First aid próf

What medicine could be helpful in relieving symptoms to a passenger with severe diarrhea? Nitroglycerin. Rennie. Imodium. Paracetamol.

Imodium

What should you do in a mild airway obstruction:

Encourage the casualty to cough. Stay with the casualty and treat for severe airway obstruction if cough becomes ineffective.

Which medication is lifesaving in Anaphylaxis Epi-pen (adrenalin). Insulin. Glucogel. Nitroglycerin.

Epi-pen (adrenalin).

A person who is having violent seizures and temporary impairment of consciousness is most likely suffering from the following medical condition: Stroke. Heart attack. Epilepsy. Diabetes.

Epilepsy

R

R = RESPONSE - Check the casualty for response. o Shake shoulders and ask loudly „are you alright"? o If he doesn't respond try painful stimuli, like rubbing the breastbone with your fist.

A

A = AIRWAY To have a normal and functioning respiratory system, the airway must be open and clear. After establishing an initial response level, immediately assess the airway. - If the casualty is able to speak then the upper airway is clear. - If the casualty is not responding to speech then - Open the airway using the head tilt/chin lift method

Which of the following can cause unconsciousness? Alcohol and/or drug intoxication All answers correct. Epileptic attack, Hypoglycemia

All answers correct.

Where should the AED electrode pads be applied on the casualty? Under his/her left collarbone and left side under the breast. Under his/her right collarbone and left side under the breast. Under his/her left collarbone and right side under the breast. Anywhere near his/her heart

Under his/her right collarbone and left side under the breast.

Continue resuscitation until:

- Qualified help arrives and takes over. - The casualty starts breathing normally or shows obvious signs of life. - MedLink gives recommendation to discontinue CPR.

Resuscitation in Pregnancy

- When resuscitating a pregnant casualty, incline her approximately 15-30 degrees to the left (place a pillow under the right hip). o This takes pressure of a major vein that takes blood back to the heart. - The hand position for chest compressions may need to be slightly higher on the sternum (breastbone) for casualty's with advanced pregnancy. - Give CPR at ratio of 30:2 - Use of AED is safe and appropriate in pregnant casualty's in cardiac arrest. 30°

food poisning - symptoms - treatment

. It may take from 2 hours up to 17 days for a person to show symptoms of food poisoning, after ingestion. Symptoms - Abdominal cramps - Diarrhea - Nausea and vomiting - Mild fever - Weakness and headaches Treatment - Encourage the casualty to rest and drink plenty of water - Reassure and calm the person and encourage normal breathing - Do not give solid food for 24 hours or until their symptoms settle - If symptoms presist or worsen for more then a few days, call for a doctor or for medical advice

A DVT (Deep vein thrombosis)... ...is a blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body, most commonly, in the legs, thighs, or pelvis. ... is a type of stroke. ... is a type of severe allergy. ...is a type of heart attack.

...is a blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body, most commonly, in the legs, thighs, or pelvis.

What rate should chest compression be at?

100-120 per minute, A little less than two compressions per second.

Mark ALL the symptoms that can be present in hypoglycemia: Frequent urination. Increased thirst. Sweating. Weak and hungry.

Weak and hungry. Sweating.

When performing CPR, the compression/breathing ratio is: 15 compressions : 2 breaths 30 compressions : 2 breaths 5 compressions : 2 breaths 10 compressions : 2 breaths

30 compressions : 2 breaths

D

= DANGER - You must check the surrounding area for danger before approaching the casualty. - It is important that you or other bystanders are safe and do not become other casualty's.

C

C = CIRCULATION Pulse: Assess the pulse rate, normal rate should be between 60-100. Skin: - Colour - Temperature Blood pressure: Normal range in an adult is between 100 and 140 systolic (the top number) and between 60 and 80 diastolic (the bottom number).

What medicine can be helpful in relieving symptoms of heartburn? Imodium. Rennie. Adrenaline. Nezeril.

Rennie.

CPR on a infant

- A : Place both thumbs flat side by side on the lower half of the sternum (breastbone) with the tips pointing towards the infant's head. Spread both hands with the fingers to encircle the lower part of the infant's rib cage. The fingers should support the infant's back. - B: Use the tips of two fingers to compress the lower half of the sternum (breastbone) - Use one hand if compression is not sufficient with two fingers (one third of the chest).

