; as energy of electrons reduce through excitation and ionization, energy is transferred to the material. Low LET refers to electromagnetic energy and High LET refers to particulate. High LET does not penetrate well but has the most ionization and higher potential for biologic damage because it is considered dense radiation and has low energy so it continues to interact and cannot leave the body.

Radiation-induced leukemia is considered to have a latent at-risk period of approximately how long?

Latent period of 4-7yrs, and at-risk period of 20yrs

12. In which position of the skull is the clivus seen in profile? AP Axial PA Axial SMV Lateral

Lateral

As it relates to body movement, abduction is

Lateral movement of an arm or leg away from the body

Which part of the grid is designed to absorb scatter radiation?

Lead grid strips

28. Examine the image below, obtained with the patient facing the x-ray tube. What specific anatomy of the bony thorax is demonstrated in this image? Right axillary ribs Left axillary ribs Right costovertebral joints Left costovertebral joints

Left axillary ribs

10. The radiographic position in which the patient is turned 90° from an AP projection with the left side of the body placed against the image receptor (IR) is the: Left lateral Right lateral Left posterior oblique Dorsal decubitus

Left lateral

9. The radiographic position in which the patient is upright and facing the x-ray tube with the left side of the body rotated toward (this is another way of saying, resting on or closet to the IR) the image receptor (IR) 45° is referred to as a: Left anterior oblique position Right posterior oblique position Left posterior oblique position Right anterior oblique position

Left posterior oblique position

What is the effective dose equivalent for occupants of controlled areas?

Less than 1000 microsieverts (100 mR)/week

Which of the following has the function of providing long-term storage of energy? Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids

Lipids

Chest radiographs should exhibit:

Low contrast with many shades of gray

A radiograph that exhibits few differences between adjacent densities is said to have:

Low or long scale contrast

Match all or nothing response radio dermatitis lymphocytes and spermatogonia Most radiosensitive cell in the body non malignant change due to chronic irradiation term associated with pregnancy; high enough dose that if loss of pregnancy does not occur, no ill effects to fetus from radiation

Lymphocytes and spermatogonia - Most radiosensitive cell in the body Radio-dermatitis - non malignant change due to chronic irradiation All or nothing response - term associated with pregnancy; high enough dose that if loss of pregnancy does not occur, no ill effects to fetus from radiation

What do we call the cytoplasmic organelle that contains digestive enzymes that break down organic compounds and eliminate waste?

Lysosomes

2. Which of these electron shells is closest to the nucleus? M N O P

M

Which phase of the cell growth cycle has four subphases?

M

53. What is the magnification factor formula?

MF=SID/SOD

38. Which line is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the Water's view? AML LML MML OML

MML

9. Which radiographic line is identified by letter M?

MML (mentomeatal line)

6. For the PA Axial of the facial bones, the following ensures no rotation or tilt of the head IPL Perpendicular to the IR IOML Parallel to the IR MSP Perpendicular to the midline of the table none of the above

MSP Perpendicular to the midline of the table

Which subcellular effect may involve the breaking of one side rail of DNA?

Main-chain scission

18. The space located between the two pleural cavities is termed the: Hilum Pleural cavity Mediastinum Thoracic aperture

Mediastinum

The centromeres duplicate themselves in which phase?

Metaphase

3. Where is the IR centered for the AP projection of the pelvis? Level of ASIS 2 inches (5 cm) above ASIS Midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis Level of pubic symphysis

Midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis

Where are the kidneys located in the adult?

Midway between xiphoid process and iliac crest

Matching SED50 mild erythema hematologic depression 5 to 6 Gy (500 rad) partial body dose of reproductive organs 2 Gy (200 rad) partial body dose of reproductive organs 250 mGy to whole body 50% of population @ 6Gy temporary sterility permanent sterility 3 Gy

Mild erythema - 3 Gy SED 50 - 50% of population @ 6Gy Hematologic depression - 250 mGy to whole body 2 Gy (200 rad) partial body dose of reproductive organs - temporary sterility 5 to 6 Gy (500 rad) partial body dose of reproductive organs - permanent sterility

What are the three levels of biologic effects of radiation on humans?

Molecular, cellular, organic

Product of the mass of an object and its velocity

Momentum

47. 1. What special equipment should the transporter take note of?

Monitors, medication pumps, urine collection bag, portable oxygen equipment, or IVs. Make sure to consult with the nurse before disconnecting any equipment

What are U.S. government standards for dose limits based on?

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) recommendations

Which grid has subtypes of oscillating and reciprocating?

Moving

Which of the following is the least abundant in the human body?

Nitrogen

22. 1. What is the most common occupational injury reported for healthcare workers?

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) which include subcategories: Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs), Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs) and Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD's).

57. The agency that publishes radiation protection standards based on scientific research is the NRC ASRT NCRP BRH

NCRP

56. The agency that enforces radation protection standards at the federal level is the NRC ICRP NCRP BRH

NRC

Determines the way international recommendations are incorporated into US radiation protection criteria; publishes various reports

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

32. The most common occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens is: Needlestick injury Cleaning contaminated equipment Improper hand hygiene Failure to wear proper protective apparel

Needlestick injury

37. An atom with more electrons than protons is considered to have a ________ charge?

Negative

21. Which fundamental particle has a neutral charge?

Neutron

41. Which particle in the nucleus of an atom has no charge? Neutron Proton Electron Ion

Neutron

Which particle in the nucleus of an atom has no charge?

Neutron

fundamental unit of force

Newton

75. What are the grid conversion factors? (You must list all 6 from the table in the book for full credit)

No grid 1 5:1 2 6:1 3 8:1 4 12:1 5 16:1 6

Based on NCRP standards, which of the following is considered to be a safe level of radiation?

No level is considered safe

13. On a PA or AP projection of either the facial or skull bones, what is indicated by equal distance from the midlateral orbital margin to the lateral cortex of the cranium on each side? No tilt No motion No rotation Proper neck flexion

No rotation

52. What day were x-rays discovered?

November 8, 1895

Has the power to enforce radiation protection sstandards; main function is to oversee the nuclear energy industry

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

43. 1. Why is it important to check with the Nursing station before getting a patient?

Nursing staff is responsible for their patients at all times and need to know the patients whereabouts. Nurses can also help assist in transfers

39. In this image, the ethmoid sinuses are identified by what letter? J L M O

O

Cells that are oxygenated are more susceptible to radiation damage. This refers to what?

OER

30. When using a 30 degree angle for the Towne method of the skull, which positioning line should be perpendicular to the image receptor? AML GAL IOML OML

OML

35. 1. Why is OSHA important for health care facilities?

OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration. They are important for health care facilities because they govern the safety of the workplace, and provide guidelines to ensure high level safety for hospital workers. By providing these guidelines, hospital staff can limit the amount of accidents done at the place of work.

Which of the following is the most sensitive personnel monitoring device?

OSL

What is the name of the large foramen in the innominate bone?

Obturator foramen

unit of measurement for electric resistance

Ohms

How is the IR aligned to the femoral neck for an axiolateral Danelius-Miller ("cross table hip") method?

Parallel to neck

10. Which of the following violates electrical safety rules? Overloading an electrical outlet Regular inspection of equipment Having an electrician replace a damaged plug Use of a grounded plug

Overloading an electrical outlet

28. The electron from the __ shell of a tungsten atom has the lowest binding energy. O K L P

P

14. Rest the patient's nose and forehead against the IR for the AP Axial Skull PA Axial Skull AP Axial Sinus Caldwell sinus

PA Axial Skull

29. Look at the image below. The patient was positioned semi-prone. What projection and position are demonstrated? PA oblique projection, LAO position PA oblique projection, RAO position AP oblique projection, LPO position AP oblique projection, RPO position

PA oblique projection, LAO position

39. Which interaction results in the production of a positron and an electron? Pair production Photodisintegration Classical Photoelectric

Pair production

What interaction produces a positron and an electron?

Pair production

97. Paleness or a lack of skin color is termed: Shock Vertigo Lethargy Pallor

Pallor

24. 1. What body mechanics/ function must a patient be able to do in order for a wheelchair transport?

Patients who can stand and sit with comfort and with efficient safety.

57. 1. How do I know which spills are safe for me to clean up?

Per OSHA requirements there is a Material Safety Data Sheet that indicated the required equipment and procedure for safe handling.

36. PACS stands for Picture Analyzing and Communication System Picture Archiving and Communication System Photograph Archiving and Computer System Phosphor Analytics and Communication Systems (Question 39)

Picture Archiving and Communication System

84. Which of the following immobilization devices would be used for a chest x-ray of a 2-year-old patient? Pigg-O-Stat Tape and IR holder 45-degree wedge sponge Plexiglass square

Pigg-O-Stat

Where should a flat contact shield be placed during a fluoroscopic procedure?

Placed under the patient at gonad level

Accumulation of air in the pleura cavity is known as:

Pneumothorax

24. Which of the following statements is true regarding communications? Using medical terminology to explain procedures to patients will impress and emphasize intelligence and competence. Speaking very loudly and rapidly in emergency situations is an effective communication tool. A safe practice is to avoid touching patients of the opposite sex to avoid any chance of miscommunications. Poor posture can convey a lack of confidence to others.

Poor posture can convey a lack of confidence to others.

In the design of protective structural shielding, what type of radiation is most hazardous and most difficult to protect against?

Primary radiation

53. What is the purpose of a fuse in an electric circuit?

Protect against circuit overload

Added filtration for use in the radiographic beam is placed between which of the following?

Protective housing and the collimator

Added filtration for use in the radiographic beam is placed between which of the following? Protective housing and the collimator Patient and the receptor Table and the patient None of the above

Protective housing and the collimator

15. An elderly patient asks you to hold her purse while she uses the restroom. Which of the following would be the best response? Provide her with a locker to store her personal belongings. Hold her purse, but wait right by the restroom door so that you can return it immediately. Ignore her request. Tell the patient that she will have to manage in the restroom with her purse.

Provide her with a locker to store her personal belongings.

8. The greater trochanter is part of the: Lower pelvis Ilium Sternum Proximal femur

Proximal femur

If kVp is doubled, what happens to quantity?

Quadruples (increases by a factor of 4)

36. 1. What do you do in case of a fire?

RACE remove patient from fire location alert and activate the alarm contain the fire and close doors extinguis the fire using an appropriate fire extinguisher and evacuate

The ability of different types of radiation to produce the same biologic response in an organism is called

RBE

10. The electronic device that converts AC current to DC current is a:

Rectifier

What is an effect of using a beam-limitation device?

Reduced potential exposure to scatter radiation for the radiographer

84. Why is it important to perform an erect left lateral rather than the erect right lateral position as part of the routine chest study? Reduces magnification of the heart Reduces the risk of patient rotation Helps demonstrate any possible air/fluid levels Less radiation dose of the thymus gland

Reduces magnification of the heart

42. Which of the following factors are advantages of the PA projection of the abdomen? Reduces radiation dose to the gonads Demonstrates the kidneys with less magnification Improves patient comfort Decreases risk of imaging peristalsis

Reduces radiation dose to the gonads

7. Once ionization occurs, which portion of the ion pair is deemed the positive ion?

Remaining atom

34. In terms of the cycle of infection, any environment in which a pathogen can flourish is termed a: Host Exit portal Transmission mode Reservoir

Reservoir

the property of a circuit that resists the flow of electrons

Resistance

86. Which of the following are the essential components of feedback and listening? Response, restate, and reflect Register, recognize, and respond Restate, respond, and recognize Reflect, relinquish, and renounce

Response, restate, and reflect

What do we call the cytoplasmic organelle that makes the various proteins required by the cell?

Ribosomes

13. The radiographic position in which the patient is placed in a recumbent, prone position with the right side of the body rotated (another way to say this is, right side resting on the IR) toward the image receptor (IR) is the: Left posterior oblique position Right posterior oblique position Right anterior oblique position Left anterior oblique position

Right anterior oblique position

2. Look at the image below, obtained with the patient semiprone. What specific anatomy of the bony thorax is demonstrated in this image? Right axillary ribs Left axillary ribs Right costovertebral joints Left costovertebral joints

Right axillary ribs

97. Which of the following projections is not normally performed as part of the acute abdominal series? AP supine abdomen AP erect abdomen PA erect chest Right lateral decubitus

Right lateral decubitus

A radiograph of an AP projection of the pelvis demonstrates foreshortening of the left ilium. What specific positioning error may have occurred?

Rotation of right hip toward the IR

DNA is synthesized in which phase?

S

41. Why are secondary barriers always given a use factor of 1? They are constructed of less-protective material than are primary barriers. The primary beam is not directed at them. Scatter radiation and leakage radiation are always present when the tube is energized. It is impossible to accurately calculate use, so 1 is used as a safety factor.

Scatter radiation and leakage radiation are always present when the tube is energized.

Why are secondary barriers always given a use factor of 1?

Scatter radiation and leakage radiation are always present when the tube is energized.

Which part of the digital radiography system converts x-rays to light?

Scintillator

52. If there are concerns about maintaining the sterility of a wound during a radiographic examination, which device can be used? Flat contact shield Shaped contact shield Gonad shield Shadow shield

Shadow shield

Your requisition states that you are to obtain PA and lateral chest projections on your patient. The patient history states "SOB." What does this acronym stand for?

Short of breath

82. Examine the image below. What type of contrast was administered for this arthrography procedure? Double-contrast, gaseous and water-soluble iodinated Single-contrast, water-soluble iodinated No contrast was administered.

Single-contrast, water-soluble iodinated

Why should males who have been irradiated delay procreation for several months?

So that cells in the spermatogonial and postspermatogonial phases can die off

The ability to digitally record a small object, its accuracy and clarity is the definition of which of the following?

Spatial resolution

26. A system of protective guidelines used to protect against disease transmission defines: Occupational safety Standard Precautions Standard operating procedures Material safety data

Standard Precautions

What is another term for the anterior, distal aspect of the rib?

Sternal end

The medial end of the clavicle is termed the:

Sternal extremity

24. Most references discuss radio-induced cancer as an example of ______ effects. Deterministic Stochastic

Stochastic

As a dose increases the probability that a reaction (a response) will occur are

Stochastic events

30. What is the advantage of configuring a wire carrying electric current into a coil?

Strengthens the magnetic field

Which of the following structures is considers to be most distal?

Styloid process

Which position is preferred for the below-the-diaphragm rib series?

Supine

Detect the presence of radiation and give a measurement of exposure

Survey instruments

15. What is the primary difference between radiation survey instruments and personnel dosimetry devices? Survey instruments cost less. Only survey instruments provide instant readout. Survey instruments detect the presence or absence of radiation in an area. Survey instruments can be used only once.

Survey instruments detect the presence or absence of radiation in an area.

What is the primary difference between radiation survey instruments and personnel dosimetry devices?

Survey instruments detect the presence or absence of radiation in an area.

5. Which of the following landmarks corresponds with the level of the petrous ridge? EAM TEA inion squamosal suture

TEA

Which part of a flat-panel DR system is made up of layers on a glass substrate?

TFT

2. An advantage of the [x] is after a reading has been obtained, the crystals can be reused, making the device somewhat cost-effective. OSL TLD

TLD

(T/F) A double contrast study is most common when performing arthrography for the knee and shoulder.

TRUE

(T/F) In the diagnostic range, bremsstrahlung radiation constitutes most of the x-ray beam.

TRUE

(T/F) Penetrability is an expression of x-ray quality and conveys the ability of x-rays to pass through tissues.

TRUE

(T/F) The male pelvis is more narrow, deeper and less flared as compared to the female pelvis.

TRUE

(T/F) The relationship of x-ray intensity to distance (inverse square law) and the relationship between electrostatic force and distance (Coulomb s law) are identical.

TRUE

(T/F) To acquire greater detail you should use a small focal spot.

TRUE

90. All of the following are symptoms of a head injury except: Tachypnea Lethargy Headache Loss of consciousness

Tachypnea

A thinned section of the x-ray tube enclosure that is the desired exit point for the x-rays produced

Target window

33. rate of change of velocity over a period of time

acceleration

66. While examining an image of a KUB, you notice that the spinous processes are not in the center of the lumbar vertebrae. What can you conclude from this? The central ray and image receptor were not centered at the MSP. The patient was slightly rotated. The central ray and image receptor were not centered at the level of the iliac crests. The image meets the evaluation criteria for this projection.

The patient was slightly rotated.

How do hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals (free radicals) cause biologic damage?

The radicals can bond to form hydrogen peroxide which is extremely poisonous to the cell.

For the lateral projection of the wrist:

The radius and ulna should be superimposed

What are primary protective barriers?

Those at which the primary beam is directed

The cumulative timer is used in fluoroscopy to ensure the radiologic technologist is aware of which of the following?

Total Beam on time

29. What nonverbal skill may be used to assist communications with a patient who is blind? Touch Eye contact Body language Good hygiene

Touch

26. Increasing voltage and decreasing current through mutual induction is the function of ______

Transformer

41. Increasing voltage and decreasing current through mutual induction is the function of which of the following devices?

Transformer

Which electromagnetic device is defined as operating on the principle of mutual induction to change the magnitude of current and voltage?

Transformer

62. The practice of separating infectious patients from others and carefully controlling items that come in contact with these patients is called: Standard Precautions Environmental asepsis Transmission-based precautions Protective precautions

Transmission-based precautions

31. The DAP is used for DR digital systems and is a measure of the dose to the patient. True or False (Question 34)

True

35. A magnet is formed when all of its "atomic magnets" align. True or false

True

38. Heating a magnetized iron bar will cause it to lose some or all of its magnetism.

True

46. The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body. True or False

True

52. What is the key to a professional attitude? Treating others with respect and kindness Being aggressive when confronted Always letting others have their way Having sympathy for others

Treating others with respect and kindness

The proximal ulna articulates with the:

Trochlea

The trochlea of the humerus articulates with which of the following anatomical structures?

Trochlear notch of the ulna

1. Digital systems are more sensitive to scatter radiation. True or False

True

12. It is virtually impossible to visualize the sternum with a direct PA or AP projection. True or False

True

13. The amount of electric charge produced in an AEC detector depends on the amount of radiation absorbed by the detector. True or False

True

Which principle in transformer operation determines whether the voltage will increase or decrease from the primary to secondary coils?

Turns ratio

What is the cell configuration in females?

Two X chromosomes and no Y chromosome

34. Which of the following conditions facilitates electrification by induction?

Two objects are in close proximity but not in contact with each other

To maximize the anode-heel effect, the proximal portion of the femur should be placed:

Under the cathode side of the x-ray tube

57. Which type of transfer requires a primary, stronger person to lift the patient's torso while another person lifts the patient's lower limbs? Standby assist Assisted standing pivot Two-person lift Hydraulic lift

Two-person lift

Regulates design and manufacturing of diagnostic x-ray equipment

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

76. What type of deviation is required for the PA scaphoid? Radial Ulnar Navicular humerus

Ulnar

58. 1. How do I minimize workplace injury?

Use equipment properly and assist others, and take breaks and change positions when in the same posture for too long.

3. In order to be thorough in patient assessment, a registered technologist should: Use observation, interview, listening, and evaluation. Read the nurses' notes from the patient chart only. Ask the referring physician why the imaging procedure is needed. Document the time and date of the exam in the patient chart.

