Final test- pt 1
27. Gadolinium is useful in MRI because it has which magnetic property?
paramagnetic
17. In this image, the anatomy identified by the red ARROW (the bone itself is green) is the
parietal
Alpha is what form of ionizing radiation?
particulate
33. Compton scatter is dependent on atomic number. True or False
False
Protons as an emission from a radioactive nucleus constitute what form of radiation?
Particulate
5. The male pelvis is more narrow and deeper as compared to the female pelvis. True or False
True
55. A unit of measure is a value agreed upon by a society to give meaning to a quantity.
True
55. Characteristic photons are produced with the filling of each shell vacancy. True or False
True
6. Direct DR does not use a scintillator. True or False
True
61. The primary circuit is considered a low voltage circuit True or False
True
A breathing technique can be performed on an RAO sternum if the patient can tolerate it.
True
T/F According to a recent NCRP report, medical sources of radiation exposure are now the major source of exposure to the U.S. population
True
T/F CT scanning is now a major source of medical radiation exposure.
True
T/F Different parts of the body are composed of different quantities of various elements.
True
The most common source of human radiation exposure data comes from Chernobyl victims Japanese atomic bomb survivors Marshall Islanders All of the above
all of the above
11. What is the function of the line compensator?
adjust incoming power to precise voltage
Which is the correct order for administering basic life support?
airway, breathing, circulation
What cells in the human body are susceptible to developing cancer?
all cells
What do allergies, metabolic changes, and decreased fertility have in common?
all could result from genetic mutations or other causes
10. Which of the following is a characteristic of x-rays 1. capable of producing harmful effects 2. capable of penetrating matter 3. electrically neutral 4. have no mass 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 3, and 4
all of the above
12. Which of the following patient conditions require a change in technical factors? plaster casts additive diseases contrast media all of the above
all of the above
The protective housing protects the x ray tube by serving as _____ and _______ critical concept
electrical insulator thermal cushion
Matching-potential energy
energy of position
30. The acetabulum articulates with which of the following? clavicle femoral head greater trochanter sacrum
femoral head
50. The lines of force in space associated with a magnet are called
flux
Spatial resolution is principally affected by which of the following
focal spot size
A metal shroud that is made of nickel and surrounds the x-ray tube filaments on their back and sides, leaving the front open and facing the anode target.
focusing cup
somatic effect appearing after a latent period of several months to years
late
37. If the distance from the source is doubled, the quantity of radiation reaching a specific area is _____ the original. double quadruple half one fourth
one fourth
38. Why is it important to use proper body mechanics?
By applying proper body mechanics, a person can limit strain on parts of their body. Such as lower back, shoulders, and other muscle strains
9. In a city with several major industries that use toxic chemicals, what plan is needed to protect its citizens in the event of a major industrial accident? Evacuation plan Disaster response Trauma centers Emergency codes
Disaster response
23. Which of the following are factors of nonverbal communications? Voice volume and grammar Hygiene and appearance Humor and touch Grammar and body language
Hygiene and appearance
47. A patient with a blood pressure of 150/96 would be characterized as: Hypotensive Hypertensive Bradytensive Tachytensive
Hypertensive
51. A patient with a blood pressure of 150/96 would be characterized as: Hypotensive Hypertensive Bradytensive Tachytensive
Hypertensive
80. Which type of diabetic emergency occurs due to the blood sugar dropping too low? Ketoacidosis Hyperglycemic coma Hypoglycemia Stroke
Hypoglycemia
Which type of body habitus can be described as generally tall and thin with a long torso?
Hyposthenic/Asthenic
All of the following fundamental particles are located in the nucleus except: Protons Electrons Nucleons Neutrons
Electrons
8. The term for lifting, raising, or moving of a part superiorly is: Rotation Elevation Tilt Abduction
Elevation
Which term is defined as the ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor to the number of x-rays at the input phosphor?
Flux gain
66. Which component is labeled as number 6 in the x-ray circuit diagram?
High-voltage transformer (step-up transformer)
21. The use of non-vocal means to send messages and exchange information defines: Verbal communication Nonverbal communication Simple communication Compound communication
Nonverbal communication
Which of the following is an inorganic compound? Protein Carbohydrates Lipids None of the above
None of the above
59. How much CR angle is required for the AP bilateral frog-leg projection? 10 to 15 degrees cephalad 20 to 25 degrees cephalad 30 to 45 degrees cephalad None. CR is perpendicular to IR.
None. CR is perpendicular to IR.
How much CR angle is required for the AP bilateral frog-leg projection? - 10 to 15 degrees cephalad - 20 to 25 degrees cephalad - 30 to 45 degrees cephalad - None. CR is perpendicular to IR.
None. CR is perpendicular to IR.
not attracted to a magnetic field at all
Nonmagnetic
What are stochastic effects?
Nonthreshold, randomly occurring biologic somatic changes
What organic compound is responsible for the construction and repair of body tissues?
Protein
7. Which body plane divides the body into right and left segments? Sagittal plane Coronal plane Horizontal plane Oblique plane
Sagittal plane
16. Which exposure timer is based on how fast a motor turns a shaft?
Synchronous timer
75. The medical term for fainting is:. Vertigo Syncope Seizure Anaphylaxis
Syncope
12. Which of the following bones is part of the floor of the cranium? frontal occipital parietal temporal
temporal
Which of the following is true of spontaneous carcinogenesis and radiation-induced carcinogenesis?
they have the same qualities
If the absorbed dose from a diagnostic radiograph is 0.1 gray, what is the dose equivalent?
0.1 sievert
40. A whole-body dose of delivered [x] within a few days produces a measurable hematologic depression. 0.025 Gyt 0.25 Gyt 0.025 Sv 0.25 Sv
0.25 Gyt
The minimum required lead equivalent for an apron (for shielding) is
0.25 mm
If the patient cannot be supported for the lateral position of L-5/S-1 a ___degree angle on the tube may be used.
10 degree
The correct axial angle for the AP coccyx is which of the following?
10 degrees caudal
91. What type of CR angle is required for the AP axial projection of the foot? 5 degrees posterior 10 degrees posterior 15 degrees posterior 20 degrees posterior
10 degrees posterior
How many posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm on a well-inspired PA projection of the chest?
10 ribs
32. Exposure linearity can not exceed 1% 5% 10% 15%
10%
Exposure linearity can not exceed
10%
Mean survival time of the Hematologic manifest illness (syndrome) of ARS is _______ .
10-60 days
What are thought to be the two primary contributors to cancer?
Activation of oncogenes and the loss of suppressor genes
What is the average pulse rate of an infant?
115 to 130 beats per minute
55. The NCRP report that contains exposure limits is number 16 106 116 126
116
The NCRP report that contains exposure limits is number
116
47. Which of the following is classified as a floating rib? 1st rib 3rd rib 8th rib 11th rib
11th rib
Mobile radiographic examinations require a minimal source to skin distance of
12 inches
40. Calculate the mAs 400 mA 1/20 seconds
20 mAs
How much is the knee flexed for the lateral projection of the knee?
20 to 30 degrees
75. How much is the patient obliqued for the RAO sternum position? 45 degrees 30-45 degrees 70 - 90 degrees 15-20 degrees
30-45 degrees
What is clear Pb?
A transparent acrylic material with 30% lead by weight
5. In his initial research, Roentgen identified most of the properties of x-rays that we know today. True False
True
8. With digital systems, a higher kVp can be used than with film/screen. True or False
True
9. The force of attraction between the anode and filament electrons is so strong that the electrons reach ½ the speed of light.
True
T/F The probability of Compton is unaffected by atomic number
True
What metal is added to the filament to increase thermionic emission and extend tube life? a. thorium b. copper c. rhenium d. tungsten
a
31. To begin positioning of the part, instructions to the patient may include placing of their nose and forehead on the IR for a Caldwell the SMV a Water's a Towne's
a Caldwell
20. X-radiation is most like a wave of interacting electric and magnetic fields, traveling through space particle that can collide with other particles a and b neither a or b
a and b
19. The stationary anode includes an area of tungsten embedded in a copper rod a tungsten rod a molybdenum disc a copper disc
a copper rod
A larger bit depth: a. Increases contrast resolution b. Decreases contrast resolution c. Has no effect on contrast resolution d. Increases the pixel density
a
A small anode target angle: a. results in an increase in anode heel effect. b. results in a decrease in anode heel effect. c. results in an equalization of anode heel effect. d. does not influence anode heel effect.
a
36. Which of the following is most sensitive to extremes in environment? a. TLD b. Film badge c. Pocket ionization chamber d. Handheld ionization chambe
b. Film badge
In order to prevent the movement of electrons from the anode to the cathode during the exposure cycle, the type of current employed for x-ray tubes is:
direct current
68. What type of slider board should not be used when transferring a spinal cord injury patient from the stretcher to the x-ray table?
flexible slider board
Matching- binding energy
force that holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus
9. There are three ways to electrify an object. Please identify them.
friction contact induction
In a quality control program, how often should collimation be evaluated?
generally twice a year
another term for somatic effects of ionizing radiation that are heritable
genetic
33. In this image, what surface landmark is being identified?
glabella
57. The number of shades of gray that can be stored and displayed by a computer system is grayscale pixel depth pixel density contrast resolution
grayscale
When comparing a dose of radiation delivered over a short period of time to a dose of the same amount delivered over a greater period of time, which of the following is true of the biologic effect of the dose delivered over a short period of time?
greater
18. In this image, which arrow (color of the arrow) points to the ramus of the mandible?
green
If HOH+ and an electron combine, which of the following occurs?
h2o
6. Most of the energy used to produce x-rays results in which of the following?
heat
15. ___ are a measure of the amount of heat stored in a particular device Summary 13
heat units
A measure of the amount of heat stored in a particular device.
heat units
67. The optimal kVp for digital image receptors should be _____ than that for film-screen image receptors. higher lower the same as two times
higher
In a modern rotating anode, the rotator motion is accomplished by the use of a/an
induction motor
34. resistance to a change in motion
inertia
42. A body's resistance to a change in its state of motion is:
inertia
For both the AP and Lateral forearm the central enters in
mid-forearm
The target window is fashioned to _______the xrays
minimally absorb
Exposure to which body area of an adult patient will likely result in the greatest mean marrow dose?
pelvis and upper femora
Resembles a fountain pen and contains an ionization chamber
pocket dosimeter
The general principles of radiation protection include all of the following except:
quality
26. In this image, what sinus is being identified by the black line?
sphenoid
Which of the following would be considered an example of negative non-verbal communication?
standing with your arms crossed
. Name the 2 basic anode designs Describe each Summary 3
stationary and rotating ∙Stationary => target embedded in copper rod =>v little heat-load capacity ∙ Rotating =>rotating target to disapate heat, which greatly increases heat-load capacity *what we use today*
12. The portion of the induction motor that is outside the tube enclosure is the stator rotor disc bearing
stator
A part of an induction motor made up of electromagnets arranged in pairs around the rotor
stator
15. Which component increases voltage about 500 times?
step-up transformer
60. The articulation of the clavicle and the lateral border of the manubrium is called; glenoid fossa costosternum sternoclavicular clavicularmanubrium
sternoclavicular
How much does smoking increase the probability of dying of cancer?
twice as likely
37. The standard for a thyroid shield is ____. 0.5 mm Al equivalent 0.5 mm Co equivalent 0.5 mm Pb equivalent 0.5 mm Tu equivalent
0.5 mm Pb equivalent
The standard for a thyroid shield is ____.
0.5 mm Pb equivalent
35. The normal range for creatinine in adults is: 0.1-0.5 mg/dl 0.3-0.7 mg/dl 0.5-1.0 mg/dl 0.6-1.3 mg/dl
0.6-1.3 mg/dl
23. The quality factor for x-rays is 20 10 5 1
1
83. The quality factor for x-rays is 20 10 5 1
1
Diagnostic x-rays are considered to have an RBE of:
1
Radiation survey instruments measure which of the following 1. total quantity of electrical charge resulting from ionization of the gas 2. rate at which the electrical charge is produced 3. luminescence
1 & 2
Electromagnetic radiation varies in terms of their: 1. wavelength. 2. frequency. 3. magnetic field.
1 & 2 only ------------ 1. wavelength. 2. frequency.
Which of the following are considered low-LET radiation(s)? 1. X-rays 2. Alpha particles 3. Gamma rays
1 & 3 only ---------- X-rays Gamma rays
How far above the humeral head should the upper margin of the cassette be placed for an AP humerus?
1 1/2 inches
At what dose does hematopoietic syndrome begin?
1 Gy (100 rad)
The housing enclosing the x-ray tube must be constructed so that the leakage radiation measured at a distance of
1 meter from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per hour
During inspiration, the vertical dimensions of the thorax are increased by the motion of the: 1. Diaphragm 2. Ribs 3. Sternum
1 only
For a left lateral decubitus projection of the abdomen, the CR is directed:
1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) above the iliac crest
63. Before entering the room of a patient who is under protective precautions, the first step is to: Perform hand hygiene Don sterile gloves Put on a surgical mask Put on a gown
Perform hand hygiene
9. The RAO demonstrates the _______ portion of the _____ ribs. axillary right axillary left posterior right posterior right
axillary left
A dual focus tube refers to a tube with: a. two focal tracks. b. two filaments. c. two focusing cups. d. two targets.
b
A technique of 50 kV, 100 mA, 0.1 seconds is to be used on a 3-phase, 6-pulse machine. How many heat units are produced with a single exposure? a. 500 b. 675 c. 705 d. 820
b
The x-ray tube is a part of the: a. x-ray circuit primary. b. x-ray circuit secondary. c. filament circuit. d. breaker circuit.
b
44. X-rays photons have a negative charge and no mass a negative charge and a mass / weight of 1 amu a positive charge and no mass no mass and no charge
no mass and no charge
A lack of a standard unit of measure was an early difficulty in attempts to reduce radiation exposure. T/F
true
22. Main purpose of the cathode objective 2
provides the source of electrons need for x ray production
Observed mutation cases divided by expected cases represents what type of risk assessment?
relative risk
What happens to a recessive mutant gene when it is suppressed?
remains suppressed
7. Legal term for "the thing speaks for itself" is [x] informed consent moral agent res ipsa loquitor respondeant superior
res ipsa loquitor
9. The tissue weighting factor is a conceptual mesarue for the relative [x] associated with irradiation of different body tissues. risk safety
risk
The tissue weighting factor is a conceptual measure for the relative _____ associated with irradiation of different body tissues.
risk
What (or who) controls the quality or penetrating power of an x-ray beam?
selection of kVp by technologist
21. In this image, what is J?
sella turcica
46. In this image, N identifies the anterior clinoid process sella turcica clivus temporal bone
sella turcica
62. 1. Which position should be used for a weakened patient that has difficulty breathing when lying supine?
semi-fowlers
71. The greater trochanter lies at approximately the same level as the: obturator foramen ischial tuberosity lesser trochanter symphysis pubis
symphysis pubis
21. The respiration phase for all projections of the skull is expiration inspiration shallow breathing suspended
suspended
26. The scintillator for the indirect capture DR system that utilizes a CCD is amorphous selenium barium fluorohalide crystalline silicon cesium iodide (Question 28)
cesium iodide
25. Part of a DR system with indirect capture, the light-sensitive device that is commonly found in digital cameras is the charge-couple device photoconductor thin film transistor scintillator (question 27)
charge-couple device
15. The Rhese is referred to as a three-point landing. The three points are the forehead, cheek and chin forehead, nose and chin nose, cheek and ear chin, cheek and nose
chin, cheek and nose
13. Delivery of hot air to the surface of the film is the function of which system? replenishment system recirculating system drying system transport system
drying system
3. An x-ray tube with two filaments is called a dual-focus tube two-focus tube tri-focal tube highly specialized tube
dual-focus tube
Which of the following medical terminology prefixes means "painful"
dys -
14. The image densities cast by filters in a dosimeter permit which of the following? determination of percentage of visible light emission reuse of the film in the badge estimation of energy of radiation reaching the badge determination of the electrical charge of the device
estimation of energy of radiation reaching the badge
80. The image densities cast by filters in a dosimeter permit which of the following? determination of percentage of visible light emission reuse of the film in the badge estimation of energy of radiation reaching the badge determination of the electrical charge of the device
estimation of energy of radiation reaching the badge
The image densities cast by filters in a film badge dosimeter permit which of the following?
estimation of energy of radiation reaching the badge
2. What does the pneumonic "EAM" represent? external auditory meatus external anterior mastoid external anterior meatus external acoustic magnum
external auditory meatus
23. What does the pneumonic EAM represent? external auditory meatus external anterior mastoid external anterior meatus external acoustic magnum
external auditory meatus
T/F A single radiation dose of 200 rad to the ovaries will result in permanent sterility.
false
T/F According to the Law of Bergione and Tribondeau, cell radiosensitivity is directly proportional to the degree of differentiation.
false
T/F It is not possible to collimate during fluoroscopy.
false
The lower the atomic number of a material, the more x-rays it absorbs T/F
false
The oxygen enhancement ratio states that cells are more radioinsensitive when in the presence of radiation. T/F
false
When ionizing radiation interacts with a cell, ionization's can occur only with water molecules contained in the cell. T/F
false
Electromagnetic radiation travels as an electric and magnetic disturbance:
in any medium
7. With the OSL dosimeter is "read out" by using a laser light at selected frequencies it becomes luminescent [x] to the amount of radiation exposure received. inversely in proportion
in proportion
74. With the OSL dosimeter is "read out" by using a laser light at selected frequencies it becomes luminescent [x] to the amount of radiation exposure received. inversely in proportion
in proportion
In general, how will dominant gene mutations be expressed?
in the following generation
85. Essentially all effects of low-LET irradiation in a living cell result from the [x] action. direct effect indirect effect
indirect effect
55. When an uncharged metallic object experiences a shift of electrons in the electric field of another this is electrification by:
induction
An electric motor in which the shaft is rotated through mutual induction.
induction motor
What is the medical term for tissue that dies due to lack of blood supply?
infarct
38. The ability to remove electrons from an atom is absorption transmission ionization none of the above
ionization
8. For precise measurement of radiation exposure in radiography, the total amount of [x] an x-ray beam produces in a known mass of air must be obtained. humidity ionization pressure temperature
ionization
For precise measurement of radiation exposure in radiography, the total amount of _____ an x-ray beam produces in a known mass of air must be obtained.
ionization
4. Which of the following exposure systems operates by ionizing air that creates and electrical charge? anatomically programmed radiography phototimer ionization chamber none of the above
ionization chamber
29. If the radiation quantiy exposure is being measured [x] radiation effect(s) being measued. the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object is the biologic effects are the ionization in air is the
ionization in air is the
8. When a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, the atom is said to be: radioactive unstable ionized neutral
ionized
When a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, the atom is said to be:
ionized
For radiation protection purposes, what are the two categories of the electromagnetic spectrum?
ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation
If the intensity of the x-ray is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, how does the intensity from the source change when the distance from the source and measured point is quadrupled?
it is decreased by a factor of 16 @ the new distance
40. If a magnetic material is placed in the field of a magnet, what happens to that field?
it is distorted
Unit of energy
joule
The primary controlling factor for radiographic contrast is:
kV
25. When using AEC, the radiographer is responsible for determining ________
kVp
A device that measures the voltage output from the autotransformer is the:
kVp meter
16. HU equation summary 13
kVp x mA x s x c
During ARS, after the period of initial radiation sickness, a period of apparent well being occurs. This is called the ____ period.
latent
Photons produced in the x-ray tube that are traveling in directions other than toward the patient.
leakage radiation
80. What lateral decubitus is represented by the radiograph? right lateral decub left lateral decub prone supine
left lateral decub
A principle that states by angling the face of the anode target a large actual focal spot size can be maintained and a small effective focal spot size can be created.
line-focus principle
31. The amount of radiation deposited per unit length of tissue traversed by incoming photons is called tissue exposure linear deposition of energy linear energy transfer effective dose limit
linear energy transfer
If a dose-response relationship graph has a straight line rising from (starting from) the point of zero dose, what type of graph would it be?
linear non threshold
Research indicates that high levels of radiation follow which model?
linear nonthreshold
What is the radiation dose-response relationship of most cancer?
linear nonthreshold
Which of the following also serves to protect vital organs?
lipids
Which of the following is necessary for production of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone?
lipids
17. The technologist has direct control of the resistance in the filament circuit through which setting on the control panel?
mA station
30. Changes in SID require a change in _______ to maintain the exposure to the IR.
mAs
The measure of the quantity of electrical current flowing through a circuit is called:
mAs
Which controls the OD of a radiographic image?
mAs
What is the DNA messenger?
mRNA
very large molecules that sometimes consist of hundreds of thousands of atoms
macromolecules
48. List the 3 fundamental qualities
mass length time
tissue density
mass of anatomic structures
65. What is the manual called if a chemical spill occurred, and you wanted to look up the information on the chemical that was spilled?
material safety data sheets MSDS
Matching-radiopaque
material that appears bright on a radiograph
matching-radio-lucency
material that transmits x-rays
22. Anything that occupies space and has shape or form is:
matter
13. What is the largest immovable bone of the face? mandible maxillae vomer zygoma
maxillae
22. In this image, which sinus is being identified by the black line?
maxillary sinus
53. The purpose of the line compensator is to
measure the voltage provided to the x-ray imaging system; adjusts the voltage to precisely 220V
14. A skull with a 47 degree angle between the petrous pyramids and the midsagittal plane is classified as: brachycephalic dolichocephalic mesocephalic morphocephalic
mesocephalic
2. The average skull with a 47 degree angle between the petrous pyramids and the midsagittal plane is classified as. brachycephalic dolichocephalic morphocephalic mesocephalic
mesocephalic
Which of the following cells are produced by pluripotential stem cells? Red blood cells White blood cells Platelet cells All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a type of gonadal shielding? flat contact shadow shaped contact All of the above
all of the above
Why are different cancers more prevalent in different geographic regions of the world? Diet Environment Exposure to carcinogens All of the above
all of the above
41. Heart penetration on an AP chest image: is obtained by increasing the kVp results in a lower contrast image results in a decrease in scatter radiation reaching the IR all of the above is correct
all of the above is correct
8. For the skull projections, placing the OML perpendicular to the IR places the part in the correct position for Caldwell PA PA Axial all of the above
all of the above9.
59. To get electrons to flow along a conductor, there must be
an excess of electrons at one end of the wire and an excess of positive charges at the other end
To get electrons to flow along a conductor, there must be
an excess of electrons at one end of the wire and an excess of positive charges at the other end
32. During ionization, the orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated are called
an ion pair
What is the definition of a fomite?
an item to which microorganisms cling
Which of the following involves building up of nutritive material?
anabolism
Research conducted prior to Chernobyl enabled doctors to better treat those victims. T/F
true
Studying high-dose radiation exposure helps scientists understand what may happen at lower doses. T/F
true
T/F Magnification mode increases patient dose.
true
T/F Pair production involves an interaction with the nucleus of a tissue atom.
true
T/F The higher the grid ratio, the higher the patient dose.
true
T/F Water helps regulate body temperature.
true
The most important aspect of radiobiologic research involves radiation dose-response relationships. T/F
true
Wearing a personnel dosimeter in a consistent location is the responsibility of the individual wearing the device. T/F
true
5. 1. What is a usual method of transportation for patients who can sit or walk safely on their own without discomfort?
wheelchair
47. Gonadal shielding should be used on every exam performed whenever it will not obstruct the area of clinical interest only on childern and women of childbearing age only during pregnancy
whenever it will not obstruct the area of clinical interest
46. The concentration of charges on a curved surface of a conductor will be greatest
where the curve is the greatest
All the following will result in histogram analysis errors except a. unusual pathologic conditions. b. poor positioning. c. motion. d. alignment of the anatomic part with the IR.
d
Which of the following is the medical terminology suffix for surgical repair?
-plasty
When lifting a patient, what must you remember? 1. keep your back straight 2. keep your arms straight 3. keep your legs straight
1 only
If CPR is not started with in _____ of cardiac arrest, there will be brain damage due to lack of oxygen.
1 to 3 minutes
All of the following are true about histogram analysis errors, except that a. when defining the VOI, it is acceptable to only have one boarder showing without the opposite border present b. histogram analysis errors may occur as a result of poor central ray centering. c. fog values outside the exposure field, but included in the VOI, cause widening of the histogram. d. selecting the wrong body part or projection in the workstation menu will cause a histogram analysis error.
a
9. Hematopoietic syndrome Dose
1 to 10 Gy
The natural curve of the lumbar spine is considered what?
Concave
52. What is the fundamental difference between conductors and insulators?
Conductors have many free electrons.
38, Which of the following is the mode of transmission for E. coli bacteria? Vector Blood-borne Airborne Contact
Contact
What is the proper CR angle and direction for the PA oblique projections of the cervical spine? A. 45 degrees cephalic B. 45 degrees caudal C. 15 degrees cephalic D. 15 degrees caudal
D. 15 degrees caudal
11. 1. What does the acronym RACE stand for concerning fire safety?
remove patient from fire location alert and activate the alarm contain the fire and close doors extinguis the fire using an appropriate fire extinguisher and evacuate
Matching- electron shells
represented with the letters K, L, M, N, O, P and Q
42. Periodic variations in voltage about a steady value defines (the variations of the voltage across the x-ray tube) (the variations of not maintaining a constant kVp)
ripple
unit of measurement that is the same for all systems
second
How is the radiographer actually responsible for the radiation dose received by the patient during an x-ray procedure?
selection of technical factors and size of collimated field controlled by technologist
another name for velocity
Speed
Matching-latent image
invisible image that exits before developing (via computer algorithms)
Germ cells may be damaged by which of the following?
ionizing radiation at all doses
9. Which of the following has the same number of protons and neutrons but different amounts of nuclear energy? Isotope Isotone Isomer Isobar
isomer
32. Why is AC desirable for mutual induction?
it creates a moving magnetic field
54. Which end of the electromagnetic spectrum is more likely to exhibit wave characteristics ?
low end
Which end of the electromagnetic spectrum is more likely to exhibit wave characteristics ?
low end
Why is the embryo-fetus most sensitive in the first trimester?
made up of a large number of stem cells
63. Size distortion is also called elongation magnification shape distortion foreshortening
magnification
What causes a decrease in the viscosity of the fluid in a cell?
main chain scission
19. The only movable bone in the normal adult skull is the inferior conchae nasal bone mandible zygoma
mandible
22. When the PSP plate is exposed to the laser of the reader, the energy is released and converted to a digital signal, becoming a latent image analog image manifest image primary image (question 24)
manifest image
What is the meaning of the medical terminology prefix "poly"
many
51. The phenomenon in which a current in one conductor induces a current to flow in another conductor defines
mutual induction
15. In this image, the anatomy identified by the green ARROW (the bone itself is pink) is the:
nasal bone
17. The depression on the anterior surface of the skull between the orbits is called the acanthion inner canthus nasion infraorbital margin
nasion
31. In this image, what surface landmark is being identified?
nasion
If a dose-response relationship graph has a curved line rising from (starting from) the point of a specific number or dose, what type of graph would it be?
non linear threshold
Match the term with the correct definition or statement as dose increases, severity of response or effect increases probablity of occurace is proportional to the dose stochastic non stochastic
non stochastic - as dose increases, severity of response or effect increases stochastic - probablity of occurace is proportional to the dose
Which of the following would best describe an ambulatory patient?
one that is able to walk
In general, how will recessive gene mutations be expressed?
only if matched with another recessive gene
61. If there were no contrast in a radiograph, the image would include only the same shade of gray black and white light gray and dark gray black and light gray
only the same shade of gray
intensity of light transmitted through a given area of the dosimetry film
optical density
50. Electron shells refer to
orbit of the electron
molecules that contains carbon
organic molecules
37. If a stable atom contains 28 protons, the atom will have ____ electrons. 2 8 18 28
28
If a stable atom contains 28 protons, the atom will have ____ electrons.
28
Both occupational and non-occupational dose limits may be stated in: 1. Coulomb per kilogram (roentgen) 2. Gray (rads) 3. Sievert (rem)
3 only
44. What type of CR angle is required for an AP projection of the knee for a patient with an ASIS-to-table distance of 16 cm? 3 to 5 degrees caudad 3 to 5 degrees cephalad 10 to 15 degrees cephalad None. CR is perpendicular to IR.
3 to 5 degrees caudad
How much rotation of the foot is required for the AP oblique-medial rotation projection of the foot?
30-40 degrees
38. How many electrons will the N shell (it is the 4th shell out of 7) have?
32
What percentage of breast cancers is thought to be related to gene amplification?
33%
What is the correct angle of body rotation for an LAO for the esophagus?
35 to 40 degrees
24. What is the angle between the OML and the plane of the image receptor for the parietoacanthial projection for facial bones? 40 degrees 37 degrees 42 degrees 15 degrees
37 degrees
SSD for fixed fluoroscopes can not exceed
38 cm
The minimum source-to-skin distance for fixed (stationary) radiography unit is
38 cm
For a PA projection of the hand, the central ray is directed to the:
3rd MCP joint
How many rectifiers are necessary to produce full wave rectification?
4
1. What is the resistance in a circuit that has a potential difference of 100V and a current of 25?
4 ohms
Approximately what percentage of cancers can be traced to occupational exposure to chemicals or environmental pollution?
5%
33. For reproducibility, a variance of ____ is allowed. 2% or less 5% or less 12% or less 15% or less
5% or less
For reproducibility, a variance of ____ is allowed.