Inflight stresses include:

- Acceleration of the aircraft - Vibration (including turbulence) - Noise - Lowered barometric pressure - Variation of temperature and humidity Fatigue

According to the European Regulation, operators should have the following equipment:

- Doctors Kit (Emergency medical kit) - Automated External Defibrillator (AED) - First Aid Kit (FAK) - Universal Precaution Kit (UPK) - Supplemental Oxygen However certain carriers choose to have an extra kit on board, f.x. Icelandair carries an additional Cabin Crew kit containing over the counter medication only given on specific request by the passenger.

When dealing with a medical emergency during flight, cabin crew can seek assistance from:

- Ground based medical service, f.x. MedAire - Doctor - Registered Medical Practitioner - Nurse - Registered Nurse / Midwife - Paramedic - Registered paramedic

Treatment of Nosebleed

- Have the casualty lean forward - Do not lean the casualty back as swallowing blood can induce vomiting - Ask the casualty to pinch the soft fleshy part of their nose just below the bridge for 10 - 15 minutes (or as long as it takes) for the blood to clot. - Tell the casualty not to pick or blow their nose as this can disturb any clots. - Seek medical assistance if the bleeding persists

Nitroglycerin

- Nitroglycerin dilates the arteries to improve blood flow to the heart. - Therefore it can lower blood pressure at the same time. For that reason blood pressure has to be over 100 in systolic pressure (top number) when nitroglycerin is taken.

Vomiting - treatment

- Offer fluids, preferably water or sugary drinks, no alcohol. o In severe dehydration intravenous fluids may be necessary and may only be administered by medical professionals - Advise use of air vents, and possibly administer oxygen if situation is prolonged o Preferably use nasal cannula.

Treatment of diarrhea:

- Offer water and other fluids to keep the person hydrated. o In severe dehydration intravenous fluids may be necessary and may only be administered by medical professionals. - Designate a specific lavatory for the exclusive use of the casualty and offer a seat close by. - If the diarrhea is very aggressive, Imodium tablets may be helpful.

Head tilt and chin lift method

- Place your hand on the casualty's forehead and gently tilt the head back - Place the fingers on your other hand under the casualty's chin, lift the chin to open the airway. - Remove any obvious foreign objects, f.e. loose teeth, food or fluid that is obstructing the airway. Do NOT perform blind finger sweep

Seizure: Medical assistance is required if the casualty is having:

- Prolonged seizures o Over 5 minutes - Recurring seizures - If it's the casualty's first seizure - The casualty has injured himself - If needed; anticonvulsants which may only be administered by a medical professional

How much oxygen flow in treatment for hypoxia?

Administer high flow oxygen ( 4L/min) - Oxygen should be administered until symptoms subside - Do not leave passenger unattended, monitor condition and quantity of oxygen bottle.

Aeroplane cabins need to be pressurized to an altitude of approximately X to supply oxygen?

Aeroplane cabins need to be pressurized to an altitude of approximately 6000 feet (1828m) to supply sufficient oxygen to passengers and crew in flight.

Shock can be caused by: The heart failing to pump adequately. Loss of blood volume. Dilation of blood vessels. All answers correct.

All answers correct.

What is the treatment for asthma attack? Give oxygen. Assist the casualty with their medication/inhalers. Have the casualty sit up and lean forward. All answers correct.

All answers correct.

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis is a severe, life threatening hypersensitive reaction which affects the casualty's whole body. This reaction causes the release of large quantities of histamine, which makes the airways swell and blood vessels leak resulting in sudden loss of fluid and shock. Anaphylaxis is triggered by a broad range of triggers, with food, drugs and venom being the most common. Of foods, nuts and shellfish are the most common cause.° Symptoms of anaphylaxis - Sudden onset and rapid progression of symptoms o Usually within minutes of exposure to a trigger - Life threatening airway, breathing and/or circulation o Noisy breathing o Tightening of the chest o Swelling of the airways o Rapid weak pulse o Hypotension and signs of shock - In 80% of cases skin and/or mucosal changes can be seen; like urticaria(hives) and swelling of eyes There can also be gastrointestinal symptoms, like abdominal pain and vomiting Treatment of anaphylaxis - Remove Allergie trigger if possible - Administer epi-pen (adrenaline) o Adrenaline is the most important life saving drug when treating anaphylaxis. o Usually casualty's carry their own epipen - Call for immediate medical assistance - Administer oxygen, high flow 4L/min - Position the casualty in a comfortable position. If shock develops position the casualty flat on back with elevated legs. - Medical professionals assisting on board may ask for other drugs and fluids, such as more adrenaline, salbutamol(ventolin), antihistamine and steroids.