Use observation, interview, listening, and evaluation.

Which term refers to the primary radiation used to form the image?

Useful beam

60. Please describe the double slit experiment as it relates to the wave-particle duality phenomenon.

Using a container of some sort with 2 slits open to incoming light and a viewing port, Light can enter the slits and be displayed as dots on the surface where the light is being projected. It demonstrates that electromagnetic radiation can exhibit properties of a particle.

8. difference in charges that would allow electricity to flow between 2 points

electrical potential

23. While obtaining a patient history, the patient complains of pain. Which of the following would be the best response? Would you point to where it hurts the most, please?" "Is there any possibility that you are pregnant?" "Hopefully, this exam will help the doctor figure out why you are in pain." "Have you ever had an x-ray before?"

Would you point to where it hurts the most, please?"

22. Which of the following has the highest energy? UV Xrays

X-rays

12. LD 50/30 Signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to [X] % of the exposed population within [Y] days

X] 50 Y] 30

How long does the prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome generally last?

a few hours to several days

5. A disadvangae of [x] is its accuracy limited to ±20%. a film badge the OSL a pocket ionization chamber the TLD

a film badge

73. A disadvangae of [x] is its accuracy limited to ±20%. a film badge the OSL a pocket ionization chamber the TLD

a film badge

styloid

a long, sharp process

Matching- ion

a neutral atom that gains or loses an electron

3. What does MSDS stand for? What are their use?

a. Material Safety Data Sheets b. Indicates how to properly clean and handle spilled chemicals

19. a. back of patient b. ventral surface of hand c. projection term for skimming a body part d. projection name for an angle on the central ray

a. dorsal b. palmar c. tangential d. axial

Radiation absorbed inside the patient is known as what

absorbed dose

1. The topographical landmark which is found beneath the nose and above the lip is which of the following? nasion glabella acanthion mentum

acanthion

23. Europium is the ____________ of the photostimulable phosphor. image buffer scintillator activator phosphor (question 25)

activator

1. area of the x-ray tube target actually bombarded with filament electrons vocab

actual focal spot

6. What is the most versatile immobilization tool?

adhesive tape

64. 1. What is the most versatile immobilization tool?

adhesive tape

62. Which of the following contribute to subject contrast? differences in tissue thickness differences in tissue density effective atomic number all of the above

all of the above

66. Technique charts typically include information regarding kVp mAs SID all of the above

all of the above

68. Which of the following is a type of gonadal shielding? flat contact shadow shaped contact all of the above

all of the above

A prodromal stage occurs with which of the following? Acute radiation syndrome Hematopoietic syndrome Gastrointestinal syndrome All of the above

all of the above

33. Name two particles of particulate radiation that are emitted from the nuclei of an atom.

alpha and beta

28. An iron bar exposed to a strong magnetic field may become an _____ magnetic

artificial permanent

23. Abnormal collection of serous fluid in the abdomen is termed antigen ascites atresia varices

ascites

The threat of touching a person in a harmful manner is the legal definition of what?

assault

53. When is a gait belt used?

assisting weak and unstable patients

For the lateral of the scapula the patient is postioned (choose the best answer) - at a 45 degree rotation - at a 45 to 60 degree rotation - at a rotation (usually between 45 to 60) that places the body of the scapula perpendicular to the IR - similar to all laterals at a 90 degree angle

at a rotation (usually between 45 to 60) that places the body of the scapula perpendicular to the IR

1. Which particle has no charge? a. proton b. neutron c. electron d. none posses a charge

b. neutron

18. The type of phosphor found in the PSP plate for computed radiography is plastic amorphous selenium barium fluorohalide cesium iodide

barium fluorohalide

13 What are the 3 principles related to proper body mechanics?

base of support center of gravity line of gravity

68. Typically, every increase in thickness of the part being imaged of 4-5cm requires the mAs be halved be doubled increase by 4-5% decrease by 4-5%

be doubled

Why is the linear, non-threshold relationship used a a model for radiation protection guides?

because for a non-threshold dose, no radiation exposure level is considered to be absolutely safe

8. What is the force that keeps electrons in orbit?

binding energy

11. In the axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible, a 30 degree rotation toward the IR best demonstrates which area of the mandible? body angle condyle ramus

body

Photoelectric absorption increases as the effective atomic number of matter increases. Which of the following has the highest atomic number?

bone

Which of the following is not one of the most common sites for cancer to develop?

bone

Which of the following tissue types is likely to have the greatest number of photoelectric events?

bone

27. A transformer utilizes a. the principles of electromagnetic mutual induction b. the application of Ohm's Law

both a and b

46. It is possible to survive a partial body dose that is higher than a whole body dose because it is a protracted dose it is a fractionated dose both of the above is true this is an untrue statement

both of the above is true

38. The ability of different types of radiation to produce the same biologic response in an organism is called (the ratio of the dose of a reference radiation to the dose of the radiation being tested): a. LET b. WR c. RBE d. Doubling dose

c. RBE

process performed periodically on instruments to ensure state and federal requirements are being met

calibration

If it is determined that a patient is in need of CPR, what is the 1st action taken?

call for help

What disorder is often associated with reciprocal translocation aberration?

cancer

1. Correctly order the route of current through the following components. circuit breaker x-ray tube rectifiers autotransformer step-up transformer

circuit breaker auto transformer step up transformer rectifiers x-ray tube

36. Fuses and circuit breakers are incorporated within electrical circuits to prevent

circuit overloads

4. For any lateral position of the head, the side of interest is closest to the IR away from the IR

closest to the IR

24. In this image, what is labeled P?

condyloid

2. An act of negligence in which the behavior of the injured part contributed defines [x] assault contributory negligence corporate negligence malpractice

contributory negligence

serves as a basis for comparison with the remaining dosimeters after they have been returned for processing

control

20. Why are rheostats necessary in the x-ray production process?

control filament heating

8. The exposure timer serves what purpose in the general x-ray circuit?

controls duration of filament heating

35. Please identify suture A.

coronal

48. Half-value layer is defined as the thickness of a designated absorber required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value increase the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value decrease the intensity of the primary beam to 1/10 of its initial value increase the intensity of the primary beam to 1/10 of its initial value

decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value

Half-value layer is defined as the thickness of a designated absorber required to

decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value

18. Decreasing patient thickness while using an AEC device would result in decreased exposure time decreased film density increased mAs readout decreased image contrast

decreased exposure time

An embryo-fetus's sensitivity to radiation does which of the following?

decreases over time

When oncogenes are activated, they cause which of the following?

deletion of chromosomes

45. High-LET has [x]. dense ionizations sparse ionizations

dense ionizations

provides a stop at a common standard distance

detent

33. The values of interest (VOI) on the histogram are the graphic representation of the data set determine what section of the histogram data set should be included in the displayed image determine what section of the histogram data set should be included in the latent image is the useful area of the digital image receptor (Question 36)

determine what section of the histogram data set should be included in the displayed image

90. A large outpouching from the wall of an organ (the large intestine for example) is called diverticulum fistula polyp reflux

diverticulum

6. A threshold radiation dose-response depicts that a biologic response [x] occur below a specific radiation dose. does does not

does not

41. In this image, the letter A identifies the posterior clinoid processes parietal bone occipital bone dorsum sellae

dorsum sellae

47. In this image, F identifies the anterior clinoid process clivus dorsum sellae orbital roof

dorsum sellae

10. 1. What are three methods of stretcher transfers?

draw sheet slider board sliding mat

X-rays are what form of ionizing radiation?

electromagnetic

25. Magnetic poles can exist separately from each other and may have only one pole. True False

false

1. Along with the use of erect positions, what other technical factor is important to demonstrate air/fluid levels in the paranasal sinuses? use of medium kVp use of IR without a grid horizontal x-ray beam small focal spot

horizontal x-ray beam

7. For the SMV projection, what line is parallel with the IR? acanthiomeatal line glabellomeatal line infraorbitomeatal line orbitomeatal line

infraorbitomeatal line

66. What is unique about the exposure switch on fluoroscopic units? it glows in the dark it is a dead man type it is a toggle switch

it is a dead man type

What is unique about the exposure switch on fluoroscopic units?

it is a dead man type

51. If the intensity of the x-ray is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, how does the intensity from the source change when the distance from the source and measured point is quadrupled? it is increased by a factor of 4 @ the new distance it is increased by a factor of 16 @ the new distance it is decreased by a factor of 4 @ the new distance it is decreased by a factor of 16 @ the new distance

it is decreased by a factor of 16 @ the new distance

47. Radiation induced leukemia is considered to have a latent period of one to two years, and an at risk period of approximately 10 years latent period of 5 to 7 years, and an at risk period of approximately 20 years latent period of 10 years, and an at risk period of approximately 20 years latent period of 20 years, and an at risk period of also approximately 20 years

latent period of 5 to 7 years, and an at risk period of approximately 20 years

What is the most common protective barrier material used in primary barriers?

lead sheets bonded to wood or sheetrock

desirable characteristic for a dosimeter

light weight

10. A less significant crime that is usually punishable by a fine or imprisonment for less than 1 year define what legal term.

misdemeanor

35. product of the mass of an object and its velocity

momentum

3. There are several imaginary lines used to position the skull. Which imaginary line connects the outer corner of the eye to the EAM? infraorbitomeatal line orbitomeatal line acanthiomeatal line mentomeatal line

orbitomeatal line

28. What might cause a person to suddenly feel lightheaded when standing up

orthostatic hypotension

When a protective lead apron is used, for example in fluoroscopy, where should the personnel dosimeter be worn?

outside at the collar level

The presence of which of the following with low LET radiation will increase biologic damage?

oxygen

How does a very high radiation dose affect stem cells?

permanent decrease

17. Which of the following is information to be found on a dosimetry report. personal data type of dosimeter radiation quality year credentialed by the ARRT inception year

personal data type of dosimeter radiation quality inception year

29. Part of the direct capture DR system, the _______ absorbs x-rays and produces an electronic signal. CCF photoconductor TFT scintillator (Question 31)

photoconductor

11. Which part of the CR reader detects light released from the PSP plate? ADC photodetector optics laser

photodetector

24. The part of the reader that senses the light released from the PSP plate is the photodetector optical system drive mechanism photostimulable luminescence (question 26)

photodetector

3. What component of the CR reader converts light to an electronic signal? optical system photodetector laser computer

photodetector

The anode is the ____ side of the x-ray tube.

positive

6. If an atom had six protons and five electrons, what would its net charge be?

postive

The difference in charge between the cathode and anode during a x-ray exposure is termed the:

potential difference

29. energy in a stored state

potential energy

16. How do orbital electrons spin in an atom of magnetic material?

predominately one direction

9. Anatomically programmed radiography (APR) is a system in which the radiographer selects AEC settings mAs and kVp settings preset settings based on the size of the patient preset settings based on the part being imaged

preset settings based on the part being imaged

If a patient convulses in the x-ray department, the technologist should do which of the following?

prevent injury to the patient

Which of the following radiation sources is the control booth barrier not intended to intercept in a diagnostic room?

primary

15. Define resistance

property of an element in a circuit that resists or impedes the flow of electricity

A lead-lined metal structure that provides solid, stable mechanical support and serves as an electrical insulator and thermal cushion for the x-ray tube.

protective housing

3. a graph that maps the observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the dose of radiation received

radiation dose-response relationship

area of the x-ray beam that strikes the patient

radiation field

1. Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) devices work by measuring ___________

radiation that exits the patient

23. What is the single largest source of ionizing radiation we are exposed to?

radon/thoron

45. The ability of an element in a circuit to reduce or impede the flow of electricity defines

resistance

Which subcellular effect would result in no damage?

restitution

28. A type of variable resistor used in the x-ray circuit is called a

rheostat

75. The tissue weighting factor is a conceptual mesarue for the relative [x] associated with irradiation of different body tissues. risk safety

risk

36. Please identify suture B

sagittal

60. Low kVp produces _______ radiographic contrast and high kVp produces _______ radiogrpahic contrast. long-scale; long-scale long-scale; short-scale short-scale; long-scale short-scale; short-scale

short-scale; long-scale

95. When disposing of contaminated linens, the edges: should be grasped to minimize contact. should not be touched to minimize contact. should be shaken vigorously to remove contaminants. should be folded toward the middle to contain contaminants.

should be folded toward the middle to contain contaminants.

The shape of all electromagnetic radiations follow a form known as a/an:

sine curve

The degree of angulation of the x-ray tube target will determine the:

size of the actual and effective focal spot

unit used in the early 1900's to measure radiation exposure

skin erythema dose

3. Verbal communication that causes defamation of character defines [x] battery libel negligence slander

slander

2. What three things can make stretcher transfer easier when the patient cannot assist in the transfer?

slider board draw sheet sliding mats

54. What piece of the simple generator provides a means for conducting electricity out of the loop?

slip rings

In most cases, if the patient's blood pressure is high, then their pulse rate will be what?

slow

26. You want a _____ effective focal spot. Why?

smaller -smaller means a sharper image

Matching-photon

smallest amount of any type of electromagnetic energy

26. As a dose increases the probability that a reaction (a response) will occur are non-stochastic effects stochastic effects non-somatic effects Streisand effects

stochastic effects

64. The area of the sensitometric curve where the most useful range of densities is found is the base plus fog (B+F) shoulder region toe region straight line region

straight line region

19. The part of a PSP plate that gives some rigidity to the plate is the conductive layer structured phosphor layer turbid phosphor layer support layer

support layer

39. Immediatley after the radiolysis of water, the ion pair (HOH-) and the (e+) is created. the ion pair (HOH+) and the (e-) is created. the ion pair (H+) and (OH-) is created. the ion pair (H-) and (OH+) is created.

the ion pair (HOH+) and the (e-) is created.

Purpose of a cumulative timer is

to inform the technologist how long ( @ 5 minutes) the exposure time has been

EfD can be expressed in Sv or mSv. T/F

true

Matching-Primary radiation

unattenuated x-ray beam

latent image

unseen image

The thin section of a glass envelope, or window, is where the _________ are emitted.

useful beam

The reduction of focal spot size can be accomplished by:

using a smaller filament

13. What is the equation for finding velocity?

v=d/t

Matching-Exposure Indicators

value that represents exposure level; vendor-specific

40. A constant value for all electromagnetic radiation

velocity

Gonadal shielding should be used

whenever it will not obstruct the area of clinical interest

6. This image represnts a circuit in which current ___ flow

will

unit of measurement for electric current

Ampere

Which of the following is an example of good body mechanics?

bend from the knees

What type of shock is caused by loss of blood due to a knife or gunshot wound?

hypovolemic

42. In this image, which letter identifies the crista galli? A B C D

B

Target (x-ray tube)

B

actual focal spot

B

72. Lithium's atomic mass number is

7

20. See question 20

B

13. LET stands for

Linear Energy Transfer

The product of D x WR

EqD

13. What is the velocity of electromagnetic radiation?

Speed of light

32. In this image, what surface landmark is being identified?

acanthion

What describes cell death prior before it attempts division?

aptosis

When the AP oblique projection is performed for the lumbar vertebrae, the side of interest is:

closest to the film

57. The process by which unstable nuclei give off particles and waves is:

decay

28. unit of work

joule

4. smallest unit of positive charge

proton

biologic damage to the body

somatic

Energy is defined as

the ability to do work

What 2 things should the radiographer remember *not to do* with the protective housing? critical concept

∙not to touch it after long "on times" cuz it will be hot ∙not use the high-voltage cables as "handles" fro maneuvering the tube b/c it could break the cables or shock you

14. What are Body Mechanics and why is it important?

Body mechanics are principles for proper body alignment, balance, and movement. These principles help in reducing energy expended when standing, squatting, lifting, carrying, walking, etcetera, that maximize your personal strength and reduces your risk of injury

86. Which of the following bony structures is projected in a lateral profile on a PA oblique (scapular Y) projection? Glenoid cavity of scapula Body of scapula Inferior angle of scapula Acromion of scapula

Body of scapula

29. Which of the following is an example of an open-ended question that would be relevant to obtaining a patient history for a UGI exam? "Have you ever had this procedure before?" "Do you have any allergies to food or medications?" "What type of problems have you been experiencing with your stomach?" "Did your doctor tell you why you need this procedure?"

"What type of problems have you been experiencing with your stomach?

32. Trace the path of electricity through the x-ray circut and x ray tube, connectiong the selections on the operating console to the functions within the unit Objective 8

- radiographer selects desired exposure factors (kVp, mAs, and focal spot size [ FSS may be automated on some machines] - *Phase 1*:when the exposure switch is first pressed some of the electricity is diverted to the induction motor of the x ray tube to bring the rotor up to speed. -Inside the XRT the induction mortor turns the anode, which spreads the heat generated over a larger total SA. -Prepping the rotor is the first phase of a 2 phase switch. -The 2nd phase actually initiates the x-ray production process *Phase 2* -At the same time that the rotor is spinning up, the selected filament is energized until the desired degree of thermionic emission is achieved. -When the exposure switch is pushed, the voltage from the auto transformer passes to the step-up transformer. -Voltage and current then pass through the rectifier bank before passing to the anode and cathode of the x-ray tube so that the anode is always positive and the cathode is always negative. -This voltage creates a huge potential difference between the electrodes -Before, in the preparation phase, some power from the auto transformer was diverted to the filament circuit, where it passed through a rheostat (controlled by mA selector) to a step-down transformer, then to the selected filament (determined on control panel) within the cathode focusing cup. -This current heats the filament to a point of incandescence (white hot), and e⁻ are literally boiled off the filament by thermionic emission. -The focusing cup forms e⁻ into cloud which is called a space charge and is self limiting -The 3 things needed to produce x-rays are now present -e⁻ cloud is attracted to anode target b/ of huge potential difference -e⁻ are a continuation of the flow of electricity through the x-ray circuit because e⁻ are flowing from cathode to anode -As filament e⁻ penetrate the target surface, they interact with the atoms of tungsten, and generate heat and x rays.

What is the embryo-fetus equivalent dose limit per month?

0.5 mSv

34. Correction factors - single-phase -three-phase, 6-pulse -three-phase, 12-pulse -high-frequency=

- single-phase= 1.0 -three-phase, 6-pulse=1.35 -three-phase, 12-pulse=1.41 -high-frequency=1.45

10. Describe the 2construction of the cathode of the xray tube Summary 9.1

-2 filament coils are made of tungsten-thorium allow -focusing cup is made of nickel and surrounds the filaments

23. Describe the operation of the anode Objective 3

-Anode rotates using induction motor -operates through electromagnetic mutual induction -The rotation of the anode spreads the heat produced during x-ray production over a large surface area, greatly increasing the thermal and exposure technique capacity of the tube.

What is the maximal weekly dose limit today for radiation workers?

1 mSv (100 mrem)

13. List the 3 things needed in the x-ray tube for x-ray production Summary 11

-a large potential diffreence to give kinetic energy to the filament e⁻ (provided by kilovoltage peak setting) -a Vehicle on which kinetic energy can ride (source of electrons provded by mA settings) -place for interaction (anode target

7. Define electrodynamics What is electrodynamics more commonly called?

-charges in motion -electricity

21. the British system of measure uses what 3 units?