5% or less
The dose limit for fetus exposure for entire gestation is
5.0 mSv
58. The annual effective dose limit for occupational workers is ____. 10 mSv 50 mSv 150 mSv 10 mSv x their age
50 mSv
The annual effective dose limit for occupational workers is ____.
50 mSv
What is the annual occupational effective dose limit?
50 mSv
Determine the cumulative effective dose limit for an occupationally exposed person who is 52 years old.
520 mSv
The recommended SID for a lateral sternum is:
60" to 72"
In what part of the body can radiation absorption take place? Skin Bone Organs All of the above
All of the above
Nucleic acids are contained in each cell and are used to form which of the following? DNA RNA mRNA All of the above
All of the above
The primary elements of protoplasm include which of the following? Carbon and oxygen Carbon and nitrogen Oxygen and hydrogen All of the above
All of the above
What affects the amount of biologic damage? Radiation dose received Type of tissue irradiated Linear energy transfer (LET) All of the above
All of the above
What affects the speed of interphase and mitosis? The cell function The person's age The person's stress level All of the above
All of the above
What can a radiographer do to minimize exposure during an examination? Use beam-limitation devices Use appropriate filtration Use shielding devices All of the above
All of the above
What happens to photons that scatter as they pass through the body? Deflect in a different direction Penetrate the body and expose the image receptor Create a hazard to personnel All of the above
All of the above
What is cytoplasm made of? Suspended organic compounds Cytoplasmic organelles Suspended inorganic compounds All of the above
All of the above
13. What do the initials ARRT stand for?
American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)
10. When using AEC with digital imaging, errors resulting in overexposure to the IR result in images that are dark images with appropriate brightness overexposed patients B and C
B and C
9.The cathode of the x ray tube is made up of ____ and ____ Summary 9
-2 filament coils -focusing cup
6. Why do we use Molybdenum in the construction of the rotating anode? Summary 4.3
-it has low thermal conductivity -its tinsel strength
33. Calculate the exposure time for the following settings: 200 mA 5 mAs
.025 sec
What is the full occupancy factor?
1
Which are components of PACS? (1) Network (2) Storage system (3) Implementation system
1 and 2 only
65. According to Standard Precautions, personal barriers can be worn to protect the: (1) skin (2) eyes (3) respiratory system 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
82.Which of the following will increase comfort when the patient is positioned supine? (1) Elevating the knees on a radiolucent support (2) Placing a radiolucent pad on the table (3) Providing a pillow to support the head, when possible 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
How long may temporary sterility last after exposure to the testes?
12mo
44. Epidemiological studies of late stochasitc effects of people exposed to radiation is usually not difficult. True False
False
96. After the radiolysis of water, if the two ion pair recombine, this will produce major biologic damage. True or False
False
97. For early tissue reactions, the amount of biologic damage does not depend on the actual absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. True or False
False
98. Radiation-induced damage at the cellular level may lead to measurable somatic and hereditary damage in the living organism as a whole later in life. These outcomes are called early effects and are the short-term results of radiation exposure. True or False
False
t/f Inorganic compounds contain carbon.
False
49. Ribs increase in length the closer they are to the lumbar region of the spine. True or False
Fasle
34. What is pyrexia? Fever High blood pressure High pulse rate Slow, shallow respirations
Fever
43. What is pyrexia? Fever High blood pressure High pulse rate Slow, shallow respirations
Fever
Which is part of the cathode? - Stator - Target - Filament - Window
Filament
Which rotation of the humerus will result in a lateral position of the proximal humerus?
Internal rotation ( epicondyles perpendicular to IR )
Which radiation protection standards organization publishes radiation protection standards in various reports? Which of its published reports are the effective dose limits found?
NCRP Report 116
The agency that enforces radation protection standards at the federal level is the
NRC
70. Should a patient who hasn't been able to stand since having surgery be helped into a wheelchair?
No, a stretcher should be used since it is safer and it can't be assumed the patient can stand.
14.Should inpatients be allowed to walk to the radiology department?
No, they must be transported via wheelchair or stretcher.
A well-positioned AP projection of the elbow will demonstrate:
Slight superimposition of the proximal radius and ulna
The total absorption of an incident photon with the ejection of an inner shell electron is the result of which effect?
Photoelectric
When it is necessary to immobilize a patient undergoing a radiographic examination, the person holding the patient should never be which of the following?
a radiologic technologist
How can radiographers minimize their risk of radiation exposure during fluoroscopy? Place a protective drape between the operator and the side of the patient. Use a Bucky slot cover and a cumulative timer. Rotate personnel to distribute the exposure among several radiographers All of the above
all of the above
How does filtration reduce patient dose? By absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the x-ray beam By preventing low-energy x-ray photons from reaching the body all of the above
all of the above
In what part of the body can radiation absorption take place? skin bone organs all of the above
all of the above
What is an important consideration when determining the genetically significant dose (GSD)? Type of examination Gonad dose per exam Gender All of the above
all of the above
What is the goal of an effective patient communication program? Alleviating the concerns of the patient Educating the patient about the procedure Building trust between the radiographer and patient All of the above
all of the above
When considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does general public refer to? -Personnel who do not work with radiographic equipment -Patients -Visitors -All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following are stages of acute radiation syndrome? Prodromal stage Latent stage Manifest illness stage All of the above
all of the above
What is defined as a charged particle?
an ion
8.1. What is the point located in the lower midsection around which body weight is balanced called?
center of gravity
What is the primary function of the cell nucleus?
housing DNA and RNA
4. Reduced levels of oxygen travelling to the brain upon moving from resting position (such as lying down) to a sitting or standing position. This causes light-headedness and potentially fainting.
hypostatic orthotension
Which of the following people should never hold a patient during a radiographic examination?
imaging personnel
Leukemia causes bone marrow to produce an abnormally large number of which of the following?
immature white blood cells
Why does the use of a cone improve the contrast of the radiographic image?
less scatter radiation is produced
74. Bony landmarks used in radiography of the pelvis would include all expect ASIS greater trochanter iliac crest lesser tronchanter
lesser tronchanter
What type of cancer has increased dramatically in children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident?
leukemia
What is believed to have caused the death of Marie Curie, a pioneering radiation researcher?
leukemia from radiation exposure
As a group, white blood cells are known as which of the following?
leukocytes
10. The focusing cup is able to keep the electrons together because opposite charges repel opposite charges attract like charges repel like charges attract
like charges repel
66. When you have good posture, what intersects with the base of support?
line of gravity
24. Explain the line-focus principle Objective 5
the line-focus principle states that by angling the face of the anode target, a large actual focal spot size can be maintained and a small effective focal spot size can be created
8. The detectors selected for an image should be the center detector because that is where the central ray is going the two of three detector that are covered by the part being imaged the ones that are superimposed by the anatomic structure of interest all three so that the system can work properly
the ones that are superimposed by the anatomic structure of interest
A radiologic technologist's primary responsibility is to which of the following?
the patient
head
the rounded, wide end of a long bone
T/F Half-value layer is a measure of quality.
true
57. The unit of electric potential is the
volt
When the body is invaded by pathogens, what is the body's response?
white blood cells increase
5. this image represents a circuit in which current _____ flow
will not
The upper portion of the sternum is termed:
Manubrium
15.1. Orthostatic hypotension is what?
1. A slight decrease in oxygen supply to a person's brain that typically happens when a patient goes from a sitting position to a standing position, causing one to feel light-headed
38. 1. Temporal bone 2. Frontal Bone 3. Sphenoid bone 4.Ethmoid bone A. Location of superciliary arches B. Location of cribiform plate C. Location of sella turcica D. Location of petrous pyramids
1. D. Location of petrous pyramids 2. A. Location of superciliary arches 3. C. Location of sella turcica 4. B. Location of cribiform plate
Minimum source-to-skin distance for a c-arm must be
30 cm
69. 1. Is it easier to pull heavy objects than push them?
1. Is it easier to pull heavy objects than push them?
41. Why is it important to identify equipment that is being transferred with the patient?
1. It is important because some of these devices can easily get caught or accidentally removed if not considered. This could impact the health of your patient.
Which one of the following is not a component of the bony thorax?
Clavicle
27.What is the center of gravity?
1. The point on your body where your weight is balanced.
67. Which side of the wheelchair should be next to a bed or x-ray table, when attempting to transfer a patient that has had a stroke?
1. The strong side of the patient should be adjacent to the bed or x-ray table while transferring.
Which generator type provides the highest quality and quantity of x-ray beam?
High-frequency
53. Which of the following emotions generally has a negative effect on one's professional attitude? Sympathy Empathy Aggression
Aggression
Anode (x-ray tube)
A
electron stream
A
17. Which of the following statements is true concerning computed radiography (CR) systems? Use storage phosphors to temporarily store energy representing the image signal Require that the storage phosphor undergoes a process to extract the latent image Have detectors that directly capture and read out an electronic image signal A and B
A and B
34. Digital imaging quality control focuses on the display monitors the viewing environement the radiologist's comfort A and B (Question 37)
A and B
Which of the following, if used correctly, will reduce the exposure during fluoroscopy to both the patient and occupational workers a. pulse progressive b. last image hold c. dead man switch d. lowest mA station possible
A, B & C- a. pulse progressive b. last image hold c. dead man switch
Which will increase scatter production?
An increase in x-ray field size
What is the purpose of the thoracic duct?
Conveys lymph into the left subclavian vein
What is the primary purpose of x-ray beam-limitation devices?
Decrease patient exposure
99. Which of the following are symptoms of shock? Lethargy and anxiety Decreased blood pressure and tachycardia Cold, clammy skin and bradycardia Tachypnea and lethargy
Decreased blood pressure and tachycardia
34. What happens to absorption as kVp increases? kVp does not affect absorption Increases Decreases
Decreases
50. What happens to current as resistance increases?
Decreases
What happens to absorption as kVp increases?
Decreases
6. The electronic device commonly located on the top of a crash cart and used to reverse cardiac fibrillation or asystole is termed a: C-arm Laryngoscope Defibrillator Pulse oximeter
Defibrillator
During irradiation, which of the following is more biologically dangerous?
Dense
Studies of radiation-induced cancer have shown the dose-response relationship to be which of the following? The same for all cancers Different in men and women Dependent on the type of cancer None of the above
Dependent on the type of cancer
materials weakly repelled by a magnetic field
Diamagnetic
The product of D x WR x WT
EfD
What is the best location for the control panel exposure switch?
Either stationary on the control panel or on a short cord so that it can be used only from within the control booth
12. The source of fire of greatest concern in imaging departments is: Paper waste Electrical equipment Chemicals Oxygen
Electrical equipment
32. 1. What is the most likely cause of a fire in an imaging department?
Electrical fires due to an electrical problem.
15. X-rays are what form of ionizing radiation? Electromagnetic Particulate
Electromagnetic
14. What kind of energy represents the strength of attachment between the orbiting electrons and the nucleus?
Electron binding energies
Which combination of SID and OID would produce the least magnification?
Long SID and short OID
7. Which level is used to designate the most basic emergency services that are available? Level I Level II Level III Level IV
Level IV
Absorption will result in which shades of the radiographic image?
Light or white
76. Which of the following is a symptom of a stroke? One side of face drooping Respiratory depression Tachycardia Shaking and jerking of the body
One side of face drooping
Which of the following types of molecules contain carbon? Inorganic Organic All molecules in the body contain carbon
Organic
50. A drop in blood pressure that occurs with changes in body position from recumbent to upright is termed: Traumatic hypotension Enigmatic hypotension Orthostatic hypotension Positional shock
Orthostatic hypotension
60. A drop in blood pressure that occurs with changes in body position from recumbent to upright is termed: Traumatic hypotension Enigmatic hypotension Orthostatic hypotension Positional shock
Orthostatic hypotension
6. In this image, what topographical anatomy (landmark) is being identified by the arrow?
Outer Canthus
3. Changing the mA controls which of the following? Penetrating power of the x-ray beam Quality of the x-ray beam Quantity of the x-ray beam Average photon energy of the x-ray beam
Quantity of the x-ray beam
6. [x] dosimeter contains an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) detector (thin layer). A film badge The OSL A pocket ionization chamber The TLD
The OSL
When performing radiographic analysis of a Posterior oblique (Grashey) shoulder image:
The anterior and posterior rims of the glenoid cavity will be superimposed
32. In knee arthrography, the best injection approach (actual site of injection) is: Lateral Anterior Medial The approach preferred by the physician
The approach preferred by the physician
30. Discuss cathode designs and construction objective 7
The cathode is the negative end of the tube; it provides the source of electrons needed for x-ray production. The cathode is made up of the filaments and the focusing cup (Fig. 5.9) and is connected to two different parts of the x-ray circuit. Recall that the filaments are connected to the filament circuit and the focusing cup is connected to the secondary circuit.
53. What does it mean when a stem cell has gone through differentiation? What has happened to the cell?
The cell becomes more specialized. It has devolped from a stem cell into a specific cell; a heart cell, a liver cell, ect
If the nucleus of an atom is destroyed by exposure to ionizing radiation, what will happen to the cell?
The cell would die because when enough energy is deposited into DNA contained in the nucleus it will kill the cell. This is target theory.
For the AP projection of the elbow:
The central ray is directed perpendicular to the joint
What is the purpose of using a grid during a radiographic procedure?
To reduce scattered radiation reaching the receptor
What is the purpose of a myelogram?
To study the spinal cord and nerve root branches using a contrast medium
T/F Photodisintegration involves an interaction with the nucleus of a tissue atom.
True
What can happen to individuals who survive acute radiation syndrome? The effects of radiation exposure can result in cancers The effects of radiation exposure can result in genetic damage The effects of radiation exposure can result in both cancers and genetic damage None of the above
The effects of radiation exposure can result in both cancers and genetic damage
What can cause biologic damage?
The energy absorbed by the irradiated object
38. In determining barrier thickness, what does the use factor or beam direction factor represent? The use of the space behind the primary barrier The fractional amount of time the primary beam is energized and directed at a barrier The direction of the control booth barrier in relation to the primary beam The direction of scatter radiation from the primary beam
The fractional amount of time the primary beam is energized and directed at a barrier
In determining barrier thickness, what does the use factor or beam direction factor represent?
The fractional amount of time the primary beam is energized and directed at a barrier
Risk assessments of radiation-induced carcinogenesis must first begin by determining which of the following?
The frequency of a cancer appearing in the general population
What bearing does the dose-rate effect have on the risk of radiation-induced mutations?
The longer it takes to administer a given dose of radiation, the lower the risk
The term effective dose-equivalent (EDE) limit refers to which of the following?
The maximum allowable occupational dose
Quality control of the radiographic equipment is primarily the responsibility of which of the following?
The medical physicist
14. A mobile x-ray machine is parked in a hallway near a fire exit. Which of the following statements is true? The mobile unit is a hazard since it may cause someone using the exit to collide with it and it blocks access to the exit. The mobile unit is in a safe place as long as the other fire exits are accessible. The mobile unit is not a hazard because it is not plugged into an outlet. There is not enough information to evaluate this situation.
The mobile unit is a hazard since it may cause someone using the exit to collide with it and it blocks access to the exit.
4. Early experiments with x-rays resulted in radiation burns, skin ulcers, and in some cases amputations. True or False
True
Visually the dynamic range refers to which of the following?
The number of shades of gray that can be represented
34. Why would the orbit and jaw not be utilized to ensure proper positioning of your patient for head work?
The orbits are not always symmetric in size and shape, the lower jaw is often asymmetric, and the nasal bones and cartilage are frequently deviated from the midsagittal plane.
12. The term projection is defined as: The physical position of the patient The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient The anatomy of the patient recorded on the image receptor The alignment of the x-ray tube to the anatomy
The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient
27. The term projection is defined as: The physical position of the patient The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient The anatomy of the patient recorded on the image receptor The alignment of the x-ray tube to the anatomy
The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient
22. While reviewing a patient chart prior to a UGI procedure, you notice the nurse's notation from 7:30 a.m. of "pt. NPO since 18:00." What does this note mean? The patient has not been out of bed since 6:00 p.m. The lab value of prothrombin time has been stable since 6:00 p.m. The patient has had nothing to eat since 6:00 p.m. The pertinent normal pulse oximetry values are stable over 18 minutes.
The patient has not been out of bed since 6:00 p.m.
Why are additional protective measures required in fluoroscopic procedures?
The risk of exposure in fluoroscopic procedures is higher than in most other radiographic procedures
34. 1. How do you transfer a patient who has a back or spinal injury?
The safest transfer for a patient with a spinal injury is a transfer by stretcher.
5. Which side of the wheelchair should be next to a bed or x-ray table, when attempting to transfer a patient that has had a stroke?
The strong side of the patient should be adjacent to the bed or x-ray table while transferring.
62. Using this diagram, which of the following statements is not true
The sum of the currents through each circuit element is equal to the total circuit element
Who is responsible for limiting the x-ray beam during a radiographic examination?
The technologist performing the examination
For the lateral projection of the forearm:
The ulnar surface must be in contact with the film
24. The sternum is made up of ____ distinct parts. (Anatomy) Two Three Four Five
Three
21. The medial malleolus is an aspect of the: Fibula Talus Tibia Calcaneus
Tibia
61. What is the purpose of exercising the joint (gently flexing the knee) after the contrast is injected for a knee arthogram? To disperse the contrast medium into the joint capsule for a thin even coating of soft tissue structures To increase patient comfort To demonstrate range of motion To prevent contrast artifacts
To disperse the contrast medium into the joint capsule for a thin even coating of soft tissue structures
Which of the following is true of positive beam-limiting collimators?
They are all automatic
39 How are insulators incorporated into the use of electricity?
They are used to contain electric flow
60.1. Can stretcher transfers be done by yourself?
They can only be done alone if the patient is capable of self-transfer
20. What happens to the majority of interactions between filament electrons and the target material? They produce characteristic photons They produce Bremsstrahlung photons They result in pair production They produce heat
They produce heat
When is an embryo-fetus at least risk from radiation exposure?
Third trimester
91. The deepest burns are classified as: A percentage of the total skin area First-degree Second-degree Third-degree
Third-degree
71. 1. When are draw sheets and slider boards used?
To help transfer a patient to a stretcher, especially when the patients has trouble moving or assisting with the transfer process
43. Tapping a ferromagnetic material such as an iron bar against a solid object will help magnetize it. True or false
True
From what metal are the filament wires in radiographic tubes made?
Tungsten
16.1. List the three steps for a possible electrical fire.
Turn off electricity at the main power source. Call for qualified help. Stand by with a Class C fire extinguisher
Marked with an A
Using this image, in what area would a technologist receive the least amount of radiation exposure if they were standing there during a procedure?
10. Define Ohm's law or V=IR
V is the electric potential in volts = I is the electric current in amperes (times) R is the electric resistance in ohms
Which is the most commonly used type of beam restrictor?
Variable-aperture collimator
19. Which infection-causing agent can only reproduce within a living cell? Fungus Parasite Bacteria Virus
Virus
22. Which of the following are factors of verbal communications? Voice volume and tone Touch and eye contact Hygiene and appearance Body language and humor
Voice volume and tone
unit of measurement for electric potential
Volt
27. What is the equation to find work?
W=Fd
Which of the following is not a macromolecule? Proteins Lipids Water Nucleic acid
Water
Frequency is a characteristic of which of the following?
Wave
Transmission is a characteristic of which of the following?
Wave
Attenuation of x-rays is a characteristic of?
Waves
25. 1. When should a stretcher be used for a patient transport instead of a wheelchair?
When a patient is unable to sit or stand; patient has not stood or walked since a recent accident, stroke, surgery, or heart attack; patient with spinal injuries or surgery; and patients who are unable to climb safely or comfortably onto the imaging table.
What should radiographers do if protective barriers are not available to use with mobile radiographic equipment?
Wear appropriate protective garments
33. Health care workers can protect themselves from exposure to airborne pathogens by: Strict hand hygiene Careful handling of contaminated objects Wearing special filter masks Wearing an oxygen cannula
Wearing special filter masks
37. Health care workers can protect themselves from exposure to airborne pathogens by: Strict hand hygiene Careful handling of contaminated objects Wearing special filter masks Wearing an oxygen cannula
Wearing special filter masks
Radiation response begins to occur at a specific dose
What is graph #2 (in red) demonstrating?
73. When are X-ray photons actually produced?
When electrons interact with target material
When is relative risk a helpful tool for researchers? When precise data are available regarding radiation exposure When precise data are available regarding the naturally occurring risk of mutations When exact ionizing radiation doses are not known All of the above
When exact ionizing radiation doses are not known
When should lead-equivalent gloves of 0.25 mm lead or equivalent be worn to protect the hands of the radiologic technologist?
When the hands might be in the x-ray beam
Aspirated objects are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus because it is:
Wider and more vertical
Why is the risk of developing cancer greater if a person is exposed to ionizing radiation when young rather than when old?
With older individuals, natural death may occur before the end of the latent period
11. A Class A fire extinguisher should be used on fires fueled by: Electrical wiring Diesel fuel Combustible gas Wood
Wood
40. A Class A fire extinguisher should be used on fires fueled by: Electrical wiring Diesel fuel Combustible gas Wood
Wood
In determining barrier thickness, the amount of time an x-ray unit operates is referred to as which of the following?
Workload factor
unit of electric potential
kVp
29. In this image, which letter identifies the alveolar process of the maxilla?
F
Photons
F
(T/F) Radiography does not include understanding how to set a control panel.
FALSE
(T/F) The line focus principle states that angling of the x-ray target allows for a larger area for heating (or the effective area) while maintaining a small focal spot (or the actual area).
FALSE
(T/F) Transformers can operate on either AC or DC voltage.
FALSE
(T/F) X-rays carry a negative charge that causes ionization.
FALSE
15. When the electrons strike the anode target, they all produce x-rays. True or Fals
FALSE
materials weakly attracted to a magnetic field
Paramagnetic
50. Identify the projection (or method name) for this image AP Axial Axiolateral oblique Oblique inferosuperior Parietoacanthial
Parietoacanthial
The term projection is defined as the:
Path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and passes through the patient
What is the proper patient positioning for an AP lordotic chest projection?
Patient approximately 12" away from the IR and leaning back with shoulders, back neck and head against the IR, hands on hips, palms out and shoulders rolled forward
20. Which one of the following positioning considerations is most important in demonstrating air/fluid levels in the thorax during chest radiography? 72-inch (183-cm) SID High kVp technique Shoulders rolled forward Patient in upright position
Patient in upright position
22. Where is the adductor tubercle located? Posteromedial aspect of the lateral condyle of the distal femur Posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle of the distal femur Anterior surface of the distal femur Between the medial and lateral condyle of the femur
Posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle of the distal femur
56. Which of the following is a state of energy?
Potential
5. If a patient has been referred for chest radiography, which of the following is an example of a system-specific symptom that should be assessed as a part of the patient history? Previous surgeries Presence or absence of cough Blood in stool What factors alleviate the problem
Presence or absence of cough
29. Which of the following is an example of a closed question that would be relevant to obtaining a patient history for a foot x-ray examination? "How did you injure your foot?" "What foot problems brought you in today for these x-rays?" "Did your doctor tell you why you need your foot x-rayed?" "How would you describe your pain?"
"Did your doctor tell you why you need your foot x-rayed?"
A SID and collimator test tool is a QA/QC test that must be accurate to (could also be stated: alignment and congruence differences between x-ray and light beams)
(+/-) 2 % of SID
The quality factor for x-rays is
1
Polysaccharides are a form of
Carb
16. What is the equation to find force?
F=MA
(T/F) The primary circuit is considered a low voltage circuit.
TRUE
attenuation
absorption
32. another name for velocity
speed
32. Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the facial bones? acanthion midway between the glabella and the EAM outer canthus zygoma, midway between the EAM and outer canthus
zygoma, midway between the EAM and outer canthus
Because electron cloud flows from ____to ___ it is a continuation of ____
∙cathode ∙the flow of electricity through the x-ray circuit
7. Why do we use Tungsten in the construction of the rotating anode? Summary 4.4
∙high atomic number =makes x ray production more efficient ∙high thermal capacity (melting point)
21. Main purpose of the anode objective 2
-Provides the target for electron interaction to produce xrays -is an electrical and thermal conductor
81. Radiation survey instruments measure which of the following 1. total quantity of electrical charge resulting from ionization of the gas 2. rate at which the electrical charge is produced 3. luminescence 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3
1 and 2 only
39. What device can be used to protect against scatter radiation? 1. Lead apron and gloves 2. Protective glasses 3. Neck and thyroid shields 1 only 2 only 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
40. When considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does "general public" refer to? 1. Patients 2. Visitors 3. Personnel who do not work with radiographic equipment 1 only 2 only 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
48. X-ray photons 1. can penetrate human tissue 2. can be absorbed into human tissue 3. can cause damage to human tissue 1 only 1 and 2 only 1, 2 and 3 no of them are true statements
1, 2 and 3
X-ray photons 1. can penetrate human tissue 2. can be absorbed into human tissue 3. can cause damage to human tissue
1, 2 and 3
What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?
12 to 16 respirations per minute
45. Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time 400 mA 3/10 s
120
28. What percentage change in kVp is roughly equal to doubling the mAs?
15
A mediolateral projection is preferred for radiographs of the:
1st finger
23. Distance indicators must be accurate to within [z]% of the source-to-image receptor distance (SID). 0.2 2 20
2
41. A radiation dose of [x] may cause temporary sterility for as long as 12 months 0.20 Gyt 0.50 Gyt 2 Gyt 5 Gyt
2 Gyt
92. A myelogram may be contraindicated if the patient has had a lumbar puncture with the preceding: 3 days 7 days 2 weeks 3 weeks
2 weeks
51. If the intensity of radiation at SID 36" is 800 mR, what is the intensity if the SID is increased to 72"?
200
44. Which of the following have the ability to ionize matter? 1. Infrared 2. Ultraviolet 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays
3 and 4
22. Which of the following have the ability to ionize matter? 1. Infrared 2. Microwaves 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays
3 and 4 only
Which of the following have the ability to ionize matter? 1. Infrared 2. Ultraviolet 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays
3 and 4 only -------------- 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays
If the radiation dose (aka the output intensity) @ 4 feet from the x-ray table is 5 R, what is the distance from the source with an output intensity of 10 R?
3 feet
How many segments are found in the coccyx?
3-5
46. Determine the cumulative effective dose to the whole body of a 34 year old occupational worker. 3400 mSv 340 mSv 34 mSv 3.4 mSv
340 mSv
Determine the cumulative effective dose to the whole body of a 34 year old occupational worker.
340 mSv
14. What is the velocity of a bullet if it covers 12,000 meters in 3 seconds?
4,000 m/s
A fluoroscopy timer must make an audible noise after how much beam-on time?
5 minutes
For the lateral tib-fib, the knee is flexed
45 degrees
11. Cerebrovascular Syndrome Dose
50 Gy or more
10. Gastrointestinal Syndrome Dose
6 to 10 Gy
18. Which of the following technique settings will have the highest resistance in the filament circuit? 70 kV @ 10 mA 80 kV @ 50 mA 90 kV @ 100 mA 100 kV@ 1000 mA
70 kV @ 10 mA
44. Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 400 mA 0.2 s
80
71. Based on the following figure, the atomic number of uranium is _____________.
92
To double the radiographic density on a radiograph originally taken at 80 kV, the kV would be adjusted to:
92
72. Based on this illustration, what was the kVp selected? 30 69 75 95
95
What is a single-hit chromosome aberration? Chromosome damage caused by a single x-ray photon Chromosome damage to a single chromosome caused by a single x-ray photon A single chromosome broken in one location All of the above
A single chromosome broken in one location
100. A B C D
A. Acromion B. Spine C. coracoid D. Glenoid Cavity
11. What is the most important thing to remember before preparing to sit a patient down in a wheelchair?
A. Make sure the wheels are locked.
42. In this image, please identify A, B, and C.
A. Zygomatic bone B. Ethmoid bone C. Sphenoid bone
39. The photoelectric interaction most commonly occurs when the incident photon strikes a/an: A. inner shell electron B. outer shell electron C. proton D. neutron
A. inner shell electron
19. Which timer has the patient as the variable
AEC
54. Which timer has the patient as the variable?
AEC
What is the amount of radiation exposure at waist level under a protective lead apron?
About 10% of the level outside the lead apron
74. Which type of seizure is characterized by staring into space and eye fluttering? Tonic-clonic Grand mal Absence Syncopal
Absence
54. The proper medical term for a heart attack is: Acute syncopal episode Vertigo Acute myocardial infarction Cardiac arrest
Acute myocardial infarction
41. Major trauma, such as a burn, may cause a medical emergency that precedes respiratory failure. This medical emergency is known as: Acute respiratory distress syndrome Respiratory syncytial virus Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
12. What do the initials ACA stand for?
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
71. How often should the x-ray table be cleaned? After every procedure Twice a day Twice a week Monthly
After every procedure
What is the recommended cumulative whole-body EDE limit?
Age in years multiplied by 10 mSv (1000 mrem)
27. What do basal cells of the skin, intestinal crypt cells, and reproductive cells have in common? All cells are radioinsensitive. All cells are radiosensitive.
All cells are radiosensitive.
93. What do basal cells of the skin, intestinal crypt cells, and reproductive cells have in common? All cells are radioinsensitive. All cells are radiosensitive.
All cells are radiosensitive.