.....is a severe, life threatening hypersensitive reaction which affects the casualty's whole body. This reaction causes the release of large quantities of histamine, which makes the airways swell and blood vessels leak resulting in sudden loss of fluid and shock. Anaphylaxis. Stroke. Headache. Heart attack.

Anaphylaxis.

Nitroglycerin tablets are used to treat: Asthma. Severe asthma and cardiac arrest. Angina Pectoris and Heart attack. Allergy and nausea.

Angina Pectoris and Heart attack.

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

Automated External Defibrillator (AED) AED's are reliable and safe computerized devices that recognise cardiac arrhythmias and decides if a shock is indicated. All that is required of the operator is to recognise that cardiac arrest has occurred and attach two large adhesive electro pads to the casualty's chest. The scientific evidence to support early defibrillation is overwhelming; the delay from collapse to delivery of the first shock is the single most important determinant of survival. The chances of successful defibrillation declines at a rate of about 10% with each minute of delay. Good quality chest compressions will help to maintain a shockable rhythm. How to use the AED 1. Provide good quality CPR while the AED is brought to the scene, turned on and pads are applied. 2. The AED will give you a series of verbal and visual prompts as soon as it has been turned on 3. Expose the casualty's chest and remove any jewelry and patches that can block delivery of current to the heart. Wipe of excess moisture and quickly remove body hair with a razor if needed. a. Scissors, cloth and razor are located in the Fast response kit which is attached to the AED 4. Apply the pads to the casualty's chest under the right collarbone and under the breast on the left side (slightly out to the side, see picture below). Ensure that the lead is securely connected. 5. After the pads have been applied the AED will do a rhythm analyses and decide if a shock is recommended. Make sure that no one is touching the casualty as this will interfere with the analyses. 6. If the AED advises „ no shock advised" continue CPR. 7. If the AED advises „shock advised". Make sure there is no direct or indirect contact with any part of the casualty and ensure that oxygen is removed before hitting the orange shock button. 8. Continue CPR immediately after delivering a shock. 9. The AED will re-analyse the casualty's heart rhythm every 2 minutes. Follow any further prompts. 10. Leave the AED connected to the casualty. Do not remove pads or turn off the AED until the casualty has been passed on to the care of medical services on the ground or a medical doctor has given permission. 11. The AED can be used on a casualty over 25 kg or approximately 8 years old.

B

B = BREATHING All cells within the human body need constant and adequate supply of oxygen to function properly. Any breathing deficiencies can lead to a hypoxic state, which can result in major organ failure. After establishing open airway , Look, Listen and Feel for Breathing for max 10 seconds. - Look for chest movements or any movements (signs of life) - Listen at the casualty's mouth for breath sounds - Feel for air on your cheek. BREATHING ASSESSMENT Rate: The normal respiratory rate for an adult is 12-20 breaths per minute Effort: Is the casualty having difficulty breathing? Is he in distress? Inability to speak: The casualty can not complete a sentence in one breath. If you have any doubt whether breathing is present/normal, act as if its not and start chest compressions.

bleeding

Bleeding is the escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, which can either be external or internal. While damage to minor vessels may produce only a small amount of blood loss, rupture of a major blood vessel can lead to the loss of several litres of blood, which if untreated can lead to shock or even death. - Arterial Bleeding (Slagæðablæðing): The blood is bright red and spurts with each heartbeat. Arterial bleeding is often hard to control and if not treated promptly, may prove fatal. - Venous Bleeding (Bláæðablæðing): The blood is dark red and flows more steadily. It is generally easier to control than arterial bleeding but can be serious. - Capillary Bleeding (Háræðablæðing): The blood oozes out and is bright red in colour. Capillaries are minor vessels; therefore damage is usually not life-threatening. Internal bleeding can be visible or concealed. Examples of visible internal bleeding is bleeding from ear, nose or mouth. Examples of concealed internal bleeding is bleeding into the abdominal cavity from the spleen or bleeding in the brain. - Apply direct pressure to the bleeding site. If the dressing becomes blood soaked, apply another on top of the first and continue until the bleeding is under control. - Elevate the area above the heart if possible. Dress wound with dry dressing and firm bandage. - DO NOT remove embodied foreign objects as removing it may result in further bleeding or tissue damage. Put dressings around the foreign object.