-foot -pound -second

14. List 3 things that can shorten the life of an x ray tube Summary 12

-frequent use of very high exposure factors -the use of lower but very long exposure factors -the overload of the filament

List 3 of the major causes of x-ray tube failure

-frequent use of very high or maximum exposure factors -the use of lower but very long exposure factors (maintaining the tube at h. temps) -overload of the filament (prolonged excessive heating or arcing from filament)

32. Calculate the exposure time for the following settings: 300 mA 120 mAs

0.4 sec

Describe the construction and purpose of the x ray tube housing Objective #1

-lead lined metal structure -serves as an electrical insulator and thermal cushion for the x ray tube -oil bath and cooling fans to dissipate heat away from tube -2 electrical cables enter the housing and are attached to x-ray tube -absorbs x rays that are going indirections other that towards the patient since xrays are produced in all directions

8.The rotating anode design uses the ______, which means that the target face is angled to create ____for ___ and a _____ for _____ -By angling the target face, the ___ of the target is ___, causing _____ and ____ on the _____ side Summary 5

-line-focus principle -a large actual focal spot -heating -a small effective focal spot -image quality -heel -partially placed in teh path of the x-ray beam produced -absorption -reduced intensity of beam -anode

.the glass or metal enclosure of the xray tube -serves to ____ so that e- from _____ do not______ -It also has a ____ that is made thinner than the rest. Why is it thinner? Summary 2

-maintain a vacuum -the air -contribute to the e⁻ stream -target window -to absorb as little of the x-rays as possible as they exit the tube

3.System international uses what 3 units?

-meter -kilogram -second

28.-The smaller the anode angle, the _____ the effective focal spot while while maintaining a _____ actual focal spot area. - Why is this ideal?

-smaller -large - you want a large actual focal spot for heat disapation but you want a small effective focal spot for a sharper image.

Anode -provides the ___________ to produce x-rays -is an _____ and _____ conductor

-target for electron interaction -electrical -thermal

34. Lead aprons should have an equivalence of at least _________ for primary radiation. .25 mm lead equivalent .5 mm lead equivalent 1.5 mm aluminum equivalent 2.5 mm aluminum equivalent

.5 mm lead equivalent

25. The size of the electron stream depends on_____. -The Smaller the stream the ____the heat generated in a small area, which means you want a _____ actual focal spot

-the size of the fillament -greater -larger

33. How do we operate the x-ray tube safely Objective 9

-there are built in things that help dissipate heat -there are protective circuits built in that prevent you from using unsafe exposure techniques and heat overloads of the x-ray tube. -Even with these safe gaurds the xray tech should understand anode thermal capacity and that produciton of electrons is ineffecient process.

17.Always follow _____ and _____ specific to the x ray machine being used summary 14

-warm-up -recommended exposure guidelines

35.List three things that extend tube life objective 9

-x-ray tube should be warmed before normal operation -do not prep rotor excessivley= press rotor and exposure buttons almost simultaneously =>excessive prep keeps the filament energized for a long time and shortens its life -Do not routinely use extremes of exposure factors =>using a v. high exposure value all the time causes small areas of melting on anode other dammage is also caused =>using v. low exposure results in uneven heating and wear

Lead aprons used in fluoroscopy must be at least

.25 mm lead equivalent

Lead aprons should have an equivalence of at least _________ for primary radiation.

.5 mm lead equivalent

A person receives the following exposures. What is the effective dose?.25 Gy of fast neutrons (WR of 20) to the breast (WT of .05).25 Gy of alpha (WR of 20) to the lung (WT of .12).25 Gy of protons (WR of 2) to red bone marrow (WT of .12)

.91Sv

What dose of ionizing radiation does not increase the probability of developing cancer?

0

35. The radiation standard for the bucky slot cover / shielding device is _____. 0025 mm lead equivalent .025 mm lead equivalent 0.25 mm lead equivalent 2.5 mm lead equivalent

0.25 mm lead equivalent

36. The radiation standard for the protective drape on the fluoro tower is _____. .0025 mm lead equivalent .025 mm lead equivalent 0.25 mm lead equivalent 2.5 mm lead equivalent

0.25 mm lead equivalent

The radiation standard for the bucky slot cover / shielding device is _____.

0.25 mm lead equivalent

The radiation standard for the protective drape on the fluoro tower is _____.

0.25 mm lead equivalent

49. A dose of 0.01 Sv may also be expressed as which of the following?

1 REM

42. One Coulomb flowing by a given point each second is equal to:

1 ampere

10. Once the image is acquired, what is the role of PACS? 1. Display 2. Storage 3. Dose reduction 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3

1 and 2

12. Radiation survey instruments measure which of the following 1. total quantity of electrical charge resulting from ionization of the gas 2. rate at which the electrical charge is produced 3. luminescence 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3

1 and 2 only

12. Which circuits are needed to provide the kinetic energy to produce x-rays? 1. primary 2. secondary 3. filament

1 and 2 only

19. The dense center of the atom is made up of which of the following?1. Protons 2. Neutrons 3. Electrons

1 and 2 only

20. Electromagnetic radiation waves vary in terms of their: 1. wavelength. 2. frequency. 3. velocity.

1 and 2 only

28. Which of the following lab values are evaluated by the imaging technologist prior to IV contrast administration? (1) BUN (2) Creatinine (3) WBC 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1 and 2 only

3. What type(s) of disturbances in space does electromagnetic create? (1) Electric (2) Magnetic (3) Mechanical

1 and 2 only

31. Which of the following are common descriptors of pain quality? (1) Dull (2) Throbbing (3) Chilling 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1 and 2 only

4. Electromagnetic radiation varies in terms of its: (1) Wavelength (2) Frequency (3) Velocity (speed)

1 and 2 only

40. In an x-ray circuit, which of the following are true: 1. kVp is controlled by the autotransformer and kVp selector 2. mA is controlled by the filament transformer and rheostat 3. rectification is controlled by the mA and kVp selector 1 Only 3 Only 1 and 2 only 1, 2, and 3

1 and 2 only

44. The basic premise of electromagnetic induction is that which of the following move? 1. Magnetic field 2. Conductor 3. Circuit

1 and 2 only

48. Which of the following are common descriptors of pain quality? (1) Dull (2) Throbbing (3) Chilling 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1 and 2 only

85. Which of the following contrast media are used for double-contrast knee arthrograms? (1) Radiolucent agent, for example gas (2) Water-soluble iodinated (3) Lidocaine 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1 and 2 only

In an x-ray circuit, which of the following are true: 1. kVp is controlled by the autotransformer 2. mA is controlled by the filament transformer 3. rectification is controlled by the rheostat

1 and 2 only

Which of the following principles describe electrostatic law? (1) Like charges repel while unlike charges attract. (2) Electric charge of a conductor is concentrated along the sharpest curvature of the surface. (3) Electric charge distribution is greater at the conductor s center than its periphery.

1 and 2 only

The main differences between the different types of electromagnetic radiation is: 1. wavelength. 2. frequency. 3. magnetism.

1 and 2 only -------------- 1. wavelength. 2. frequency.

40. Which of the following are considered fundamental particles of atoms? 1. neutrons 2. photons 3. protons 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 3 1,2, and 3

1 and 3

Which of the following are considered fundamental particles of atoms? 1. neutrons 2. photons 3. protons

1 and 3

1. Which of the following patient factors can be observed? (1) Level of consciousness (2) Degree of pain (3) Breathing difficulty 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1 and 3 only

26. Which of the following patient factors can be observed? (1) Level of consciousness (2) Degree of pain (3) Breathing difficulty 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1 and 3 only

85. Which of the following immobilization techniques might cause ill-effects if applied or used improperly with certain patient populations? (1) Adhesive tape (2) Sponges (3) Sandbags 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1 and 3 only

All radiographs should be marked with information related to: 1. Patient identification 2. Patient position 3. Date

1 and 3 only

Which are image-forming x-rays? (1) Those scattered in the patient toward the image receptor (2) Those that are absorbed in the patient (3) Transmitted x-rays

1 and 3 only

Which is required of the radiographer when obtaining a radiographic image using AEC technique? (1) Setting the appropriate kVp (2) Setting the exposure time as short as possible (3) Accurate patient positioning over the sensors

1 and 3 only

Which may be used to record fluoroscopic images? (1) Photospot camera (2) Cathode ray tube (3) Cassette spot film

1 and 3 only

55. Water-soluble contrast media used for myelography provides good post-injection opacity for approximately: 30 minutes 1 hour 4 hours 7 hours

1 hour

For an AP projection of the shoulder, the central ray is centered:

1 inch inferior to the coracoid process

19. X-ray photons 1. can penetrate human tissue 2. can be absorbed into human tissue 3. can cause damage to human tissue 1 only 1 and 2 only 1, 2 and 3 no of them are true statements

1, 2 and 3

35. As the primary beam interacts with the anatomic part: 1. Photons are absorbed 2. Photons are scattered 3. Photons are transmitted 1 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3

1, 2 and 3

A professional assessment of a patient's health will require which of the following? 1. observation of physical condition 2. note of mental status 3. if possible, awareness of cultural background

1, 2 and 3

Which of the following may cause a patient to faint? 1. hunger 2. emotional stress 3. lack of sleep

1, 2 and 3

The lateral cuneiform articulates with which of the following bones of the foot? 1. 3rd metatarsal 2. Cuboid 3. Navicular

1, 2, & 3

16. Which of the following are required for a fire to burn? (1) Oxygen (2) A fuel (3) Heat 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

27. Which of the following may be used to assess a patient in pain? (1) Descriptive terms (2) Pulse oximetry (3) A scale of 1-10 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

4. Which of the following are essential components of a patient history? (1) Onset of problem (2) Presence of pain (3) Aggravating factors 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

49. How can radiographers minimize their risk of radiation exposure during fluoroscopy? 1. Place a protective drape between the operator and the side of the patient. 2. Use a Bucky slot cover and a cumulative timer. 3. Rotate personnel to distribute the exposure among several radiographers. 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

53. Joints that may be examined using arthrography include: 1. TMJ 2. Elbow 3. Ankle 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

58. Which of the following will increase comfort when the patient is positioned supine? (1) Elevating the knees on a radiolucent support (2) Placing a radiolucent pad on the table (3) Providing a pillow to support the head, when possible 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

59. Which of the following should be assessed prior to patient transfer and movement? (1) Overall mobility (2) Current medications (3) Mental status 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 3

The processes of imaging that are made more efficient by PACS are: (1) Viewing (2) Interpretation (3) Storage

1, 2, and 3

Which affect the quality of a radiographic image? (1) Patient positioning (2) Image receptors (3) Selection of technique factors

1, 2, and 3

Which are advantages of television image monitoring of fluoroscopy? (1) Remote viewing of the fluoroscopy exam (2) Electronic control of brightness level and contrast (3) Multiple persons can view the image at the same time

1, 2, and 3

Which are characteristics of tungsten that make it the material of choice for x-ray tube targets? (1) High atomic number (2) Good thermal conductivity (3) High melting point

1, 2, and 3

Which are factors that affect scatter production? (1) kVp (2) Patient thickness (3) X-ray field size

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following are responsibilities of a health care facility's radiation safety committee (RSC)? 1. Assist in the development of the radiation safety program 2. Provide guidance for the radiation safety program 3. Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program

1, 2, and 3

Which of these radiographic examinations should use the heel effect? (1) AP thoracic spine (2) Humerus (3) Abdomen

1, 2, and 3

Which patient factors must be considering when setting radiographic technique? (1) Patient/part thickness (2) Pathology (3) Tissue composition

1, 2, and 3

Why have cathode tube televisions been replaced by flat panel image displays in the fluoroscopy exam room? (1) Easier to install (2) Can be manipulated within the exam room (3) Images viewed with more ease (4) Cost effective

1, 2, and 3 only

67. Which of the following are factors used to describe the flow of electrons 1. Quantity 2. Force 3. Resistance 4. Direction of travel 1 and 2 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 1,2, 3, and 4

1,2, 3, and 4

As the energy of electromagnetic radiation increases, the: 1. frequency decreases 2. wavelength decreases 3. speed increases

2 only

SID must be accurate to within

2 percent

48. Match each location with the correct corresponding landmark 1. inferior rib angle 2.jugular notch 3. sternal angle 4. xiphoid process A. L2/L3 B. T2/T3 C. T4/T5 D. T9/T10

1. A. L2/L3 2. B. T2/T3 3. C. T4/T5 4. D. T9/T10

27. Put the following sequence of events for indirect capture systems in order: A. The CCD converts the energy to an electronic signal B. X-rays are absorbed by the scintillator and converted to light C. Electronic signal is sent to the computer work station for processing and display D. The light energy is then transmitted to the CCD

1. B. X-rays are absorbed by the scintillator and converted to light 2. D The light energy is then transmitted to the CCD 3. A.The CCD converts the energy to an electronic signal 4.C. Electronic signal is sent to the computer work station for processing and display (Question 29)

39. Match the bony anatomy or statement with the correct location. 1. Location of crista galli 2. has greater and lesser wings 3. articulates with the 1st cervical vertabrae 4.projects posteriorly from the zygomatic bone A. sphenoid bone B. ethmoid bone C. temporal process D. occipital bone

1. B. ethmoid bone 2. A. sphenoid bone 3. D. occipital bone 4. C. temporal process

40. 1. IPL 2. MSP 3. GML A. Plane that divides the skull into equal right and left halves B. positioning line that extends across the front (anterior face) through both eyes C. Positioning line extending from the EAM to the smooth elevation between the superciliary arches

1. B. positioning line that extends across the front (anterior face) through both eyes 2. A. Plane that divides the skull into equal right and left halves 3. C. Positioning line extending from the EAM to the smooth elevation between the superciliary arches

36. According to the laws of magnetism, how many poles will an atomic magnet have?

2 poles

41. 1. Comprises most of the lateral wall of the orbital cavities. 2. Forms the posterior 1/4 of the roof of the mouth 3. Vertical portion of the mandible 4. Horseshoe portion of the mandible A. Palatine bone B. Body C. Ramus D. Zygomatic bone

1. D. Zygomatic bone 2. A. Palatine bone 3. C. Ramus 4. B. Body

22. 1. Carbon is the basic constituent 2. Can mend damaged molecules 3. DNA 4. Process that occurs when all somatic cells divide A. inorganic matter. B. a nucleic acid C. repair enzymes D. organic matter. E. a carbohydrate F. mitosis G. meiosis

1. D. organic matter. 2. C. repair enzymes 3. B. a nucleic acid 4. F. mitosis

40. Put the following in the correct order for automatic film processing Washing Developing Drying Fixing (Question 43)

1. Developing 2. Fixing 3. Washing 4. Drying

1. MRO 9 discusses 10 Rules for Electrical Safety. List two of the 10.

1. Electrical equipment and devices must be approved for hospital use. 2. Follow instructions from manufacturer for use, cleaning, and care. 3. Grounded plugs are required for equipment used near patients or water. 4. Perform regular inspections of equipment, paying attention for signs of worn wiring or plugs. 5. Repair all damaged or worn wiring and plugs immediately. 6.Do not overload circuits by inserting too many plugs into an outlet or outlet group. 7. Before removing a protective cover, unplug the device or turn off the power source. 8. Repairs shouldonlybe made by properly trained persons. 9. Use extension cords in the approved manner and within safe locations. 10. Use Class C or carbon dioxide fire extinguishers on electrical fires.

26. What does the acronym PASS stand for in terms of extinguisher use?

1. P- pull the safety pin A - aim at the base of the fire S- squeeze the handle S- sweep back and forth

40. What does the acronym PASS stand for?

1. Pull the pin, aim the nozzle, squeeze the handle, and use it in a sweeping motion.

8. What does the acronym PASS stand for, in regards to correct use of a fire extinguisher?

1. Pull the pin. 2. Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire. 3. Squeeze the handle 4. Sweep. Use a sweeping motion from side to side to prevent the fire from spreading.

18. Sequence the members of the electromagnetic spectrum from lowest energy to highest.

1. Radiowaves 2. Microwaves 3. Infrared 4. Visible light 5. Ultraviolet 6. X-rays 7. Gamma Rays

20. Three are three magnetic laws. Please identify all 3

1. like charges repel unlike charges attract 2. there is a north and south pole on every magnet 3. the force of attraction/repulsion between 2 poles is directly proportional to the strength of the poles and inversely proportional to the square of their distance

A weighting factor (WR) has been established for each of the following ionizing radations: Fast neutrons = 20 protons = 2 A weighting factor has been established for the following tissues (WT): esophagus = .05 red bone marrow = 0.12 What is the total EfD for a person who has received the following exposures: fast neutrons of 0.28 Gy to both the esophagus and red bone marrow protons of 0.9 Gy to both the esophagus and red bone marrow

1.258 Sv

If a radiographer stands 72 inches from an x-ray tube and is subject to an intensity of 6 R. What will the exposure rate be if the same radiographer moves to a position 144 inches from the x-ray tube?

1.5 R

The doubling dose for genetic mutations in humans is considered to be a mean value of which of the following?

1.56Sv (156rem)

6. Match the letter with the correct term 1,Notch 2. Superior Angle 3. Body 4. Inferior Angle

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

37. 1 Dolichocephalic 2. Brachycephalic 3. Mesocephalic . A. Skull classification referring to a short, wide skull B. Skull classification referring to a normal skull C. Skull classification referring to a long and narrow skull

1.C. Skull classification referring to a long and narrow skull 2. A. Skull classification referring to a short, wide skull 3. B. Skull classification referring to a normal skull

62. The lead radiation standard for a primary protective barrier is 7 inches 5 inches 1/16 inches 1/32 inches

1/16 inches

The lead radiation standard for a primary protective barrier is

1/16 inches

The lead radiation standard for a secondary protective barrier is

1/32 inch

The secondary protective barrier used in room sheilding must be at least how thick?

1/32 inch Pb equivalent

45. How many posterior ribs must be visible above the diaphragm on a well-inspired PA chest projection? 10 8 4 12

10

How many posterior ribs must be visible above the diaphragm on a well-inspired PA chest projection?

10

23. Personal occupations monitoring is requried whenever radiation workers are likely to risk receiving _____ or more of the annual occupational EfD limit. 1 % 10 % 20 % 30 %

10 %

91. Personal occupations monitoring is requried whenever radiation workers are likely to risk receiving _____ or more of the annual occupational EfD limit. 1 % 10 % 20 % 30 %

10 %

A person receives the following exposures. What is the equavialent dose?.25 Gy of fast neutrons (WR of 20) to the breast (WT of .05).25 Gy of alpha (WR of 20) to the lung (WT of .12).25 Gy of protons (WR of 2) to red bone marrow (WT of .12)

10.5 Sv

21. Leakage radiation from the tube housing measured at 1 m (3.3 feet) from the x-ray source must not exceed [x] mR/hr 1 10 100 1000

100

Which kV setting will produce the longest scale of radiographic contrast?

100 kV

26. The radiation standard for entrance skin exposure rates of general-purpose intensified fluoroscopic units with maximum technique factors engaged is a maximum of [c] 100 mGya per second 100 mGya per minute 100 mGya per hour 100 mGya for 24 hours

100 mGya per minute

1. By regulation, x-ray tube leakage radiation can be no more than 100 R per hour at a distance of 1 meter 100 R per minute at a distance of 1 meter 100 mR per hour at a distance of 1 meter 100 mR per minute at a distance of 1 meter

100 mR per hour at a distance of 1 meter

What is the recommended kV range for a single-contrast upper GI procedure?