34. What affects the amount of biologic damage? Radiation dose received Type of tissue irradiated Linear energy transfer (LET) All of the above
All of the above
How can patient exposure be limited during fluoroscopic procedures? -Use protective shields to protect areas not of clinical interest -Properly collimate to limit the x-ray beam to only the area of clinical interest -Ensure selection of the proper exposure factors increases patient dose -All of the above
All of the above
15. What do the initials ASRT stand for?
American Society of Radiological Technologists (ASRT)
16. What type of current flows back and forth in a sine curve fashion between a positive and negative direction?
Alternating
sensing material found in the OSL dosimeters
Aluminum oxide
50. 1. Can patients help in a transfer?
Always explain the plan of action on a transfer and explain the patients role in the transfer. Many patients can help participate in the transfer and can often anticipate painful errors, helping make the transfer much easier for everyone
Define half-value layer
Amount of filtration that reduces the intensity of the x-ray beam to half of its original value
24. Which wave characteristic refers to the height of a wave?
Amplitude
The height of a sine wave is called:
Amplitude
40. You are having coffee with a friend at a small diner. Suddenly, an elderly gentleman at a nearby table jumps up clutching his throat. His face is very red. He is most likely experiencing: ARDS An asthma attack Acute respiratory failure An airway obstruction
An airway obstruction
4. Coronary artery disease is often the cause of a burning or tingling sensation in the chest termed: Acute syncopal episode Angina pectoris Cardiac arrest Ketoacidosis
Angina pectoris
55. Coronary artery disease is often the cause of a burning or tingling sensation in the chest termed Acute syncopal episode Angina pectoris Cardiac arrest Ketoacidosis
Angina pectoris
Who is the best choice when someone is needed to hold a patient during a radiographic exam?
An older relative or friend
What happens when a free electron combines with another water molecule?
An unstable, negatively charged molecule results.
3. Phenomenon resulting from the angling of the target face that causes the intensity of the x-ray beam to be less on the anode side because the "heel" of the target is in the path of the beam.
Anode Heel Effect
88. What is the primary guideline for answering patient questions? Refer every question to a physician. Answer all questions to the best of your ability. Only answer questions related to the chief complaint. Answer only those questions that are within your scope of practice.
Answer only those questions that are within your scope of practice.
LET and biological damage are directly proportional. What does this mean?
As LET increases, biologic damage increases. As LET decreases, biologic damage decreases.
The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that:
Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
It is the responsibility of a female radiologic technologist who is planning a pregnancy or becomes pregnant to inform her supervisor of that fact at which of the following times?
As soon as she finds out she is pregnant
29. How does the size of a radiation dose affect mean survival time? As the dose increases, the mean survival time decreases. As the dose increases, the mean survival time increases. As the dose decreases, the mean survival time decreases. No relationship has been established.
As the dose increases, the mean survival time decreases.
How does the size of a radiation dose affect mean survival time?
As the dose increases, the mean survival time decreases.
51. A calm, but firm expression of oneself is the proper use of: Empathy Sympathy Aggression Assertiveness
Assertiveness
46. Chemical shorthand" is used to identify individual elements in the periodic table . What 3 individual items are identified in these boxes?
Atomic mass number, atomic number and symbol
48. What aligns to form magnetic domains?
Atoms
Which feature on a fluoroscope allows the radiologist to select an image brightness level that is subsequently maintained automatically by varying the kVp, the mAs, or both?
Automatic brightness control
20. In this image, which letter identifies the mastoid process?
B
35. As the energy of electromagnetic radiation increases, the: 1. frequency decreases 2. wavelength decreases 3. speed increases A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 & 3 only D. 2 & 3 only
B. 2 only
67. Which one of the following is not a component of the bony thorax? Sternum Thoracic spine Clavicle Ribs
Clavicle
Which projection of the thoracic spine demonstrates open intervertebral foramina? A. AP projection B. Lateral projection C. AP oblique projection D. PA oblique projection
B. Lateral projection
46. 1. Why do bed transfers require at least two people?
Bed transfers require at least two people because the beds are very heavy and patients during bed transfer require careful attention to their physical status during the transfer
36. During a photoelectric interaction, the incident photon is ____________ by the electron of the target atom. A. partially absorbed B. totally absorbed C. partially deflected D. totally deflected
B. totally absorbed
What are free radicals?
Biproduct of formation of unnatural molecules and compounds in the body
34. Where should the central ray be centered for a dorsoplantar projection of the foot? Second metatarsophalangeal joint Base of the third metatarsal Anterior talus Intermediate cuneiform
Base of the third metatarsal
40. As anatomic tissue thickness increases: Beam attenuation decreases and transmission increases Beam attenuation increases and transmission increases Beam attenuation decreases and transmission decreases Beam attenuation increases and transmission decreases
Beam attenuation increases and transmission decreases
Why can repair enzymes usually reverse the cellular damage caused by low-LET radiation?
Because low LET is typically sublethal
Why are radiations such as visible light and radio waves considered to be non-ionizing?
Because they are low energy waves so they do not have the ability to ionize.
Where is a grid positioned in the imaging chain?
Between the patient and the image receptor
25. Which of the following statements about personal bias are true? Bias can interfere with quality of patient care. Bias does not affect patient care quality. Bias improves the quality of patient care. The quality of patient care is not affected when one is aware of their personal bias.
Bias can interfere with quality of patient care.
Late stochastic effects
Biologic effects that will increase in probability within months/years as dose increases
Early deterministic effects
Biologic effects that will increase in severity within hours/days as dose increases
3. What are Body Mechanics and why is it important?
Body mechanics are principles for proper body alignment, balance, and movement. These principles help in reducing energy expended when standing, squatting, lifting, carrying, walking, etcetera, that maximize your personal strength and reduces your risk of injury.
87. What is the purpose of responding, restating, and reflecting during interpersonal communications? Build rapport Increase miscommunications Emphasize verbal communications Emphasize nonverbal communications
Build rapport
Matching-atom
Building Block of all Matter
50. How does filtration reduce patient dose? By absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the x-ray beam By preventing low-energy x-ray photons from reaching the body Both
Both
Which of the following is responsible for the substantial rise in medical radiation exposure? CT scanning Nuclear medicine procedures Both a and b
Both a and b
42. A slow heartbeat, usually defined as slower than 60 beats per minute, is termed: Tachypnea Tachycardia Bradypnea Bradycardia
Bradycardia
What causes main-chain scission? Cross-linking Molecular lesions Breakage in the thread or backbone of a long-chain molecule All of the above
Breakage in the thread or backbone of a long-chain molecule
The term contusion is synonymous with the term:
Bruise
Isoexposure profiles during fluoroscopy show the need for which of the following? Primary barriers Secondary barriers Bucky slot covers and protective curtains Collimation
Bucky slot covers and protective curtains
19. In this image, which letter points to the lacrimal bone?
C
27. In this image, which letter identifies the occipital bone?
C
68. Which of the following in this image has the highest energy?
C
Electrons (x-ray tube)
C
Where does the CR enter the patient for the AP projection of the thoracic spine? A. Perpendicular to T10 B. Perpendicular to T5 C. Perpendicular to T7 D. Perpendicular to C7
C. Perpendicular to T7
Which cytoplasmic organelle affects the formation of the mitotic spindle?
Centrosome
Which of the following helps position the entire thoracic spine parallel to the IR when the patient is in a lateral recumbent position? A. Radiolucent support under the head and neck B. Radiolucent support under the shoulders and hips C. Radiolucent support under the waist and/or hips D. Radiolucent support between the knee
C. Radiolucent support under the waist and/or hips
Which of the following would be most radiosensitive? Cells that reproduce slowly Cells that reproduce rapidly
Cells that reproduce rapidly
51. Water constitutes approximately _______ of the weight of the human body. A.50% to 55% B.60% to 70% C.80% to 85% D.90% to 95%
C.80% to 85%
19. Which of the following instruments is used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic x-ray equipment? A.Proportional counter B.GM detector C.Ionization chamber with electrometer D.Pocket ionization chamber
C.Ionization chamber with electrometer
25. Acute radiation syndrome presents in four major response stages. In what order do these stages occur? A.Latent period, prodromal, manifest illness, recovery or death B.Manifest illness, prodromal, latent period, recovery or death C.Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death D.Manifest illness, latent period, prodromal, recovery or death
C.Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death
creates the image on the computer monitor
CR reader
94. The largest and strongest of the tarsal bones is the: Calcaneus Navicular Talus Cuboid
Calcaneus
67. What type of precautions would be used when working with a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma? Contact Droplet Airborne Cancers do not require transmission-based precautions.
Cancers do not require transmission-based precautions.
Which of the following are the sources of the body's starches and sugars? Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
An area in which there is a radiation source requires the posting of a sign that states
Caution Radiation area
79. Which of the following occurs due to either an ischemic or hemorrhage episode in the brain? Hypoglycemia Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome Epistaxis
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Hemorrhage of small blood vessels is associated with which of the following?
Cerebrovascular syndrome
Why are children more susceptible than adults to the late somatic effects and genetic effects of ionizing radiation?
Children usually have more years of life ahead than adults, and many negative effects of radiation may take years to manifest
A radiographic study of the biliary ducts is termed:
Cholangiography
74. Who was the first known radiation (x-ray) related death in the United States? (Give the first and last name)
Clarence Dally
32. Which of the following is the result of excitation of an orbital electron without removing it from its shell? Classical Compton Photoelectric Photodisintegration
Classical
Which interaction involves photons generally below 10keV?
Classical
Which interaction results in scattering of the x-ray photon without ionization?
Classical
A radiologic technologist s occupational radiation exposure dose is measured by a radiation monitor. This device must be worn where to give an accurate reading?
Collar outside of shielding
What is the name of the main bile duct that leads directly from the liver?
Common hepatic duct
27. Which interaction is the major source of occupational exposure? Pair production Photoelectric Classical Compton
Compton
57. You have an order to obtain a chest and KUB on a patient diagnosed with MRSA. Due to the patient's weakened and contagious condition, the order is changed from routine to mobile. What type of transmission-based precautions would you expect when you arrive at the patient's room? Droplet Contact Airborne MRSA does not require transmission-based precautions.
Contact
66. You have an order to obtain a chest and KUB on a patient diagnosed with MRSA. Due to the patient's weakened and contagious condition, the order is changed from routine to mobile. What type of transmission-based precautions would you expect when you arrive at the patient's room? Droplet Contact Airborne MRSA does not require transmission-based precautions.
Contact
type of metal used a a filter in film badge
Copper
4. List 3 elements used in the construction of the rotating anode. Summary 4
Copper Molybdenum Tungsten
What is the name of the process that extends anteriorly from the scapula?
Coracoid process
What is the SI unit that refers to the amount of ionizing radiation that may strike an object such as the human body when in the vicinity of a radiation source?
Coulombs per kilogram
13. Active infants and toddlers are best transported via _____
Crib with high sides
Which duct connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct?
Cystic duct
28. In this image, which letter identifies the temporal bone?
D
30. In this image, which letter identifies the zygomatic bone?
D
48. In this image, what letter identifies the parietal bone? B C D E
D
Filament
D
42. While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates the cell's master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell? Loss of all intracellular fluid Increased pressure on the cell membrane leading to immediate rupture Disruption of cell chemistry only Death
Death
While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates the cell's master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell?
Death
18. Which of the following requirements should radiation survey instruments fulfill? 1.Instruments must be reliable by accurately recording exposure or exposure rate. 2.Instruments must be durable enough to withstand normal use. 3.Instruments should interact with ionizing radiation in a manner similar to the way in which human tissue interacts. A.1 only B.2 only C.3 only D.1, 2, and 3
D.1, 2, and 3
26. What molecule in the human body is most commonly directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through an indirect action? A.Protein B.Carbohydrate C.Fat D.Water
D.Water
35. While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates (kills) the cell's master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell? Loss of all intracellular fluid Increased pressure on the cell membrane leading to immediate rupture Disruption of cell chemistry only Death
Death
35. _________ is the standard format for digital medical images. PACS DICOM teleradiology RIS (Question 38)
DICOM
In a human cell, the master molecule is thought to be the _____ of a cell.
DNA
In the second meiotic division, which of the following is not duplicated? Chromosomes Daughter cells DNA None of the above
DNA
Which of the following is not present in cytoplasm? Protein Carbohydrates Lipids DNA
DNA
Once the space charge reaches a size commensurate with the current used, it becomes _____
Difficult for additional electrons to be emitted
44. A device that contains P type and N type material is called a
Diode
19. What device is labeled as number 7 in this x-ray circuit diagram?
Diodes
What is the difference between direct and indirect action of ionizing radition on atoms of the human body?
Direct action interacts with DNA and indirect action interacts with water. Indirect is more likely because body is mostly made up of water but direct action will cause more biologic damage.
73. Which of the following is the proper method to disinfect an x-ray table after a procedure? Disinfect from the most contaminated area to the least contaminated area. Disinfect from the least contaminated area to the most contaminated area. Disinfect in a circular pattern beginning at the center and moving outward. Disinfect in a circular patent beginning at the edge and moving toward the center.
Disinfect from the least contaminated area to the most contaminated area.
88. The process of flexing the foot and toes back toward the ankle is termed: Plantar flexion Dorsiflexion Plantar extension Plantar abduction
Dorsiflexion
4. The name of the projection in which the central ray enters the top of the foot and exits the bottom of the foot is: Plantodorsal Dorsoplantar Palmardorsal Dorsopalmar
Dorsoplantar
73. What is the MAJOR error on this image? Wrong marker used Positioning error Double exposed Motion
Double exposed
33. Examine the image below. What contrast technique was used for this arthrogram? Single radiopaque contrast Double-contrast
Double-contrast
When are Bucky slot covers and protective curtains used?
During fluoroscopic procedures
When does radiolysis of water occur?
During the ionization of water (indirect effect)
How is EqD calculated?
DxWr Dose multiplied by the weighing factor of the type of radiation
Which term is defined as the range of values that can be displayed by an imaging system?
Dynamic range
49. In this image, which letter identifies the petrous ridge? A C D E
E
Pyrex envelope
E
49. The ability to understand and perceive the emotions of others is termed: Sympathy Assertiveness Empathy Aggression
Empathy
What is the term for the network of tubes in a cell that transports food, waste products, and mRNA?
Endoplasmic reticulum
6. In which of the following scenarios is ionizing radiation occurring?
Energy radiates matter and removes an orbital electron from the interacted atom.
56. Which of the following projections best demonstrates free intraperitoneal air in the abdomen? PA supine Erect AP Right lateral decubitus Fowler position
Erect AP
28. The scientific study of humans and their work, including the anatomic, physiologic, psychologic, and mechanical principles affecting the efficient use of human energy, defines: Body mechanics Ergonomics Kinesiology Base of support
Ergonomics
The junction between the esophagus and stomach is termed:
Esophagogastric junction
3. An outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle is termed: Flexion Inversion Eversion Rotation
Eversion
An outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle is termed:
Eversion
1. Radiation-induced damage at the cellular level may lead to measurable somatic and hereditary damage in the living organism as a whole later in life. These outcomes are called early effects and are the short-term results of radiation exposure. True False
False
14. Collimation is not required when AEC is used. True or false
False
15. Once a part has been selected using APR, the exposure factors cannot be adjusted. True or False
False
15. The adult skeleton system contains 256 bones. True or False
False
16. DR image receptors do not use histograms. True or False
False
16. The scapula is part of the axial skeleton. True or False
False
16. Using the plus or minus density controls should be done frequently to produce optimal images with AEC. True or False
False
17. Negative contrast agents increase the attenuation of the x-ray beam. True or False
False
17.1. A gait belt should be used to assist all patients getting on the x-ray table. T/F?
False, it should be used to help weak or unsteady patients to stand or walk.
20.Air Assisted Lateral Patient transfer devices can be used instead of other devices by techs.
False. There is special training to use these devices.
68. What changes with age and requires different communications strategies to alleviate? Fears and anxieties Hormones Physical strength Nutritional needs
Fears and anxieties
materials strongly attracted to a magnetic field
Ferromagnetic
37. 1. How do you transfer a patient to a wheelchair?1. How do you transfer a patient to a wheelchair?
First, lower the bed to the lowest position, and then lower side rails. Place the wheelchair parallel to the patient's bed with the wheels locked and foot rest out of way. Gentle lift patient to sitting position, pivot while lifting, allowing the patient's legs to wing over the side of the bed. Allow the patient to rest on the side of bed before transferring to the wheelchair. Use face-face assist to raise the patient to standing position. Help the patient pivot their back to wheelchair, and ease them down to sitting. Lastly adjust leg-rests and footrests, and cover the patient's lap and legs with a blanket.
Which type of grid has grid strips angled to align with beam divergence?
Focused
Which portion of the x-ray tube is the negatively charged metal shroud that surrounds the filament?
Focusing cup
36. An inanimate object that has been contaminated by an infectious agent is called a: Pathogen Fomite Vector Carrier
Fomite
95. An inanimate object that has been contaminated by an infectious agent is called a: Pathogen Fomite Vector Carrier
Fomite
A wedge compensating filter is often used for imaging which of the following?
Foot
What is the push or pull on an object called?
Force
23. Which term accounts for the number of waves that pass a set point in a set amount of time?
Frequency
What is the purpose of a voiding cystourethrogram?
Functional study of bladder and urethra
10. Why is a gait belt used?
Gait belts are used when assisting patients who are weak or unsteady on their feet. Gait belts provide a secure handhold for the radiologic technologist to use when helping a patient stand or walk.
33.1. Why is a gait belt often used?
Gait belts are used when assisting patients who are weak or unsteady on their feet. Gait belts provide a secure handhold for the radiologic technologist to use when helping a patient stand or walk.
45. Which of the following has no mass and no charge? Alpha Beta Gamma Alpha and beta
Gamma
89. Which of the following are examples of Low-LET. Pick all and there are more then one ... Alpha Particles Gamma rays Ions of heavy nuclides Neutrons X-rays
Gamma rays X-rays
Which of the following shoulder projections best demonstrates the scapulohumeral joint space?
Grashey method
The number of grid lines per centimeter or inch defines:
Grid frequency
The ratio of grid height to grid strip separation defines:
Grid ratio
100. Which federal law protects confidentiality, access, and security of electronic health information? The CARE Bill Radiation Protection Act HIPAA All of the above are federal laws related to confidentiality and security of health records.
HIPAA
31. Blood-borne pathogens of concern to health care workers are: HIV and AIDS HIV and hepatitis B and C Hepatitis B and E Hepatitis and staphylococcus bacteria
HIV and hepatitis B and C
65. The thickness of a designated absorber required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value defines the HTV HVL50 HVL lead equivalent
HVL
The thickness of a designated absorber required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value defines the
HVL
24. The thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce the energy of the beam to one half its original intensity describes ____________. Inverse square law Inherent filtration Compensating filtration Half value layer
Half value layer
Which two specific structures form the costovertebral joint?
Head of rib and body of thoracic vertebrae
81. HIPAA stands for: Health Information Privacy and Accessibility Act Health Information Privacy and Accountability Act Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Health Insurance Portability and Accessibility Act
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
14. What do the initials HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Which term is used to denote the decreased x-ray intensity at the anode end of the x-ray tube?
Heel effect
Match Epidemiology GI Syndrome Hematologic syndrome Cerebrovascular syndrome death is due to bone marrow destruction Death occurs due to catastrophic damage to epithelial cells Death occurs due to increased intracranial pressure study of the occurrence, distribuition, and cause of disease in humans
Hematologic syndrome - death is due to bone marrow destruction GI Syndrome - Death occurs due to catastrophic damage to epithelial cells Cerebrovascular syndrome - Death occurs due to increased intracranial pressure Epidemiology - study of the occurrence, distribuition, and cause of disease in humans
What syndrome most likely occurs when a person is exposed to 1 to 10 Gy (100 to 1000 rad) of ionizing radiation?
Hematopoietic syndrome
63. Bleeding into the thoracic cavity is termed: Pneumothorax Hemothorax Atelectasis Pneumonia
Hemothorax
83. What specific positioning error is present when the right iliac wing is elongated on an AP pelvis? Hips were rotated towards the right side Hips were rotated towards the left side Feet were not internally rotated 15 to 20 degrees CR was not properly centered midway between ASIS and symphysis pubis
Hips were rotated towards the right side
27. The proper way to carry a heavy object is to: Hold the object as far away from the center of gravity as possible Hold the object as close to the center of gravity as possible Use a narrow base of support Align the object parallel to the base of support
Hold the object as close to the center of gravity as possible
6. Which of the following is also referred to as the transverse plane? Coronal Horizontal Oblique Occlusal
Horizontal
18. An animal or plant that nourishes another organism is termed a: Microorganism Host Pathogen Fungus
Host
70. An animal or plant that nourishes another organism is termed a: Microorganism Host Pathogen Fungus
Host
78. Which type of shock is caused by a loss of blood volume? Hypovolemic Vasogenic Neurogenic Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
98. Which type of shock is caused by a loss of blood volume? Hypovolemic Vasogenic Neurogenic Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
7. Which radiographic line is identified with letter K?
IOML (infraorbitalmeatal line)
At what level is the CR directed for a supine AP projection of the abdomen?
Iliac crest
If someone is exposed to a 1 Gy (100 rad) whole-body dose of ionizing radiation, what will be the result?
Illness, but death will not normally occur
Which term is used to denote the invisible, residual electronic image that may be present on a digital IR after a high exposure?
Image lag
35. What population is at the greatest risk as a susceptible host? Pediatric patients Elderly patients Immunocompromised patients Healthy health care workers
Immunocompromised patients
1. What effect does a step-up transformer have on voltage from the primary windings to the secondary windings?
Increase it
83. All of the following are reasons to use immobilization except: Reduce risk of imaging voluntary motion. Increase patient comfort. Improve image quality. Increase patient intimidation.
Increase patient intimidation.
4. All that we know about the atom is based on Direct observation Physical manipulation Indirect observation Visual examination
Indirect observation
18. What type of electromagnetic device uses an electric current supplied to a system of stators that produce a magnetic field to promote the rotation of a rotor?
Induction motor
resistance to a change in motion
Inertia
44. Why is wheeled transport required even for ambulatory patients
Inpatients aren't allowed to walk to the imaging department, even if ambulatory. A patient may become weak or faint so it is important to keep the safety of the patient at all times.
Which portion of the image intensifier tube receives the remnant radiation from the patient?
Input phosphor
2. Cyanosis is an indication of: Liver failure Kidney failure Metastasis Insufficient oxygen
Insufficient oxygen
a material that resists the flow of electrons
Insulator
What do we call the period of growth that occurs prior to cell division?
Interphase
14. The prominent bony ridge located on the posterior aspect of the proximal femur extending between the trochanters is the: Anatomical neck Surgical neck Intertrochanteric fossa Intertrochanteric crest
Intertrochanteric crest
What first happens when an x-ray interacts with and ionizes a molecule of water?
Ion pair is created
45. X-rays may remove electrons from atoms in the body by a process called: Electrification Exposure Ionization Radicalizing
Ionization
16. Choose all the following that occur due to the radiolysis of water. There will be more then one. Ionization of a water molecule Organic free radical formation Production of cell-damaging substances Production of undesirable chemical reactions and biologic damage
Ionization of a water molecule Organic free radical formation Production of cell-damaging substances Production of undesirable chemical reactions and biologic damage
What is the major disadvantage of a shadow shield?
It cannot be used during fluoroscopy
45. In this image, the sphenoid sinuses are identified by what letter? H J L N
J
20. Which electron shell is closest to the nucleus?
K
9. Which electron shell is closest to the nucleus? K L M N
K
58. Which of the following is an important consideration when transporting patients who have a urinary catheter? Keep the collection bag 18 to 20 inches above the insertion site. Keep the collection bag below the level of the urinary bladder. Keep the collection bag level with the urinary bladder. The height of the collection bag is not a consideration.
Keep the collection bag below the level of the urinary bladder.
21.1. Why do work area spill kits contain kitty litter?
Kitty litter is used to absorb spills. Litter causes liquid to clump into a solid material that can be swept up and disposed of.
22. If filling a K shell vacancy, which shell would produce the weakest photon? L M N O
L
The illiac crest is at the level of which of the following?
L4
Define LET. Contrast the differences between high-LET radiation and low-LET radiation - specifically their biological damage potential
LET is linear energy transfer; as energy of electrons reduce through excitation and ionization, energy is transferred to the material. Low LET refers to electromagnetic energy and High LET refers to particulate. High LET does not penetrate well but has the most ionization and higher potential for biologic damage because it is considered dense radiation and has low energy so it continues to interact and cannot leave the body.
Radiation-induced leukemia is considered to have a latent at-risk period of approximately how long?
Latent period of 4-7yrs, and at-risk period of 20yrs
12. In which position of the skull is the clivus seen in profile? AP Axial PA Axial SMV Lateral
Lateral
As it relates to body movement, abduction is
Lateral movement of an arm or leg away from the body
Which part of the grid is designed to absorb scatter radiation?
Lead grid strips
28. Examine the image below, obtained with the patient facing the x-ray tube. What specific anatomy of the bony thorax is demonstrated in this image? Right axillary ribs Left axillary ribs Right costovertebral joints Left costovertebral joints
Left axillary ribs
10. The radiographic position in which the patient is turned 90° from an AP projection with the left side of the body placed against the image receptor (IR) is the: Left lateral Right lateral Left posterior oblique Dorsal decubitus
Left lateral
9. The radiographic position in which the patient is upright and facing the x-ray tube with the left side of the body rotated toward (this is another way of saying, resting on or closet to the IR) the image receptor (IR) 45° is referred to as a: Left anterior oblique position Right posterior oblique position Left posterior oblique position Right anterior oblique position
Left posterior oblique position
What is the effective dose equivalent for occupants of controlled areas?
Less than 1000 microsieverts (100 mR)/week
Which of the following has the function of providing long-term storage of energy? Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids
Lipids
Chest radiographs should exhibit:
Low contrast with many shades of gray
A radiograph that exhibits few differences between adjacent densities is said to have:
Low or long scale contrast
Match all or nothing response radio dermatitis lymphocytes and spermatogonia Most radiosensitive cell in the body non malignant change due to chronic irradiation term associated with pregnancy; high enough dose that if loss of pregnancy does not occur, no ill effects to fetus from radiation
Lymphocytes and spermatogonia - Most radiosensitive cell in the body Radio-dermatitis - non malignant change due to chronic irradiation All or nothing response - term associated with pregnancy; high enough dose that if loss of pregnancy does not occur, no ill effects to fetus from radiation
What do we call the cytoplasmic organelle that contains digestive enzymes that break down organic compounds and eliminate waste?
Lysosomes
2. Which of these electron shells is closest to the nucleus? M N O P
M
Which phase of the cell growth cycle has four subphases?
M
53. What is the magnification factor formula?
MF=SID/SOD
38. Which line is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the Water's view? AML LML MML OML
MML
9. Which radiographic line is identified by letter M?
MML (mentomeatal line)
6. For the PA Axial of the facial bones, the following ensures no rotation or tilt of the head IPL Perpendicular to the IR IOML Parallel to the IR MSP Perpendicular to the midline of the table none of the above
MSP Perpendicular to the midline of the table
Which subcellular effect may involve the breaking of one side rail of DNA?
Main-chain scission
18. The space located between the two pleural cavities is termed the: Hilum Pleural cavity Mediastinum Thoracic aperture
Mediastinum
The centromeres duplicate themselves in which phase?
Metaphase
3. Where is the IR centered for the AP projection of the pelvis? Level of ASIS 2 inches (5 cm) above ASIS Midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis Level of pubic symphysis
Midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis
Where are the kidneys located in the adult?
Midway between xiphoid process and iliac crest
Matching SED50 mild erythema hematologic depression 5 to 6 Gy (500 rad) partial body dose of reproductive organs 2 Gy (200 rad) partial body dose of reproductive organs 250 mGy to whole body 50% of population @ 6Gy temporary sterility permanent sterility 3 Gy
Mild erythema - 3 Gy SED 50 - 50% of population @ 6Gy Hematologic depression - 250 mGy to whole body 2 Gy (200 rad) partial body dose of reproductive organs - temporary sterility 5 to 6 Gy (500 rad) partial body dose of reproductive organs - permanent sterility
What are the three levels of biologic effects of radiation on humans?
Molecular, cellular, organic
Product of the mass of an object and its velocity
Momentum
47. 1. What special equipment should the transporter take note of?
Monitors, medication pumps, urine collection bag, portable oxygen equipment, or IVs. Make sure to consult with the nurse before disconnecting any equipment
What are U.S. government standards for dose limits based on?
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) recommendations
Which grid has subtypes of oscillating and reciprocating?
Moving
Which of the following is the least abundant in the human body?
Nitrogen
22. 1. What is the most common occupational injury reported for healthcare workers?
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) which include subcategories: Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs), Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs) and Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD's).
57. The agency that publishes radiation protection standards based on scientific research is the NRC ASRT NCRP BRH
NCRP
56. The agency that enforces radation protection standards at the federal level is the NRC ICRP NCRP BRH
NRC
Determines the way international recommendations are incorporated into US radiation protection criteria; publishes various reports
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
32. The most common occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens is: Needlestick injury Cleaning contaminated equipment Improper hand hygiene Failure to wear proper protective apparel
Needlestick injury
37. An atom with more electrons than protons is considered to have a ________ charge?
Negative
21. Which fundamental particle has a neutral charge?
Neutron
41. Which particle in the nucleus of an atom has no charge? Neutron Proton Electron Ion
Neutron
Which particle in the nucleus of an atom has no charge?
Neutron
fundamental unit of force
Newton
75. What are the grid conversion factors? (You must list all 6 from the table in the book for full credit)
No grid 1 5:1 2 6:1 3 8:1 4 12:1 5 16:1 6
Based on NCRP standards, which of the following is considered to be a safe level of radiation?