100 to 125 kV

For the AP axial projection of the foot, the CR is directed:

10° posterior

The foot consists of ____ bones.

26

17. What is the force needed to move a 110 kg patient at a rate of 1 meter per second?

110 N

36. Normal systolic blood pressure range for adults is: 60-80 mm Hg 60-100 mm Hg 110-120 mm Hg 140-160 mm Hg

110-120 mm Hg

53.Minimum source-to-skin distance for mobile (portable, c-arm) radiography must be 15 inches 12 inches 15 centimeters 12 centimeters

12 inches

Minimum source-to-skin distance for mobile (portable, c-arm) radiography must be

12 inches

38. When radiographic technique is changed from 30 mAs at 50 cm SID to 100cm, what should the new mAs be to maintain exposure?

120 mAs

50.If 100 kVp @ 40 mAs produces appropriate density at 40" SID, how much mAs is needed to maintain that density at 72"?

129.6

49. If 80 mAs produces a good density image when a 16:1 grid is used, how much mAs will be required to maintain that density without a grid?

13.33

A weighting factor (Wr) has been established for each of the following ionizing radations: Fast neutrons = 20 Alpha particles = 20 What is the total EqD for a person who has received the following exposures: x-radiation of 0.6 Gy fast neutrons of 0.25 Gy alpha particles of 0.4 Gy

13.6 Sv

43. Calculate the mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 600 mA 25 ms

15

You are x-raying a pregnant woman. Your technique calls for 70 kVp at 25 mAs. How would you change your technique to minimize exposure without changing the optical density? -Choose the correct equation to solve

15 % rule

29. For the Caldwell method of the facial bones, the central ray is directed 15 degrees cephalic 15 degrees caudad 30 degrees cephalic 30 degrees caudad

15 degrees caudad

10. In the PA Axial for the skull, the central ray is 15 degrees cephalic, exiting the nasion 15 degrees caudad, exiting the nasion 30 degrees cephalic, exiting the nasion 30 caudad, exiting the nasion

15 degrees caudad, exiting the nasion

25. Source to skin distance on a fixed radiographic unit can not be less than [z]. 15 cm 15 inches 38 inches 38 feet

15 inches

You used an 8:1 grid and 12 mAs, what would the new mAs be using a 12:1 grid?

15 mAs

89. On the average adult, the femoral neck is angled _____ degrees anteriorly from the body of the femur. 5 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30

15 to 20

How much rotation from an AP of an ankle will typically produce a mortise view?

15 to 20 degrees

When a tangential projection of the patella is performed with the patient prone, and the knee is slowly flexed 45 degrees,( Hughston Method ) the central ray should be angled:

15 to 20 degrees from long axis of the lower leg

AP axial for the clavicle requires that the CR be

15 to 30 degree cephalad to mid-clavicle

64. What type of CR angle is required for a PA axial projection of the clavicle? 15 to 30 degrees caudal 25 degrees caudad 15 to 30 degrees cephalad 25 to 30 degrees cephalad

15 to 30 degrees caudal

A mortise projection of the ankle can be obtained without rotating the lower limb by directing the CR:

15 ° to 20 ° lateromedial

44. After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: You are x-raying a pregnant woman. Your technique calls for 70 kVp at 25 mAs. How would you change your technique to minimize exposure without changing the optical density? 15% rule inverse square law skin entrance equivalent dose square law

15% rule

7. When the radiographer has the opportunity to set the back-up time, it should be approximately __________ of the expected exposure time.

150% (REVIEW SAID 150-200)

What is the recommended minimum distance between the patient's skin surface and the collimator?

15cm

27. A primary protective barrier of [z] is required for a fluoroscopic unit. 2 cm aluminum equivalent 2 mm aluminum equivalent 2 cm lead equivalent 2 mm lead equivalent

2 mm lead equivalent

A properly exposed radiograph of the abdomen should demonstrate the:1. Stomach2. Inferior border of the liver3. Vertebral spinous processes

2 only

Matching Growth rate, radiosensitivity, and reproductive characteristics 2 Repair mechanism (repair enzymes) Infection, hemorrhage and cardiovascular collapse What is the percentage of the human body's surface skill cell's that are replaced daily by stem cells from the underlying basal layer? What are symptoms that can occur as part of ARS? What are factors that govern organ and tissue response to radiation exposure? What is the ability of a cell to recover from a sub-lethal dose of ionizing radiation?

2 - What is the percentage of the human body's surface skill cell's that are replaced daily by stem cells from the underlying basal layer? Growth rate, radiosensitivity, and reproductive characteristics - What are factors that govern organ and tissue response to radiation exposure? Infection, hemorrhage and cardiovascular collapse - What are symptoms that can occur as part of ARS? Repair mechanism (repair enzymes) -What is the ability of a cell to recover from a sub-lethal dose of ionizing radiation?

88. A radiation dose of [x] may cause temporary sterility for as long as 12 months 0.20 Gyt 0.50 Gyt 2 Gyt 5 Gyt

2 Gyt

Shields for patient protection should be equal to

2 HVL

31. Which of the following involves the removal of an orbital electron from an atom of target tissue? 1. Classical 2. Compton 3. Photoelectric 4. Photodisintegration 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 and 4 1 and 4

2 and 3

72. Which of the following would apply when disposing of linens that are visibly soiled with blood? (1) Pour blood-contaminated areas with 1:10 bleach solution.(2) Wear gloves to handle linens. (3) Dispose of linens in biohazard container 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3

2 and 3 only

Which are causes of x-ray tube failure? (1) Excessive leakage radiation (2) Excessive and prolonged anode heating (3) A high exposure on a cold anode

2 and 3 only

Which are imaging system characteristics that affect the primary x-ray beam? (1) Grid ratio (2) Generator type (3) Filtration

2 and 3 only

Which of the following involves the removal of an orbital electron from an atom of target tissue? 1. Classical 2. Compton 3. Photoelectric 4. Photodisintegration

2 and 3 only --------------- 2. Compton 3. Photoelectric

For an AP projection of the elbow, the CR is directed to a point:

2 cm (3/4 inch) superior to the epicondyles

81. Where would the top of the IR be placed for an AP pelvis? between iliac crest and symphysis level of the ASIS level of the iliac crest 2 inches above the iliac crest

2 inches above the iliac crest

For the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulder, the CR is directed:

2 inches inferior and 2 inches medial to the superolateral border of the shoulder

33. Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the skull? midway between the glabella and the EAM 2" above the EAM outer canthus zygoma, midway between the EAM and outer canthus

2" above the EAM

To within what percent of the SID must the collimator light and the actual light area be accurate?

2%

An x-ray machine operating at potentials above 70 kVp require how much total tube filtration?

2.5 mm Al equivalent

24. Total filtration of [z] for fixed x-ray units operating above 70 kVp is the regulatory radiation standard. 2.5 mm aluminum 2.5 mm aluminum equivalent 2.5 mm lead 2.5 mm lead equivalent

2.5 mm aluminum equivalent

Total filtration for a radiographic unit operating above 70 kVp must equal

2.5 mm aluminum equivalent

Leakage radiation from a diagnostic x-ray may not exceed

2.58 c/kg per hour @ 1 meter from the housing

43. How much is the knee flexed for the lateral projection of the knee? 20 to 30 degrees 30 to 45 degrees 45 to 60 degrees 90 degrees

20 to 30 degrees

For a lateral projection, the knee is flexed:

20° to 30°

As a result of the second meiotic division, the daughter cells each contain which of the following?

23 chromosomes

2. What is the potential difference in a circuit that has a current of 6 with a resistance of 4?

24 V

31. An examination requires 100 mAs at 180 cm SID. If the distance is changed to 90 cm SID, what should the new mAs be?

25 mAs

80 mAs @ 72 inches SID, decreased SID to 40 inches.

25 mAs

You used 5 mAs on a knee without a grid. What mAs would be required when placing the part in a bucky that had 12:1 ratio?

25 mAs

73. The foot consists of ____ bones. 27 26 21 31

26

48. An exam was performed with a technique of 110 kVp @ 8 mAs with a 12:1 grid. Now you're back to do the exam again, but your grid is a 5:1 grid. What is your new mAs?

3.2

46. Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 1000 mA 30 ms

30

25. What is the average energy of a beam produced at 90 kVp? 60 keV 30 keV 45 keV 90 keV

30 keV

If a text you are reading refers to an absorbed dose of 450 rad, the measurement in gray would be which of the following?

4.5 gray

99. What is the recommended CR angulation for an axial plantodorsal projection of the calcaneus? 20 degrees 30 degrees 40 degrees 50 degrees

40 degrees

What is the correct SID, CR centering and respiration procedure for an AP upper airway exam?

40" SID, center to T1-2, slow deep inspiration

Which of the following technical factors should be chosen when 20 mAs is desired and the patient being imaged has difficulty remaining still?

400 mA at 0.05 sec

For the AP bilateral projection of the hip joints in the frog-leg position, the patient s thighs are abducted from vertical:

40° to 45°

Which position/projection is necessary to demonstrate the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine?

45 degree oblique

How much rotation of the body is required for an oblique position of the mid lumbar spine?

45 degrees

How much is the hand rotated for a PA oblique-lateral rotation projection of the hand?

45 degrees laterally

How many chromosomes do humans normally have?

46

37. When an exam performed at 60 mAs, 40" SID is changed to being performed at 80 mAs, what should the new SID be?

46" SID

4.If 110 volts is applied to a transformer with 100 coils in the primary and 50 coils in the secondary, what is the output voltage?

55

71. If the intensity of radiation at 72" is 120 mR, what is the intensity if the SID is decreased to 36"?

480

34. If adequate exposure to the IR is achieved at 40" SID using 25 mAs, what should the mAs be if the SID is increased to 56"?

49 mAs

46. The following are four different magnetic fields. If the same coil of wire is passed through each, which will result in the greatest induced voltage? 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T

4T The stronger the magnetic field, the greater the induced voltage

The sacrum consist of how many vertabrae?

5

Bone marrow transplants can be used to help those exposed to which of the following?

5 Gy (500 rad) of ionizing radiation

63. The radiation standard states that gonadal shielding devices are used on patients during diagnostic x-ray procedures to protect the reproductive organs from exposure to the useful beam when these organs are in or within approximately___ of a properly collimated beam. 2 inches 2 centimeters 5 inches 5 centimeters

5 centimeters

The radiation standard states that gonadal shielding devices are used on patients during diagnostic x-ray procedures to protect the reproductive organs from exposure to the useful beam when these organs are in or within approximately___ of a properly collimated beam.

5 cm

96. What is the minimum amount of time a patient must remain in the decubitus position for a chest x-ray prior to exposure? 5 minutes 10 minutes 20 minutes 30 minutes

5 minutes

The fluoroscopy cumulative timer will sound an alarm after what length of time?

5 minutes

25. All three bones of the hip fuse at the: Pubic symphysis Ischial tuberosity Spine of the ischium Acetabulum

Acetabulum

All three bones of the hip fuse at the:

Acetabulum

The expsoure switch on a portable x-ray machine must be attached to a cord that is at least how long?

6 feet

31. The cord on a mobile radiographic unit should allow the radiologic technologist to stand at least how far from the unit? 3 feet from the unit 6 feet from the unit 10 feet from the unit 15 feet from the unit

6 feet from the unit

The cord on a mobile radiographic unit should allow the radiologic technologist to stand at least how far from the unit?

6 feet from the unit

32. What is the normal pulse rate range for adults? 40 to 80 beats per minute 50 to 90 beats per minute 60 to 100 beats per minute 70 to 120 beats per minute

60 to 100 beats per minute

45. What is the normal pulse rate range for adults? 40 to 80 beats per minute 50 to 90 beats per minute 60 to 100 beats per minute 70 to 120 beats per minute

60 to 100 beats per minute

Your AP shoulder (external rotation) is over penetrated. You wish to maintain OD. Your initial exposure was done @ 75 kVp and 15 mAs. What are your new techniques?

64 kVp @ 30mAs

21. If an N shell fills a K shell vacancy, what is the energy of the photon produced? 70.1 41.7 115.87 68.9

68.9

35. Calculate the kVp that will produce the equivalent of doubling the mAs. 60 kVp @ 150 mAs

69 kVp

Your pelvis image is underpenetrated. You wish to maintain OD. Your initial exposure was done @ 60 kVp and 10 mAs. What are your new techniques?

69 kVp @ 5 mAs

Primary protective barriers, if in the wall, must extend to what height?

7 feet

7. What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the P shell?

72

The standard SID for a PA chest is how many inches?

72 inches

47. Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time 300 mA 1/4 s

75

You are x-raying a pregnant woman for a AP knee. Your technique calls for 65 kVp at 15 mAs. How would you change your technique to minimize exposure while maintaining the optical density?

75 kVp / 7.5 mAs

7. Which of the following ribs is classified as a true rib? 7th rib 8th rib 10th rib 11th rib

7th rib

15. What is the maximum number of electrons in an N shell if it is the outermost shell of an atom?

8

How many carpal bones are found in the wrist?

8

If a radiographer stands 144 inches from an x-ray tube and is subject to an intensity of 2 R. What will the exposure rate be if the same radiographer moves to a position 72 inches from the x-ray tube?

8 R

You are using 10 mAs on a femur with an 12:1 grid. What would the new mAs be with a 8:1 grid.

8 mAs

You are x-raying a pregnant woman. Your technique calls for 70 kVp at 25 mAs. How would you change your technique to minimize exposure while maintaining the optical density?

80 kVp @12 mAs

27. Which set of factors will produce the greatest density? 50 kVp at 20 mAs 60 kVp at 20 mAs 70 kVp at 20 mAs 80 kVp at 20 mAs

80 kVp at 20 mAs

25 mAs @ 40 inches SID, increased SID to 72 inches.

81 mAs

24. What is the equivalent dose for a person who has received the following 4 rads of fast neutron with a WR of 20 2 rads of protons with a WR of 2 84 columbs per kilogram 84 Grey 84 Sieverts 84 curies

84 Sieverts

What is the equivalent dose for a person who has received the following4 rads of fast neutron with a WR of 202 rads of protons with a WR of 2

84Sv

36. Calculate the kVp that will have the same effect as doubling the mAs. 75 kVp @ 60 mAs

86 kVp

56. what conductor angles, in relation to the magnetic field, will produce the greatest voltage?

90 degree Motion of the wire perpendicular to the magnetic field produces more voltage than the motion at an oblique angle

For the lateral projection of the wrist, the elbow must be flexed

90 degrees

23. If a filament electron enters an atom with 100 keV, passes the nucleus and exits with 10keV kinetic energy, what is produced? Nothing Characteristic photon 90 keV brems 100 keV brems

90 keV brems

64. The radiographer will receive the least amount of scatter by standing at a ___ from the patient. 30% angle 45% angle 75% angle 90% angle

90% angle

The radiographer will receive the least amount of scatter by standing at a ___ from the patient.

90% angle

Using the following technical factors, how would you double the optical density without changing mAs?

92 kVp @ 15 mAs

37. Normal oxygen saturation levels as provided by pulse oximetry are: 25% to 35% 50% to 65% 75% to 90% 95% to 100%

95% to 100%

46. Normal oxygen saturation levels as provided by pulse oximetry are: 25% to 35% 50% to 65% 75% to 90% 95% to 100%

95% to 100%

39. If the technique to an AP Chest was set at 84 kVp and 5 mAs, what technique will produce the same effect as doubling the mAs?

96.6 kVp

43. If 240 volts is applied to a step-up transformer with 12 turns in the primary and 48 turns in the secondary, what is the output voltage?

960

Which of the following is the normal range for oral temperature?

98-99 degrees

33. What is the normal oral temperature for adults? 37 °F 37.5 °C 99.7 °F 98.6 °F

98.6 °F

3. The device(s) that convert the light energy to an electric signal are the ________. photodiode photocathode photomultiplier A and C

A and C

36. Classical interactions are also known as coherent scattering compton scattering thompson scattering A and C

A and C

37. Intensifying screens are used to reduce patient exposure convert light photons to x-ray photons convert x-ray photons to light photons A and C (Question 40)

A and C

37. Which of the following might be an exit portal for tuberculosis? A cough or sneeze A bleeding wound Saliva Sweat

A cough or sneeze

18. In Michael Faraday's experiment with electromagnetism, what discovery did he make when moving a conductor through a magnetic field?

A current was induced into the conductor

What is a dead-man type switch?

A dead-man switch means that if it pressure is not continuously applied the exposure automatically terminates.

4.What is a gait belt

A heavy fabric belt sometimes referred to as a transfer belt that is used when a patient is weak or unsteady, and is placed and cinched around the patient's waist to give personnel assisting the patient a secure handhold to help patient stand and walk.

17. Epistaxis is the medical term for: Dizziness Fainting A stroke A nosebleed

A nosebleed

77. Epistaxis is the medical term for: Dizziness Fainting A stroke A nosebleed

A nosebleed

9. Why is it unwise to hold on to a patient's personal belongings?

A patient who may be medicated could make accusations. It is always safest to have a family member hold their belongings.

The dose equivalent is calculated by multiplying the absorbed dose by which of the following? -The dose in sieverts -A quality factor -A tissue weighting factor -The area exposed to the beam

A quality factor

15. See Test 1. Base of Support 2. Line of Gravity 3. Center of Gravity

A. 3. Center of Gravity B. 2. Line of Gravity C. 1. Base of Support

12. What is the most common occupational injury reported for healthcare workers?

A: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) which include subcategories: Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs), Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs) and Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD's).

The proper patient and part position for the Fuchs method is:

AP supine with chin elevated to bring the MML near perpendicular to the table

14. What part of the CR reader digitizes the signal? ADC photodetector optics laser

ADC

Which component of the digital fluoroscopy system converts the acquired electrical signals into a recognizable digital form for the display device?

ADC

The ionization chamber is the most commonly used type of:

AEC

8. Which radiographic line is identified by letter L?

AML (acanthiomeatal line)

20. The patient is positioned with the IOML perpendicular to the IR. The CR is angled 37 degrees caudal and enters 2.5" superior to the glabella. What projection of the skull is being imaged? lateral PA Axial PA AP Axial

AP Axial

28. Which skull projection best demonstrates the occipital bone? PA PA Axial AP Axial Lateral

AP Axial

79. Examine the image below. The patient was positioned facing the x-ray tube. What projection and position are demonstrated? PA oblique projection, LAO position PA oblique projection, RAO position AP oblique projection, LPO position AP oblique projection, RPO position

AP oblique projection, LPO position

31. Which AP projection of the shoulder demonstrates the greater tubercle of the humerus in profile? Transthoracic lateral AP projection with neutral rotation AP projection with internal rotation AP projection with external rotation

AP projection with external rotation

Please match the quantites with the correct unit gray coulombs per kilogram sievert exposure equivalent dose absorbed dose

Absorbed dose - Gray Equivalent dose - Sievert Expsoure - coulombs per kilogram

Why is the absorbed dose of ionzing radiation responsible for whatever biological damage occurs?

Absorbed dose is the amount of energy absorbed by an irradiated object. The radiation dose refers to the amount of energy/radiation received by the individual. Therefore, this energy is responsible for damage in the tissue exposed; the more energy received the higher the chance of damages to that tissue.

rate of change of velocity with distance

Acceleration

When the grid is tilted, causing the central ray to strike the grid at an angle, grid cutoff occurs:

Across the entire image

48. The kVp meter of an x-ray generator is placed

Across the output terminals of the autotransformer

10. The broad, curved aspect of the ilium is called the: Superior ramus Ala Inferior ramus ASIS

Ala

What is the role of protoplasm? Regulates the process of metabolism in cells Provides cells with oxygen and food Removes waste from cells All of the above

All of the above

What occurs as the number of photoelectric interactions increase? Absorbed dose increases Potential for biologic damage increases Radiographic brightness changes All of the above

All of the above

54. What is the basic very straightforward simple difference between mitosis and meiosis. This is only about a one sentence long answer - BUT be very clear in your answer.

Answer: mitosis is how somatic cells reproduce and you end up with the same number of chromosomes in each daughter cell as you started with. Meisosis is how sex cells reproduce and you end up with half the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell as you started with.

60. The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that: Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation Only critical organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation Only the reproductive organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation No organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation

Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation

59. When should I ask a nurse to help with transfer?

Ask for help when the patient is receiving multiple intravenous fluids or in on constant ECG monitoring or when the patient is very ill or whenever you feel uncomfortable with the transfer.

During a mobile radiographic examination, if the factors of distance and shielding are equal, where should the radiologic technologist stand in relation to the primary beam scattering object line?

At a 90-degree angle

For an AP axial projection of the clavicle, the exposure should be made:

At the end of inhalation

8. The medical term for a collapsed lung is: Atelectasis Fibrillation Pleural effusion Pleurisy

Atelectasis

26. Which core value of human rights law provides for the right of persons with disability to have self-directed actions and behaviors? Solidarity Authority Autonomy Dignity

Autonomy

Primary purpose is to vary voltage to the primary side of the step up transformer

AutotransformEr

65. Where does the high-voltage portion of the X-ray circuit receive the voltage it needs to provide the kVp set by the radiographer?

Autotransformer

8. Refer to the operating console circuit diagram. What device is indicated by the umber 1?

Autotransformer

Why were skin erythemia dose and tolerance dose not effective ways to measure either patient or occupational dose limits?

Because skin erythema and tolerance dose waited for a change to appear which meant damage at a cellular and molecular level were already severe.

effective focal spot

C

78. Which of the following instruments is used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic x-ray equipment? A. Proportional counter B.GM detector C. Ionization chamber with electrometer D. Pocket ionization chamber

C. Ionization chamber with electrometer

92. Acute radiation syndrome presents in four major response stages. In what order do these stages occur? A.Latent period, prodromal, manifest illness, recovery or death B.Manifest illness, prodromal, latent period, recovery or death C.Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death D.Manifest illness, latent period, prodromal, recovery or death

C.Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death

The largest and strongest of the tarsal bones is the:

Calcaneus

39. You are employed as a radiographer in a large medical facility. You wake up with fever and a nasty cough. You are scheduled to work trauma, and you know one of your co-workers is on maternity leave and another is away at a CE conference. What should you do? Go to work despite your illness. Call another co-worker to trade to a later shift to give time for your medicine to bring your fever down. Call in sick to avoid transmitting your illness to co-workers and patients. Report for work early and request to trade to surgery so you can wear a mask.

Call in sick to avoid transmitting your illness to co-workers and patients.

54. You are employed as a radiographer in a large medical facility. You wake up with fever and a nasty cough. You are scheduled to work trauma, and you know one of your co-workers is on maternity leave and another is away at a CE conference. What should you do? Go to work despite your illness. Call another co-worker to trade to a later shift to give time for your medicine to bring your fever down. Call in sick to avoid transmitting your illness to co-workers and patients. Report for work early and request to trade to surgery so you can wear a mask.

Call in sick to avoid transmitting your illness to co-workers and patients.

What is the central ray positioning for an RAO UGI series for a sthenic type patient?

Center to level of L1 midway between spine and upside lateral border of the abdomen, 45 to 55 degrees oblique

78. Nausea and/or vomiting may be symptoms of all of the following except: GI infections Food poisoning Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Head injuries

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

11. What does the mA selector do in the x-ray system circuit? Please choose the best answer.

Changes the resistance in the filament circuit

48. 1. What do you do after getting the patient in a wheelchair or stretcher for transportation?

Check the safety rails or straps are in place and that the patient is comfortable and adequately covered for modesty.

18. When transferring a patient with an IV, which of the following is true ... this is a multiple answer question - there are more then one answer to pick ... Check the tubing for adequate to length Keep watch on the IV tubing that it does not get caught under the patients weight or pulled to taunt Keep the IV bag @ the same level of the vein Keep watch on the IV site for blood or swelling

Check the tubing for adequate to length Keep watch on the IV tubing that it does not get caught under the patients weight or pulled to taunt Keep watch on the IV site for blood or swelling

Which of the following contributes significantly to the exposure of the diagnositic radiographer?

Compton Scattering

67. Which of the following contributes significantly to the exposure of the diagnositic radiographer? Coherent scattering Compton scattering Pair production scattering Photoelectric scattering

Compton scattering

The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by the irradiated object is the definition of

D

13. Which of the following items in the imaging department would be regulated by the EPA? Cleaning products Accuracy of collimators Disposal of biohazardous waste Repeat rates

Disposal of biohazardous waste

Where is the angular notch located in the upper gastrointestinal tract?

Distal stomach on the lesser curvature

When designing the thickness of protective barriers, the inverse square law applies to which of the following?

Distance

The shape, position, and thickness of an object affect the:

Distortion

1 Added filters are normally made of what material for diagnostic machines: A. tungsten B. molybdenm C. rhenium D. copper E. aluminum

E. aluminum

14. Which of the following are examples of Low-LET. Pick all and there are more then one ... Alpha Particles Gamma rays Ions of heavy nuclides Neutrons X-rays

Gamma rays X-rays

Development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to control of radiation in the environment

Environmental Protection Agency

31. To calculate equivalent dose: [x] is the equation. EfD = D × WR × WT EqD = D × WR

EqD = D × WR

To reduce patient dose, what should the size of the primary beam's field be?

Equal to or smaller than the size of the receptor

2. The quantity used to define dose received based on the type of ionizing radiation is called _____________.

Equivalent dose

17. The most effective way to use a fire extinguisher is to point at a steady target. True or False

False

18. X-ray photons are capable of traveling around corners. True or False

False

19. According to MRO #9, If a patient has a Nasogastric (NG) or a nasoenteric (NE) tubes and it is connected to suction disconnect it and then inform the nurse. True or False

False

24. When using AEC, increasing the mA will increase the exposure time. True or False

False

28. It is not possible to collimate during fluoroscopy. True or False

False

30.An insulator is a substance that conducts electric current. True or False

False

32. After the digital data leaves the ADC, the process of digital image formation is very different for the three types of DR systems. True or False (Question 35)

False

39. As compared to the oral route, the normal body temperature measures slightly lower when obtained rectally. True or False

False

4. Radiography does not include understanding how to set a control panel. True or False

False

43. After the radiolysis of water, if the two ion pair recombine, this will produce major biologic damage. True False

False

43. This image demonstrates a PA Axial for skull. True or False

False

44. This patient would have been placed in a prone position for the projection demonstrated in the image. True or False

False

53. Mass changes with gravitational field. True False

False

56. Only L shell electrons can fill K shell vacancies. True or Flase

False

60. Transformers can operate on either AC or DC voltage. True or False

False

69. The left primary bronchus is shorter and wider than the right primary bronchus. True or False

False

8. For early tissue reactions, the amount of biologic damage does not depend on the actual absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. True False

False

95. Epidemiological studies of late stochasitc effects of people exposed to radiation is usually not difficult. True or falses

False

The exposure switch on a fixed unit must be on a cord that can stretch @ least 6 feet.

False

Which part of the x-ray tube undergoes thermionic emission?

Filament

Primary purpose is to supply low current to the x-ray tube for thermionic emission

Filament circuit

54. What type of fuel is involved in a class B fire?

Flammable gases or liquids fuel

5. Which term has the opposite meaning of extension? Flexion Adduction Inversion Deviation

Flexion

Bending of the elbow is referred to as:

Flexion

41. What type of imaging uses a continuous beam of X-rays to create images of moving internal structures? Computed radiography Fluoroscopy Digital radiography Film screen imaging

Fluoroscopy

63. 1. Tilting tables are especially useful in which type of imaging studies?

Fluoroscopy

47. A health care worker's film badge report would be reported in which unit of measure?

REM

The death of immature cells in the epithelial lining will result in death from which of the following?

Gastrointestinal syndrome

56. Which of the following should be done first in response to a cardiac arrest patient? Oxygen administration Defibrillation Use the Glasgow Coma Scale to assess. Gently shake and verbally question for a response.

Gently shake and verbally question for a response.

What does inherent filtration include?

Glass Tube & oil

70. Which of the following is considered the most effective procedure in medical asepsis? Wearing protective apparel Proper linen disposal Proper sharps disposal Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene

59. Which of the following is the appropriate unit of measure for velocity?

m/s

89. Bleeding into the thoracic cavity is termed: Pneumothorax Hemothorax Atelectasis Pneumonia

Hemothorax

20. Which type of hepatitis virus is of primary concern to health care workers? Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D

Hepatitis B

38. Which type of hepatitis virus is of primary concern to health care workers? Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D

Hepatitis B

70. Which of the following is the appropriate unit of measure for velocity?

m/s

Primary purpose is to supply the x-ray tube with enough voltage to create x-rays

High voltage circuit

Which component of an x-ray imaging system increases the voltage from the autotransformer to provide the necessary kVp for x-ray production?

High-voltage generator

Which of the following elements in the human body has the lowest atomic number?

Hydrogen

Most biologic damage resulting from diagnostic x-rays occurs from which of the following? -Interaction of positive and negative ions -Recombination of free radicals and positive water ions -Hydrogen and hydroxyl ions -Hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxyl radicals

Hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxyl radicals

40. A patient has a pulse oximetry reading of 102 beats/min and 89% oxygen saturation. What conditions are indicated by these readings? Hypoxia and tachycardia Hypoxia and bradycardia Normal oxygen saturation level and heart rate Hyperventilation and tachycardia

Hypoxia and tachycardia

16. I. Stand by assist II. Assist Standing Pivot III. Two/Three-person lift IV. Hydraulic lift A. Preferred method for patients capable of walking/standing and need minimal assistance B. Preferred method for patients who can stand but are weak or impaired C. Required method when there is not enough staff to safely move patient D. Required method for patients who can not walk or bear weight on lower limbs

I. A. Preferred method for patients capable of walking/standing and need minimal assistance II. B. Preferred method for patients who can stand but are weak or impaired III. D. Required method for patients who can not walk or bear weight on lower limbs IV. C. Required method when there is not enough staff to safely move patient

21. I. cyanosis II. jaundice III. symptom IV. mechanism of injury V. Hyperthermia VI. auscultation VII. systolic VIII. diastolic IX. Pulse oximetry X. Level of consciousness A. bluish skin discoloration that is indicative of a lack of oxygen perfusion in the tissues B. abnormally high body temperature C. method in which an injury occurs, including type and direction of force D. yellowish skin discoloration caused by liver failure E. method of patient assessment involving listening to an organ with or without the aid of a stethoscope F. observed by noting how well the patient focuses G. the blood pressure measured at the peak of ventricular contraction H. the blood pressure at the instant of maximum cardiac relaxation I. subjective descriptors that can only be provided by the patient J. electronic means of obtaining the oxygen levels in the blood and a heart rate simultaneously.

I. A. bluish skin discoloration that is indicative of a lack of oxygen perfusion in the tissues II. D. yellowish skin discoloration caused by liver failure III. I. subjective descriptors that can only be provided by the patient IV. C. method in which an injury occurs, including type and direction of force V. B. abnormally high body temperature VI. E. method of patient assessment involving listening to an organ with or without the aid of a stethoscope VII. G. the blood pressure measured at the peak of ventricular contraction VIII. H. the blood pressure at the instant of maximum cardiac relaxation IX. J. electronic means of obtaining the oxygen levels in the blood and a heart rate simultaneously. X. F. observed by noting how well the patient focuses

1. I. accreditation II. advanced directive III. assault IV. ageism V. aggressiveness VI. assertiveness A. discrimination against a patient because of increasing age B. a process resulting in documentation of attesting to the attainment of certain minimum standards C. firm/calm D. anger/hostility E. outline of specific wishes about medical care to be given in the event an individual loses the ability to make or communicate decisions F. patient feels threatened and is made to believe he/she will be touched in a harmful manner

I. B. a process resulting in documentation of attesting to the attainment of certain minimum standards II. E. outline of specific wishes about medical care to be given in the event an individual loses the ability to make or communicate decisions III. F. patient feels threatened and is made to believe he/she will be touched in a harmful manner IV. A. discrimination against a patient because of increasing age V. D. anger/hostility VI. C. firm/calm

6. I. self determination II. persistent or lasting III. care that provides relief but not intended to cure IV. prediction of outcome V. acceptable alternatives that help patients feel involved in their care A. chronic B. diagnosis C. autonomy D. therapeutic communication E. palliative F. hospice G. valid choices H. prognosis

I. C. autonomy II. A. chronic III. E. palliative IV. H. prognosis V. G. valid choices

17. I. Draw sheet transfer II. Slide board transfer III. Three carrier lift IV.Log roll A. Preferred transfer for post-operative patients to provide stability B. Used for transfers of unequal height C. Primarily used to transfer patient from floor onto a backboard D. Used for a transfer from equal heights; patients can typically provided minimal assistance

I. D. Used for a transfer from equal heights; patients can typically provided minimal assistance II. A. Preferred transfer for post-operative patients to provide stability III. B. Used for transfers of unequal height IV. C. Primarily used to transfer patient from floor onto a backboard

The purpose for imaging acromioclavicular joints without and with weights is to:

Identify whether there is widening of an ac joint space with weights as compared to without weights

45. 1. If a person cannot move to a wheelchair for transport what must be done?

If a patient cannot move to a wheelchair for transport they will either be transferred via stretcher or by bed.

49. 1. What If a patient is very ill and has multiple IVs and/or ECG monitoring?

If a patient is very ill and needs ECG monitoring a nurse should monitor the patient during transport and the procedure.

Right Lateral

In what position was the patient in for this radiograph?

What happens to photoelectric probability as atomic number increases?

Increases

An AP oblique projection of the elbow with internal rotation shows the proximal radius and ulna parallel to each other. The patient positioning error could be corrected by:

Increasing internal rotation

12. The DR image capture method that uses an amorphous silicon photodetector and TFT represents which of the following? Direct Indirect

Indirect

Responsible for providing clear and consistent radiation protection guidance through its recommendations on occupational and public dose limits

International Commission on Radiation Protection

15. What standard system of units has been adopted by all countries and is used in all branches of science?

International System of Units (SI)

In a linear or nonlinear threshold dose-response relationship, which of the following is true of the biologic response to radiation?

It may not occur at low doses

9. defamation of character or loss of reputation. usually refers to written information

LIBEL

11. Which one of the following positions would elongate the left (posterior) axillary ribs? LPO RPO LAO Right lateral

LPO

Which one of the following upper GI positions will demonstrate the fundus filled with barium and an air-contrast view of the duodenal bulb?

LPO

Higher techniques are better tolerated by which filament size?

Large

19. The _____________ observed the effects of ionizing radiation and established that radiosensitivity was a function of the metabolic state of the cell receiving the exposure. Law of Bergoiné and Tudor Law of Bergoiné and Tribondeau Law of Bert and Ernie Law of Bragraw and Tribondeau

Law of Bergoiné and Tribondeau

Leakage radiation is a form of secondary radiation and comes from which of the following?

Leakage of the tube housing

93. Which of the following is true regarding handling of a patient with an open wound? Remove all dressings to avoid image artifacts. Imaging cannot be performed until the wound has been sutured. Leave the sterile dressing in place during imaging to avoid contamination. Reduce artifacts and the risk of infection by wetting the dressing with saline prior to imaging.

Leave the sterile dressing in place during imaging to avoid contamination.

Which term is defined as one bar and its interspace of equal width?

Line pair

90. LET stands for Linear Energy Transmission Linear Energy Transfer Line Energy Transfer Line Equivalent Transfer

Linear Energy Transfer

Which model exaggerates radiation effects at low doses?

Linear nonthreshold

The dose-response relationship used to approximate the biologic response to an ionizing radiation dose is which of the following?

Linear nonthreshold dose-response relationship

sensing material found in the TLD dosimeters

Lithium fluoride

Which of the following is not a standard component of a film badge monitor?

Lithium fluoride crystals

2. A supine position with the knees and hips flexed with the thighs abducted is termed: Sim s position Trendelenburg s position Lithotomy position Recumbent position

Lithotomy position

A supine position with the knees and hips flexed with the thighs abducted is termed:

Lithotomy position

29.What is the most important thing to remember before preparing to sit a patient down in a wheelchair?

Make sure the wheels are locked

Match the answers to the questions. ARS Latent period Mean survival time Prodromal stage manifest illness What is a collection of symptoms associated with a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body? What is the stage occurring after the initial following a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body in which no visible effects or symptoms occur? What is the stage occurring with in hours after a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body; characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fatigue? What is the length of time between a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body and death? What is the stage occurring with in about a week after a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body; characterized by symptoms according to level of dose received?

Mean survival time - What is the length of time between a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body and death? ARS - What is a collection of symptoms associated with a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body? prodromal stage - What is the stage occurring with in hours after a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body; characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fatigue? latent period - What is the stage occurring after the initial following a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body in which no visible effects or symptoms occur? manifest illness - What is the stage occurring with in about a week after a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body; characterized by symptoms according to level of dose received?

69. The process of decreasing the number of infectious agents present in an environment defines: Surgical asepsis Medical asepsis Hygiene Standard Precautions

Medical asepsis

47. The control for the amount of filament current is directly related to the

mA selection

The agency that publishes radiation protection standards based on scientific research is the

NRCP

Matching non stochastic epilation desquamation stochastic ulceration and sores as dose increases, severity of response or effect increases probablity of occurace is proportional to the dose loss of hair

Non stochastic - as dose increases, severity of response or effect increases Stochastic -probablity of occurace is proportional to the dose Epilation - loss of hair Desquamation - ulceration and sores

Indirect action usually involves what molecule first?

Non-critical (water)

30. Which of the following would be the best practice when imaging a patient who is deaf and uses sign language? Write down all instructions. Use body language to demonstrate. Speak slowly with good eye contact so patient can read your lips. Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure.

Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure

36. Which of the following would be the best practice when imaging a patient who is deaf and uses sign language? Write down all instructions. Use body language to demonstrate. Speak slowly with good eye contact so patient can read your lips. Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure.

Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure.

92. What is the appropriate method to handle a patient with a suspected extremity fracture? Make the patient move using their own power to lessen pain caused by touching the injured part. Obtain help to support the limb at the joints both proximal and distal to the injury to reduce the risk of exacerbation. Use one hand to quickly lift the injured limb at the distal joint while you place the IR. Use one hand to quickly lift the injured limb at the proximal joint while you place the IR.