No level is considered safe
13. On a PA or AP projection of either the facial or skull bones, what is indicated by equal distance from the midlateral orbital margin to the lateral cortex of the cranium on each side? No tilt No motion No rotation Proper neck flexion
No rotation
52. What day were x-rays discovered?
November 8, 1895
Has the power to enforce radiation protection sstandards; main function is to oversee the nuclear energy industry
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
43. 1. Why is it important to check with the Nursing station before getting a patient?
Nursing staff is responsible for their patients at all times and need to know the patients whereabouts. Nurses can also help assist in transfers
39. In this image, the ethmoid sinuses are identified by what letter? J L M O
O
Cells that are oxygenated are more susceptible to radiation damage. This refers to what?
OER
30. When using a 30 degree angle for the Towne method of the skull, which positioning line should be perpendicular to the image receptor? AML GAL IOML OML
OML
35. 1. Why is OSHA important for health care facilities?
OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration. They are important for health care facilities because they govern the safety of the workplace, and provide guidelines to ensure high level safety for hospital workers. By providing these guidelines, hospital staff can limit the amount of accidents done at the place of work.
Which of the following is the most sensitive personnel monitoring device?
OSL
What is the name of the large foramen in the innominate bone?
Obturator foramen
unit of measurement for electric resistance
Ohms
How is the IR aligned to the femoral neck for an axiolateral Danelius-Miller ("cross table hip") method?
Parallel to neck
10. Which of the following violates electrical safety rules? Overloading an electrical outlet Regular inspection of equipment Having an electrician replace a damaged plug Use of a grounded plug
Overloading an electrical outlet
28. The electron from the __ shell of a tungsten atom has the lowest binding energy. O K L P
P
14. Rest the patient's nose and forehead against the IR for the AP Axial Skull PA Axial Skull AP Axial Sinus Caldwell sinus
PA Axial Skull
29. Look at the image below. The patient was positioned semi-prone. What projection and position are demonstrated? PA oblique projection, LAO position PA oblique projection, RAO position AP oblique projection, LPO position AP oblique projection, RPO position
PA oblique projection, LAO position
39. Which interaction results in the production of a positron and an electron? Pair production Photodisintegration Classical Photoelectric
Pair production
What interaction produces a positron and an electron?
Pair production
97. Paleness or a lack of skin color is termed: Shock Vertigo Lethargy Pallor
Pallor
24. 1. What body mechanics/ function must a patient be able to do in order for a wheelchair transport?
Patients who can stand and sit with comfort and with efficient safety.
57. 1. How do I know which spills are safe for me to clean up?
Per OSHA requirements there is a Material Safety Data Sheet that indicated the required equipment and procedure for safe handling.
36. PACS stands for Picture Analyzing and Communication System Picture Archiving and Communication System Photograph Archiving and Computer System Phosphor Analytics and Communication Systems (Question 39)
Picture Archiving and Communication System
84. Which of the following immobilization devices would be used for a chest x-ray of a 2-year-old patient? Pigg-O-Stat Tape and IR holder 45-degree wedge sponge Plexiglass square
Pigg-O-Stat
Where should a flat contact shield be placed during a fluoroscopic procedure?
Placed under the patient at gonad level
Accumulation of air in the pleura cavity is known as:
Pneumothorax
24. Which of the following statements is true regarding communications? Using medical terminology to explain procedures to patients will impress and emphasize intelligence and competence. Speaking very loudly and rapidly in emergency situations is an effective communication tool. A safe practice is to avoid touching patients of the opposite sex to avoid any chance of miscommunications. Poor posture can convey a lack of confidence to others.
Poor posture can convey a lack of confidence to others.
In the design of protective structural shielding, what type of radiation is most hazardous and most difficult to protect against?
Primary radiation
53. What is the purpose of a fuse in an electric circuit?
Protect against circuit overload
Added filtration for use in the radiographic beam is placed between which of the following?
Protective housing and the collimator
Added filtration for use in the radiographic beam is placed between which of the following? Protective housing and the collimator Patient and the receptor Table and the patient None of the above
Protective housing and the collimator
15. An elderly patient asks you to hold her purse while she uses the restroom. Which of the following would be the best response? Provide her with a locker to store her personal belongings. Hold her purse, but wait right by the restroom door so that you can return it immediately. Ignore her request. Tell the patient that she will have to manage in the restroom with her purse.
Provide her with a locker to store her personal belongings.
8. The greater trochanter is part of the: Lower pelvis Ilium Sternum Proximal femur
Proximal femur
If kVp is doubled, what happens to quantity?
Quadruples (increases by a factor of 4)
36. 1. What do you do in case of a fire?
RACE remove patient from fire location alert and activate the alarm contain the fire and close doors extinguis the fire using an appropriate fire extinguisher and evacuate
The ability of different types of radiation to produce the same biologic response in an organism is called
RBE
10. The electronic device that converts AC current to DC current is a:
Rectifier
What is an effect of using a beam-limitation device?
Reduced potential exposure to scatter radiation for the radiographer
84. Why is it important to perform an erect left lateral rather than the erect right lateral position as part of the routine chest study? Reduces magnification of the heart Reduces the risk of patient rotation Helps demonstrate any possible air/fluid levels Less radiation dose of the thymus gland
Reduces magnification of the heart
42. Which of the following factors are advantages of the PA projection of the abdomen? Reduces radiation dose to the gonads Demonstrates the kidneys with less magnification Improves patient comfort Decreases risk of imaging peristalsis
Reduces radiation dose to the gonads
7. Once ionization occurs, which portion of the ion pair is deemed the positive ion?
Remaining atom
34. In terms of the cycle of infection, any environment in which a pathogen can flourish is termed a: Host Exit portal Transmission mode Reservoir
Reservoir
the property of a circuit that resists the flow of electrons
Resistance
86. Which of the following are the essential components of feedback and listening? Response, restate, and reflect Register, recognize, and respond Restate, respond, and recognize Reflect, relinquish, and renounce
Response, restate, and reflect
What do we call the cytoplasmic organelle that makes the various proteins required by the cell?
Ribosomes
13. The radiographic position in which the patient is placed in a recumbent, prone position with the right side of the body rotated (another way to say this is, right side resting on the IR) toward the image receptor (IR) is the: Left posterior oblique position Right posterior oblique position Right anterior oblique position Left anterior oblique position
Right anterior oblique position
2. Look at the image below, obtained with the patient semiprone. What specific anatomy of the bony thorax is demonstrated in this image? Right axillary ribs Left axillary ribs Right costovertebral joints Left costovertebral joints
Right axillary ribs
97. Which of the following projections is not normally performed as part of the acute abdominal series? AP supine abdomen AP erect abdomen PA erect chest Right lateral decubitus
Right lateral decubitus
A radiograph of an AP projection of the pelvis demonstrates foreshortening of the left ilium. What specific positioning error may have occurred?
Rotation of right hip toward the IR
DNA is synthesized in which phase?
S
41. Why are secondary barriers always given a use factor of 1? They are constructed of less-protective material than are primary barriers. The primary beam is not directed at them. Scatter radiation and leakage radiation are always present when the tube is energized. It is impossible to accurately calculate use, so 1 is used as a safety factor.
Scatter radiation and leakage radiation are always present when the tube is energized.
Why are secondary barriers always given a use factor of 1?
Scatter radiation and leakage radiation are always present when the tube is energized.
Which part of the digital radiography system converts x-rays to light?
Scintillator
52. If there are concerns about maintaining the sterility of a wound during a radiographic examination, which device can be used? Flat contact shield Shaped contact shield Gonad shield Shadow shield
Shadow shield
Your requisition states that you are to obtain PA and lateral chest projections on your patient. The patient history states "SOB." What does this acronym stand for?
Short of breath
82. Examine the image below. What type of contrast was administered for this arthrography procedure? Double-contrast, gaseous and water-soluble iodinated Single-contrast, water-soluble iodinated No contrast was administered.
Single-contrast, water-soluble iodinated
Why should males who have been irradiated delay procreation for several months?
So that cells in the spermatogonial and postspermatogonial phases can die off
The ability to digitally record a small object, its accuracy and clarity is the definition of which of the following?
Spatial resolution
26. A system of protective guidelines used to protect against disease transmission defines: Occupational safety Standard Precautions Standard operating procedures Material safety data
Standard Precautions
What is another term for the anterior, distal aspect of the rib?
Sternal end
The medial end of the clavicle is termed the:
Sternal extremity
24. Most references discuss radio-induced cancer as an example of ______ effects. Deterministic Stochastic
Stochastic
As a dose increases the probability that a reaction (a response) will occur are
Stochastic events
30. What is the advantage of configuring a wire carrying electric current into a coil?
Strengthens the magnetic field
Which of the following structures is considers to be most distal?
Styloid process
Which position is preferred for the below-the-diaphragm rib series?
Supine
Detect the presence of radiation and give a measurement of exposure
Survey instruments
15. What is the primary difference between radiation survey instruments and personnel dosimetry devices? Survey instruments cost less. Only survey instruments provide instant readout. Survey instruments detect the presence or absence of radiation in an area. Survey instruments can be used only once.
Survey instruments detect the presence or absence of radiation in an area.
What is the primary difference between radiation survey instruments and personnel dosimetry devices?
Survey instruments detect the presence or absence of radiation in an area.
5. Which of the following landmarks corresponds with the level of the petrous ridge? EAM TEA inion squamosal suture
TEA
Which part of a flat-panel DR system is made up of layers on a glass substrate?
TFT
2. An advantage of the [x] is after a reading has been obtained, the crystals can be reused, making the device somewhat cost-effective. OSL TLD
TLD
(T/F) A double contrast study is most common when performing arthrography for the knee and shoulder.
TRUE
(T/F) In the diagnostic range, bremsstrahlung radiation constitutes most of the x-ray beam.
TRUE
(T/F) Penetrability is an expression of x-ray quality and conveys the ability of x-rays to pass through tissues.
TRUE
(T/F) The male pelvis is more narrow, deeper and less flared as compared to the female pelvis.
TRUE
(T/F) The relationship of x-ray intensity to distance (inverse square law) and the relationship between electrostatic force and distance (Coulomb s law) are identical.
TRUE
(T/F) To acquire greater detail you should use a small focal spot.
TRUE
90. All of the following are symptoms of a head injury except: Tachypnea Lethargy Headache Loss of consciousness
Tachypnea
A thinned section of the x-ray tube enclosure that is the desired exit point for the x-rays produced
Target window
33. rate of change of velocity over a period of time
acceleration
66. While examining an image of a KUB, you notice that the spinous processes are not in the center of the lumbar vertebrae. What can you conclude from this? The central ray and image receptor were not centered at the MSP. The patient was slightly rotated. The central ray and image receptor were not centered at the level of the iliac crests. The image meets the evaluation criteria for this projection.
The patient was slightly rotated.
How do hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals (free radicals) cause biologic damage?
The radicals can bond to form hydrogen peroxide which is extremely poisonous to the cell.
For the lateral projection of the wrist:
The radius and ulna should be superimposed
What are primary protective barriers?
Those at which the primary beam is directed
The cumulative timer is used in fluoroscopy to ensure the radiologic technologist is aware of which of the following?
Total Beam on time
29. What nonverbal skill may be used to assist communications with a patient who is blind? Touch Eye contact Body language Good hygiene
Touch
26. Increasing voltage and decreasing current through mutual induction is the function of ______
Transformer
41. Increasing voltage and decreasing current through mutual induction is the function of which of the following devices?
Transformer
Which electromagnetic device is defined as operating on the principle of mutual induction to change the magnitude of current and voltage?
Transformer
62. The practice of separating infectious patients from others and carefully controlling items that come in contact with these patients is called: Standard Precautions Environmental asepsis Transmission-based precautions Protective precautions
Transmission-based precautions
31. The DAP is used for DR digital systems and is a measure of the dose to the patient. True or False (Question 34)
True
35. A magnet is formed when all of its "atomic magnets" align. True or false
True
38. Heating a magnetized iron bar will cause it to lose some or all of its magnetism.
True
46. The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body. True or False
True
52. What is the key to a professional attitude? Treating others with respect and kindness Being aggressive when confronted Always letting others have their way Having sympathy for others
Treating others with respect and kindness
The proximal ulna articulates with the:
Trochlea
The trochlea of the humerus articulates with which of the following anatomical structures?
Trochlear notch of the ulna
1. Digital systems are more sensitive to scatter radiation. True or False
True
12. It is virtually impossible to visualize the sternum with a direct PA or AP projection. True or False
True
13. The amount of electric charge produced in an AEC detector depends on the amount of radiation absorbed by the detector. True or False
True
Which principle in transformer operation determines whether the voltage will increase or decrease from the primary to secondary coils?
Turns ratio
What is the cell configuration in females?
Two X chromosomes and no Y chromosome
34. Which of the following conditions facilitates electrification by induction?
Two objects are in close proximity but not in contact with each other
To maximize the anode-heel effect, the proximal portion of the femur should be placed:
Under the cathode side of the x-ray tube
57. Which type of transfer requires a primary, stronger person to lift the patient's torso while another person lifts the patient's lower limbs? Standby assist Assisted standing pivot Two-person lift Hydraulic lift
Two-person lift
Regulates design and manufacturing of diagnostic x-ray equipment
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
76. What type of deviation is required for the PA scaphoid? Radial Ulnar Navicular humerus
Ulnar
58. 1. How do I minimize workplace injury?
Use equipment properly and assist others, and take breaks and change positions when in the same posture for too long.
3. In order to be thorough in patient assessment, a registered technologist should: Use observation, interview, listening, and evaluation. Read the nurses' notes from the patient chart only. Ask the referring physician why the imaging procedure is needed. Document the time and date of the exam in the patient chart.
Use observation, interview, listening, and evaluation.
Which term refers to the primary radiation used to form the image?
Useful beam
60. Please describe the double slit experiment as it relates to the wave-particle duality phenomenon.
Using a container of some sort with 2 slits open to incoming light and a viewing port, Light can enter the slits and be displayed as dots on the surface where the light is being projected. It demonstrates that electromagnetic radiation can exhibit properties of a particle.
8. difference in charges that would allow electricity to flow between 2 points
electrical potential
23. While obtaining a patient history, the patient complains of pain. Which of the following would be the best response? Would you point to where it hurts the most, please?" "Is there any possibility that you are pregnant?" "Hopefully, this exam will help the doctor figure out why you are in pain." "Have you ever had an x-ray before?"
Would you point to where it hurts the most, please?"
22. Which of the following has the highest energy? UV Xrays
X-rays
12. LD 50/30 Signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to [X] % of the exposed population within [Y] days
X] 50 Y] 30
How long does the prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome generally last?
a few hours to several days
5. A disadvangae of [x] is its accuracy limited to ±20%. a film badge the OSL a pocket ionization chamber the TLD
a film badge
73. A disadvangae of [x] is its accuracy limited to ±20%. a film badge the OSL a pocket ionization chamber the TLD
a film badge
styloid
a long, sharp process
Matching- ion
a neutral atom that gains or loses an electron
3. What does MSDS stand for? What are their use?
a. Material Safety Data Sheets b. Indicates how to properly clean and handle spilled chemicals
19. a. back of patient b. ventral surface of hand c. projection term for skimming a body part d. projection name for an angle on the central ray
a. dorsal b. palmar c. tangential d. axial
Radiation absorbed inside the patient is known as what
absorbed dose
1. The topographical landmark which is found beneath the nose and above the lip is which of the following? nasion glabella acanthion mentum
acanthion
23. Europium is the ____________ of the photostimulable phosphor. image buffer scintillator activator phosphor (question 25)
activator
1. area of the x-ray tube target actually bombarded with filament electrons vocab
actual focal spot
6. What is the most versatile immobilization tool?
adhesive tape
64. 1. What is the most versatile immobilization tool?
adhesive tape
62. Which of the following contribute to subject contrast? differences in tissue thickness differences in tissue density effective atomic number all of the above
all of the above
66. Technique charts typically include information regarding kVp mAs SID all of the above
all of the above
68. Which of the following is a type of gonadal shielding? flat contact shadow shaped contact all of the above
all of the above
A prodromal stage occurs with which of the following? Acute radiation syndrome Hematopoietic syndrome Gastrointestinal syndrome All of the above
all of the above
33. Name two particles of particulate radiation that are emitted from the nuclei of an atom.
alpha and beta
28. An iron bar exposed to a strong magnetic field may become an _____ magnetic
artificial permanent
23. Abnormal collection of serous fluid in the abdomen is termed antigen ascites atresia varices
ascites
The threat of touching a person in a harmful manner is the legal definition of what?
assault
53. When is a gait belt used?
assisting weak and unstable patients
For the lateral of the scapula the patient is postioned (choose the best answer) - at a 45 degree rotation - at a 45 to 60 degree rotation - at a rotation (usually between 45 to 60) that places the body of the scapula perpendicular to the IR - similar to all laterals at a 90 degree angle
at a rotation (usually between 45 to 60) that places the body of the scapula perpendicular to the IR
1. Which particle has no charge? a. proton b. neutron c. electron d. none posses a charge
b. neutron
18. The type of phosphor found in the PSP plate for computed radiography is plastic amorphous selenium barium fluorohalide cesium iodide
barium fluorohalide
13 What are the 3 principles related to proper body mechanics?
base of support center of gravity line of gravity
68. Typically, every increase in thickness of the part being imaged of 4-5cm requires the mAs be halved be doubled increase by 4-5% decrease by 4-5%
be doubled
Why is the linear, non-threshold relationship used a a model for radiation protection guides?
because for a non-threshold dose, no radiation exposure level is considered to be absolutely safe
8. What is the force that keeps electrons in orbit?
binding energy
11. In the axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible, a 30 degree rotation toward the IR best demonstrates which area of the mandible? body angle condyle ramus
body
Photoelectric absorption increases as the effective atomic number of matter increases. Which of the following has the highest atomic number?
bone
Which of the following is not one of the most common sites for cancer to develop?
bone
Which of the following tissue types is likely to have the greatest number of photoelectric events?
bone
27. A transformer utilizes a. the principles of electromagnetic mutual induction b. the application of Ohm's Law
both a and b
46. It is possible to survive a partial body dose that is higher than a whole body dose because it is a protracted dose it is a fractionated dose both of the above is true this is an untrue statement
both of the above is true
38. The ability of different types of radiation to produce the same biologic response in an organism is called (the ratio of the dose of a reference radiation to the dose of the radiation being tested): a. LET b. WR c. RBE d. Doubling dose
c. RBE
process performed periodically on instruments to ensure state and federal requirements are being met
calibration
If it is determined that a patient is in need of CPR, what is the 1st action taken?
call for help
What disorder is often associated with reciprocal translocation aberration?
cancer
1. Correctly order the route of current through the following components. circuit breaker x-ray tube rectifiers autotransformer step-up transformer
circuit breaker auto transformer step up transformer rectifiers x-ray tube
36. Fuses and circuit breakers are incorporated within electrical circuits to prevent
circuit overloads
4. For any lateral position of the head, the side of interest is closest to the IR away from the IR
closest to the IR
24. In this image, what is labeled P?
condyloid
2. An act of negligence in which the behavior of the injured part contributed defines [x] assault contributory negligence corporate negligence malpractice
contributory negligence
serves as a basis for comparison with the remaining dosimeters after they have been returned for processing
control
20. Why are rheostats necessary in the x-ray production process?
control filament heating
8. The exposure timer serves what purpose in the general x-ray circuit?
controls duration of filament heating
35. Please identify suture A.
coronal
48. Half-value layer is defined as the thickness of a designated absorber required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value increase the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value decrease the intensity of the primary beam to 1/10 of its initial value increase the intensity of the primary beam to 1/10 of its initial value
decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value
Half-value layer is defined as the thickness of a designated absorber required to
decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value
18. Decreasing patient thickness while using an AEC device would result in decreased exposure time decreased film density increased mAs readout decreased image contrast
decreased exposure time
An embryo-fetus's sensitivity to radiation does which of the following?
decreases over time
When oncogenes are activated, they cause which of the following?
deletion of chromosomes
45. High-LET has [x]. dense ionizations sparse ionizations
dense ionizations
provides a stop at a common standard distance
detent
33. The values of interest (VOI) on the histogram are the graphic representation of the data set determine what section of the histogram data set should be included in the displayed image determine what section of the histogram data set should be included in the latent image is the useful area of the digital image receptor (Question 36)
determine what section of the histogram data set should be included in the displayed image
90. A large outpouching from the wall of an organ (the large intestine for example) is called diverticulum fistula polyp reflux
diverticulum
6. A threshold radiation dose-response depicts that a biologic response [x] occur below a specific radiation dose. does does not
does not
41. In this image, the letter A identifies the posterior clinoid processes parietal bone occipital bone dorsum sellae
dorsum sellae
47. In this image, F identifies the anterior clinoid process clivus dorsum sellae orbital roof
dorsum sellae
10. 1. What are three methods of stretcher transfers?
draw sheet slider board sliding mat
X-rays are what form of ionizing radiation?
electromagnetic
25. Magnetic poles can exist separately from each other and may have only one pole. True False
false
1. Along with the use of erect positions, what other technical factor is important to demonstrate air/fluid levels in the paranasal sinuses? use of medium kVp use of IR without a grid horizontal x-ray beam small focal spot
horizontal x-ray beam
7. For the SMV projection, what line is parallel with the IR? acanthiomeatal line glabellomeatal line infraorbitomeatal line orbitomeatal line
infraorbitomeatal line
66. What is unique about the exposure switch on fluoroscopic units? it glows in the dark it is a dead man type it is a toggle switch
it is a dead man type
What is unique about the exposure switch on fluoroscopic units?
it is a dead man type
51. If the intensity of the x-ray is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, how does the intensity from the source change when the distance from the source and measured point is quadrupled? it is increased by a factor of 4 @ the new distance it is increased by a factor of 16 @ the new distance it is decreased by a factor of 4 @ the new distance it is decreased by a factor of 16 @ the new distance
it is decreased by a factor of 16 @ the new distance
47. Radiation induced leukemia is considered to have a latent period of one to two years, and an at risk period of approximately 10 years latent period of 5 to 7 years, and an at risk period of approximately 20 years latent period of 10 years, and an at risk period of approximately 20 years latent period of 20 years, and an at risk period of also approximately 20 years
latent period of 5 to 7 years, and an at risk period of approximately 20 years
What is the most common protective barrier material used in primary barriers?
lead sheets bonded to wood or sheetrock
desirable characteristic for a dosimeter
light weight
10. A less significant crime that is usually punishable by a fine or imprisonment for less than 1 year define what legal term.
misdemeanor
35. product of the mass of an object and its velocity
momentum
3. There are several imaginary lines used to position the skull. Which imaginary line connects the outer corner of the eye to the EAM? infraorbitomeatal line orbitomeatal line acanthiomeatal line mentomeatal line
orbitomeatal line
28. What might cause a person to suddenly feel lightheaded when standing up
orthostatic hypotension
When a protective lead apron is used, for example in fluoroscopy, where should the personnel dosimeter be worn?
outside at the collar level
The presence of which of the following with low LET radiation will increase biologic damage?
oxygen
How does a very high radiation dose affect stem cells?
permanent decrease
17. Which of the following is information to be found on a dosimetry report. personal data type of dosimeter radiation quality year credentialed by the ARRT inception year
personal data type of dosimeter radiation quality inception year
29. Part of the direct capture DR system, the _______ absorbs x-rays and produces an electronic signal. CCF photoconductor TFT scintillator (Question 31)
photoconductor
11. Which part of the CR reader detects light released from the PSP plate? ADC photodetector optics laser
photodetector
24. The part of the reader that senses the light released from the PSP plate is the photodetector optical system drive mechanism photostimulable luminescence (question 26)
photodetector
3. What component of the CR reader converts light to an electronic signal? optical system photodetector laser computer
photodetector
The anode is the ____ side of the x-ray tube.
positive
6. If an atom had six protons and five electrons, what would its net charge be?
postive
The difference in charge between the cathode and anode during a x-ray exposure is termed the:
potential difference
29. energy in a stored state
potential energy
16. How do orbital electrons spin in an atom of magnetic material?
predominately one direction
9. Anatomically programmed radiography (APR) is a system in which the radiographer selects AEC settings mAs and kVp settings preset settings based on the size of the patient preset settings based on the part being imaged
preset settings based on the part being imaged
If a patient convulses in the x-ray department, the technologist should do which of the following?
prevent injury to the patient
Which of the following radiation sources is the control booth barrier not intended to intercept in a diagnostic room?
primary
15. Define resistance
property of an element in a circuit that resists or impedes the flow of electricity
A lead-lined metal structure that provides solid, stable mechanical support and serves as an electrical insulator and thermal cushion for the x-ray tube.
protective housing
3. a graph that maps the observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the dose of radiation received
radiation dose-response relationship
area of the x-ray beam that strikes the patient
radiation field
1. Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) devices work by measuring ___________
radiation that exits the patient
23. What is the single largest source of ionizing radiation we are exposed to?
radon/thoron
45. The ability of an element in a circuit to reduce or impede the flow of electricity defines
resistance
Which subcellular effect would result in no damage?
restitution
28. A type of variable resistor used in the x-ray circuit is called a
rheostat
75. The tissue weighting factor is a conceptual mesarue for the relative [x] associated with irradiation of different body tissues. risk safety
risk
36. Please identify suture B
sagittal
60. Low kVp produces _______ radiographic contrast and high kVp produces _______ radiogrpahic contrast. long-scale; long-scale long-scale; short-scale short-scale; long-scale short-scale; short-scale
short-scale; long-scale
95. When disposing of contaminated linens, the edges: should be grasped to minimize contact. should not be touched to minimize contact. should be shaken vigorously to remove contaminants. should be folded toward the middle to contain contaminants.
should be folded toward the middle to contain contaminants.
The shape of all electromagnetic radiations follow a form known as a/an:
sine curve
The degree of angulation of the x-ray tube target will determine the:
size of the actual and effective focal spot
unit used in the early 1900's to measure radiation exposure
skin erythema dose
3. Verbal communication that causes defamation of character defines [x] battery libel negligence slander
slander
2. What three things can make stretcher transfer easier when the patient cannot assist in the transfer?
slider board draw sheet sliding mats
54. What piece of the simple generator provides a means for conducting electricity out of the loop?
slip rings
In most cases, if the patient's blood pressure is high, then their pulse rate will be what?
slow
26. You want a _____ effective focal spot. Why?
smaller -smaller means a sharper image
Matching-photon
smallest amount of any type of electromagnetic energy
26. As a dose increases the probability that a reaction (a response) will occur are non-stochastic effects stochastic effects non-somatic effects Streisand effects
stochastic effects
64. The area of the sensitometric curve where the most useful range of densities is found is the base plus fog (B+F) shoulder region toe region straight line region
straight line region
19. The part of a PSP plate that gives some rigidity to the plate is the conductive layer structured phosphor layer turbid phosphor layer support layer
support layer
39. Immediatley after the radiolysis of water, the ion pair (HOH-) and the (e+) is created. the ion pair (HOH+) and the (e-) is created. the ion pair (H+) and (OH-) is created. the ion pair (H-) and (OH+) is created.
the ion pair (HOH+) and the (e-) is created.
Purpose of a cumulative timer is
to inform the technologist how long ( @ 5 minutes) the exposure time has been
EfD can be expressed in Sv or mSv. T/F
true
Matching-Primary radiation
unattenuated x-ray beam
latent image
unseen image
The thin section of a glass envelope, or window, is where the _________ are emitted.
useful beam
The reduction of focal spot size can be accomplished by:
using a smaller filament
13. What is the equation for finding velocity?
v=d/t
Matching-Exposure Indicators
value that represents exposure level; vendor-specific
40. A constant value for all electromagnetic radiation
velocity
Gonadal shielding should be used
whenever it will not obstruct the area of clinical interest
6. This image represnts a circuit in which current ___ flow
will
unit of measurement for electric current
Ampere
Which of the following is an example of good body mechanics?
bend from the knees
What type of shock is caused by loss of blood due to a knife or gunshot wound?
hypovolemic
42. In this image, which letter identifies the crista galli? A B C D
B
Target (x-ray tube)
B
actual focal spot
B
72. Lithium's atomic mass number is
7
20. See question 20
B
13. LET stands for
Linear Energy Transfer
The product of D x WR
EqD
13. What is the velocity of electromagnetic radiation?
Speed of light
32. In this image, what surface landmark is being identified?
acanthion
What describes cell death prior before it attempts division?
aptosis
When the AP oblique projection is performed for the lumbar vertebrae, the side of interest is:
closest to the film
57. The process by which unstable nuclei give off particles and waves is:
decay
28. unit of work
joule
4. smallest unit of positive charge
proton
biologic damage to the body
somatic
Energy is defined as
the ability to do work
What 2 things should the radiographer remember *not to do* with the protective housing? critical concept
∙not to touch it after long "on times" cuz it will be hot ∙not use the high-voltage cables as "handles" fro maneuvering the tube b/c it could break the cables or shock you
14. What are Body Mechanics and why is it important?
Body mechanics are principles for proper body alignment, balance, and movement. These principles help in reducing energy expended when standing, squatting, lifting, carrying, walking, etcetera, that maximize your personal strength and reduces your risk of injury
86. Which of the following bony structures is projected in a lateral profile on a PA oblique (scapular Y) projection? Glenoid cavity of scapula Body of scapula Inferior angle of scapula Acromion of scapula
Body of scapula
29. Which of the following is an example of an open-ended question that would be relevant to obtaining a patient history for a UGI exam? "Have you ever had this procedure before?" "Do you have any allergies to food or medications?" "What type of problems have you been experiencing with your stomach?" "Did your doctor tell you why you need this procedure?"