Obtain help to support the limb at the joints both proximal and distal to the injury to reduce the risk of exacerbation.

To what type of radiation exposure does the effective dose equivalent (EDE) system apply?

Occupational exposure and exposure of the general public

31. Which scientist conducted experiments demonstrating that a magnetic field created by a flow of electric current was greater than the earth's magnetic field?

Oersted

Which portion of the image intensifier tube receives the accelerated electrons and converts them to light?

Output phosphor

Digital image quality is improved with: 1. A smaller matrix size 2. A smaller pixel size 3. A greater bit depth

c

24. Which of the following tools is used to measure pulse rate? Thermometer and second hand on a watch Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope Palpation of surface artery and second hand on a watch Pulse oximeter

Palpation of surface artery and second hand on a watch

Which layer of the photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate is imaged by the computed radiography reader s optical laser beam to release the trapped metastable electrons?

Phosphor layer

30. Which type of interaction will only occur with x-ray energies greater than 10 MeV? Photodisintegration Pair production Photoelectric Compton

Photodisintegration

29. Contrast media is used to increase what type of interaction? Classical Photoelectric Compton Pair production

Photoelectric

Secondary photons are also produced during what type of interaction?

Photoelectric

Which interaction in the diagnostic range involves the total absorption of the incident photon?

Photoelectric

98. If a patient has been referred for chest radiography, which of the following is an example of a system-specific symptom that should be assessed as a part of the patient history? Previous surgeries Presence or absence of cough Blood in stool What factors alleviate the problem

Presence or absence of cough

61. All of the following are safety rules regarding patient transfer except for: Provide sufficient pain medication prior to transfer to increase patient comfort. Allow the patient to assist with transfer as much as they are capable. Use good body mechanics during transfer. Obtain appropriate number of personnel to accommodate patient size and condition.

Provide sufficient pain medication prior to transfer to increase patient comfort.

68. All of the following are safety rules regarding patient transfer except for: Provide sufficient pain medication prior to transfer to increase patient comfort. Allow the patient to assist with transfer as much as they are capable. Use good body mechanics during transfer. Obtain appropriate number of personnel to accommodate patient size and condition.

Provide sufficient pain medication prior to transfer to increase patient comfort.

7. What does the acronym RACE stand for?

R-Rescue A-Alarm C-Contain E-Extinguish/Evacuate

51.What does the acronym RACE stand for?

R-Rescue A-Alarm C-Contain E-Extinguish/Evacuate

Which one of the following positions is required as part of a sternum positioning routine?

RAO

What is the most important component of the nucleolus?

RNA

The capitulum articulates with the:

Radial head

set standards for institutional radiation protection education and programs

Radiation Safety Committee

monitors objectives of radiation safety program

Radiation Safety Officer

recommendations, rules, or regulations

Radiation Standards

What is the effect of radiation in a threshold dose-response relationship?

Radiation response begins to occur at a specific threshold dose

The three cardinal principles of radiation protection do not include which of the following?

Radiosensitivity

12. What form of natural environmental radiation accounts for the greatest source of human exposure to ionizing radiation?

Radon

39. 1. How do you place a patient on to a slider board?

Roll the patient onto one side and slip the board under the draw sheet and half way under the patient's body. The remaining amount of board covers the space between the stretcher and the bed Have the patient's arms laying over their chest, then two people will grip the draw sheet and slide the patient over the board onto the stretcher

42. 50% of a population developed erythema after an exposure to their forearm of 6 Gy. This is the SED 6 SED 50 SED 44 SED 56

SED 50

31. unit of measurement that uses the metric system

SI

Which prime exposure factor affects the intensity of the x-ray beam at the IR?

SID

Which term demonstrates the amount of information apparent in an image compared to the amount of information lacking in the same image?

SNR

5. The autotransformer operates on the principle of _________________?

Self-induction

The resistance in the filament circuit is changed by the:

mA selector

High doses of in utero ionizing radiation can cause a variety of illnesses and abnormalities. In regard to radiation doses normally used in diagnostic exams, which of the following is true?

Scientists are still debating their possible effects

13. In which circuit(s) is DC current required to produce X-rays?

Secondary

17. What type of electric circuit connects all circuit elements in a line along the same conductor?

Series

Define effective dose limiting system.

Set of dose limits to assess and minimize the risk of harmful biologic effects

Which term might be used to describe an x-ray image that has a few shades of gray with marked visible differences between the ODs?

Short-scale contrast

What generally happens to bone marrow when it is exposed to a radiation dose of less than 1 Gy (100 rad)?

Short-term damage, with recovery within a few weeks

25. Which of the following tools is used to measure blood pressure? Thermometer and second hand on a watch Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope Palpation of surface artery and second hand on a watch Pulse oximeter

Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

44. Which of the following tools is used to measure blood pressure? Thermometer and second hand on a watch Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope Palpation of surface artery and second hand on a watch Pulse oximeter

Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

64. A system of protective guidelines used to protect against disease transmission defines: Occupational safety Standard Precautions Standard operating procedures Material safety data

Standard Precautions

9. What is the advantage of configuring a wire carrying electric current into a coil (spring)?

Strengthens the magnetic field

50. Sharing the sorrow or troubles of another person demonstrates: Sympathy Empathy Assertiveness Regret

Sympathy

(T/F) A diode permits electrons to flow in one direction while offering a high resistance to movement in the other direction.

TRUE

93. On a KUB of the abdomen, which of the following is incorrect: Center IR to level of iliac crest Use a 14 x 17 inch lengthwise IR The outline of the psoas muscle should be visible Take the exposure after the patient has taken a deep breath

Take the exposure after the patient has taken a deep breath

29. Explain the Anode Heal Effect. Objective 6

Target Angle causes teh x ray beam intensity to be less on the anode side. b/ when the electrons hit the anode and create x rays some of the xrays hit part of the anode target (heal). -this causes the x ray beam on the anode side to become less intesense because some of those x rays were absorbed by the heel of the anode. ***also see # 79 module 7

What steps should the radiographer take if the procedure will involve discomfort or pain?

Tell the patient what to expect

X-ray's ability to ionize matter is a characteristic of:

particles

When x-rays remove electrons from atoms they are behaving as:

particles.

coronoid

a beaklike projection

94. What is the purpose of designating a team approach to imaging isolation patients in the radiology department? To minimize contamination To maximize efficiency To increase technologist experience in patient care All of the above

To minimize contamination

14. One of the six functions of the circulatory system is to protect against disease. True or False

True

14. When x-rays are produced inside the tube they travel in all directions. True or False

True

15. Histogram analysis is the basis for determining exposure index. True or False

True

15. The anterior end of a rib generally is located 3 to 5 inches below the level of its vertebral end. True or False

True

17. The skull is part of the axial skeleton. True or False

True

18. The pelvic girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton. True or False

True

2. As grid ratio increases, the removal of scatter increases. True or False

True

2. Grids are used with digital systems in the same way as film/screen. True or False

True

20. Patients who can't sit for an extended period of time should be transported using a stretcher. True or False

True

21. The latent image from the PSP plate remains in place for hours after exposure. True or False (question 23)

True

23. mAs controls radiation quantity True or False

True

25. A closed circuit will conduct electricity True or False

True

29. An electric current is due to the difference of potential between two points True or False

True

29. Magnification mode increases patient dose. True False

True

29. The inverse square law applies to both electric and magnetic fields. True or false

True

30. The higher the grid ratio, the higher the patient dose. True or false

True

38. In order to be thorough in patient assessment, a registered technologist should: Use observation, interview, listening, and evaluation. Read the nurses' notes from the patient chart only. Ask the referring physician why the imaging procedure is needed. Document the time and date of the exam in the patient chart

Use observation, interview, listening, and evaluation.

Which type of radiation originates from a radioactive nucleus?

particulate

The concept of the iso-exposure lines which are most utilized in fluoroscopy

What is the image demonstrating

RPO

What position was the patient placed in for this image?

Right lateral decubitus

What position was the patient placed in for this image?

1. When transferring a patient to a wheelchair, it is important to remember that after a patient has been laying down for a long time they may have orthostatic hypotension. What is this?

When a patient has been laying down for a long time and then gets up, the brain gets a little less oxygen. When this happens patients can feel faint or light-headed.

38. Radiations along the electromagnetic spectrum will vary according to their a. frequencies b. wavelengths c. velocities d. mass a only b only a and b a, b, c and d

a and b

46. X-radiation is most like a wave of interacting electric and magnetic fields, traveling through space particle that can collide with other particles a and b neither a or b

a and b

Radiations along the electromagnetic spectrum will vary according to their a. frequencies b. wavelengths c. velocities d. mass

a and b

Which of the following defines matter? a. Matter is a general term b. Matter is the ablity to do work c. Matter is anything that has a shape or form and occupies space.

a and c only

Matching- electromagnetic spectrum

a continuum of energy

Of the following, which tissue interaction is considered to be a complete absorption "event"?

a photoelectric interaction

3 An advantage of [x] is an immediate exposure readout. a film badge the TLD a pocket ionization chamber

a pocket ionization chamber

4. A disadvantage of [x] is there is not a permanent, legal record of exposure a film badge the TLD the OSL a pocket ionization chamber

a pocket ionization chamber

72. An advantage of [x] is an immediate exposure readout. a film badge the TLD a pocket ionization chamber

a pocket ionization chamber

28. A non-threshold dose effect relationship can be described as a response to the dosage regardless of how large or small the dose is no response is noted unless the exposure is a specified quantity a response that will increase proportionally to the dose there is no such type of response

a response to the dosage regardless of how large or small the dose is

condyle

a rounded process that forms part of a joint

Research has shown that carcinogenesis is most frequently caused by which of the following?

a series of mutations in a cell

5. Using a higher kVp during an AEC examination results in a longer exposure time a shorter exposure time increased patient exposure B and C

a shorter exposure time

70. Which of the following, if used correctly, will reduce the exposure during fluoroscopy to both the patient and occupational workers a. pulse progressive b. last image hold c. dead man switch d. lowest mA station possible a and b only c and d only a, b and c only all of the above

a, b and c only

33. Electric current is described as going from positive to negative. This means, that actual electron flow is

from negative to positive

16. In this image, the anatomy identified by the white ARROW (the bone itself is tan) is the

frontal

61. The factors that must be considered in determination of the thickness of a radiation barrier is / are use factors occupancy factors workload factors all of the above

all of the above

How can patient exposure be limited during fluoroscopic procedures? Use protective shields to protect areas not of clinical interest Properly collimate to limit the x-ray beam to only the area of clinical interest Ensure selection of the proper exposure factors All of the above

all of the above

How can radiation exposure activate oncogenes? Through gene amplification By chromosomal reciprocal translocation From a point mutation All of the above

all of the above

Radiation can activate a proto-oncogene to produce a malignant cell through which of the following? Point mutation Chromosomal reciprocal translocation Gene amplification All of the above

all of the above

The factors that must be considered in determination of the thickness of a radiation barrier is / are use factors occupancy factors workload factors All of the above

all of the above

What are common symptoms of acute radiation syndrome? Depressed sperm count and temporary sterility Fatigue, nausea, and intestinal disorders Damage to the central nervous and cardiovascular systems All of the above

all of the above

What are some symptoms of the manifest stage of gastrointestinal syndrome? Anemia, lethargy, fatigue, infection, and fever Electrolyte imbalance and a drop in white blood cell count Gastrointestinal hemorrhaging and emaciation All of the above

all of the above

What can a radiographer do to minimize exposure during an examination? Use beam-limitation devices Use appropriate filtration Use shielding devices All of the above

all of the above

What determines whether a mutated gene in the sperm or ovum is expressed in the following generation? Whether the gene is dominant Whether the gene is recessive Whether the gene is sex-linked All of the above

all of the above

What device can be used to protect against scatter radiation? Lead apron and gloves Protective glasses Neck and thyroid shields all of the above

all of the above

What did H. J. Muller's study of irradiated fruit flies determine about genetic mutations? Radiation does not create new forms of mutations Radiation does not change the quality of mutations Radiation increases the frequency of mutations over time All of the above

all of the above

What factors can affect the time when a particular cancer is expressed in an individual? A person's age The latent period of the cancer The type of cancer All of the above

all of the above

What groups do researchers study to determine the effects of radiation exposure? Employees of nuclear testing facilities Populations exposed to low levels of nuclear fallout Populations exposed to high natural background radiation All of the above

all of the above

What happens to photons that scatter as they pass through the body? Deflect in a different direction Penetrate the body and expose the image receptor Create a hazard to personnel All of the above

all of the above

What increases the probability of biologic damage? -Increased ionization per micron of soft-tissue -Increased LET -Reduced speed of particles -All of the above

all of the above

What is the benefit of a repeat monitoring program? Helps identify areas of procedural weakness Makes radiographers more careful Uncovers mechanical problems All of the above

all of the above

What is the effect of radiation dose level on carcinogenesis? The level of the radiation dose does not affect the severity of resulting cancer Any radiation dose increases the probability of cancer The higher the radiation dose, the greater the probability of cancer All of the above

all of the above

What is the normal activity of a cancer? It may remain in one place in the body It may spread to other parts of the body It usually does not spread into adjacent organs through physical contact All of the above

all of the above

What is the role of water in the body? Provides materials to cells Disposes of materials cells no longer need Dissolves acids, bases, and salts All of the above

all of the above

What occurs as the number of photoelectric interactions increase? Absorbed dose increases Potential for biologic damage increases Radiographic brightness changes All of the above

all of the above

What occurs when the cells lining the intestinal tract (the villi) are damaged? Those cells may not be able to absorb digested nutrients into the bloodstream Homeostasis will be impaired Electrolyte imbalances will occur All of the above

all of the above

When considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does "general public" refer to? Patients Visitors Personnel who do not work with radiographic equipment All of the above

all of the above

When considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does "general public" refer to? Patients Visitors Personnel who do not work with radiographic equipment all of the above

all of the above

11. Which cranial bone is most anterior? occipital bone frontal bone parietal bone temporal bone

frontal bone

7. DICOM serves what purpose in PACS? rescales image for display compresses files for storage allows different systems to communicate increases acquisition speeds

allows different systems to communicate

17. As LET increases, the ability of the radiation to cause biologic effects [x]. also generally decreases also generally increases is not effected

also generally increases

58. This image is demonstrating

alternating current

The electric service provided by a public utility is in the form of

alternating current

Rectification is a process in which

alternating current is converted to flow in one direction

1. The structures within the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs are called: carina alveoli hilum bonchi

alveoli

The structures within the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs are called:

alveoli

38. maximum height of a wave

amplitude

.The protective housing of the xray tube serves as _____,______, and ______ Summary 1

an electrical insulator a thermal cushion lead lining to reduce leakage radiation

What 1st happens when an x-ray interacts with and ionizes a molecule of water?

an electron is lost forming an ion pair

22. What can be done if the patient cannot extend the head and neck adequately for a SMV to place the IOML parallel to the IR? HAAS method use a shorter SID angle the CR to place it perpendicular to the IOML rotate the skull

angle the CR to place it perpendicular to the IOML

2. positive end of the x ray tube that provides target for electron interaction to produce x rays

anode

In a modern x-ray tube, the positively-charged electrode that serves as the target for the electron stream is the

anode

19. Identify the principle parts of the x ray tube Objective 2

anode, cathode, and an induction motor all encased in a glass envelope

Match EqD genetic weighting factor EfD exposure late skin erythema dose somatic gray occupational exposure

another term for somatic effects of ionizing radiation that are heritable - genetic conceptual measure for the relative risk associated with irradiation of different tissues - weighting factor somatic effect appearing after a latent period of several months to years - late SI unit of absorbed dose - gray The product of D x WR x WT - EfD The product of D x WR - EqD biologic damage to the body - somatic unit used in the early 1900's to measure radiation exposure - skin erythema dose radiation exposure received by technologists in the course of exercising their professional responsibilities - occupational exposure amount of ionizing radiation that may strike an object such as the human body when in the vicinity of the radiation source - exposure

40. In this image, H identifies the anterior clinoid process clivus dorsum sellae sella turcica

anterior clinoid process

35. Which cranial bone is most anterior? occipital bone frontal bone parietal bones temporal bones

frontal bone

What can result when two adjacent chromosomes are struck in the G1 phase? They can join during the S phase of interphase A dicentric chromosome can be formed A chromosome missing significant genetic material can be formed Any of the above

any of the above

The speed of the electron stream across the x-ray tube is primarily controlled by the:

applied kilovoltage

18. The most superior paranasal sinus is the ethmoid sinus frontal sinus maxillary sinus zygomatic sinus

frontal sinus

12. If a chemical splash occurs, how long should the eyes be flushed with running water?

at least 5 mins

The ability of a substance to absorb radiation depends on which of the following?

atomic number

Matching-remnant radiation

attenuated x-ray beam

11. ____________ is the loss of some energy from the x-ray beam as it passes through the tissue being imaged. compensating filtration attenuation photon transmission photoelectric scattering

attenuation

2. Correctly order the route of current through the following components in the filament circuit Filament Autotransformer step-down transformer rheostat

autotransformer rheostat stepdown transformer filament

59. The best way to keep radiation dose to the patient low is distance shielding time avoid repeat exposures (radiographs)

avoid repeat exposures (radiographs)

The best way to keep radiation dose to the patient low is

avoid repeat exposures (radiographs)

37. There are two principle classes of radiation. Name both

particulate electromagnetic

5.Why do we use copper in the construction of the rotating anode? Summary 4.2

because of its thermal and electrical conductivity

34. Where is the lamboidal suture? between the frontal and parietal bones between the right and left parietal bones between the parietal bones and the temporal bones between the parietal bones and the occipital bone

between the parietal bones and the occipital bone

When an embryo-fetus is exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation, mental retardation is most likely to occur at what point in development?

between weeks 8-15

It is possible to survive a partial body dose that is higher than a whole body dose because -It is a protracted dose -it is a fractionate dose -both of the above is true -this is an untrue statement

both of the above is true: -It is a protracted dose -it is a fractionate dose

How can human tissue or an organ in the body survive after high doses of ionizing radiation?

both repair and repopulation

Radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations most often cause which of the following?

breakage of chromosomes

26. The majority of the x-ray emission spectrum represents: brems photons characteristic photons heat

brems photons

Exposure is measured in an OSL

by passing a laser light over the aluminum oxide detectors and then measuring the light emitted, which would be proportional to the amount of exposure

exposure is measured in an OSL

by passing a laser light over the aluminum oxide detectors and then measuring the light emitted, which would be proportional to the amount of exposure

A larger bit depth: a. Results in increased spatial resolution b. Reduces the number of shades of gray c. Increases the number of shades of gray d. Affects both digital and film-screen image quality

c

A technique of 80 kV, 400 mA, 0.8 seconds is to be used on a 3-phase, 12-pulse machine. How many heat units are produced with a single exposure? a. 25,600 b. 34,560 c. 36,096 d. 38,100

c

All the following are guidelines for producing optimal image histograms except: a. Choose the correct body part and projection from the workstation menu. b. Leave minimal background in the exposure field through tight collimation. c. Use the smallest possible IR and cover at least 50% of it. d. Erase the imaging plate if the IR has not been used for a few days.

c

All the following are true about display station resolution, except that: a. it refers to the maximum number of pixels that the screen can demonstrate. b. full display resolution is only possible if the digital and display systems have equal pixel capability. c. the technologist's display monitor has superior resolution compared to that used by the radiologist's. d. large matrix sizes produce better resolution than small matrix sizes.

c

Which component of the x-ray tube is responsible for concentrating the electron cloud? a. anode b. filament c. focusing cup d. focal track

c

13. For an AP lordotic chest image: 1. the shoulders are positioned at equal distances from the IR 2. the patient's back is arched until the midcoronal plane and IR form a 45-degree angle 3. a 5-degree cephalad central ray angulation is used if the patient is standing erect 4. the elbows and shoulders are rotated anteriorly a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 1, 2, and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

c. 1, 2, and 4 only d.

26. A device for holding and storing charges of electricity is a

capacitor

What is the type of shock that is caused by a failure of the heart to pump enough blood to the vital organs?

cardiogenic

62. The internal prominence or ridge in which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi is termed the carina hilum thyroid cartilage costophrenic angle

carina

Which of the following involves the breaking down of macromolecules?

catabolism

11. The negative end of the x-ray tube is the anode cathode target envelope

cathode

4.The negative end of the x-ray tube and source of electrons.

cathode

7. In this image, letter A represents the cathode filament envelope target

cathode

____ provides the source of electrons needed for x ray production

cathode

_____provides the source of electrons necessary for x-ray production

cathode

65. Focal spot is determined by the amount of kVp cathode filament size cathode focusing cup size none of the above

cathode filament size

28. The property of x-rays that accounts for their effect on biological systems is that they travel at the speed of light cause ionization in matter have no electric charge have different energies

cause ionization in matter

What can happen when the metabolic activity of cells increases as a result of irradiation?

cells reproduce more rapidly

20. Which detector combination is best for a left AP shoulder x-ray? center right and left all three detectors it doesn't matter which detectors you select for this exam

center

72. After transferring an isolation patient back to to his or her room, the x-ray room must be: closed to other patients and personnel for a minimum of one hour. closed for the remainder of the work day. cleaned and disinfected following proper procedures. cleaned and disinfected and closed for a minimum of one hour.

cleaned and disinfected following proper procedures.

96. After transferring an isolation patient back to to his or her room, the x-ray room must be: closed to other patients and personnel for a minimum of one hour. closed for the remainder of the work day. cleaned and disinfected following proper procedures. cleaned and disinfected and closed for a minimum of one hour.

cleaned and disinfected following proper procedures.

10. A radiologic technologist s occupational radiation exposure dose is measured by a radiation monitor. This device must be worn where to give an accurate reading? mid chest under shielding collar under thyroid shielding gonads outside of shielding collar outside of shielding

collar outside of shielding

Interactions between higher energy photons and outer shell electrons of tissue atoms result in:

compton

Most of the scatter produced during radiography procedures results from which interactions?

compton

Matching-wave particle duality

concept in which x-rays exist as waves but exhibit properties of particles

One of the benefits of the variable-aperture collimator that is not available with cones or aperture diaphragms is the ability to do which of the following?

confine off focus radiation

58. The ability to distinguish between structures that attenuate the x-ray beam similarly is brightness contrast resolution spatial resolution noise

contrast resolution

4. What is the role of the CCD in indirect DR? converts x-rays to light converts light to electrons converts x-rays to electrons converts electrons to x-rays

converts light to electrons

25. What is the name of the articulation between the frontal bone and the parietal bone? squamosal suture coronal suture sagittal suture occipital suture

coronal suture

23. In this image, what is labeled M?

coronoid process

10. The large negative charge from the cathode focusing cup serves what purpose?

corral the electrons

visible image

created after processing

9. Active infants and toddlers are best transported via

crib

Which of the following would be considered an unethical practice for a radiologic technologist? - repeating a radiograph - participating in an interesting case - criticizing a doctor or a team member in front of a patient - reporting unethical practice

criticizing a doctor or a team member in front of a patient

What occurs when the spur-like molecules extending off a macromolecule chain attach to other parts of the chain or to other macromolecules?

cross linking

43. A quantity of radioactive iodine would be expressed in what unit of measure?

curie

41. Ohm's law states that electric potential is the product of _____ and _____

current resistance

64. Which of the following reduces leakage radiation to required standards? a. x-ray tube b. collimator c. added filtration d. protective housing

d

At what level is the exposure indicator reading taken on the VOI? a. At S1 b. At S2 c. One fourth of the distance between S1 and S2 d. Halfway between S1 and S2

d

Causes of tube failure are most often related to which of the following? a. electrical characteristics b. mechanical characteristics c. physical characteristics d. thermal characteristics

d

The purpose of the line focus principle is to create which of the following? a. small actual and effective focal spot size b. large actual and effective focal spot size c. small actual and large effective focal spot size d. large actual and small effective focal spot size

d

he intensity of the x-ray beam is less: a. in the center of the beam. b. at the collimator. c. on the cathode side. d. on the anode side.

d

19. The arms of the Y on an oblique scapular Y shoulder image are formed by the: 1. coracoid 2. scapular body 3. acromion 4. glenoid fossa a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 3 and 4 only d. 1 and 3 only

d. 1 and 3 only

37. Which of the following is a digital monitor that may be used to measure dose in an area? a. TLD b. Film badge c. Pocket ionization chamber d. Handheld ionization chamber

d. Handheld ionization chamber

20. The radiosensitivity of cells is [x] proportional to their reproductive activity. directly indirectly

directly

27. Somatic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation (a general type of radiation damage) could best be defined as. damage to the genetic code contained in the DNA that may be passed on to the next generation damage to the exposed individual that only includes short term effects (or early) damage to the exposed individual that only includes long term effects (or late) damage to the exposed individual that includes both short term effects (or early) and long term effects (or late)

damage to the exposed individual that includes both short term effects (or early) and long term effects (or late)

84. Somatic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation (a general type of radiation damage) could best be defined as damage to the genetic code contained in the DNA that may be passed on to the next generation damage to the exposed individual that only includes short term effects (or early) damage to the exposed individual that only includes long term effects (or late) damage to the exposed individual that includes both short term effects (or early) and long term effects (or late)

damage to the exposed individual that includes both short term effects (or early) and long term effects (or late)

Somatic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation (a general type of radiation damage) could best be defined as

damage to the exposed individual that includes both short term effects (or early) and long term effects (or late)

What chromosome aberration is most likely to result from ionizing radiation?

damaged or broken chromosomes

35. Electrostatic force between two charges is _____________ proportional to the product of their quantities and ______________ proportional to the square of the distance between them.

directly, inversely

What should be done with a plastic cassette cover after it is used to cover an IR during an isolation patient's exam?

discard it according to the PPE guidelines associated with the isolation precautions

Match type of metal used a a filter in film badge intensity of light transmitted through a given area of the dosimetry film desirable characteristic for a dosimeter intensity of light transmitted through a given area of the dosimetry film device that measures electrical charge Lithium fluoride process performed periodically on instruments to ensure state and federal requirements are being met serves as a basis for comparison with the remaining dosimeters after they have been returned for processing Aluminum oxide Detect the presence of radiation and give a measurement of exposure Resembles a fountain pen and contains an ionization chamber sensing material found in the OSL dosimeters calibration copper Survey instruments electrometer light weight control Pocket dosimeter optical density sensing material found in the TLD dosimeters

desirable characteristic for a dosimeter - light weight device that measures electrical charge - electrometer type of metal used a a filter in film badge - copper process performed periodically on instruments to ensure state and federal requirements are being met - calibration intensity of light transmitted through a given area of the dosimetry film - optical density serves as a basis for comparison with the remaining dosimeters after they have been returned for processing - control Aluminum oxide - sensing material found in the OSL dosimeters Detect the presence of radiation and give a measurement of exposure - Survey instruments Lithium fluoride - sensing material found in the TLD dosimeters Resembles a fountain pen and contains an ionization chamber - Pocket dosimeter

19. A material that is weakly repelled by a magnetic field is classified as what magnetic state of matter?

diamagnetic

An x-ray photon passes into a cell causing a point mutation directly on a DNA molecule. This is classified as a/an:

direct effect

9. In the AP Axial projection of the skull, what anatomy of interest is demonstrated in the shadow of the foramen magnum? mastoid air cells orbital roofs dorsum sellae crista galli

dorsum sellae

By what method are pathogens spread when a person coughs or sneezes?

droplet

Radiodermatitis was commonly found among which of the following?

early radiographers

25. Which of the following radiation quantities takes into account both the effect of the type of radiation used and the sensitivity of the organ or body part irradiated through the use of appropriate weighting factors. absorbed dose effective dose equivalent dose exposure

effective dose

Which of the following radiation quantities takes into account both the effect of the type of radiation used and the sensitivity of the organ or body part irradiated through the use of appropriate weighting factors.

effective dose

20. A set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculations of the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues or organs exposed to radiation defines ALARA concept effective dose limiting system investigational limits risk protocol

effective dose limiting system

A set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculations of the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues or organs exposed to radiation defines

effective dose limiting system

5. the x-ray beam area as seen from the perspective of the patient

effective focal spot

Early Somatic Effects

effects that appear hours or days after exposure to ionizing radiation

Late Somatic Effects

effects that appear months or years after exposure to ionizing radiation.

A transformer will be used to

either increase or decrease the incoming voltage

Ohm's law states that

electric potential is the product of current and resistance

12. What happens after the radiographer selects the exposure factors on the operating console? Summary 10

electricity is manipulated using various x-ray circuit components to create the proper environment for x-ray production

45. The flow of electrons in a conductor would be classified as:

electrodynamics

59. Which type of magnet has many applications in electrical equipment?

electromagnet

64.What are the two principal classes of ionizing radiation?

electromagnetic and particulate

7. What are the two principal classes of ionizing radiation? diagnostic and particulate electromagnetic and particles electromagnetic and particulate therapeutic and ultrasound

electromagnetic and particulate

What term is used for the full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves?

electromagnetic spectrum.

device that measures electrical charge

electrometer

3. smallest unit of negative charge

electron

52. In an ionic bond, what particle is given up or received?

electron

Smallest unit of negative charge

electron

Which of the following is located in an orbit around the nucleus of an atom?

electron

Define radiation

emission of energy as a wave or particle through a material or space

4. A sensitivity to others that allows you to meet their needs is [x] defendant empathy ethics sympathy

empathy

38. The most important layer for creating the image; the layer of film that is sensitive to light or radiation is the blue dye gelatin silver halide emulsion (Question 41)

emulsion

2. science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population

epidemiology

The majority of cancers are carcinomas and solid tumors that begin forming where in the body?

epithelial tissue

21. The quantity used to define dose received based on the type of ionizing radiation is called _____________.

equivalent dose

31. the study of the human body in relation to the working environment for the purpose of injury prevention.

ergonomics

6. The x-ray beam that leaves the patient in the direction of the image receptor is often referred to as: primary radiation exit radiation absorbed radiation scattered radiation

exit radiation

remnant radiation

exit radiation

amount of ionizing radiation that may strike an object such as the human body when in the vicinity of the radiation source

exposure

11. Pre-established guidelines used by the radiographer to select standardized manual or AEC exposure factors for each type of radiographic examination are called

exposure technique charts

According to the Law of Bergione and Tribondeau, cell radiosensitivity is directly proportional to the degree of differentiation. T/F

false

Acute Radiation Syndrome will occur when high dose of Low LET radiation is delivered all at once to the whole body. T/F

false

After the radiolysis of water, if the two ion pair recombine, this will produce major biologic damage. T/F

false

All radiation survey meters are equally sensitive to the detection of ionizing radiation. T/F

false

As the intensity of x-ray exposure of an air volume increases, the number of electron-ion pairs produced decreases. T/F

false

Epidemiological studies of people exposed to radiation is usually difficult because dose is known and very high. T/F

false

It is not possible to repair radiation damage and recover. T/F

false

Partial body exposure is not a concern when looking at the somatic damage factors related to ionizing radiation exposure. T/F

false

Personnel dosimeters protect the wearer from exposure to ionizing radiation. T/F

false

23. 1. T or F: The first step before transferring a patient to the imaging department is to ensure you have the right patient by checking the two patient identifiers.

false 1. The first step is to check with the nursing station and let them know you are ready to transfer the patient, as they are responsible for the patient whereabouts at all times. Checking patient identity is step two.

19. 1. One only needs to check with the patient about their mobility before transferring them. T/F?

false check with the nurse and then the patient

52. Always check the patient identification before checking at the nursing station true or flse

false other way around

8. unjustifiable detention of a person against his and/or her will

false imprisonment

Which of the following best describes the Fowler position?

feet lower than head

24. Materials strongly attracted to magnets are classified as ____________.

ferromagnetic

22. According to the textbook, which of the following special situations would NOT require a change in exposure technique? plaster cast additive disease barium contrast fiberglass cast

fiberglass cast

6. A coil of wire, usually 7 to 15 mm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, and usually made of tungsten with 1% to 2% thorium added.

filament

Which personnel monitoring device is most affected by heat and humidity?

film badge

5. THe device for removing long-wavelength radiation from the primary x-ray beam is the: transformer filter rheostat rectifier

filter

19. What type of exposure technique chart varies the mAs for patient thickness?

fixed kVp

7.1. What should be the immediate treatment of a splash of chemicals to the eye(s)?

flood the eye with running water for a full 5 minutes -in an eye wash station if available

What is the dose response relationship for radiation-induced leukemia?

follows a linear, nonthreshold dose-response relationship.

Highly reactive ions that have unpaired electrons in the outer shell are called

free radicals

41. Number of waves that pass a given point per second

frequency

51. If 60 waves go by a given point in 1 second, which is the appropriate unit of measure?

frequency

What is the length of time between radiation exposure and death from cerebrovascular syndrome?

from hours up to 2 to 3 days

Which of the following diseases is not considered to be communicable?

gastritis

16. Which of the following is used to survey an area for radiation detection and measurment? TLD film badge geiger-mueller detector

geiger-mueller detector

79. Which of the following is used to survey an area for radiation detection and measurment? TLD. film badge geiger-mueller detector

geiger-mueller detector

Which of the following is used to survey an area for radiation detection and measurment?

geiger-mueller detector

16. The bony prominence on the frontal bone between the eyebrows is called the acanthion glabella gonion nasion

glabella

Which cytoplasmic organelle produces glycoproteins from large carbohydrate molecules and protein molecules?

golgi aparatus

What is the most severe form of convulsive seizures?

grand mal

SI unit of absorbed dose

gray

What is the medical term for bleeding?

hemorrhage

16. X-rays are considered homogeneous - photons of the same energies polygeneous - photons of 2 different energies heterogeneous - photons of many different energies The photons in x-ray beams contain no energy

heterogeneous - photons of many different energies

50. X-rays are considered homogeneous - photons of the same energies polygeneous - photons of 2 different energies heterogeneous - photons of many different energies The photons in x-ray beams contain no energy

heterogeneous - photons of many different energies

32. This image is demonstrating _______ LET which has a ______ chance of inactivating the master molecule and being ________ to the cell. Question #28 high greater lethal high less sub-lethal low less sub-lethal low greater lethal

high greater lethal

99. This image is demonstrating _______ LET which has a ______ chance of inactivating the master molecule and being ________ to the cell. high greater lethal high less sub-lethal low less sub-lethal low greater lethal

high greater lethal

52. Image analysis of rib images include a high contrast due to high kVp high contrast due to low kVp low contrast due to high kVp low contrast due to low kVp

high contrast due to low kVp

Most of the information available to researchers of the dose-response relationship comes from which of the following?

high dose irradiation exposures

48. The LET of an x-ray or gamma photon is low because of its low energy high penetration negative charge positive charge

high penetration

55. The type of current found between the secondary side of the step up transformer and the rectifiers is

high voltage (kV) AC

What are the two modes of transportation of the cell membrane?

passive and active

The purpose of rotating the anode of the x-ray tube is to:

increase the heat capacity of the anode

70. To maintain the same exposure to the IR, if the SID is increased, the mAs must be increased decreased left the same doubled

increased

6. Using a lower mA station during an AEC examination results in reduced patient exposure decreased exposure time increased exposure time A and B

increased exposure time

18. Oxygen [x] tissue radiosensitivity decreases increases does not effect

increases

86. Oxygen [x] tissue radiosensitivity. decreases increases does not effect

increases

What happens to scatter as kVp increases?

increases

How does the use of a grid affect patient dose?

increases patient dose

69. When OID cannot be reduced, it is possible to reduce size distortion by increasing mAs decreasing SID using a small focal spot increasing SID

increasing SID

15. Essentially all effects of low-LET irradiation in a living cell result from the [x] action.

indirect effect

27. What positioning landmark is located at the inner corner of the eye? inner canthus EAM nasion acanthion

inner canthus

molecules that do not contain carbon

inorganic molecules

60. Based on the pole, how do the lines of flux travel on a magnet?

inside a magnet south to north outside a magnet north to south

37. Gamma rays are produced

inside the nucleus of excited atoms

Which cellular effect would result from 1000 gray over a very short period?

instant death

3. An image of the parietoacanthial projection reveals that the petrous ridges are superimposed over the lower 30% of the maxillary sinuses. What specific positioning error (if any) led to this? insufficient extension of the chin excessive extension of the chin excessive CR angulation no error was made, this radiograph is acceptable

insufficient extension of the chin

37. Which line is placed perpendicular to the IR in a true lateral nasal bone projection? AML interpupillary midsagittal OML

interpupillary

29 kVp has an __________ relationship with radiographic contrast

inverse

45. After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: If a radiographer stands 5 m from an x-ray tube and the exposure rate of 4 mR/hr, what will the exposure rate be @ 10 m from the x-ray tube? 15% rule inverse square law skin entrance equivalent dose square law

inverse square law

If a radiographer stands 5 m from an x-ray tube and the exposure rate of 4 mR/hr, what will the exposure rate be @ 10 m from the x-ray tube? -Choose the correct equation to solve

inverse square law

21. The radiosensitivity of cells is [x] proportional to their degree of differentiation. directly inversely

inversely

47. X-ray energies are ______ related to their wavelength. directly inversely

inversely

63. Wavelength is______proportional to frequency

inversely

87. The radiosensitivity of cells is [x] proportional to their degree of differentiation. directly inversely

inversely

17. X-ray wavelength is directly proportional to frequency directly proportional to velocity inversely proportional to frequency inversely proportional to velocity

inversely proportional to frequency

49. X-ray wavelength is directly proportional to frequency directly proportional to velocity inversely proportional to frequency inversely proportional to velocity

inversely proportional to frequency

X-ray wavelength is

inversely proportional to frequency

65. The AP projection of the pelvis requires the feet to be placed in which position? abducted everted flexed inverted

inverted

When doing an exam on a patient with chest tube drainage, which of the following actions must be taken?

keep drainage tube below chest

17. The purpose of the focusing cup is to produce thermionic emission from the filament prevent thermionic emission from the filament allow the electrons to spread out keep the electrons together

keep the electrons together

11. Monitoring companies send control badges to health care facilities along with each batch of badges. The control badge / control monitor should be given as a monitor to radiographers who lose their original badge given as a second monitor to pregnant personnel given as monitors to radiographers working in the operating room kept in a radiation-free area in the imaging facility

kept in a radiation-free area in the imaging facility

Monitoring companies send control badges to health care facilities along with each batch of badges. The control badge / control monitor should be

kept in a radiation-free area in the imaging facility

69. Which of the following is an SI unit of mass?

kilogram

Which of the following is a unit of mass? volt pound kilogram joule

kilogram

61. 1. Body mechanics is the use of ____________ to develop specific guidelines about posture, coordination, balance, and movements to minimize efforts to perform various activities.