"What type of problems have you been experiencing with your stomach?
32. Trace the path of electricity through the x-ray circut and x ray tube, connectiong the selections on the operating console to the functions within the unit Objective 8
- radiographer selects desired exposure factors (kVp, mAs, and focal spot size [ FSS may be automated on some machines] - *Phase 1*:when the exposure switch is first pressed some of the electricity is diverted to the induction motor of the x ray tube to bring the rotor up to speed. -Inside the XRT the induction mortor turns the anode, which spreads the heat generated over a larger total SA. -Prepping the rotor is the first phase of a 2 phase switch. -The 2nd phase actually initiates the x-ray production process *Phase 2* -At the same time that the rotor is spinning up, the selected filament is energized until the desired degree of thermionic emission is achieved. -When the exposure switch is pushed, the voltage from the auto transformer passes to the step-up transformer. -Voltage and current then pass through the rectifier bank before passing to the anode and cathode of the x-ray tube so that the anode is always positive and the cathode is always negative. -This voltage creates a huge potential difference between the electrodes -Before, in the preparation phase, some power from the auto transformer was diverted to the filament circuit, where it passed through a rheostat (controlled by mA selector) to a step-down transformer, then to the selected filament (determined on control panel) within the cathode focusing cup. -This current heats the filament to a point of incandescence (white hot), and e⁻ are literally boiled off the filament by thermionic emission. -The focusing cup forms e⁻ into cloud which is called a space charge and is self limiting -The 3 things needed to produce x-rays are now present -e⁻ cloud is attracted to anode target b/ of huge potential difference -e⁻ are a continuation of the flow of electricity through the x-ray circuit because e⁻ are flowing from cathode to anode -As filament e⁻ penetrate the target surface, they interact with the atoms of tungsten, and generate heat and x rays.
What is the embryo-fetus equivalent dose limit per month?
0.5 mSv
34. Correction factors - single-phase -three-phase, 6-pulse -three-phase, 12-pulse -high-frequency=
- single-phase= 1.0 -three-phase, 6-pulse=1.35 -three-phase, 12-pulse=1.41 -high-frequency=1.45
10. Describe the 2construction of the cathode of the xray tube Summary 9.1
-2 filament coils are made of tungsten-thorium allow -focusing cup is made of nickel and surrounds the filaments
23. Describe the operation of the anode Objective 3
-Anode rotates using induction motor -operates through electromagnetic mutual induction -The rotation of the anode spreads the heat produced during x-ray production over a large surface area, greatly increasing the thermal and exposure technique capacity of the tube.
What is the maximal weekly dose limit today for radiation workers?
1 mSv (100 mrem)
13. List the 3 things needed in the x-ray tube for x-ray production Summary 11
-a large potential diffreence to give kinetic energy to the filament e⁻ (provided by kilovoltage peak setting) -a Vehicle on which kinetic energy can ride (source of electrons provded by mA settings) -place for interaction (anode target
7. Define electrodynamics What is electrodynamics more commonly called?
-charges in motion -electricity
21. the British system of measure uses what 3 units?
-foot -pound -second
14. List 3 things that can shorten the life of an x ray tube Summary 12
-frequent use of very high exposure factors -the use of lower but very long exposure factors -the overload of the filament
List 3 of the major causes of x-ray tube failure
-frequent use of very high or maximum exposure factors -the use of lower but very long exposure factors (maintaining the tube at h. temps) -overload of the filament (prolonged excessive heating or arcing from filament)
32. Calculate the exposure time for the following settings: 300 mA 120 mAs
0.4 sec
Describe the construction and purpose of the x ray tube housing Objective #1
-lead lined metal structure -serves as an electrical insulator and thermal cushion for the x ray tube -oil bath and cooling fans to dissipate heat away from tube -2 electrical cables enter the housing and are attached to x-ray tube -absorbs x rays that are going indirections other that towards the patient since xrays are produced in all directions
8.The rotating anode design uses the ______, which means that the target face is angled to create ____for ___ and a _____ for _____ -By angling the target face, the ___ of the target is ___, causing _____ and ____ on the _____ side Summary 5
-line-focus principle -a large actual focal spot -heating -a small effective focal spot -image quality -heel -partially placed in teh path of the x-ray beam produced -absorption -reduced intensity of beam -anode
.the glass or metal enclosure of the xray tube -serves to ____ so that e- from _____ do not______ -It also has a ____ that is made thinner than the rest. Why is it thinner? Summary 2
-maintain a vacuum -the air -contribute to the e⁻ stream -target window -to absorb as little of the x-rays as possible as they exit the tube
3.System international uses what 3 units?
-meter -kilogram -second
28.-The smaller the anode angle, the _____ the effective focal spot while while maintaining a _____ actual focal spot area. - Why is this ideal?
-smaller -large - you want a large actual focal spot for heat disapation but you want a small effective focal spot for a sharper image.
Anode -provides the ___________ to produce x-rays -is an _____ and _____ conductor
-target for electron interaction -electrical -thermal
34. Lead aprons should have an equivalence of at least _________ for primary radiation. .25 mm lead equivalent .5 mm lead equivalent 1.5 mm aluminum equivalent 2.5 mm aluminum equivalent
.5 mm lead equivalent
25. The size of the electron stream depends on_____. -The Smaller the stream the ____the heat generated in a small area, which means you want a _____ actual focal spot
-the size of the fillament -greater -larger
33. How do we operate the x-ray tube safely Objective 9
-there are built in things that help dissipate heat -there are protective circuits built in that prevent you from using unsafe exposure techniques and heat overloads of the x-ray tube. -Even with these safe gaurds the xray tech should understand anode thermal capacity and that produciton of electrons is ineffecient process.
17.Always follow _____ and _____ specific to the x ray machine being used summary 14
-warm-up -recommended exposure guidelines
35.List three things that extend tube life objective 9
-x-ray tube should be warmed before normal operation -do not prep rotor excessivley= press rotor and exposure buttons almost simultaneously =>excessive prep keeps the filament energized for a long time and shortens its life -Do not routinely use extremes of exposure factors =>using a v. high exposure value all the time causes small areas of melting on anode other dammage is also caused =>using v. low exposure results in uneven heating and wear
Lead aprons used in fluoroscopy must be at least
.25 mm lead equivalent
Lead aprons should have an equivalence of at least _________ for primary radiation.
.5 mm lead equivalent
A person receives the following exposures. What is the effective dose?.25 Gy of fast neutrons (WR of 20) to the breast (WT of .05).25 Gy of alpha (WR of 20) to the lung (WT of .12).25 Gy of protons (WR of 2) to red bone marrow (WT of .12)
.91Sv
What dose of ionizing radiation does not increase the probability of developing cancer?
0
35. The radiation standard for the bucky slot cover / shielding device is _____. 0025 mm lead equivalent .025 mm lead equivalent 0.25 mm lead equivalent 2.5 mm lead equivalent
0.25 mm lead equivalent
36. The radiation standard for the protective drape on the fluoro tower is _____. .0025 mm lead equivalent .025 mm lead equivalent 0.25 mm lead equivalent 2.5 mm lead equivalent
0.25 mm lead equivalent
The radiation standard for the bucky slot cover / shielding device is _____.
0.25 mm lead equivalent
The radiation standard for the protective drape on the fluoro tower is _____.
0.25 mm lead equivalent
49. A dose of 0.01 Sv may also be expressed as which of the following?
1 REM
42. One Coulomb flowing by a given point each second is equal to:
1 ampere
10. Once the image is acquired, what is the role of PACS? 1. Display 2. Storage 3. Dose reduction 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3
1 and 2
12. Radiation survey instruments measure which of the following 1. total quantity of electrical charge resulting from ionization of the gas 2. rate at which the electrical charge is produced 3. luminescence 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3
1 and 2 only
12. Which circuits are needed to provide the kinetic energy to produce x-rays? 1. primary 2. secondary 3. filament
1 and 2 only
19. The dense center of the atom is made up of which of the following?1. Protons 2. Neutrons 3. Electrons
1 and 2 only
20. Electromagnetic radiation waves vary in terms of their: 1. wavelength. 2. frequency. 3. velocity.
1 and 2 only
28. Which of the following lab values are evaluated by the imaging technologist prior to IV contrast administration? (1) BUN (2) Creatinine (3) WBC 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1 and 2 only
3. What type(s) of disturbances in space does electromagnetic create? (1) Electric (2) Magnetic (3) Mechanical
1 and 2 only
31. Which of the following are common descriptors of pain quality? (1) Dull (2) Throbbing (3) Chilling 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1 and 2 only
4. Electromagnetic radiation varies in terms of its: (1) Wavelength (2) Frequency (3) Velocity (speed)
1 and 2 only
40. In an x-ray circuit, which of the following are true: 1. kVp is controlled by the autotransformer and kVp selector 2. mA is controlled by the filament transformer and rheostat 3. rectification is controlled by the mA and kVp selector 1 Only 3 Only 1 and 2 only 1, 2, and 3
1 and 2 only
44. The basic premise of electromagnetic induction is that which of the following move? 1. Magnetic field 2. Conductor 3. Circuit
1 and 2 only
48. Which of the following are common descriptors of pain quality? (1) Dull (2) Throbbing (3) Chilling 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1 and 2 only
85. Which of the following contrast media are used for double-contrast knee arthrograms? (1) Radiolucent agent, for example gas (2) Water-soluble iodinated (3) Lidocaine 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1 and 2 only
In an x-ray circuit, which of the following are true: 1. kVp is controlled by the autotransformer 2. mA is controlled by the filament transformer 3. rectification is controlled by the rheostat
1 and 2 only
Which of the following principles describe electrostatic law? (1) Like charges repel while unlike charges attract. (2) Electric charge of a conductor is concentrated along the sharpest curvature of the surface. (3) Electric charge distribution is greater at the conductor s center than its periphery.
1 and 2 only
The main differences between the different types of electromagnetic radiation is: 1. wavelength. 2. frequency. 3. magnetism.
1 and 2 only -------------- 1. wavelength. 2. frequency.
40. Which of the following are considered fundamental particles of atoms? 1. neutrons 2. photons 3. protons 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 3 1,2, and 3
1 and 3
Which of the following are considered fundamental particles of atoms? 1. neutrons 2. photons 3. protons
1 and 3
1. Which of the following patient factors can be observed? (1) Level of consciousness (2) Degree of pain (3) Breathing difficulty 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1 and 3 only
26. Which of the following patient factors can be observed? (1) Level of consciousness (2) Degree of pain (3) Breathing difficulty 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1 and 3 only
85. Which of the following immobilization techniques might cause ill-effects if applied or used improperly with certain patient populations? (1) Adhesive tape (2) Sponges (3) Sandbags 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1 and 3 only
All radiographs should be marked with information related to: 1. Patient identification 2. Patient position 3. Date
1 and 3 only
Which are image-forming x-rays? (1) Those scattered in the patient toward the image receptor (2) Those that are absorbed in the patient (3) Transmitted x-rays
1 and 3 only
Which is required of the radiographer when obtaining a radiographic image using AEC technique? (1) Setting the appropriate kVp (2) Setting the exposure time as short as possible (3) Accurate patient positioning over the sensors
1 and 3 only
Which may be used to record fluoroscopic images? (1) Photospot camera (2) Cathode ray tube (3) Cassette spot film
1 and 3 only
55. Water-soluble contrast media used for myelography provides good post-injection opacity for approximately: 30 minutes 1 hour 4 hours 7 hours
1 hour
For an AP projection of the shoulder, the central ray is centered:
1 inch inferior to the coracoid process
19. X-ray photons 1. can penetrate human tissue 2. can be absorbed into human tissue 3. can cause damage to human tissue 1 only 1 and 2 only 1, 2 and 3 no of them are true statements
1, 2 and 3
35. As the primary beam interacts with the anatomic part: 1. Photons are absorbed 2. Photons are scattered 3. Photons are transmitted 1 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
A professional assessment of a patient's health will require which of the following? 1. observation of physical condition 2. note of mental status 3. if possible, awareness of cultural background
1, 2 and 3
Which of the following may cause a patient to faint? 1. hunger 2. emotional stress 3. lack of sleep
1, 2 and 3
The lateral cuneiform articulates with which of the following bones of the foot? 1. 3rd metatarsal 2. Cuboid 3. Navicular
1, 2, & 3
16. Which of the following are required for a fire to burn? (1) Oxygen (2) A fuel (3) Heat 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
27. Which of the following may be used to assess a patient in pain? (1) Descriptive terms (2) Pulse oximetry (3) A scale of 1-10 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
4. Which of the following are essential components of a patient history? (1) Onset of problem (2) Presence of pain (3) Aggravating factors 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
49. How can radiographers minimize their risk of radiation exposure during fluoroscopy? 1. Place a protective drape between the operator and the side of the patient. 2. Use a Bucky slot cover and a cumulative timer. 3. Rotate personnel to distribute the exposure among several radiographers. 1 only 2 only 3 only 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
53. Joints that may be examined using arthrography include: 1. TMJ 2. Elbow 3. Ankle 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
58. Which of the following will increase comfort when the patient is positioned supine? (1) Elevating the knees on a radiolucent support (2) Placing a radiolucent pad on the table (3) Providing a pillow to support the head, when possible 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
59. Which of the following should be assessed prior to patient transfer and movement? (1) Overall mobility (2) Current medications (3) Mental status 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
The processes of imaging that are made more efficient by PACS are: (1) Viewing (2) Interpretation (3) Storage
1, 2, and 3
Which affect the quality of a radiographic image? (1) Patient positioning (2) Image receptors (3) Selection of technique factors
1, 2, and 3
Which are advantages of television image monitoring of fluoroscopy? (1) Remote viewing of the fluoroscopy exam (2) Electronic control of brightness level and contrast (3) Multiple persons can view the image at the same time
1, 2, and 3
Which are characteristics of tungsten that make it the material of choice for x-ray tube targets? (1) High atomic number (2) Good thermal conductivity (3) High melting point
1, 2, and 3
Which are factors that affect scatter production? (1) kVp (2) Patient thickness (3) X-ray field size
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are responsibilities of a health care facility's radiation safety committee (RSC)? 1. Assist in the development of the radiation safety program 2. Provide guidance for the radiation safety program 3. Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program
1, 2, and 3
Which of these radiographic examinations should use the heel effect? (1) AP thoracic spine (2) Humerus (3) Abdomen
1, 2, and 3
Which patient factors must be considering when setting radiographic technique? (1) Patient/part thickness (2) Pathology (3) Tissue composition
1, 2, and 3
Why have cathode tube televisions been replaced by flat panel image displays in the fluoroscopy exam room? (1) Easier to install (2) Can be manipulated within the exam room (3) Images viewed with more ease (4) Cost effective
1, 2, and 3 only
67. Which of the following are factors used to describe the flow of electrons 1. Quantity 2. Force 3. Resistance 4. Direction of travel 1 and 2 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 1,2, 3, and 4
1,2, 3, and 4
As the energy of electromagnetic radiation increases, the: 1. frequency decreases 2. wavelength decreases 3. speed increases
2 only
SID must be accurate to within
2 percent
48. Match each location with the correct corresponding landmark 1. inferior rib angle 2.jugular notch 3. sternal angle 4. xiphoid process A. L2/L3 B. T2/T3 C. T4/T5 D. T9/T10
1. A. L2/L3 2. B. T2/T3 3. C. T4/T5 4. D. T9/T10
27. Put the following sequence of events for indirect capture systems in order: A. The CCD converts the energy to an electronic signal B. X-rays are absorbed by the scintillator and converted to light C. Electronic signal is sent to the computer work station for processing and display D. The light energy is then transmitted to the CCD
1. B. X-rays are absorbed by the scintillator and converted to light 2. D The light energy is then transmitted to the CCD 3. A.The CCD converts the energy to an electronic signal 4.C. Electronic signal is sent to the computer work station for processing and display (Question 29)
39. Match the bony anatomy or statement with the correct location. 1. Location of crista galli 2. has greater and lesser wings 3. articulates with the 1st cervical vertabrae 4.projects posteriorly from the zygomatic bone A. sphenoid bone B. ethmoid bone C. temporal process D. occipital bone
1. B. ethmoid bone 2. A. sphenoid bone 3. D. occipital bone 4. C. temporal process
40. 1. IPL 2. MSP 3. GML A. Plane that divides the skull into equal right and left halves B. positioning line that extends across the front (anterior face) through both eyes C. Positioning line extending from the EAM to the smooth elevation between the superciliary arches
1. B. positioning line that extends across the front (anterior face) through both eyes 2. A. Plane that divides the skull into equal right and left halves 3. C. Positioning line extending from the EAM to the smooth elevation between the superciliary arches
36. According to the laws of magnetism, how many poles will an atomic magnet have?
2 poles
41. 1. Comprises most of the lateral wall of the orbital cavities. 2. Forms the posterior 1/4 of the roof of the mouth 3. Vertical portion of the mandible 4. Horseshoe portion of the mandible A. Palatine bone B. Body C. Ramus D. Zygomatic bone
1. D. Zygomatic bone 2. A. Palatine bone 3. C. Ramus 4. B. Body
22. 1. Carbon is the basic constituent 2. Can mend damaged molecules 3. DNA 4. Process that occurs when all somatic cells divide A. inorganic matter. B. a nucleic acid C. repair enzymes D. organic matter. E. a carbohydrate F. mitosis G. meiosis
1. D. organic matter. 2. C. repair enzymes 3. B. a nucleic acid 4. F. mitosis
40. Put the following in the correct order for automatic film processing Washing Developing Drying Fixing (Question 43)
1. Developing 2. Fixing 3. Washing 4. Drying
1. MRO 9 discusses 10 Rules for Electrical Safety. List two of the 10.
1. Electrical equipment and devices must be approved for hospital use. 2. Follow instructions from manufacturer for use, cleaning, and care. 3. Grounded plugs are required for equipment used near patients or water. 4. Perform regular inspections of equipment, paying attention for signs of worn wiring or plugs. 5. Repair all damaged or worn wiring and plugs immediately. 6.Do not overload circuits by inserting too many plugs into an outlet or outlet group. 7. Before removing a protective cover, unplug the device or turn off the power source. 8. Repairs shouldonlybe made by properly trained persons. 9. Use extension cords in the approved manner and within safe locations. 10. Use Class C or carbon dioxide fire extinguishers on electrical fires.
26. What does the acronym PASS stand for in terms of extinguisher use?
1. P- pull the safety pin A - aim at the base of the fire S- squeeze the handle S- sweep back and forth
40. What does the acronym PASS stand for?
1. Pull the pin, aim the nozzle, squeeze the handle, and use it in a sweeping motion.
8. What does the acronym PASS stand for, in regards to correct use of a fire extinguisher?
1. Pull the pin. 2. Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire. 3. Squeeze the handle 4. Sweep. Use a sweeping motion from side to side to prevent the fire from spreading.
18. Sequence the members of the electromagnetic spectrum from lowest energy to highest.
1. Radiowaves 2. Microwaves 3. Infrared 4. Visible light 5. Ultraviolet 6. X-rays 7. Gamma Rays
20. Three are three magnetic laws. Please identify all 3
1. like charges repel unlike charges attract 2. there is a north and south pole on every magnet 3. the force of attraction/repulsion between 2 poles is directly proportional to the strength of the poles and inversely proportional to the square of their distance
A weighting factor (WR) has been established for each of the following ionizing radations: Fast neutrons = 20 protons = 2 A weighting factor has been established for the following tissues (WT): esophagus = .05 red bone marrow = 0.12 What is the total EfD for a person who has received the following exposures: fast neutrons of 0.28 Gy to both the esophagus and red bone marrow protons of 0.9 Gy to both the esophagus and red bone marrow
1.258 Sv
If a radiographer stands 72 inches from an x-ray tube and is subject to an intensity of 6 R. What will the exposure rate be if the same radiographer moves to a position 144 inches from the x-ray tube?
1.5 R
The doubling dose for genetic mutations in humans is considered to be a mean value of which of the following?
1.56Sv (156rem)
6. Match the letter with the correct term 1,Notch 2. Superior Angle 3. Body 4. Inferior Angle
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D
37. 1 Dolichocephalic 2. Brachycephalic 3. Mesocephalic . A. Skull classification referring to a short, wide skull B. Skull classification referring to a normal skull C. Skull classification referring to a long and narrow skull
1.C. Skull classification referring to a long and narrow skull 2. A. Skull classification referring to a short, wide skull 3. B. Skull classification referring to a normal skull
62. The lead radiation standard for a primary protective barrier is 7 inches 5 inches 1/16 inches 1/32 inches
1/16 inches
The lead radiation standard for a primary protective barrier is
1/16 inches
The lead radiation standard for a secondary protective barrier is
1/32 inch
The secondary protective barrier used in room sheilding must be at least how thick?
1/32 inch Pb equivalent
45. How many posterior ribs must be visible above the diaphragm on a well-inspired PA chest projection? 10 8 4 12
10
How many posterior ribs must be visible above the diaphragm on a well-inspired PA chest projection?
10
23. Personal occupations monitoring is requried whenever radiation workers are likely to risk receiving _____ or more of the annual occupational EfD limit. 1 % 10 % 20 % 30 %
10 %
91. Personal occupations monitoring is requried whenever radiation workers are likely to risk receiving _____ or more of the annual occupational EfD limit. 1 % 10 % 20 % 30 %
10 %
A person receives the following exposures. What is the equavialent dose?.25 Gy of fast neutrons (WR of 20) to the breast (WT of .05).25 Gy of alpha (WR of 20) to the lung (WT of .12).25 Gy of protons (WR of 2) to red bone marrow (WT of .12)
10.5 Sv
21. Leakage radiation from the tube housing measured at 1 m (3.3 feet) from the x-ray source must not exceed [x] mR/hr 1 10 100 1000
100
Which kV setting will produce the longest scale of radiographic contrast?
100 kV
26. The radiation standard for entrance skin exposure rates of general-purpose intensified fluoroscopic units with maximum technique factors engaged is a maximum of [c] 100 mGya per second 100 mGya per minute 100 mGya per hour 100 mGya for 24 hours
100 mGya per minute
1. By regulation, x-ray tube leakage radiation can be no more than 100 R per hour at a distance of 1 meter 100 R per minute at a distance of 1 meter 100 mR per hour at a distance of 1 meter 100 mR per minute at a distance of 1 meter
100 mR per hour at a distance of 1 meter
What is the recommended kV range for a single-contrast upper GI procedure?
100 to 125 kV
For the AP axial projection of the foot, the CR is directed:
10° posterior
The foot consists of ____ bones.
26
17. What is the force needed to move a 110 kg patient at a rate of 1 meter per second?
110 N
36. Normal systolic blood pressure range for adults is: 60-80 mm Hg 60-100 mm Hg 110-120 mm Hg 140-160 mm Hg
110-120 mm Hg
53.Minimum source-to-skin distance for mobile (portable, c-arm) radiography must be 15 inches 12 inches 15 centimeters 12 centimeters
12 inches
Minimum source-to-skin distance for mobile (portable, c-arm) radiography must be
12 inches
38. When radiographic technique is changed from 30 mAs at 50 cm SID to 100cm, what should the new mAs be to maintain exposure?
120 mAs
50.If 100 kVp @ 40 mAs produces appropriate density at 40" SID, how much mAs is needed to maintain that density at 72"?
129.6
49. If 80 mAs produces a good density image when a 16:1 grid is used, how much mAs will be required to maintain that density without a grid?
13.33
A weighting factor (Wr) has been established for each of the following ionizing radations: Fast neutrons = 20 Alpha particles = 20 What is the total EqD for a person who has received the following exposures: x-radiation of 0.6 Gy fast neutrons of 0.25 Gy alpha particles of 0.4 Gy
13.6 Sv
43. Calculate the mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 600 mA 25 ms
15
You are x-raying a pregnant woman. Your technique calls for 70 kVp at 25 mAs. How would you change your technique to minimize exposure without changing the optical density? -Choose the correct equation to solve
15 % rule
29. For the Caldwell method of the facial bones, the central ray is directed 15 degrees cephalic 15 degrees caudad 30 degrees cephalic 30 degrees caudad
15 degrees caudad
10. In the PA Axial for the skull, the central ray is 15 degrees cephalic, exiting the nasion 15 degrees caudad, exiting the nasion 30 degrees cephalic, exiting the nasion 30 caudad, exiting the nasion
15 degrees caudad, exiting the nasion
25. Source to skin distance on a fixed radiographic unit can not be less than [z]. 15 cm 15 inches 38 inches 38 feet
15 inches
You used an 8:1 grid and 12 mAs, what would the new mAs be using a 12:1 grid?
15 mAs
89. On the average adult, the femoral neck is angled _____ degrees anteriorly from the body of the femur. 5 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30
15 to 20
How much rotation from an AP of an ankle will typically produce a mortise view?
15 to 20 degrees
When a tangential projection of the patella is performed with the patient prone, and the knee is slowly flexed 45 degrees,( Hughston Method ) the central ray should be angled:
15 to 20 degrees from long axis of the lower leg
AP axial for the clavicle requires that the CR be
15 to 30 degree cephalad to mid-clavicle
64. What type of CR angle is required for a PA axial projection of the clavicle? 15 to 30 degrees caudal 25 degrees caudad 15 to 30 degrees cephalad 25 to 30 degrees cephalad
15 to 30 degrees caudal
A mortise projection of the ankle can be obtained without rotating the lower limb by directing the CR:
15 ° to 20 ° lateromedial
44. After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: You are x-raying a pregnant woman. Your technique calls for 70 kVp at 25 mAs. How would you change your technique to minimize exposure without changing the optical density? 15% rule inverse square law skin entrance equivalent dose square law
15% rule
7. When the radiographer has the opportunity to set the back-up time, it should be approximately __________ of the expected exposure time.
150% (REVIEW SAID 150-200)
What is the recommended minimum distance between the patient's skin surface and the collimator?
15cm
27. A primary protective barrier of [z] is required for a fluoroscopic unit. 2 cm aluminum equivalent 2 mm aluminum equivalent 2 cm lead equivalent 2 mm lead equivalent
2 mm lead equivalent
A properly exposed radiograph of the abdomen should demonstrate the:1. Stomach2. Inferior border of the liver3. Vertebral spinous processes
2 only
Matching Growth rate, radiosensitivity, and reproductive characteristics 2 Repair mechanism (repair enzymes) Infection, hemorrhage and cardiovascular collapse What is the percentage of the human body's surface skill cell's that are replaced daily by stem cells from the underlying basal layer? What are symptoms that can occur as part of ARS? What are factors that govern organ and tissue response to radiation exposure? What is the ability of a cell to recover from a sub-lethal dose of ionizing radiation?
2 - What is the percentage of the human body's surface skill cell's that are replaced daily by stem cells from the underlying basal layer? Growth rate, radiosensitivity, and reproductive characteristics - What are factors that govern organ and tissue response to radiation exposure? Infection, hemorrhage and cardiovascular collapse - What are symptoms that can occur as part of ARS? Repair mechanism (repair enzymes) -What is the ability of a cell to recover from a sub-lethal dose of ionizing radiation?
88. A radiation dose of [x] may cause temporary sterility for as long as 12 months 0.20 Gyt 0.50 Gyt 2 Gyt 5 Gyt
2 Gyt
Shields for patient protection should be equal to
2 HVL
31. Which of the following involves the removal of an orbital electron from an atom of target tissue? 1. Classical 2. Compton 3. Photoelectric 4. Photodisintegration 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 and 4 1 and 4
2 and 3
72. Which of the following would apply when disposing of linens that are visibly soiled with blood? (1) Pour blood-contaminated areas with 1:10 bleach solution.(2) Wear gloves to handle linens. (3) Dispose of linens in biohazard container 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
2 and 3 only
Which are causes of x-ray tube failure? (1) Excessive leakage radiation (2) Excessive and prolonged anode heating (3) A high exposure on a cold anode
2 and 3 only
Which are imaging system characteristics that affect the primary x-ray beam? (1) Grid ratio (2) Generator type (3) Filtration
2 and 3 only
Which of the following involves the removal of an orbital electron from an atom of target tissue? 1. Classical 2. Compton 3. Photoelectric 4. Photodisintegration
2 and 3 only --------------- 2. Compton 3. Photoelectric
For an AP projection of the elbow, the CR is directed to a point:
2 cm (3/4 inch) superior to the epicondyles
81. Where would the top of the IR be placed for an AP pelvis? between iliac crest and symphysis level of the ASIS level of the iliac crest 2 inches above the iliac crest
2 inches above the iliac crest
For the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulder, the CR is directed:
2 inches inferior and 2 inches medial to the superolateral border of the shoulder
33. Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the skull? midway between the glabella and the EAM 2" above the EAM outer canthus zygoma, midway between the EAM and outer canthus
2" above the EAM
To within what percent of the SID must the collimator light and the actual light area be accurate?
2%
An x-ray machine operating at potentials above 70 kVp require how much total tube filtration?
2.5 mm Al equivalent
24. Total filtration of [z] for fixed x-ray units operating above 70 kVp is the regulatory radiation standard. 2.5 mm aluminum 2.5 mm aluminum equivalent 2.5 mm lead 2.5 mm lead equivalent
2.5 mm aluminum equivalent
Total filtration for a radiographic unit operating above 70 kVp must equal
2.5 mm aluminum equivalent
Leakage radiation from a diagnostic x-ray may not exceed
2.58 c/kg per hour @ 1 meter from the housing
43. How much is the knee flexed for the lateral projection of the knee? 20 to 30 degrees 30 to 45 degrees 45 to 60 degrees 90 degrees
20 to 30 degrees
For a lateral projection, the knee is flexed:
20° to 30°
As a result of the second meiotic division, the daughter cells each contain which of the following?
23 chromosomes
2. What is the potential difference in a circuit that has a current of 6 with a resistance of 4?
24 V
31. An examination requires 100 mAs at 180 cm SID. If the distance is changed to 90 cm SID, what should the new mAs be?
25 mAs
80 mAs @ 72 inches SID, decreased SID to 40 inches.
25 mAs
You used 5 mAs on a knee without a grid. What mAs would be required when placing the part in a bucky that had 12:1 ratio?
25 mAs
73. The foot consists of ____ bones. 27 26 21 31
26
48. An exam was performed with a technique of 110 kVp @ 8 mAs with a 12:1 grid. Now you're back to do the exam again, but your grid is a 5:1 grid. What is your new mAs?
3.2
46. Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 1000 mA 30 ms
30
25. What is the average energy of a beam produced at 90 kVp? 60 keV 30 keV 45 keV 90 keV
30 keV
If a text you are reading refers to an absorbed dose of 450 rad, the measurement in gray would be which of the following?
4.5 gray
99. What is the recommended CR angulation for an axial plantodorsal projection of the calcaneus? 20 degrees 30 degrees 40 degrees 50 degrees
40 degrees
What is the correct SID, CR centering and respiration procedure for an AP upper airway exam?
40" SID, center to T1-2, slow deep inspiration
Which of the following technical factors should be chosen when 20 mAs is desired and the patient being imaged has difficulty remaining still?
400 mA at 0.05 sec
For the AP bilateral projection of the hip joints in the frog-leg position, the patient s thighs are abducted from vertical:
40° to 45°
Which position/projection is necessary to demonstrate the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine?
45 degree oblique
How much rotation of the body is required for an oblique position of the mid lumbar spine?
45 degrees
How much is the hand rotated for a PA oblique-lateral rotation projection of the hand?
45 degrees laterally
How many chromosomes do humans normally have?
46
37. When an exam performed at 60 mAs, 40" SID is changed to being performed at 80 mAs, what should the new SID be?
46" SID
4.If 110 volts is applied to a transformer with 100 coils in the primary and 50 coils in the secondary, what is the output voltage?
55
71. If the intensity of radiation at 72" is 120 mR, what is the intensity if the SID is decreased to 36"?
480
34. If adequate exposure to the IR is achieved at 40" SID using 25 mAs, what should the mAs be if the SID is increased to 56"?
49 mAs
46. The following are four different magnetic fields. If the same coil of wire is passed through each, which will result in the greatest induced voltage? 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T
4T The stronger the magnetic field, the greater the induced voltage
The sacrum consist of how many vertabrae?
5
Bone marrow transplants can be used to help those exposed to which of the following?
5 Gy (500 rad) of ionizing radiation
63. The radiation standard states that gonadal shielding devices are used on patients during diagnostic x-ray procedures to protect the reproductive organs from exposure to the useful beam when these organs are in or within approximately___ of a properly collimated beam. 2 inches 2 centimeters 5 inches 5 centimeters
5 centimeters
The radiation standard states that gonadal shielding devices are used on patients during diagnostic x-ray procedures to protect the reproductive organs from exposure to the useful beam when these organs are in or within approximately___ of a properly collimated beam.
5 cm
96. What is the minimum amount of time a patient must remain in the decubitus position for a chest x-ray prior to exposure? 5 minutes 10 minutes 20 minutes 30 minutes
5 minutes
The fluoroscopy cumulative timer will sound an alarm after what length of time?
5 minutes
25. All three bones of the hip fuse at the: Pubic symphysis Ischial tuberosity Spine of the ischium Acetabulum
Acetabulum
All three bones of the hip fuse at the:
Acetabulum
The expsoure switch on a portable x-ray machine must be attached to a cord that is at least how long?
6 feet
31. The cord on a mobile radiographic unit should allow the radiologic technologist to stand at least how far from the unit? 3 feet from the unit 6 feet from the unit 10 feet from the unit 15 feet from the unit
6 feet from the unit
The cord on a mobile radiographic unit should allow the radiologic technologist to stand at least how far from the unit?
6 feet from the unit
32. What is the normal pulse rate range for adults? 40 to 80 beats per minute 50 to 90 beats per minute 60 to 100 beats per minute 70 to 120 beats per minute
60 to 100 beats per minute
45. What is the normal pulse rate range for adults? 40 to 80 beats per minute 50 to 90 beats per minute 60 to 100 beats per minute 70 to 120 beats per minute
60 to 100 beats per minute
Your AP shoulder (external rotation) is over penetrated. You wish to maintain OD. Your initial exposure was done @ 75 kVp and 15 mAs. What are your new techniques?
64 kVp @ 30mAs
21. If an N shell fills a K shell vacancy, what is the energy of the photon produced? 70.1 41.7 115.87 68.9
68.9
35. Calculate the kVp that will produce the equivalent of doubling the mAs. 60 kVp @ 150 mAs
69 kVp
Your pelvis image is underpenetrated. You wish to maintain OD. Your initial exposure was done @ 60 kVp and 10 mAs. What are your new techniques?
69 kVp @ 5 mAs
Primary protective barriers, if in the wall, must extend to what height?
7 feet
7. What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the P shell?
72
The standard SID for a PA chest is how many inches?
72 inches
47. Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time 300 mA 1/4 s
75
You are x-raying a pregnant woman for a AP knee. Your technique calls for 65 kVp at 15 mAs. How would you change your technique to minimize exposure while maintaining the optical density?
75 kVp / 7.5 mAs
7. Which of the following ribs is classified as a true rib? 7th rib 8th rib 10th rib 11th rib
7th rib
15. What is the maximum number of electrons in an N shell if it is the outermost shell of an atom?
8
How many carpal bones are found in the wrist?
8
If a radiographer stands 144 inches from an x-ray tube and is subject to an intensity of 2 R. What will the exposure rate be if the same radiographer moves to a position 72 inches from the x-ray tube?
8 R
You are using 10 mAs on a femur with an 12:1 grid. What would the new mAs be with a 8:1 grid.
8 mAs
You are x-raying a pregnant woman. Your technique calls for 70 kVp at 25 mAs. How would you change your technique to minimize exposure while maintaining the optical density?
80 kVp @12 mAs
27. Which set of factors will produce the greatest density? 50 kVp at 20 mAs 60 kVp at 20 mAs 70 kVp at 20 mAs 80 kVp at 20 mAs
80 kVp at 20 mAs
25 mAs @ 40 inches SID, increased SID to 72 inches.
81 mAs
24. What is the equivalent dose for a person who has received the following 4 rads of fast neutron with a WR of 20 2 rads of protons with a WR of 2 84 columbs per kilogram 84 Grey 84 Sieverts 84 curies
84 Sieverts
What is the equivalent dose for a person who has received the following4 rads of fast neutron with a WR of 202 rads of protons with a WR of 2
84Sv
36. Calculate the kVp that will have the same effect as doubling the mAs. 75 kVp @ 60 mAs
86 kVp
56. what conductor angles, in relation to the magnetic field, will produce the greatest voltage?
90 degree Motion of the wire perpendicular to the magnetic field produces more voltage than the motion at an oblique angle
For the lateral projection of the wrist, the elbow must be flexed
90 degrees
23. If a filament electron enters an atom with 100 keV, passes the nucleus and exits with 10keV kinetic energy, what is produced? Nothing Characteristic photon 90 keV brems 100 keV brems
90 keV brems
64. The radiographer will receive the least amount of scatter by standing at a ___ from the patient. 30% angle 45% angle 75% angle 90% angle
90% angle
The radiographer will receive the least amount of scatter by standing at a ___ from the patient.
90% angle
Using the following technical factors, how would you double the optical density without changing mAs?
92 kVp @ 15 mAs
37. Normal oxygen saturation levels as provided by pulse oximetry are: 25% to 35% 50% to 65% 75% to 90% 95% to 100%
95% to 100%
46. Normal oxygen saturation levels as provided by pulse oximetry are: 25% to 35% 50% to 65% 75% to 90% 95% to 100%
95% to 100%
39. If the technique to an AP Chest was set at 84 kVp and 5 mAs, what technique will produce the same effect as doubling the mAs?
96.6 kVp
43. If 240 volts is applied to a step-up transformer with 12 turns in the primary and 48 turns in the secondary, what is the output voltage?
960
Which of the following is the normal range for oral temperature?
98-99 degrees
33. What is the normal oral temperature for adults? 37 °F 37.5 °C 99.7 °F 98.6 °F
98.6 °F
3. The device(s) that convert the light energy to an electric signal are the ________. photodiode photocathode photomultiplier A and C
A and C
36. Classical interactions are also known as coherent scattering compton scattering thompson scattering A and C
A and C
37. Intensifying screens are used to reduce patient exposure convert light photons to x-ray photons convert x-ray photons to light photons A and C (Question 40)
A and C
37. Which of the following might be an exit portal for tuberculosis? A cough or sneeze A bleeding wound Saliva Sweat
A cough or sneeze
18. In Michael Faraday's experiment with electromagnetism, what discovery did he make when moving a conductor through a magnetic field?
A current was induced into the conductor
What is a dead-man type switch?
A dead-man switch means that if it pressure is not continuously applied the exposure automatically terminates.
4.What is a gait belt
A heavy fabric belt sometimes referred to as a transfer belt that is used when a patient is weak or unsteady, and is placed and cinched around the patient's waist to give personnel assisting the patient a secure handhold to help patient stand and walk.
17. Epistaxis is the medical term for: Dizziness Fainting A stroke A nosebleed
A nosebleed
77. Epistaxis is the medical term for: Dizziness Fainting A stroke A nosebleed
A nosebleed
9. Why is it unwise to hold on to a patient's personal belongings?
A patient who may be medicated could make accusations. It is always safest to have a family member hold their belongings.
The dose equivalent is calculated by multiplying the absorbed dose by which of the following? -The dose in sieverts -A quality factor -A tissue weighting factor -The area exposed to the beam
A quality factor
15. See Test 1. Base of Support 2. Line of Gravity 3. Center of Gravity
A. 3. Center of Gravity B. 2. Line of Gravity C. 1. Base of Support
12. What is the most common occupational injury reported for healthcare workers?
A: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) which include subcategories: Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs), Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs) and Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD's).
The proper patient and part position for the Fuchs method is:
AP supine with chin elevated to bring the MML near perpendicular to the table
14. What part of the CR reader digitizes the signal? ADC photodetector optics laser
ADC
Which component of the digital fluoroscopy system converts the acquired electrical signals into a recognizable digital form for the display device?
ADC
The ionization chamber is the most commonly used type of:
AEC
8. Which radiographic line is identified by letter L?
AML (acanthiomeatal line)
20. The patient is positioned with the IOML perpendicular to the IR. The CR is angled 37 degrees caudal and enters 2.5" superior to the glabella. What projection of the skull is being imaged? lateral PA Axial PA AP Axial
AP Axial
28. Which skull projection best demonstrates the occipital bone? PA PA Axial AP Axial Lateral
AP Axial
79. Examine the image below. The patient was positioned facing the x-ray tube. What projection and position are demonstrated? PA oblique projection, LAO position PA oblique projection, RAO position AP oblique projection, LPO position AP oblique projection, RPO position
AP oblique projection, LPO position
31. Which AP projection of the shoulder demonstrates the greater tubercle of the humerus in profile? Transthoracic lateral AP projection with neutral rotation AP projection with internal rotation AP projection with external rotation
AP projection with external rotation
Please match the quantites with the correct unit gray coulombs per kilogram sievert exposure equivalent dose absorbed dose
Absorbed dose - Gray Equivalent dose - Sievert Expsoure - coulombs per kilogram
Why is the absorbed dose of ionzing radiation responsible for whatever biological damage occurs?
Absorbed dose is the amount of energy absorbed by an irradiated object. The radiation dose refers to the amount of energy/radiation received by the individual. Therefore, this energy is responsible for damage in the tissue exposed; the more energy received the higher the chance of damages to that tissue.
rate of change of velocity with distance
Acceleration
When the grid is tilted, causing the central ray to strike the grid at an angle, grid cutoff occurs:
Across the entire image
48. The kVp meter of an x-ray generator is placed
Across the output terminals of the autotransformer
10. The broad, curved aspect of the ilium is called the: Superior ramus Ala Inferior ramus ASIS
Ala
What is the role of protoplasm? Regulates the process of metabolism in cells Provides cells with oxygen and food Removes waste from cells All of the above
All of the above
What occurs as the number of photoelectric interactions increase? Absorbed dose increases Potential for biologic damage increases Radiographic brightness changes All of the above
All of the above
54. What is the basic very straightforward simple difference between mitosis and meiosis. This is only about a one sentence long answer - BUT be very clear in your answer.
Answer: mitosis is how somatic cells reproduce and you end up with the same number of chromosomes in each daughter cell as you started with. Meisosis is how sex cells reproduce and you end up with half the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell as you started with.
60. The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that: Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation Only critical organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation Only the reproductive organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation No organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
59. When should I ask a nurse to help with transfer?
Ask for help when the patient is receiving multiple intravenous fluids or in on constant ECG monitoring or when the patient is very ill or whenever you feel uncomfortable with the transfer.
During a mobile radiographic examination, if the factors of distance and shielding are equal, where should the radiologic technologist stand in relation to the primary beam scattering object line?
At a 90-degree angle
For an AP axial projection of the clavicle, the exposure should be made:
At the end of inhalation
8. The medical term for a collapsed lung is: Atelectasis Fibrillation Pleural effusion Pleurisy
Atelectasis
26. Which core value of human rights law provides for the right of persons with disability to have self-directed actions and behaviors? Solidarity Authority Autonomy Dignity
Autonomy
Primary purpose is to vary voltage to the primary side of the step up transformer
AutotransformEr
65. Where does the high-voltage portion of the X-ray circuit receive the voltage it needs to provide the kVp set by the radiographer?
Autotransformer
8. Refer to the operating console circuit diagram. What device is indicated by the umber 1?
Autotransformer
Why were skin erythemia dose and tolerance dose not effective ways to measure either patient or occupational dose limits?
Because skin erythema and tolerance dose waited for a change to appear which meant damage at a cellular and molecular level were already severe.
effective focal spot
C
78. Which of the following instruments is used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic x-ray equipment? A. Proportional counter B.GM detector C. Ionization chamber with electrometer D. Pocket ionization chamber
C. Ionization chamber with electrometer
92. Acute radiation syndrome presents in four major response stages. In what order do these stages occur? A.Latent period, prodromal, manifest illness, recovery or death B.Manifest illness, prodromal, latent period, recovery or death C.Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death D.Manifest illness, latent period, prodromal, recovery or death
C.Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death
The largest and strongest of the tarsal bones is the:
Calcaneus
39. You are employed as a radiographer in a large medical facility. You wake up with fever and a nasty cough. You are scheduled to work trauma, and you know one of your co-workers is on maternity leave and another is away at a CE conference. What should you do? Go to work despite your illness. Call another co-worker to trade to a later shift to give time for your medicine to bring your fever down. Call in sick to avoid transmitting your illness to co-workers and patients. Report for work early and request to trade to surgery so you can wear a mask.
Call in sick to avoid transmitting your illness to co-workers and patients.
54. You are employed as a radiographer in a large medical facility. You wake up with fever and a nasty cough. You are scheduled to work trauma, and you know one of your co-workers is on maternity leave and another is away at a CE conference. What should you do? Go to work despite your illness. Call another co-worker to trade to a later shift to give time for your medicine to bring your fever down. Call in sick to avoid transmitting your illness to co-workers and patients. Report for work early and request to trade to surgery so you can wear a mask.
Call in sick to avoid transmitting your illness to co-workers and patients.
What is the central ray positioning for an RAO UGI series for a sthenic type patient?
Center to level of L1 midway between spine and upside lateral border of the abdomen, 45 to 55 degrees oblique
78. Nausea and/or vomiting may be symptoms of all of the following except: GI infections Food poisoning Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Head injuries
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
11. What does the mA selector do in the x-ray system circuit? Please choose the best answer.
Changes the resistance in the filament circuit
48. 1. What do you do after getting the patient in a wheelchair or stretcher for transportation?
Check the safety rails or straps are in place and that the patient is comfortable and adequately covered for modesty.
18. When transferring a patient with an IV, which of the following is true ... this is a multiple answer question - there are more then one answer to pick ... Check the tubing for adequate to length Keep watch on the IV tubing that it does not get caught under the patients weight or pulled to taunt Keep the IV bag @ the same level of the vein Keep watch on the IV site for blood or swelling
Check the tubing for adequate to length Keep watch on the IV tubing that it does not get caught under the patients weight or pulled to taunt Keep watch on the IV site for blood or swelling
Which of the following contributes significantly to the exposure of the diagnositic radiographer?
Compton Scattering
67. Which of the following contributes significantly to the exposure of the diagnositic radiographer? Coherent scattering Compton scattering Pair production scattering Photoelectric scattering
Compton scattering
The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by the irradiated object is the definition of
D
13. Which of the following items in the imaging department would be regulated by the EPA? Cleaning products Accuracy of collimators Disposal of biohazardous waste Repeat rates
Disposal of biohazardous waste
Where is the angular notch located in the upper gastrointestinal tract?
Distal stomach on the lesser curvature
When designing the thickness of protective barriers, the inverse square law applies to which of the following?
Distance
The shape, position, and thickness of an object affect the:
Distortion
1 Added filters are normally made of what material for diagnostic machines: A. tungsten B. molybdenm C. rhenium D. copper E. aluminum
E. aluminum
14. Which of the following are examples of Low-LET. Pick all and there are more then one ... Alpha Particles Gamma rays Ions of heavy nuclides Neutrons X-rays
Gamma rays X-rays
Development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to control of radiation in the environment
Environmental Protection Agency
31. To calculate equivalent dose: [x] is the equation. EfD = D × WR × WT EqD = D × WR
EqD = D × WR
To reduce patient dose, what should the size of the primary beam's field be?
Equal to or smaller than the size of the receptor
2. The quantity used to define dose received based on the type of ionizing radiation is called _____________.
Equivalent dose
17. The most effective way to use a fire extinguisher is to point at a steady target. True or False
False
18. X-ray photons are capable of traveling around corners. True or False
False
19. According to MRO #9, If a patient has a Nasogastric (NG) or a nasoenteric (NE) tubes and it is connected to suction disconnect it and then inform the nurse. True or False
False
24. When using AEC, increasing the mA will increase the exposure time. True or False
False
28. It is not possible to collimate during fluoroscopy. True or False
False
30.An insulator is a substance that conducts electric current. True or False
False
32. After the digital data leaves the ADC, the process of digital image formation is very different for the three types of DR systems. True or False (Question 35)
False
39. As compared to the oral route, the normal body temperature measures slightly lower when obtained rectally. True or False
False
4. Radiography does not include understanding how to set a control panel. True or False
False
43. After the radiolysis of water, if the two ion pair recombine, this will produce major biologic damage. True False
False
43. This image demonstrates a PA Axial for skull. True or False
False
44. This patient would have been placed in a prone position for the projection demonstrated in the image. True or False
False
53. Mass changes with gravitational field. True False
False
56. Only L shell electrons can fill K shell vacancies. True or Flase
False
60. Transformers can operate on either AC or DC voltage. True or False
False
69. The left primary bronchus is shorter and wider than the right primary bronchus. True or False
False
8. For early tissue reactions, the amount of biologic damage does not depend on the actual absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. True False
False
95. Epidemiological studies of late stochasitc effects of people exposed to radiation is usually not difficult. True or falses
False
The exposure switch on a fixed unit must be on a cord that can stretch @ least 6 feet.
False
Which part of the x-ray tube undergoes thermionic emission?
Filament
Primary purpose is to supply low current to the x-ray tube for thermionic emission
Filament circuit
54. What type of fuel is involved in a class B fire?
Flammable gases or liquids fuel
5. Which term has the opposite meaning of extension? Flexion Adduction Inversion Deviation
Flexion
Bending of the elbow is referred to as:
Flexion
41. What type of imaging uses a continuous beam of X-rays to create images of moving internal structures? Computed radiography Fluoroscopy Digital radiography Film screen imaging
Fluoroscopy
63. 1. Tilting tables are especially useful in which type of imaging studies?
Fluoroscopy
47. A health care worker's film badge report would be reported in which unit of measure?
REM
The death of immature cells in the epithelial lining will result in death from which of the following?
Gastrointestinal syndrome
56. Which of the following should be done first in response to a cardiac arrest patient? Oxygen administration Defibrillation Use the Glasgow Coma Scale to assess. Gently shake and verbally question for a response.
Gently shake and verbally question for a response.
What does inherent filtration include?
Glass Tube & oil
70. Which of the following is considered the most effective procedure in medical asepsis? Wearing protective apparel Proper linen disposal Proper sharps disposal Hand hygiene
Hand hygiene
59. Which of the following is the appropriate unit of measure for velocity?
m/s
89. Bleeding into the thoracic cavity is termed: Pneumothorax Hemothorax Atelectasis Pneumonia
Hemothorax
20. Which type of hepatitis virus is of primary concern to health care workers? Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D
Hepatitis B
38. Which type of hepatitis virus is of primary concern to health care workers? Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D
Hepatitis B
70. Which of the following is the appropriate unit of measure for velocity?
m/s
Primary purpose is to supply the x-ray tube with enough voltage to create x-rays
High voltage circuit
Which component of an x-ray imaging system increases the voltage from the autotransformer to provide the necessary kVp for x-ray production?
High-voltage generator
Which of the following elements in the human body has the lowest atomic number?
Hydrogen
Most biologic damage resulting from diagnostic x-rays occurs from which of the following? -Interaction of positive and negative ions -Recombination of free radicals and positive water ions -Hydrogen and hydroxyl ions -Hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxyl radicals
Hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxyl radicals
40. A patient has a pulse oximetry reading of 102 beats/min and 89% oxygen saturation. What conditions are indicated by these readings? Hypoxia and tachycardia Hypoxia and bradycardia Normal oxygen saturation level and heart rate Hyperventilation and tachycardia
Hypoxia and tachycardia
16. I. Stand by assist II. Assist Standing Pivot III. Two/Three-person lift IV. Hydraulic lift A. Preferred method for patients capable of walking/standing and need minimal assistance B. Preferred method for patients who can stand but are weak or impaired C. Required method when there is not enough staff to safely move patient D. Required method for patients who can not walk or bear weight on lower limbs
I. A. Preferred method for patients capable of walking/standing and need minimal assistance II. B. Preferred method for patients who can stand but are weak or impaired III. D. Required method for patients who can not walk or bear weight on lower limbs IV. C. Required method when there is not enough staff to safely move patient
21. I. cyanosis II. jaundice III. symptom IV. mechanism of injury V. Hyperthermia VI. auscultation VII. systolic VIII. diastolic IX. Pulse oximetry X. Level of consciousness A. bluish skin discoloration that is indicative of a lack of oxygen perfusion in the tissues B. abnormally high body temperature C. method in which an injury occurs, including type and direction of force D. yellowish skin discoloration caused by liver failure E. method of patient assessment involving listening to an organ with or without the aid of a stethoscope F. observed by noting how well the patient focuses G. the blood pressure measured at the peak of ventricular contraction H. the blood pressure at the instant of maximum cardiac relaxation I. subjective descriptors that can only be provided by the patient J. electronic means of obtaining the oxygen levels in the blood and a heart rate simultaneously.
I. A. bluish skin discoloration that is indicative of a lack of oxygen perfusion in the tissues II. D. yellowish skin discoloration caused by liver failure III. I. subjective descriptors that can only be provided by the patient IV. C. method in which an injury occurs, including type and direction of force V. B. abnormally high body temperature VI. E. method of patient assessment involving listening to an organ with or without the aid of a stethoscope VII. G. the blood pressure measured at the peak of ventricular contraction VIII. H. the blood pressure at the instant of maximum cardiac relaxation IX. J. electronic means of obtaining the oxygen levels in the blood and a heart rate simultaneously. X. F. observed by noting how well the patient focuses
1. I. accreditation II. advanced directive III. assault IV. ageism V. aggressiveness VI. assertiveness A. discrimination against a patient because of increasing age B. a process resulting in documentation of attesting to the attainment of certain minimum standards C. firm/calm D. anger/hostility E. outline of specific wishes about medical care to be given in the event an individual loses the ability to make or communicate decisions F. patient feels threatened and is made to believe he/she will be touched in a harmful manner
I. B. a process resulting in documentation of attesting to the attainment of certain minimum standards II. E. outline of specific wishes about medical care to be given in the event an individual loses the ability to make or communicate decisions III. F. patient feels threatened and is made to believe he/she will be touched in a harmful manner IV. A. discrimination against a patient because of increasing age V. D. anger/hostility VI. C. firm/calm
6. I. self determination II. persistent or lasting III. care that provides relief but not intended to cure IV. prediction of outcome V. acceptable alternatives that help patients feel involved in their care A. chronic B. diagnosis C. autonomy D. therapeutic communication E. palliative F. hospice G. valid choices H. prognosis
I. C. autonomy II. A. chronic III. E. palliative IV. H. prognosis V. G. valid choices
17. I. Draw sheet transfer II. Slide board transfer III. Three carrier lift IV.Log roll A. Preferred transfer for post-operative patients to provide stability B. Used for transfers of unequal height C. Primarily used to transfer patient from floor onto a backboard D. Used for a transfer from equal heights; patients can typically provided minimal assistance
I. D. Used for a transfer from equal heights; patients can typically provided minimal assistance II. A. Preferred transfer for post-operative patients to provide stability III. B. Used for transfers of unequal height IV. C. Primarily used to transfer patient from floor onto a backboard
The purpose for imaging acromioclavicular joints without and with weights is to:
Identify whether there is widening of an ac joint space with weights as compared to without weights
45. 1. If a person cannot move to a wheelchair for transport what must be done?
If a patient cannot move to a wheelchair for transport they will either be transferred via stretcher or by bed.
49. 1. What If a patient is very ill and has multiple IVs and/or ECG monitoring?
If a patient is very ill and needs ECG monitoring a nurse should monitor the patient during transport and the procedure.
Right Lateral
In what position was the patient in for this radiograph?
What happens to photoelectric probability as atomic number increases?
Increases
An AP oblique projection of the elbow with internal rotation shows the proximal radius and ulna parallel to each other. The patient positioning error could be corrected by:
Increasing internal rotation
12. The DR image capture method that uses an amorphous silicon photodetector and TFT represents which of the following? Direct Indirect
Indirect
Responsible for providing clear and consistent radiation protection guidance through its recommendations on occupational and public dose limits
International Commission on Radiation Protection
15. What standard system of units has been adopted by all countries and is used in all branches of science?
International System of Units (SI)
In a linear or nonlinear threshold dose-response relationship, which of the following is true of the biologic response to radiation?
It may not occur at low doses
9. defamation of character or loss of reputation. usually refers to written information
LIBEL
11. Which one of the following positions would elongate the left (posterior) axillary ribs? LPO RPO LAO Right lateral
LPO
Which one of the following upper GI positions will demonstrate the fundus filled with barium and an air-contrast view of the duodenal bulb?
LPO
Higher techniques are better tolerated by which filament size?
Large
19. The _____________ observed the effects of ionizing radiation and established that radiosensitivity was a function of the metabolic state of the cell receiving the exposure. Law of Bergoiné and Tudor Law of Bergoiné and Tribondeau Law of Bert and Ernie Law of Bragraw and Tribondeau
Law of Bergoiné and Tribondeau
Leakage radiation is a form of secondary radiation and comes from which of the following?
Leakage of the tube housing
93. Which of the following is true regarding handling of a patient with an open wound? Remove all dressings to avoid image artifacts. Imaging cannot be performed until the wound has been sutured. Leave the sterile dressing in place during imaging to avoid contamination. Reduce artifacts and the risk of infection by wetting the dressing with saline prior to imaging.
Leave the sterile dressing in place during imaging to avoid contamination.
Which term is defined as one bar and its interspace of equal width?
Line pair
90. LET stands for Linear Energy Transmission Linear Energy Transfer Line Energy Transfer Line Equivalent Transfer
Linear Energy Transfer
Which model exaggerates radiation effects at low doses?
Linear nonthreshold
The dose-response relationship used to approximate the biologic response to an ionizing radiation dose is which of the following?
Linear nonthreshold dose-response relationship
sensing material found in the TLD dosimeters
Lithium fluoride
Which of the following is not a standard component of a film badge monitor?
Lithium fluoride crystals
2. A supine position with the knees and hips flexed with the thighs abducted is termed: Sim s position Trendelenburg s position Lithotomy position Recumbent position
Lithotomy position
A supine position with the knees and hips flexed with the thighs abducted is termed:
Lithotomy position
29.What is the most important thing to remember before preparing to sit a patient down in a wheelchair?
Make sure the wheels are locked
Match the answers to the questions. ARS Latent period Mean survival time Prodromal stage manifest illness What is a collection of symptoms associated with a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body? What is the stage occurring after the initial following a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body in which no visible effects or symptoms occur? What is the stage occurring with in hours after a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body; characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fatigue? What is the length of time between a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body and death? What is the stage occurring with in about a week after a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body; characterized by symptoms according to level of dose received?