kinesiology

The sacrum and coccyx form which kind of curve?

kyphotic

9. What is the primary difference of direct DR over indirect DR? lacks the conversion of x-rays to light does not capture x-rays requires less exposure no difference

lacks the conversion of x-rays to light

58. will have the least resistance ____cross section/_____length

large short

9. The best situation is to have a _____ actual focal spot and a _____ effective focal spot. large; large small; small large; small small; large

large; small

27. You want a ____ actual focus spot area. Why?

larger -better for heat dissipation b/c the area were e- are being bombarded is larger

When the process of cellular division stops and the cell does not divide further, this usually occurs at what point?

late in the g1 phase

The principle active component of the TLD dosimeter is a special crystal called the what?

lithium fluoride

30.Which transfer is used for people with spinal cord injuries?

log roll

100. This image is demonstrating a ________ LET radiation in which more _________ actions would occur. high direct high indirect low direct low indirect

low indirect

33. This image is demonstrating a ________ LET radiation in which more _________ actions would occur. Question #29 high direct high indirect low direct low indirect

low indirect

42. What is the first step in the stretcher transfer process?

lowering the side rails if it is safe to do so

What are the most radiosensitive white blood cells in the human body?

lymphocytes

31. Cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation and radon are examples of

natural (environmental) radiation

11. Negligence refers to the neglect or omission of reasonable care or caution

negligence

5. Which particle is the largest in terms of mass?

neutron

30. fundamental unit of force

newton

14. X-rays photons have a negative charge and no mass a negative charge and a mass / weight of 1 amu a positive charge and no mass no mass and no charge

no mass and no charge

For an x-ray tube in which tube potential is 70 kVp or above, minimum total filtration required is 1.5 mm lead 2.5 mm lead 1.5 mm aluminum 2.5 mm aluminum

none of the above is correct

Which of the following affects the cellular process of developing cancer? Environmental versus chemical exposure Radiation dose Number of carcinogens contacted None of the above

none of the abovee

At doses of 2 Gy (200 rad), the embryo-fetus will

not likely survive

Which of the following is not an inorganic compound? Water Acids Salts Nucleic acids

nucleic acids

The frequency (hertz) of a wave can be defined as the:

number of cycles per second

51. What is the Coulomb as a unit of measure of electrical charges based on?

number of electrons

Define-atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus

Matching-atomic mass

number of protons plus number of neutrons in the nucleus

Matching- Frequency

number of wavelengths passing a given point per unit of time

10. Which cranial bone is most posterior? occipital bone frontal bone mandible parietal bone

occipital bone

36. Which cranial bone is post posterior? occipital bone frontal bone mandible parietal bones

occipital bone

radiation exposure received by technologists in the course of exercising their professional responsibilities

occupational exposure

Which elements combine to make up 80% to 85% of the human body?

oxygen & hydrogen

Which interaction creates a particle that is subsequently destroyed in an annihilation event?

pair production

16. Which pairs of ribs attach their costocartilages directly to the lateral borders of the sternum? pairs three through seven pairs 8, 9 and 10 pairs 8, 9, 11 and 12 the last two pairs

pairs three through seven

61. What type circuit follows the rule that total current is equal to the sum of the individual current flowing through each path?

parallel circuit

For the AP projection of the elbow, the humeral epicondyles are

parallel to the cassette

Matching-attenuation

partial absorption of the energy of the x-ray beam as it traverses an object

Which interaction requires energy greater than 10 MeV?

photodisinigration

What is the ejected electron called in a photoelectric event?

photoelectron

Which of the following is used to measure the visible light emitted by the sensing material contained in the TLD after exposure to ionizing radiation and heat?

photomultiplier tube

33. A ______ is a small, discrete bundle of energy. phaser photon quark mesion

photon

26. The two types of detectors used in AEC are

phototimers and ionization chambers

Which of the following blood cells help stop hemorrhage? Platelet cells White blood cells Red blood cells All of the above

platelet cells

What is considered to be the cause of most cases of leukemia?

point lesions

Smallest unit of positive charge

proton

10. What stays the same in isotopes?

protons

14. In the terms of movement of electrical charges, why do we only discuss the movement of electrons and not protons or neutrons?

protons are generally fixed in their position inside the nucleus of the atom. Electrons, on the other hand, are relatively free to move about, depending on the material.

If a radiologist is exposed to radiation as a result of an accident from a nearby nuclear power plant, the exposure would be classified as which of the following?

public exposure

87. The inner layer of the pleura that encloses the lungs and heart is called the: parietal pleura. pericardial sac. pulmonary pleura. pleural cavity.

pulmonary pleura.

49. In this image, which line is the following: Threshold, non-linear Question #45

purple line

94. In this image, which line is the following: Threshold, non-linear blue line green line purple line red line

purple line

34. Terrestrial radiation originates from __________________.

radioactive material in the earth's crust

5. A [x] reads an x-ray image and provides a diagnosis. radiologic technologist radiologist defendant ultrasound technologist

radiologist

22. The radiographic examination tabletop must be as [x] as possible. radiopaque radiolucent

radiolucent

The interaction of x-ray photons with biologic matter are __________; meaning it is impossible to predict with certainty what will happen to a single x-ray photon when it enters human tissue.

random

Matching- acceleration

rate of change of speed over time

Radiation-induced genetic mutations most often result in which of the following?

recessive mutations

What happens to the recovery rate of bone marrow as the dose of radiation increases?

recovery time increases

What is the most accurate method for taking a temperature?

rectal

52. The process by which alternating current is converted into direct current is called

rectification

What blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body?

red blood cells

Define the general medical term Erythema.

reddening of the skin

A part of an induction motor made of an iron core (iron bars embedded in the copper shaft) surrounded by coils and located in the center of the stators

rotor

7. Rectifiers serve to do what

route electricity through the tube one way only (DC current)

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a person's most basic need?

safety and security

26. What is the name of the articulation between the parietal bones? squamosal suture coronal suture sagittal suture occipital suture

sagittal suture

5. What part to the flat-panel DR converts x-rays to light? scintillator photodetector TFT substrate

scintillator

58. The inverse square law states that intensity will vary as what power of the distance?

second (square)

3. Devices that in effect convert AC to DC are located in which circuit?

secondary

Research into suppressor genes found that they are located on which of the following?

several chromosomes

Color blindness and hemophilia are examples of which of the following?

sex linked mutations

If there are concerns about maintaining the sterility of a wound during a radiographic examination, which device can be used?

shadow shield

56. What holds atoms together in a covalent bond?

shared electrons

21. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a fixed-kVp technique chart? uniform radiographic contrast easier use greater assurance of adequate penetration smaller technique changes possible

smaller technique changes possible

6.1. What are the four common causes of hospital fires?

smoking spontaneous combustion open flames electricty

What causes the shrinking of organs exposed to high doses of radiation?

some cells die and are removed as waste products

54. Why is the beam less intense on the anode side? too much heat produced which slows photons fewer electrons to produce x-rays some photons have to penetrate the heel of the target some photons travel further and slow down

some photons have to penetrate the heel of the target

The patient in insulin shock who is conscious requires which of the following?

something with sugar

18. The cloud of electrons produced through thermionic emission is more accurately called a(n) space cloud electron cloud electron charge space charge

space charge

A cloud of electrons formed by the focusing cup as electrons are boiled off of the filament.

space charge

An "electron cloud" surrounding the filament of the cathode is referred to as a:

space charge

The self-limiting factor caused by the space charge reaching a size commensurate with the current used and making it difficult for additional electrons to be emitted.

space charge effect

25. In this image, letter C identifies which bone?.

sphenoid

43. After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: A patient was x-rayed at 36 inches and the mAs was 12. What would the new mAs have to be in order to maintain density at 60 inches? 15% rule inverse square law skin entrance equivalent dose square law / mAs distance compensation

square law / mAs distance compensation

A patient was x-rayed at 36 inches and the mAs was 12. What would the new mAs have to be in order to maintain density at 60 inches? -Choose the correct equation to solve

square law / mAs distance compensation

4. increased probability of effects occurring after an exposure but the severity of the effects does not necessarily increase

stochastic

4. The depression above each eyebrow is termed the glabella frontal tuberosity supraorbital foramina supraorbital groove

supraorbital groove

What contraindication(s) exist in the use of barium sulfate?

suspected perforation

A patient's blood pressure is 120/78. What does the figure 120 represent?

systolic pressure

What is the sphygmomanometer used for?

taking blood pressure

8. In this image, letter D represents the cathode envelope target filament

target

The interaction between ionizing radiation and a vital cell structure is the basis for which of the following?

target theory

5. For the Caldwell of the sinuses: the MML is perpendicular to the IR the IOML is parallel to the IR the OML is perpendicular to the IR the OML is 15 degrees from horizontal

the OML is 15 degrees from horizontal

1. An advantange of [x] is heat, moisture, and pressure will not affect the tamperproof blister packet a film badge the OSL

the OSL

71. An advantange of [x] is heat, moisture, and pressure will not affect the tamperproof blister packet a film badge the OSL

the OSL

39. Fluorescence refers to the emission of light from the screen when stimulated by radiation the emission of x-rays from the screen the ability of phosphors to emit visible light only while exposed to x-rays (Question 42)

the ability of phosphors to emit visible light only while exposed to x-rays

6. In this image, #2 represents the actual focal spot size the effective focal spot size the electron stream the line-focus principle

the actual focal spot size

30. If the radiation quantiy absorbed dose is being measured [x] radiation effect(s) being measued. the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object is the biologic effects are the ionization in air is the

the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object is the

76. If the radiation quantiy absorbed dose is being measured [x] radiation effect(s) being measued. the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object is the biologic effects are the ionization in air is the

the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object is the

30. Histogram analysis compares the histogram with pre-established histograms specific to the x-ray equipment the computer monitor the patient data the anatomic part being imaged (Question 33)

the anatomic part being imaged

34. An x-ray beam is heterogeneous, this means the amount of intensity is increased the amount of intensity is decreased the beam consists of one energy level the beam consists of different energy levels

the beam consists of different energy levels

An x-ray beam is heterogeneous, this means

the beam consists of different energy levels

22. The EfD is based on the energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation the electrical charge produced in a kilogram of dry air by ionizing radiation the dose of ionizing radiation required to cause diffuse redness over an area of skin the number of electron-ion pairs in a specific volume of air

the energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation

82. The EfD is based on the energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation the electrical charge produced in a kilogram of dry air by ionizing radiation the dose of ionizing radiation required to cause diffuse redness over an area of skin the number of electron-ion pairs in a specific volume of air

the energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation

EfD based on

the energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation

________ reduces leakage radiation

the housing

What information does relative risk provide?

the ratio of observed cases to naturally occurring cases

What characteristic of nitrogenous organic bases determines an individual's unique genetic code?

the sequence of the bases

11. Cathode is designed to provide Summary 9.2

the source of e⁻ needed for xray production

17. The system international unit of measurement for magnetic field strength is _____.

the tesla

2. "Sun-tanning" in glass envelopes is caused by the color the tube gets as it loses its resistance to heat over time oil leaking out of the protective housing the breaking of the glass envelope into small pieces of glass the vaporized tungsten from filament deposits that coats the inside of the glass

the vaporized tungsten from filament deposits that coats the inside of the glass

Which of the following is not a consideration in determining exposure factors?

the weight of any shielding devices

What is the difference between an electron in the K shell and an electron in the M shell?

their binding energy

49. What atomic characteristic of a magnetic material creates a dipole?

their electrons spin in predominately one direction

Sex chromosomes can be distinguished from other chromosomes by which of the following characteristics?

their size and shape

The literal boiling off of electrons from a filament by a flow of electrical current.

thermionic emissions

Entrance skin exposure is measured by using which of the following?

thermoluminescent dosimeter

Based on research, which of the following is true of radiation-induced genetic mutations resulting from low doses of ionizing radiation?

they are extremely rare

16. There is about 1-2% of ______ added to the filament to increase thermionic emission thorium rhenium tungsten copper

thorium

Define primary protective barriers.

those at which the primary beam is directed

Define secondary protective barriers.

those in which scatter and/or leakage radiation will hit

Radiation-induced skin cancer follows what type of dose response relationship?

threshold

30. Radiation induced skin cancer does not occur at low levels of radiation expsosure. Therefore it is best expressed by which of the following dose-response relationships? non threshold dose relationship threshold dose relationship

threshold dose relationship

2. AEC controls the amount of radiation reaching the IR by controlling the time of exposure mA kVp all of the above

time of exposure

13. What are the cardinal principles for minimizing radiation dose? time, exposure, mAs kVp, time, mA time, distance, shielding time, patient size, shielding

time, distance, shielding

39. For sternum RAO, the top of the IR is placed to the jugular notch to 1 1/2 inches above the jugular notch to the mid-sternal area to the xiphoid process

to 1 1/2 inches above the jugular notch

54. Purpose of a cumulative timer is to inform the technologist how long ( @ 2 minutes) the exposure time has been to inform the technologist how long ( @ 5 minutes) the exposure time has been to inform the technologist how long ( @ 10 minutes ) the exposure time has been to inform the doctor to stop the procedure, even if diagnosis has not been confirmed

to inform the technologist how long ( @ 5 minutes) the exposure time has been

20. main purpose of the glass envelope Objective 2

to maintain a vacuum within the tube so that electrons from the air do not contribute to the electron stream - this would disrupt the x ray production process and damage the tube.

What is the purpose of isolation techniques?

to prevent the spread of disease

What is the function of suppressor genes in malignant cells?

to stop them from reproducing

77. Why is the RAO position preferred to the LAO for the sternum? to demonstrate the costochondral joints to increase the SID of the sternum to prevent superimposition of the sternum with the vertebral column to use the background density of the heart for visualization of the sternum

to use the background density of the heart for visualization of the sternum

21. In radiation protection systems no longer in use, a radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continuously subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects, such as erythema, was known as a air kerma effective dose tolerance dose weighted dose

tolerance dose

77. In radiation protection systems no longer in use, a radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continuously subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects, such as erythema, was known as a air kerma effective dose tolerance dose weighted dose

tolerance dose

In radiation protection systems no longer in use, a radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continuously subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects, such as erythema, was known as a

tolerance dose

52. What are two reasons why a tolerance dose is not considered an effective (or safe) means of monitoring occupational exposure?

tolerance dose is measured using skin erythema and cell count. Skin erythema looks different on different colored skin tones and by the time you get a skin erythema reaction the damage has already been done. The issue with cell count is that again by the time this is detectable in the blood it is too late the damage has already been done

During a photoelectric interaction, the incident photon is ____________ by the electron of the target atom.

totally absorbed

11. The elements that do not fit exactly into one of the 8 groups of elements are called:

transitional metals

55. When X-rays in the primary beam pass through biological matter (our patient for example) what three basic things could occur?

transmission scatter absorption

12. X-rays can not penetrate matter can be seen travel in straight lines as waves travel at the speed of 150 mm per millisecond

travel in straight lines as waves

42. X-rays can not penetrate matter can be seen travel in straight lines as waves travel at the speed of 150 mm per millisecond

travel in straight lines as waves

18.1. The posterior surgical approach is the most common hip replacement approach. T/F?

true

55. True or False. Patients who can't sit for an extended period of time should be transported using a stretcher.

true

A disadvantage of the OSL dosimeter is that occupational exposure cannot be establish on the day of occurrence. T/F

true

exit for x-rays from the housing

tube port

35. Which aspect of the ribs articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae? angle head neck tubercule

tubercule

31. filaments of the cathode are usually made of____ with ___ added Objective 7

tungsten thorium added

20. Part of a PSP plate that includes a random distribution of crystals is the conductive layer turbid phosphor layer structured phosphor layer support layer (question 22)

turbid phosphor layer

56. 1. What is the first step when you suspect a fire hazard?

turn off electricity at the power source

What structures with identical DNA are formed in the S phase?

two pairs of chromatids

When a disease is spread by an insect depositing the pathogen on or in a human, it is transmitted by what method?

vector

A disease spread through contaminated water or food is being transmitted by which of the following methods?

vehicle

59. A radiograph with low radiographic contrast has very similar densities very few densities short-scale contrast none of the above

very similar densities

47. The south poles of two magnets are placed 1 millimeter from each other. Which of the following describes the reaction?

very strong repulsion

Cell chemical reactions occur in what medium?

water

Ionizing radiation most often interacts with which molecules in the human body to produce molecular damage through an indirect action?

water

What is the primary component of blood?

water

Matching-manifest image

visible image after developing (via computer algorithms )

13. TLD's are heated (during processing after returning to the lab) and release what type of energy to indicate dose? laser visible light x-rays gamma rays

visible light

42. Exit radiation from the anatomic area of interest interacts with input phosphor to create ___________ in fluoroscopic imaging. . Latent image Remnant photons electrons visible light

visible light

TLD's are heated (during processing after returning to the lab) and release what type of energy to indicate dose?

visible light

49. The kVp meter of an x-ray generator displays __________.

voltage potential (potential difference) between cathode and anode

57. _____ is based on the amount of work that can be done per unit of charge?

volts

In monitoring occupational dose, skin erythema dose

was a form of a tolerance dose

13. X-rays with greater energy have a shorter ______ and are more penetrating. frequency velocity wavelength potential difference

wavelength

39. In a sine wave the distance from one peak to another is called the

wavelength

39. distance from one peak to another peak

wavelength

43. X-rays with greater energy have a shorter ______ and are more penetrating. frequency velocity wavelength potential difference

wavelength

12. When photons are "bent" as they pass through a medium, it is a characteristic of:

waves

conceptual measure for the relative risk associated with irradiation of different tissues

weighting factor

triangular in shape

x-ray beam

69. Which of the following would be considered a controlled area? radiology waiting room reception area / file room x-ray room hallway from waiting room to x-ray room

x-ray room

28. Which of the following describes the extra step, and is therefore a limitation of indirect-capture methods? x-rays are converted to light and then to electrons x-rays are converted directly to electrons electrons are converted to light and then to x-rays A and B (Question 30)

x-rays are converted to light and then to electrons

32. Radiation units are now expressed in the [x] because [y] of units does not fit into the metric system. SI system traditional system

x=SI system y=traditional system

5. A linear nonthreshold graph of the radiation dose-response relationship indicates that the response to radiation (in terms of biologic effects) is [x] proportional to the dose of radiation and [y] level of radiation dose below which the chance of sustaining biologic damage is zero. directly indirectly there is a known that there is not a known

x] directly y] that there is not a known

7. The current radiation protection philosophy utilizes the [x] [y] dose-response relationship. linear non-linear threshold non-threshold

x] linear y] non-threshold

Which of the following would be considered a controlled area? radiology waiting room reception area / file room x-ray room hallway from waiting room to x-ray room

xray room

Which of the following is used as the standard for RBE?

xrays