Mean survival time - What is the length of time between a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body and death? ARS - What is a collection of symptoms associated with a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body? prodromal stage - What is the stage occurring with in hours after a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body; characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fatigue? latent period - What is the stage occurring after the initial following a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body in which no visible effects or symptoms occur? manifest illness - What is the stage occurring with in about a week after a large exposure of high level radiation over a short period of time to the whole body; characterized by symptoms according to level of dose received?
69. The process of decreasing the number of infectious agents present in an environment defines: Surgical asepsis Medical asepsis Hygiene Standard Precautions
Medical asepsis
47. The control for the amount of filament current is directly related to the
mA selection
The agency that publishes radiation protection standards based on scientific research is the
NRCP
Matching non stochastic epilation desquamation stochastic ulceration and sores as dose increases, severity of response or effect increases probablity of occurace is proportional to the dose loss of hair
Non stochastic - as dose increases, severity of response or effect increases Stochastic -probablity of occurace is proportional to the dose Epilation - loss of hair Desquamation - ulceration and sores
Indirect action usually involves what molecule first?
Non-critical (water)
30. Which of the following would be the best practice when imaging a patient who is deaf and uses sign language? Write down all instructions. Use body language to demonstrate. Speak slowly with good eye contact so patient can read your lips. Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure.
Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure
36. Which of the following would be the best practice when imaging a patient who is deaf and uses sign language? Write down all instructions. Use body language to demonstrate. Speak slowly with good eye contact so patient can read your lips. Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure.
Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure.
92. What is the appropriate method to handle a patient with a suspected extremity fracture? Make the patient move using their own power to lessen pain caused by touching the injured part. Obtain help to support the limb at the joints both proximal and distal to the injury to reduce the risk of exacerbation. Use one hand to quickly lift the injured limb at the distal joint while you place the IR. Use one hand to quickly lift the injured limb at the proximal joint while you place the IR.
Obtain help to support the limb at the joints both proximal and distal to the injury to reduce the risk of exacerbation.
To what type of radiation exposure does the effective dose equivalent (EDE) system apply?
Occupational exposure and exposure of the general public
31. Which scientist conducted experiments demonstrating that a magnetic field created by a flow of electric current was greater than the earth's magnetic field?
Oersted
Which portion of the image intensifier tube receives the accelerated electrons and converts them to light?
Output phosphor
Digital image quality is improved with: 1. A smaller matrix size 2. A smaller pixel size 3. A greater bit depth
c
24. Which of the following tools is used to measure pulse rate? Thermometer and second hand on a watch Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope Palpation of surface artery and second hand on a watch Pulse oximeter
Palpation of surface artery and second hand on a watch
Which layer of the photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate is imaged by the computed radiography reader s optical laser beam to release the trapped metastable electrons?
Phosphor layer
30. Which type of interaction will only occur with x-ray energies greater than 10 MeV? Photodisintegration Pair production Photoelectric Compton
Photodisintegration
29. Contrast media is used to increase what type of interaction? Classical Photoelectric Compton Pair production
Photoelectric
Secondary photons are also produced during what type of interaction?
Photoelectric
Which interaction in the diagnostic range involves the total absorption of the incident photon?
Photoelectric
98. If a patient has been referred for chest radiography, which of the following is an example of a system-specific symptom that should be assessed as a part of the patient history? Previous surgeries Presence or absence of cough Blood in stool What factors alleviate the problem
Presence or absence of cough
61. All of the following are safety rules regarding patient transfer except for: Provide sufficient pain medication prior to transfer to increase patient comfort. Allow the patient to assist with transfer as much as they are capable. Use good body mechanics during transfer. Obtain appropriate number of personnel to accommodate patient size and condition.
Provide sufficient pain medication prior to transfer to increase patient comfort.
68. All of the following are safety rules regarding patient transfer except for: Provide sufficient pain medication prior to transfer to increase patient comfort. Allow the patient to assist with transfer as much as they are capable. Use good body mechanics during transfer. Obtain appropriate number of personnel to accommodate patient size and condition.
Provide sufficient pain medication prior to transfer to increase patient comfort.
7. What does the acronym RACE stand for?
R-Rescue A-Alarm C-Contain E-Extinguish/Evacuate
51.What does the acronym RACE stand for?
R-Rescue A-Alarm C-Contain E-Extinguish/Evacuate
Which one of the following positions is required as part of a sternum positioning routine?
RAO
What is the most important component of the nucleolus?
RNA
The capitulum articulates with the:
Radial head
set standards for institutional radiation protection education and programs
Radiation Safety Committee
monitors objectives of radiation safety program
Radiation Safety Officer
recommendations, rules, or regulations
Radiation Standards
What is the effect of radiation in a threshold dose-response relationship?
Radiation response begins to occur at a specific threshold dose
The three cardinal principles of radiation protection do not include which of the following?
Radiosensitivity
12. What form of natural environmental radiation accounts for the greatest source of human exposure to ionizing radiation?
Radon
39. 1. How do you place a patient on to a slider board?
Roll the patient onto one side and slip the board under the draw sheet and half way under the patient's body. The remaining amount of board covers the space between the stretcher and the bed Have the patient's arms laying over their chest, then two people will grip the draw sheet and slide the patient over the board onto the stretcher
42. 50% of a population developed erythema after an exposure to their forearm of 6 Gy. This is the SED 6 SED 50 SED 44 SED 56
SED 50
31. unit of measurement that uses the metric system
SI
Which prime exposure factor affects the intensity of the x-ray beam at the IR?
SID
Which term demonstrates the amount of information apparent in an image compared to the amount of information lacking in the same image?
SNR
5. The autotransformer operates on the principle of _________________?
Self-induction
The resistance in the filament circuit is changed by the:
mA selector
High doses of in utero ionizing radiation can cause a variety of illnesses and abnormalities. In regard to radiation doses normally used in diagnostic exams, which of the following is true?
Scientists are still debating their possible effects
13. In which circuit(s) is DC current required to produce X-rays?
Secondary
17. What type of electric circuit connects all circuit elements in a line along the same conductor?
Series
Define effective dose limiting system.
Set of dose limits to assess and minimize the risk of harmful biologic effects
Which term might be used to describe an x-ray image that has a few shades of gray with marked visible differences between the ODs?
Short-scale contrast
What generally happens to bone marrow when it is exposed to a radiation dose of less than 1 Gy (100 rad)?
Short-term damage, with recovery within a few weeks
25. Which of the following tools is used to measure blood pressure? Thermometer and second hand on a watch Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope Palpation of surface artery and second hand on a watch Pulse oximeter
Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
44. Which of the following tools is used to measure blood pressure? Thermometer and second hand on a watch Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope Palpation of surface artery and second hand on a watch Pulse oximeter
Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
64. A system of protective guidelines used to protect against disease transmission defines: Occupational safety Standard Precautions Standard operating procedures Material safety data
Standard Precautions
9. What is the advantage of configuring a wire carrying electric current into a coil (spring)?
Strengthens the magnetic field
50. Sharing the sorrow or troubles of another person demonstrates: Sympathy Empathy Assertiveness Regret
Sympathy
(T/F) A diode permits electrons to flow in one direction while offering a high resistance to movement in the other direction.
TRUE
93. On a KUB of the abdomen, which of the following is incorrect: Center IR to level of iliac crest Use a 14 x 17 inch lengthwise IR The outline of the psoas muscle should be visible Take the exposure after the patient has taken a deep breath
Take the exposure after the patient has taken a deep breath
29. Explain the Anode Heal Effect. Objective 6
Target Angle causes teh x ray beam intensity to be less on the anode side. b/ when the electrons hit the anode and create x rays some of the xrays hit part of the anode target (heal). -this causes the x ray beam on the anode side to become less intesense because some of those x rays were absorbed by the heel of the anode. ***also see # 79 module 7
What steps should the radiographer take if the procedure will involve discomfort or pain?
Tell the patient what to expect
X-ray's ability to ionize matter is a characteristic of:
particles
When x-rays remove electrons from atoms they are behaving as:
particles.
coronoid
a beaklike projection
94. What is the purpose of designating a team approach to imaging isolation patients in the radiology department? To minimize contamination To maximize efficiency To increase technologist experience in patient care All of the above
To minimize contamination
14. One of the six functions of the circulatory system is to protect against disease. True or False
True
14. When x-rays are produced inside the tube they travel in all directions. True or False
True
15. Histogram analysis is the basis for determining exposure index. True or False
True
15. The anterior end of a rib generally is located 3 to 5 inches below the level of its vertebral end. True or False
True
17. The skull is part of the axial skeleton. True or False
True
18. The pelvic girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton. True or False
True
2. As grid ratio increases, the removal of scatter increases. True or False
True
2. Grids are used with digital systems in the same way as film/screen. True or False
True
20. Patients who can't sit for an extended period of time should be transported using a stretcher. True or False
True
21. The latent image from the PSP plate remains in place for hours after exposure. True or False (question 23)
True
23. mAs controls radiation quantity True or False
True
25. A closed circuit will conduct electricity True or False
True
29. An electric current is due to the difference of potential between two points True or False
True
29. Magnification mode increases patient dose. True False
True
29. The inverse square law applies to both electric and magnetic fields. True or false
True
30. The higher the grid ratio, the higher the patient dose. True or false
True
38. In order to be thorough in patient assessment, a registered technologist should: Use observation, interview, listening, and evaluation. Read the nurses' notes from the patient chart only. Ask the referring physician why the imaging procedure is needed. Document the time and date of the exam in the patient chart
Use observation, interview, listening, and evaluation.
Which type of radiation originates from a radioactive nucleus?
particulate
The concept of the iso-exposure lines which are most utilized in fluoroscopy
What is the image demonstrating
RPO
What position was the patient placed in for this image?
Right lateral decubitus
What position was the patient placed in for this image?
1. When transferring a patient to a wheelchair, it is important to remember that after a patient has been laying down for a long time they may have orthostatic hypotension. What is this?
When a patient has been laying down for a long time and then gets up, the brain gets a little less oxygen. When this happens patients can feel faint or light-headed.
38. Radiations along the electromagnetic spectrum will vary according to their a. frequencies b. wavelengths c. velocities d. mass a only b only a and b a, b, c and d
a and b
46. X-radiation is most like a wave of interacting electric and magnetic fields, traveling through space particle that can collide with other particles a and b neither a or b
a and b
Radiations along the electromagnetic spectrum will vary according to their a. frequencies b. wavelengths c. velocities d. mass
a and b
Which of the following defines matter? a. Matter is a general term b. Matter is the ablity to do work c. Matter is anything that has a shape or form and occupies space.
a and c only
Matching- electromagnetic spectrum
a continuum of energy
Of the following, which tissue interaction is considered to be a complete absorption "event"?
a photoelectric interaction
3 An advantage of [x] is an immediate exposure readout. a film badge the TLD a pocket ionization chamber
a pocket ionization chamber
4. A disadvantage of [x] is there is not a permanent, legal record of exposure a film badge the TLD the OSL a pocket ionization chamber
a pocket ionization chamber
72. An advantage of [x] is an immediate exposure readout. a film badge the TLD a pocket ionization chamber
a pocket ionization chamber
28. A non-threshold dose effect relationship can be described as a response to the dosage regardless of how large or small the dose is no response is noted unless the exposure is a specified quantity a response that will increase proportionally to the dose there is no such type of response
a response to the dosage regardless of how large or small the dose is
condyle
a rounded process that forms part of a joint
Research has shown that carcinogenesis is most frequently caused by which of the following?
a series of mutations in a cell
5. Using a higher kVp during an AEC examination results in a longer exposure time a shorter exposure time increased patient exposure B and C
a shorter exposure time
70. Which of the following, if used correctly, will reduce the exposure during fluoroscopy to both the patient and occupational workers a. pulse progressive b. last image hold c. dead man switch d. lowest mA station possible a and b only c and d only a, b and c only all of the above
a, b and c only
33. Electric current is described as going from positive to negative. This means, that actual electron flow is
from negative to positive
16. In this image, the anatomy identified by the white ARROW (the bone itself is tan) is the
frontal
61. The factors that must be considered in determination of the thickness of a radiation barrier is / are use factors occupancy factors workload factors all of the above
all of the above
How can patient exposure be limited during fluoroscopic procedures? Use protective shields to protect areas not of clinical interest Properly collimate to limit the x-ray beam to only the area of clinical interest Ensure selection of the proper exposure factors All of the above
all of the above
How can radiation exposure activate oncogenes? Through gene amplification By chromosomal reciprocal translocation From a point mutation All of the above
all of the above
Radiation can activate a proto-oncogene to produce a malignant cell through which of the following? Point mutation Chromosomal reciprocal translocation Gene amplification All of the above
all of the above
The factors that must be considered in determination of the thickness of a radiation barrier is / are use factors occupancy factors workload factors All of the above
all of the above
What are common symptoms of acute radiation syndrome? Depressed sperm count and temporary sterility Fatigue, nausea, and intestinal disorders Damage to the central nervous and cardiovascular systems All of the above
all of the above
What are some symptoms of the manifest stage of gastrointestinal syndrome? Anemia, lethargy, fatigue, infection, and fever Electrolyte imbalance and a drop in white blood cell count Gastrointestinal hemorrhaging and emaciation All of the above
all of the above
What can a radiographer do to minimize exposure during an examination? Use beam-limitation devices Use appropriate filtration Use shielding devices All of the above
all of the above
What determines whether a mutated gene in the sperm or ovum is expressed in the following generation? Whether the gene is dominant Whether the gene is recessive Whether the gene is sex-linked All of the above
all of the above
What device can be used to protect against scatter radiation? Lead apron and gloves Protective glasses Neck and thyroid shields all of the above
all of the above
What did H. J. Muller's study of irradiated fruit flies determine about genetic mutations? Radiation does not create new forms of mutations Radiation does not change the quality of mutations Radiation increases the frequency of mutations over time All of the above
all of the above
What factors can affect the time when a particular cancer is expressed in an individual? A person's age The latent period of the cancer The type of cancer All of the above
all of the above
What groups do researchers study to determine the effects of radiation exposure? Employees of nuclear testing facilities Populations exposed to low levels of nuclear fallout Populations exposed to high natural background radiation All of the above
all of the above
What happens to photons that scatter as they pass through the body? Deflect in a different direction Penetrate the body and expose the image receptor Create a hazard to personnel All of the above
all of the above
What increases the probability of biologic damage? -Increased ionization per micron of soft-tissue -Increased LET -Reduced speed of particles -All of the above
all of the above
What is the benefit of a repeat monitoring program? Helps identify areas of procedural weakness Makes radiographers more careful Uncovers mechanical problems All of the above
all of the above
What is the effect of radiation dose level on carcinogenesis? The level of the radiation dose does not affect the severity of resulting cancer Any radiation dose increases the probability of cancer The higher the radiation dose, the greater the probability of cancer All of the above
all of the above
What is the normal activity of a cancer? It may remain in one place in the body It may spread to other parts of the body It usually does not spread into adjacent organs through physical contact All of the above
all of the above
What is the role of water in the body? Provides materials to cells Disposes of materials cells no longer need Dissolves acids, bases, and salts All of the above
all of the above
What occurs as the number of photoelectric interactions increase? Absorbed dose increases Potential for biologic damage increases Radiographic brightness changes All of the above
all of the above
What occurs when the cells lining the intestinal tract (the villi) are damaged? Those cells may not be able to absorb digested nutrients into the bloodstream Homeostasis will be impaired Electrolyte imbalances will occur All of the above
all of the above
When considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does "general public" refer to? Patients Visitors Personnel who do not work with radiographic equipment All of the above
all of the above
When considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does "general public" refer to? Patients Visitors Personnel who do not work with radiographic equipment all of the above
all of the above
11. Which cranial bone is most anterior? occipital bone frontal bone parietal bone temporal bone
frontal bone
7. DICOM serves what purpose in PACS? rescales image for display compresses files for storage allows different systems to communicate increases acquisition speeds
allows different systems to communicate
17. As LET increases, the ability of the radiation to cause biologic effects [x]. also generally decreases also generally increases is not effected
also generally increases
58. This image is demonstrating
alternating current
The electric service provided by a public utility is in the form of
alternating current
Rectification is a process in which
alternating current is converted to flow in one direction
1. The structures within the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs are called: carina alveoli hilum bonchi
alveoli
The structures within the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs are called:
alveoli
38. maximum height of a wave
amplitude
.The protective housing of the xray tube serves as _____,______, and ______ Summary 1
an electrical insulator a thermal cushion lead lining to reduce leakage radiation
What 1st happens when an x-ray interacts with and ionizes a molecule of water?
an electron is lost forming an ion pair
22. What can be done if the patient cannot extend the head and neck adequately for a SMV to place the IOML parallel to the IR? HAAS method use a shorter SID angle the CR to place it perpendicular to the IOML rotate the skull
angle the CR to place it perpendicular to the IOML
2. positive end of the x ray tube that provides target for electron interaction to produce x rays
anode
In a modern x-ray tube, the positively-charged electrode that serves as the target for the electron stream is the
anode
19. Identify the principle parts of the x ray tube Objective 2
anode, cathode, and an induction motor all encased in a glass envelope
Match EqD genetic weighting factor EfD exposure late skin erythema dose somatic gray occupational exposure
another term for somatic effects of ionizing radiation that are heritable - genetic conceptual measure for the relative risk associated with irradiation of different tissues - weighting factor somatic effect appearing after a latent period of several months to years - late SI unit of absorbed dose - gray The product of D x WR x WT - EfD The product of D x WR - EqD biologic damage to the body - somatic unit used in the early 1900's to measure radiation exposure - skin erythema dose radiation exposure received by technologists in the course of exercising their professional responsibilities - occupational exposure amount of ionizing radiation that may strike an object such as the human body when in the vicinity of the radiation source - exposure
40. In this image, H identifies the anterior clinoid process clivus dorsum sellae sella turcica
anterior clinoid process
35. Which cranial bone is most anterior? occipital bone frontal bone parietal bones temporal bones
frontal bone
What can result when two adjacent chromosomes are struck in the G1 phase? They can join during the S phase of interphase A dicentric chromosome can be formed A chromosome missing significant genetic material can be formed Any of the above
any of the above
The speed of the electron stream across the x-ray tube is primarily controlled by the:
applied kilovoltage
18. The most superior paranasal sinus is the ethmoid sinus frontal sinus maxillary sinus zygomatic sinus
frontal sinus
12. If a chemical splash occurs, how long should the eyes be flushed with running water?
at least 5 mins
The ability of a substance to absorb radiation depends on which of the following?
atomic number
Matching-remnant radiation
attenuated x-ray beam
11. ____________ is the loss of some energy from the x-ray beam as it passes through the tissue being imaged. compensating filtration attenuation photon transmission photoelectric scattering
attenuation
2. Correctly order the route of current through the following components in the filament circuit Filament Autotransformer step-down transformer rheostat
autotransformer rheostat stepdown transformer filament
59. The best way to keep radiation dose to the patient low is distance shielding time avoid repeat exposures (radiographs)
avoid repeat exposures (radiographs)
The best way to keep radiation dose to the patient low is
avoid repeat exposures (radiographs)
37. There are two principle classes of radiation. Name both
particulate electromagnetic
5.Why do we use copper in the construction of the rotating anode? Summary 4.2
because of its thermal and electrical conductivity
34. Where is the lamboidal suture? between the frontal and parietal bones between the right and left parietal bones between the parietal bones and the temporal bones between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
When an embryo-fetus is exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation, mental retardation is most likely to occur at what point in development?
between weeks 8-15
It is possible to survive a partial body dose that is higher than a whole body dose because -It is a protracted dose -it is a fractionate dose -both of the above is true -this is an untrue statement
both of the above is true: -It is a protracted dose -it is a fractionate dose
How can human tissue or an organ in the body survive after high doses of ionizing radiation?
both repair and repopulation
Radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations most often cause which of the following?
breakage of chromosomes
26. The majority of the x-ray emission spectrum represents: brems photons characteristic photons heat
brems photons
Exposure is measured in an OSL
by passing a laser light over the aluminum oxide detectors and then measuring the light emitted, which would be proportional to the amount of exposure
exposure is measured in an OSL
by passing a laser light over the aluminum oxide detectors and then measuring the light emitted, which would be proportional to the amount of exposure
A larger bit depth: a. Results in increased spatial resolution b. Reduces the number of shades of gray c. Increases the number of shades of gray d. Affects both digital and film-screen image quality
c
A technique of 80 kV, 400 mA, 0.8 seconds is to be used on a 3-phase, 12-pulse machine. How many heat units are produced with a single exposure? a. 25,600 b. 34,560 c. 36,096 d. 38,100
c
All the following are guidelines for producing optimal image histograms except: a. Choose the correct body part and projection from the workstation menu. b. Leave minimal background in the exposure field through tight collimation. c. Use the smallest possible IR and cover at least 50% of it. d. Erase the imaging plate if the IR has not been used for a few days.
c
All the following are true about display station resolution, except that: a. it refers to the maximum number of pixels that the screen can demonstrate. b. full display resolution is only possible if the digital and display systems have equal pixel capability. c. the technologist's display monitor has superior resolution compared to that used by the radiologist's. d. large matrix sizes produce better resolution than small matrix sizes.
c
Which component of the x-ray tube is responsible for concentrating the electron cloud? a. anode b. filament c. focusing cup d. focal track
c
13. For an AP lordotic chest image: 1. the shoulders are positioned at equal distances from the IR 2. the patient's back is arched until the midcoronal plane and IR form a 45-degree angle 3. a 5-degree cephalad central ray angulation is used if the patient is standing erect 4. the elbows and shoulders are rotated anteriorly a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 1, 2, and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
c. 1, 2, and 4 only d.
26. A device for holding and storing charges of electricity is a
capacitor
What is the type of shock that is caused by a failure of the heart to pump enough blood to the vital organs?
cardiogenic
62. The internal prominence or ridge in which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi is termed the carina hilum thyroid cartilage costophrenic angle
carina
Which of the following involves the breaking down of macromolecules?
catabolism
11. The negative end of the x-ray tube is the anode cathode target envelope
cathode
4.The negative end of the x-ray tube and source of electrons.
cathode
7. In this image, letter A represents the cathode filament envelope target
cathode
____ provides the source of electrons needed for x ray production
cathode
_____provides the source of electrons necessary for x-ray production
cathode
65. Focal spot is determined by the amount of kVp cathode filament size cathode focusing cup size none of the above
cathode filament size
28. The property of x-rays that accounts for their effect on biological systems is that they travel at the speed of light cause ionization in matter have no electric charge have different energies
cause ionization in matter
What can happen when the metabolic activity of cells increases as a result of irradiation?
cells reproduce more rapidly
20. Which detector combination is best for a left AP shoulder x-ray? center right and left all three detectors it doesn't matter which detectors you select for this exam
center
72. After transferring an isolation patient back to to his or her room, the x-ray room must be: closed to other patients and personnel for a minimum of one hour. closed for the remainder of the work day. cleaned and disinfected following proper procedures. cleaned and disinfected and closed for a minimum of one hour.
cleaned and disinfected following proper procedures.
96. After transferring an isolation patient back to to his or her room, the x-ray room must be: closed to other patients and personnel for a minimum of one hour. closed for the remainder of the work day. cleaned and disinfected following proper procedures. cleaned and disinfected and closed for a minimum of one hour.
cleaned and disinfected following proper procedures.
10. A radiologic technologist s occupational radiation exposure dose is measured by a radiation monitor. This device must be worn where to give an accurate reading? mid chest under shielding collar under thyroid shielding gonads outside of shielding collar outside of shielding
collar outside of shielding
Interactions between higher energy photons and outer shell electrons of tissue atoms result in:
compton
Most of the scatter produced during radiography procedures results from which interactions?
compton
Matching-wave particle duality
concept in which x-rays exist as waves but exhibit properties of particles
One of the benefits of the variable-aperture collimator that is not available with cones or aperture diaphragms is the ability to do which of the following?
confine off focus radiation
58. The ability to distinguish between structures that attenuate the x-ray beam similarly is brightness contrast resolution spatial resolution noise
contrast resolution
4. What is the role of the CCD in indirect DR? converts x-rays to light converts light to electrons converts x-rays to electrons converts electrons to x-rays
converts light to electrons
25. What is the name of the articulation between the frontal bone and the parietal bone? squamosal suture coronal suture sagittal suture occipital suture
coronal suture
23. In this image, what is labeled M?
coronoid process
10. The large negative charge from the cathode focusing cup serves what purpose?
corral the electrons
visible image
created after processing
9. Active infants and toddlers are best transported via
crib
Which of the following would be considered an unethical practice for a radiologic technologist? - repeating a radiograph - participating in an interesting case - criticizing a doctor or a team member in front of a patient - reporting unethical practice
criticizing a doctor or a team member in front of a patient
What occurs when the spur-like molecules extending off a macromolecule chain attach to other parts of the chain or to other macromolecules?
cross linking
43. A quantity of radioactive iodine would be expressed in what unit of measure?
curie
41. Ohm's law states that electric potential is the product of _____ and _____
current resistance
64. Which of the following reduces leakage radiation to required standards? a. x-ray tube b. collimator c. added filtration d. protective housing
d
At what level is the exposure indicator reading taken on the VOI? a. At S1 b. At S2 c. One fourth of the distance between S1 and S2 d. Halfway between S1 and S2
d
Causes of tube failure are most often related to which of the following? a. electrical characteristics b. mechanical characteristics c. physical characteristics d. thermal characteristics
d
The purpose of the line focus principle is to create which of the following? a. small actual and effective focal spot size b. large actual and effective focal spot size c. small actual and large effective focal spot size d. large actual and small effective focal spot size
d
he intensity of the x-ray beam is less: a. in the center of the beam. b. at the collimator. c. on the cathode side. d. on the anode side.
d
19. The arms of the Y on an oblique scapular Y shoulder image are formed by the: 1. coracoid 2. scapular body 3. acromion 4. glenoid fossa a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 3 and 4 only d. 1 and 3 only
d. 1 and 3 only
37. Which of the following is a digital monitor that may be used to measure dose in an area? a. TLD b. Film badge c. Pocket ionization chamber d. Handheld ionization chamber
d. Handheld ionization chamber
20. The radiosensitivity of cells is [x] proportional to their reproductive activity. directly indirectly
directly
27. Somatic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation (a general type of radiation damage) could best be defined as. damage to the genetic code contained in the DNA that may be passed on to the next generation damage to the exposed individual that only includes short term effects (or early) damage to the exposed individual that only includes long term effects (or late) damage to the exposed individual that includes both short term effects (or early) and long term effects (or late)
damage to the exposed individual that includes both short term effects (or early) and long term effects (or late)
84. Somatic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation (a general type of radiation damage) could best be defined as damage to the genetic code contained in the DNA that may be passed on to the next generation damage to the exposed individual that only includes short term effects (or early) damage to the exposed individual that only includes long term effects (or late) damage to the exposed individual that includes both short term effects (or early) and long term effects (or late)
damage to the exposed individual that includes both short term effects (or early) and long term effects (or late)
Somatic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation (a general type of radiation damage) could best be defined as
damage to the exposed individual that includes both short term effects (or early) and long term effects (or late)
What chromosome aberration is most likely to result from ionizing radiation?
damaged or broken chromosomes
35. Electrostatic force between two charges is _____________ proportional to the product of their quantities and ______________ proportional to the square of the distance between them.
directly, inversely
What should be done with a plastic cassette cover after it is used to cover an IR during an isolation patient's exam?
discard it according to the PPE guidelines associated with the isolation precautions
Match type of metal used a a filter in film badge intensity of light transmitted through a given area of the dosimetry film desirable characteristic for a dosimeter intensity of light transmitted through a given area of the dosimetry film device that measures electrical charge Lithium fluoride process performed periodically on instruments to ensure state and federal requirements are being met serves as a basis for comparison with the remaining dosimeters after they have been returned for processing Aluminum oxide Detect the presence of radiation and give a measurement of exposure Resembles a fountain pen and contains an ionization chamber sensing material found in the OSL dosimeters calibration copper Survey instruments electrometer light weight control Pocket dosimeter optical density sensing material found in the TLD dosimeters
desirable characteristic for a dosimeter - light weight device that measures electrical charge - electrometer type of metal used a a filter in film badge - copper process performed periodically on instruments to ensure state and federal requirements are being met - calibration intensity of light transmitted through a given area of the dosimetry film - optical density serves as a basis for comparison with the remaining dosimeters after they have been returned for processing - control Aluminum oxide - sensing material found in the OSL dosimeters Detect the presence of radiation and give a measurement of exposure - Survey instruments Lithium fluoride - sensing material found in the TLD dosimeters Resembles a fountain pen and contains an ionization chamber - Pocket dosimeter
19. A material that is weakly repelled by a magnetic field is classified as what magnetic state of matter?
diamagnetic
An x-ray photon passes into a cell causing a point mutation directly on a DNA molecule. This is classified as a/an:
direct effect
9. In the AP Axial projection of the skull, what anatomy of interest is demonstrated in the shadow of the foramen magnum? mastoid air cells orbital roofs dorsum sellae crista galli
dorsum sellae
By what method are pathogens spread when a person coughs or sneezes?
droplet
Radiodermatitis was commonly found among which of the following?
early radiographers
25. Which of the following radiation quantities takes into account both the effect of the type of radiation used and the sensitivity of the organ or body part irradiated through the use of appropriate weighting factors. absorbed dose effective dose equivalent dose exposure
effective dose
Which of the following radiation quantities takes into account both the effect of the type of radiation used and the sensitivity of the organ or body part irradiated through the use of appropriate weighting factors.
effective dose
20. A set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculations of the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues or organs exposed to radiation defines ALARA concept effective dose limiting system investigational limits risk protocol
effective dose limiting system
A set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculations of the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues or organs exposed to radiation defines
effective dose limiting system
5. the x-ray beam area as seen from the perspective of the patient
effective focal spot
Early Somatic Effects
effects that appear hours or days after exposure to ionizing radiation
Late Somatic Effects
effects that appear months or years after exposure to ionizing radiation.
A transformer will be used to
either increase or decrease the incoming voltage
Ohm's law states that
electric potential is the product of current and resistance
12. What happens after the radiographer selects the exposure factors on the operating console? Summary 10
electricity is manipulated using various x-ray circuit components to create the proper environment for x-ray production
45. The flow of electrons in a conductor would be classified as:
electrodynamics
59. Which type of magnet has many applications in electrical equipment?
electromagnet
64.What are the two principal classes of ionizing radiation?
electromagnetic and particulate
7. What are the two principal classes of ionizing radiation? diagnostic and particulate electromagnetic and particles electromagnetic and particulate therapeutic and ultrasound
electromagnetic and particulate
What term is used for the full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves?
electromagnetic spectrum.
device that measures electrical charge
electrometer
3. smallest unit of negative charge
electron
52. In an ionic bond, what particle is given up or received?
electron
Smallest unit of negative charge
electron
Which of the following is located in an orbit around the nucleus of an atom?
electron
Define radiation
emission of energy as a wave or particle through a material or space
4. A sensitivity to others that allows you to meet their needs is [x] defendant empathy ethics sympathy
empathy
38. The most important layer for creating the image; the layer of film that is sensitive to light or radiation is the blue dye gelatin silver halide emulsion (Question 41)
emulsion
2. science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population
epidemiology
The majority of cancers are carcinomas and solid tumors that begin forming where in the body?
epithelial tissue
21. The quantity used to define dose received based on the type of ionizing radiation is called _____________.
equivalent dose
31. the study of the human body in relation to the working environment for the purpose of injury prevention.
ergonomics
6. The x-ray beam that leaves the patient in the direction of the image receptor is often referred to as: primary radiation exit radiation absorbed radiation scattered radiation
exit radiation
remnant radiation
exit radiation
amount of ionizing radiation that may strike an object such as the human body when in the vicinity of the radiation source
exposure
11. Pre-established guidelines used by the radiographer to select standardized manual or AEC exposure factors for each type of radiographic examination are called
exposure technique charts
According to the Law of Bergione and Tribondeau, cell radiosensitivity is directly proportional to the degree of differentiation. T/F
false
Acute Radiation Syndrome will occur when high dose of Low LET radiation is delivered all at once to the whole body. T/F
false
After the radiolysis of water, if the two ion pair recombine, this will produce major biologic damage. T/F
false
All radiation survey meters are equally sensitive to the detection of ionizing radiation. T/F
false
As the intensity of x-ray exposure of an air volume increases, the number of electron-ion pairs produced decreases. T/F
false
Epidemiological studies of people exposed to radiation is usually difficult because dose is known and very high. T/F
false
It is not possible to repair radiation damage and recover. T/F
false
Partial body exposure is not a concern when looking at the somatic damage factors related to ionizing radiation exposure. T/F
false
Personnel dosimeters protect the wearer from exposure to ionizing radiation. T/F
false
23. 1. T or F: The first step before transferring a patient to the imaging department is to ensure you have the right patient by checking the two patient identifiers.
false 1. The first step is to check with the nursing station and let them know you are ready to transfer the patient, as they are responsible for the patient whereabouts at all times. Checking patient identity is step two.
19. 1. One only needs to check with the patient about their mobility before transferring them. T/F?
false check with the nurse and then the patient
52. Always check the patient identification before checking at the nursing station true or flse
false other way around
8. unjustifiable detention of a person against his and/or her will
false imprisonment
Which of the following best describes the Fowler position?
feet lower than head
24. Materials strongly attracted to magnets are classified as ____________.
ferromagnetic
22. According to the textbook, which of the following special situations would NOT require a change in exposure technique? plaster cast additive disease barium contrast fiberglass cast
fiberglass cast
6. A coil of wire, usually 7 to 15 mm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, and usually made of tungsten with 1% to 2% thorium added.
filament
Which personnel monitoring device is most affected by heat and humidity?
film badge
5. THe device for removing long-wavelength radiation from the primary x-ray beam is the: transformer filter rheostat rectifier
filter
19. What type of exposure technique chart varies the mAs for patient thickness?
fixed kVp
7.1. What should be the immediate treatment of a splash of chemicals to the eye(s)?
flood the eye with running water for a full 5 minutes -in an eye wash station if available
What is the dose response relationship for radiation-induced leukemia?
follows a linear, nonthreshold dose-response relationship.
Highly reactive ions that have unpaired electrons in the outer shell are called
free radicals
41. Number of waves that pass a given point per second
frequency
51. If 60 waves go by a given point in 1 second, which is the appropriate unit of measure?
frequency
What is the length of time between radiation exposure and death from cerebrovascular syndrome?
from hours up to 2 to 3 days
Which of the following diseases is not considered to be communicable?
gastritis
16. Which of the following is used to survey an area for radiation detection and measurment? TLD film badge geiger-mueller detector
geiger-mueller detector
79. Which of the following is used to survey an area for radiation detection and measurment? TLD. film badge geiger-mueller detector
geiger-mueller detector
Which of the following is used to survey an area for radiation detection and measurment?
geiger-mueller detector
16. The bony prominence on the frontal bone between the eyebrows is called the acanthion glabella gonion nasion
glabella
Which cytoplasmic organelle produces glycoproteins from large carbohydrate molecules and protein molecules?
golgi aparatus
What is the most severe form of convulsive seizures?
grand mal
SI unit of absorbed dose
gray
What is the medical term for bleeding?
hemorrhage
16. X-rays are considered homogeneous - photons of the same energies polygeneous - photons of 2 different energies heterogeneous - photons of many different energies The photons in x-ray beams contain no energy
heterogeneous - photons of many different energies
50. X-rays are considered homogeneous - photons of the same energies polygeneous - photons of 2 different energies heterogeneous - photons of many different energies The photons in x-ray beams contain no energy
heterogeneous - photons of many different energies
32. This image is demonstrating _______ LET which has a ______ chance of inactivating the master molecule and being ________ to the cell. Question #28 high greater lethal high less sub-lethal low less sub-lethal low greater lethal
high greater lethal
99. This image is demonstrating _______ LET which has a ______ chance of inactivating the master molecule and being ________ to the cell. high greater lethal high less sub-lethal low less sub-lethal low greater lethal
high greater lethal
52. Image analysis of rib images include a high contrast due to high kVp high contrast due to low kVp low contrast due to high kVp low contrast due to low kVp
high contrast due to low kVp
Most of the information available to researchers of the dose-response relationship comes from which of the following?
high dose irradiation exposures
48. The LET of an x-ray or gamma photon is low because of its low energy high penetration negative charge positive charge
high penetration
55. The type of current found between the secondary side of the step up transformer and the rectifiers is
high voltage (kV) AC
What are the two modes of transportation of the cell membrane?
passive and active
The purpose of rotating the anode of the x-ray tube is to:
increase the heat capacity of the anode
70. To maintain the same exposure to the IR, if the SID is increased, the mAs must be increased decreased left the same doubled
increased
6. Using a lower mA station during an AEC examination results in reduced patient exposure decreased exposure time increased exposure time A and B
increased exposure time
18. Oxygen [x] tissue radiosensitivity decreases increases does not effect
increases
86. Oxygen [x] tissue radiosensitivity. decreases increases does not effect
increases
What happens to scatter as kVp increases?
increases
How does the use of a grid affect patient dose?
increases patient dose
69. When OID cannot be reduced, it is possible to reduce size distortion by increasing mAs decreasing SID using a small focal spot increasing SID
increasing SID
15. Essentially all effects of low-LET irradiation in a living cell result from the [x] action.
indirect effect
27. What positioning landmark is located at the inner corner of the eye? inner canthus EAM nasion acanthion
inner canthus
molecules that do not contain carbon
inorganic molecules
60. Based on the pole, how do the lines of flux travel on a magnet?
inside a magnet south to north outside a magnet north to south
37. Gamma rays are produced
inside the nucleus of excited atoms
Which cellular effect would result from 1000 gray over a very short period?
instant death
3. An image of the parietoacanthial projection reveals that the petrous ridges are superimposed over the lower 30% of the maxillary sinuses. What specific positioning error (if any) led to this? insufficient extension of the chin excessive extension of the chin excessive CR angulation no error was made, this radiograph is acceptable
insufficient extension of the chin
37. Which line is placed perpendicular to the IR in a true lateral nasal bone projection? AML interpupillary midsagittal OML
interpupillary
29 kVp has an __________ relationship with radiographic contrast
inverse
45. After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: If a radiographer stands 5 m from an x-ray tube and the exposure rate of 4 mR/hr, what will the exposure rate be @ 10 m from the x-ray tube? 15% rule inverse square law skin entrance equivalent dose square law
inverse square law
If a radiographer stands 5 m from an x-ray tube and the exposure rate of 4 mR/hr, what will the exposure rate be @ 10 m from the x-ray tube? -Choose the correct equation to solve
inverse square law
21. The radiosensitivity of cells is [x] proportional to their degree of differentiation. directly inversely
inversely
47. X-ray energies are ______ related to their wavelength. directly inversely
inversely
63. Wavelength is______proportional to frequency
inversely
87. The radiosensitivity of cells is [x] proportional to their degree of differentiation. directly inversely
inversely
17. X-ray wavelength is directly proportional to frequency directly proportional to velocity inversely proportional to frequency inversely proportional to velocity
inversely proportional to frequency
49. X-ray wavelength is directly proportional to frequency directly proportional to velocity inversely proportional to frequency inversely proportional to velocity
inversely proportional to frequency
X-ray wavelength is
inversely proportional to frequency
65. The AP projection of the pelvis requires the feet to be placed in which position? abducted everted flexed inverted
inverted
When doing an exam on a patient with chest tube drainage, which of the following actions must be taken?
keep drainage tube below chest
17. The purpose of the focusing cup is to produce thermionic emission from the filament prevent thermionic emission from the filament allow the electrons to spread out keep the electrons together
keep the electrons together
11. Monitoring companies send control badges to health care facilities along with each batch of badges. The control badge / control monitor should be given as a monitor to radiographers who lose their original badge given as a second monitor to pregnant personnel given as monitors to radiographers working in the operating room kept in a radiation-free area in the imaging facility
kept in a radiation-free area in the imaging facility
Monitoring companies send control badges to health care facilities along with each batch of badges. The control badge / control monitor should be
kept in a radiation-free area in the imaging facility
69. Which of the following is an SI unit of mass?
kilogram
Which of the following is a unit of mass? volt pound kilogram joule
kilogram
61. 1. Body mechanics is the use of ____________ to develop specific guidelines about posture, coordination, balance, and movements to minimize efforts to perform various activities.
kinesiology
The sacrum and coccyx form which kind of curve?
kyphotic
9. What is the primary difference of direct DR over indirect DR? lacks the conversion of x-rays to light does not capture x-rays requires less exposure no difference
lacks the conversion of x-rays to light
58. will have the least resistance ____cross section/_____length
large short
9. The best situation is to have a _____ actual focal spot and a _____ effective focal spot. large; large small; small large; small small; large
large; small
27. You want a ____ actual focus spot area. Why?
larger -better for heat dissipation b/c the area were e- are being bombarded is larger
When the process of cellular division stops and the cell does not divide further, this usually occurs at what point?
late in the g1 phase
The principle active component of the TLD dosimeter is a special crystal called the what?
lithium fluoride
30.Which transfer is used for people with spinal cord injuries?
log roll
100. This image is demonstrating a ________ LET radiation in which more _________ actions would occur. high direct high indirect low direct low indirect
low indirect
33. This image is demonstrating a ________ LET radiation in which more _________ actions would occur. Question #29 high direct high indirect low direct low indirect
low indirect
42. What is the first step in the stretcher transfer process?
lowering the side rails if it is safe to do so
What are the most radiosensitive white blood cells in the human body?
lymphocytes
31. Cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation and radon are examples of
natural (environmental) radiation
11. Negligence refers to the neglect or omission of reasonable care or caution
negligence
5. Which particle is the largest in terms of mass?
neutron
30. fundamental unit of force
newton
14. X-rays photons have a negative charge and no mass a negative charge and a mass / weight of 1 amu a positive charge and no mass no mass and no charge
no mass and no charge
For an x-ray tube in which tube potential is 70 kVp or above, minimum total filtration required is 1.5 mm lead 2.5 mm lead 1.5 mm aluminum 2.5 mm aluminum
none of the above is correct
Which of the following affects the cellular process of developing cancer? Environmental versus chemical exposure Radiation dose Number of carcinogens contacted None of the above
none of the abovee
At doses of 2 Gy (200 rad), the embryo-fetus will
not likely survive
Which of the following is not an inorganic compound? Water Acids Salts Nucleic acids
nucleic acids
The frequency (hertz) of a wave can be defined as the:
number of cycles per second
51. What is the Coulomb as a unit of measure of electrical charges based on?
number of electrons
Define-atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus
Matching-atomic mass
number of protons plus number of neutrons in the nucleus
Matching- Frequency
number of wavelengths passing a given point per unit of time
10. Which cranial bone is most posterior? occipital bone frontal bone mandible parietal bone
occipital bone
36. Which cranial bone is post posterior? occipital bone frontal bone mandible parietal bones
occipital bone
radiation exposure received by technologists in the course of exercising their professional responsibilities
occupational exposure
Which elements combine to make up 80% to 85% of the human body?
oxygen & hydrogen
Which interaction creates a particle that is subsequently destroyed in an annihilation event?
pair production
16. Which pairs of ribs attach their costocartilages directly to the lateral borders of the sternum? pairs three through seven pairs 8, 9 and 10 pairs 8, 9, 11 and 12 the last two pairs
pairs three through seven
61. What type circuit follows the rule that total current is equal to the sum of the individual current flowing through each path?
parallel circuit
For the AP projection of the elbow, the humeral epicondyles are
parallel to the cassette
Matching-attenuation
partial absorption of the energy of the x-ray beam as it traverses an object
Which interaction requires energy greater than 10 MeV?
photodisinigration
What is the ejected electron called in a photoelectric event?
photoelectron
Which of the following is used to measure the visible light emitted by the sensing material contained in the TLD after exposure to ionizing radiation and heat?
photomultiplier tube
33. A ______ is a small, discrete bundle of energy. phaser photon quark mesion
photon
26. The two types of detectors used in AEC are
phototimers and ionization chambers
Which of the following blood cells help stop hemorrhage? Platelet cells White blood cells Red blood cells All of the above
platelet cells
What is considered to be the cause of most cases of leukemia?
point lesions
Smallest unit of positive charge
proton
10. What stays the same in isotopes?
protons
14. In the terms of movement of electrical charges, why do we only discuss the movement of electrons and not protons or neutrons?
protons are generally fixed in their position inside the nucleus of the atom. Electrons, on the other hand, are relatively free to move about, depending on the material.
If a radiologist is exposed to radiation as a result of an accident from a nearby nuclear power plant, the exposure would be classified as which of the following?
public exposure
87. The inner layer of the pleura that encloses the lungs and heart is called the: parietal pleura. pericardial sac. pulmonary pleura. pleural cavity.
pulmonary pleura.
49. In this image, which line is the following: Threshold, non-linear Question #45
purple line
94. In this image, which line is the following: Threshold, non-linear blue line green line purple line red line
purple line
34. Terrestrial radiation originates from __________________.
radioactive material in the earth's crust
5. A [x] reads an x-ray image and provides a diagnosis. radiologic technologist radiologist defendant ultrasound technologist
radiologist
22. The radiographic examination tabletop must be as [x] as possible. radiopaque radiolucent
radiolucent
The interaction of x-ray photons with biologic matter are __________; meaning it is impossible to predict with certainty what will happen to a single x-ray photon when it enters human tissue.
random
Matching- acceleration
rate of change of speed over time
Radiation-induced genetic mutations most often result in which of the following?
recessive mutations
What happens to the recovery rate of bone marrow as the dose of radiation increases?
recovery time increases
What is the most accurate method for taking a temperature?
rectal
52. The process by which alternating current is converted into direct current is called
rectification
What blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body?
red blood cells
Define the general medical term Erythema.
reddening of the skin
A part of an induction motor made of an iron core (iron bars embedded in the copper shaft) surrounded by coils and located in the center of the stators
rotor
7. Rectifiers serve to do what
route electricity through the tube one way only (DC current)
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a person's most basic need?
safety and security
26. What is the name of the articulation between the parietal bones? squamosal suture coronal suture sagittal suture occipital suture
sagittal suture
5. What part to the flat-panel DR converts x-rays to light? scintillator photodetector TFT substrate
scintillator
58. The inverse square law states that intensity will vary as what power of the distance?
second (square)
3. Devices that in effect convert AC to DC are located in which circuit?
secondary
Research into suppressor genes found that they are located on which of the following?
several chromosomes
Color blindness and hemophilia are examples of which of the following?
sex linked mutations
If there are concerns about maintaining the sterility of a wound during a radiographic examination, which device can be used?
shadow shield
56. What holds atoms together in a covalent bond?
shared electrons
21. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a fixed-kVp technique chart? uniform radiographic contrast easier use greater assurance of adequate penetration smaller technique changes possible
smaller technique changes possible
6.1. What are the four common causes of hospital fires?
smoking spontaneous combustion open flames electricty
What causes the shrinking of organs exposed to high doses of radiation?
some cells die and are removed as waste products
54. Why is the beam less intense on the anode side? too much heat produced which slows photons fewer electrons to produce x-rays some photons have to penetrate the heel of the target some photons travel further and slow down
some photons have to penetrate the heel of the target
The patient in insulin shock who is conscious requires which of the following?
something with sugar
18. The cloud of electrons produced through thermionic emission is more accurately called a(n) space cloud electron cloud electron charge space charge
space charge
A cloud of electrons formed by the focusing cup as electrons are boiled off of the filament.
space charge
An "electron cloud" surrounding the filament of the cathode is referred to as a:
space charge
The self-limiting factor caused by the space charge reaching a size commensurate with the current used and making it difficult for additional electrons to be emitted.
space charge effect
25. In this image, letter C identifies which bone?.
sphenoid
43. After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: A patient was x-rayed at 36 inches and the mAs was 12. What would the new mAs have to be in order to maintain density at 60 inches? 15% rule inverse square law skin entrance equivalent dose square law / mAs distance compensation
square law / mAs distance compensation
A patient was x-rayed at 36 inches and the mAs was 12. What would the new mAs have to be in order to maintain density at 60 inches? -Choose the correct equation to solve
square law / mAs distance compensation
4. increased probability of effects occurring after an exposure but the severity of the effects does not necessarily increase
stochastic
4. The depression above each eyebrow is termed the glabella frontal tuberosity supraorbital foramina supraorbital groove
supraorbital groove
What contraindication(s) exist in the use of barium sulfate?
suspected perforation
A patient's blood pressure is 120/78. What does the figure 120 represent?
systolic pressure
What is the sphygmomanometer used for?
taking blood pressure
8. In this image, letter D represents the cathode envelope target filament
target
The interaction between ionizing radiation and a vital cell structure is the basis for which of the following?
target theory
5. For the Caldwell of the sinuses: the MML is perpendicular to the IR the IOML is parallel to the IR the OML is perpendicular to the IR the OML is 15 degrees from horizontal
the OML is 15 degrees from horizontal
1. An advantange of [x] is heat, moisture, and pressure will not affect the tamperproof blister packet a film badge the OSL
the OSL
71. An advantange of [x] is heat, moisture, and pressure will not affect the tamperproof blister packet a film badge the OSL
the OSL
39. Fluorescence refers to the emission of light from the screen when stimulated by radiation the emission of x-rays from the screen the ability of phosphors to emit visible light only while exposed to x-rays (Question 42)
the ability of phosphors to emit visible light only while exposed to x-rays
6. In this image, #2 represents the actual focal spot size the effective focal spot size the electron stream the line-focus principle
the actual focal spot size
30. If the radiation quantiy absorbed dose is being measured [x] radiation effect(s) being measued. the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object is the biologic effects are the ionization in air is the
the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object is the
76. If the radiation quantiy absorbed dose is being measured [x] radiation effect(s) being measued. the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object is the biologic effects are the ionization in air is the
the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by object is the
30. Histogram analysis compares the histogram with pre-established histograms specific to the x-ray equipment the computer monitor the patient data the anatomic part being imaged (Question 33)
the anatomic part being imaged
34. An x-ray beam is heterogeneous, this means the amount of intensity is increased the amount of intensity is decreased the beam consists of one energy level the beam consists of different energy levels
the beam consists of different energy levels
An x-ray beam is heterogeneous, this means
the beam consists of different energy levels
22. The EfD is based on the energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation the electrical charge produced in a kilogram of dry air by ionizing radiation the dose of ionizing radiation required to cause diffuse redness over an area of skin the number of electron-ion pairs in a specific volume of air
the energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation
82. The EfD is based on the energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation the electrical charge produced in a kilogram of dry air by ionizing radiation the dose of ionizing radiation required to cause diffuse redness over an area of skin the number of electron-ion pairs in a specific volume of air
the energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation
EfD based on
the energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation
________ reduces leakage radiation
the housing
What information does relative risk provide?
the ratio of observed cases to naturally occurring cases
What characteristic of nitrogenous organic bases determines an individual's unique genetic code?
the sequence of the bases
11. Cathode is designed to provide Summary 9.2
the source of e⁻ needed for xray production
17. The system international unit of measurement for magnetic field strength is _____.
the tesla
2. "Sun-tanning" in glass envelopes is caused by the color the tube gets as it loses its resistance to heat over time oil leaking out of the protective housing the breaking of the glass envelope into small pieces of glass the vaporized tungsten from filament deposits that coats the inside of the glass
the vaporized tungsten from filament deposits that coats the inside of the glass
Which of the following is not a consideration in determining exposure factors?
the weight of any shielding devices
What is the difference between an electron in the K shell and an electron in the M shell?
their binding energy
49. What atomic characteristic of a magnetic material creates a dipole?
their electrons spin in predominately one direction
Sex chromosomes can be distinguished from other chromosomes by which of the following characteristics?
their size and shape
The literal boiling off of electrons from a filament by a flow of electrical current.
thermionic emissions
Entrance skin exposure is measured by using which of the following?
thermoluminescent dosimeter
Based on research, which of the following is true of radiation-induced genetic mutations resulting from low doses of ionizing radiation?
they are extremely rare
16. There is about 1-2% of ______ added to the filament to increase thermionic emission thorium rhenium tungsten copper
thorium
Define primary protective barriers.
those at which the primary beam is directed
Define secondary protective barriers.
those in which scatter and/or leakage radiation will hit
Radiation-induced skin cancer follows what type of dose response relationship?
threshold
30. Radiation induced skin cancer does not occur at low levels of radiation expsosure. Therefore it is best expressed by which of the following dose-response relationships? non threshold dose relationship threshold dose relationship
threshold dose relationship
2. AEC controls the amount of radiation reaching the IR by controlling the time of exposure mA kVp all of the above
time of exposure
13. What are the cardinal principles for minimizing radiation dose? time, exposure, mAs kVp, time, mA time, distance, shielding time, patient size, shielding
time, distance, shielding
39. For sternum RAO, the top of the IR is placed to the jugular notch to 1 1/2 inches above the jugular notch to the mid-sternal area to the xiphoid process
to 1 1/2 inches above the jugular notch
54. Purpose of a cumulative timer is to inform the technologist how long ( @ 2 minutes) the exposure time has been to inform the technologist how long ( @ 5 minutes) the exposure time has been to inform the technologist how long ( @ 10 minutes ) the exposure time has been to inform the doctor to stop the procedure, even if diagnosis has not been confirmed
to inform the technologist how long ( @ 5 minutes) the exposure time has been
20. main purpose of the glass envelope Objective 2
to maintain a vacuum within the tube so that electrons from the air do not contribute to the electron stream - this would disrupt the x ray production process and damage the tube.
What is the purpose of isolation techniques?
to prevent the spread of disease
What is the function of suppressor genes in malignant cells?
to stop them from reproducing
77. Why is the RAO position preferred to the LAO for the sternum? to demonstrate the costochondral joints to increase the SID of the sternum to prevent superimposition of the sternum with the vertebral column to use the background density of the heart for visualization of the sternum
to use the background density of the heart for visualization of the sternum
21. In radiation protection systems no longer in use, a radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continuously subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects, such as erythema, was known as a air kerma effective dose tolerance dose weighted dose
tolerance dose
77. In radiation protection systems no longer in use, a radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continuously subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects, such as erythema, was known as a air kerma effective dose tolerance dose weighted dose
tolerance dose
In radiation protection systems no longer in use, a radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continuously subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects, such as erythema, was known as a
tolerance dose
52. What are two reasons why a tolerance dose is not considered an effective (or safe) means of monitoring occupational exposure?
tolerance dose is measured using skin erythema and cell count. Skin erythema looks different on different colored skin tones and by the time you get a skin erythema reaction the damage has already been done. The issue with cell count is that again by the time this is detectable in the blood it is too late the damage has already been done
During a photoelectric interaction, the incident photon is ____________ by the electron of the target atom.
totally absorbed
11. The elements that do not fit exactly into one of the 8 groups of elements are called:
transitional metals
55. When X-rays in the primary beam pass through biological matter (our patient for example) what three basic things could occur?
transmission scatter absorption
12. X-rays can not penetrate matter can be seen travel in straight lines as waves travel at the speed of 150 mm per millisecond
travel in straight lines as waves
42. X-rays can not penetrate matter can be seen travel in straight lines as waves travel at the speed of 150 mm per millisecond
travel in straight lines as waves
18.1. The posterior surgical approach is the most common hip replacement approach. T/F?
true
55. True or False. Patients who can't sit for an extended period of time should be transported using a stretcher.
true
A disadvantage of the OSL dosimeter is that occupational exposure cannot be establish on the day of occurrence. T/F
true
exit for x-rays from the housing
tube port
35. Which aspect of the ribs articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae? angle head neck tubercule
tubercule
31. filaments of the cathode are usually made of____ with ___ added Objective 7
tungsten thorium added
20. Part of a PSP plate that includes a random distribution of crystals is the conductive layer turbid phosphor layer structured phosphor layer support layer (question 22)
turbid phosphor layer
56. 1. What is the first step when you suspect a fire hazard?
turn off electricity at the power source
What structures with identical DNA are formed in the S phase?
two pairs of chromatids
When a disease is spread by an insect depositing the pathogen on or in a human, it is transmitted by what method?
vector
A disease spread through contaminated water or food is being transmitted by which of the following methods?
vehicle
59. A radiograph with low radiographic contrast has very similar densities very few densities short-scale contrast none of the above
very similar densities
47. The south poles of two magnets are placed 1 millimeter from each other. Which of the following describes the reaction?
very strong repulsion
Cell chemical reactions occur in what medium?
water
Ionizing radiation most often interacts with which molecules in the human body to produce molecular damage through an indirect action?
water
What is the primary component of blood?
water
Matching-manifest image
visible image after developing (via computer algorithms )
13. TLD's are heated (during processing after returning to the lab) and release what type of energy to indicate dose? laser visible light x-rays gamma rays
visible light
42. Exit radiation from the anatomic area of interest interacts with input phosphor to create ___________ in fluoroscopic imaging. . Latent image Remnant photons electrons visible light
visible light
TLD's are heated (during processing after returning to the lab) and release what type of energy to indicate dose?
visible light
49. The kVp meter of an x-ray generator displays __________.
voltage potential (potential difference) between cathode and anode
57. _____ is based on the amount of work that can be done per unit of charge?
volts
In monitoring occupational dose, skin erythema dose
was a form of a tolerance dose
13. X-rays with greater energy have a shorter ______ and are more penetrating. frequency velocity wavelength potential difference
wavelength
39. In a sine wave the distance from one peak to another is called the
wavelength
39. distance from one peak to another peak
wavelength
43. X-rays with greater energy have a shorter ______ and are more penetrating. frequency velocity wavelength potential difference
wavelength
12. When photons are "bent" as they pass through a medium, it is a characteristic of:
waves
conceptual measure for the relative risk associated with irradiation of different tissues
weighting factor
triangular in shape
x-ray beam
69. Which of the following would be considered a controlled area? radiology waiting room reception area / file room x-ray room hallway from waiting room to x-ray room
x-ray room
28. Which of the following describes the extra step, and is therefore a limitation of indirect-capture methods? x-rays are converted to light and then to electrons x-rays are converted directly to electrons electrons are converted to light and then to x-rays A and B (Question 30)
x-rays are converted to light and then to electrons
32. Radiation units are now expressed in the [x] because [y] of units does not fit into the metric system. SI system traditional system
x=SI system y=traditional system
5. A linear nonthreshold graph of the radiation dose-response relationship indicates that the response to radiation (in terms of biologic effects) is [x] proportional to the dose of radiation and [y] level of radiation dose below which the chance of sustaining biologic damage is zero. directly indirectly there is a known that there is not a known
x] directly y] that there is not a known
7. The current radiation protection philosophy utilizes the [x] [y] dose-response relationship. linear non-linear threshold non-threshold
x] linear y] non-threshold
Which of the following would be considered a controlled area? radiology waiting room reception area / file room x-ray room hallway from waiting room to x-ray room
xray room
Which of the following is used as the standard for RBE?
xrays