Fainting

Brief loss of concsciousness is called fainting and commonly occurs in otherwise healthy individuals brought on by insufficient blood flow to the brain. It's usually harmless and requires no specialized treatment. By the time you have confirmed that the passenger is breathing normally and has a good pulse, the passenger will likely have regained consciousness. Causes of fainting - Reduced blood volume (dehydration). F.x vomiting, diarrhea, prolonged heat exposure or heavy sweating. - Sitting still/standing for a long period of time. - Over stimulation of the Vagus nerve/Vasovagal - Can be caused f.x. by emotional stress or the body overracting to certain triggers such as blood. Symptoms - Pale, cold and clammy skin, light headed or dizzy feeling, nause, shallow breathing, pulse may be slow or rapid Treatment of fainting - Position the casualty flat on the back and elevate the legs - Administer oxygen. - Place cold cloth on forehead. - Give the casualty sugary drink or food when fully conscious The casualty should regain consciousness within 2 minutes, if not it could be an indication of a serious illness

What is the most common soft tissue injuries for a cabin crew to encounter?

Burn trauma is one the most common soft tissue injuries a cabin crew member will encounter. A

COPD

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) COPD is a progressive lung disease that makes breathing difficult. In this disease the walls of the airways become thick and inflamed and the airways make more mucus than usual and can become clogged. The main cause of COPD is smoking. Some people with COPD use oxygen on a daily basis and therefore need supplemental oxygen during a flight. Symptoms of worsening COPD - Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity. - Wheezing breath sounds - A cough that produces a lot of mucus - Chest tightness - Can lead to severe respiratory distress and hypoxia - The worst attacks can lead to respiratory arrest Treatment of worsening COPD - Have the casualty sit up and lean forward - Administer oxygen - Assist the casualty with their own medication or use salbutamol (ventolin). - If symptoms don't subside or worsen; call for immediate medical assistance.

CPR =

CPR = Cardio pulmonary resuscitation

Airsickness: - causes - sign and symptoms - treatment

Causes: - Turbulence - Lack of fluid or food intake - Intoxicated from alcohol or drugs - Stress/anxiety Signs and symptoms: - Nausea and Vomiting - Distress - Sweating - Paleness - Dizziness Treatment: - Encourage normal breathing - Place the person in a comfortable position - Give oxygen if necessary - Give passenger a cold cloth and adjust airvents to increase air-flow - Give antiemetic/motion sickness medication if appropriate

Compound fractures

Compound fractures (open) - The bone is broken and the edge of the broken bone has punctured through the skin. This causes harm to soft tissue, nerves and possibly arteries which can cause major bleeding - There is a strong risk of infection gaining access of the soft tissues and broken bones

D (seina D-ið)

D = DYSFUNCTION After establishing and managing the airway, breathing and circulatory status, the casualty'slevel of response should be assessed using the AVPU scale. - A = Alert - The casualty is awake. - V = Verbal - The casualty responds to verbal stimuli. - P = Pain - The casualty responds only to painful stimuli. - U = Unresponsive - The casualty is unconscious and does not respond to painful or verbal stimuli.

severe airway obstruction

In a severe airway obstruction: - Give up to 5 sharp back blows o Support the chest with one hand and lean the casualty well forward so that when the obstructing object is dislodged it comes out of the mouth rather than going further down the airway o Give up to 5 sharp back blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of the other hand - If the obstruction is not relieved give up to 5 abdominal thrusts as follows: o Stand behind the casualty and put both arms round the upper part of the abdomen. o Lean the casualty forward. o Clench your fist and place it between the umbilicus (navel) and bottom end of the breastbone. Grasp this hand with your other hand. Pull sharply inwards and upwards. o Repeat up to 5 times.

closed - loop communication

Effective communication and task management is vital when dealing with medical emergencies. Therefore, it is extremely important that every cabin crew member knows their role in the situation and the tasks that follows. - Communicate openly and indicate findings and action taken. - Use direct commands and be clear and precise. - When receiving a command, give feedback that you have understood the command and that your are fulfilling the task. This method is called closed - loop communication, which is a communication technique to avoid misunderstanding. Use eye-contact and names when giving orders. In a well functioning team, all members will have a common understanding of current events, or shared situational awareness. It is important that only relevant information is shared. A good team member is able to raise concerns about clinical or safety issues but also listens to briefings and instructions from the team leader or other members of the team.

DVT

Deep Vein Thrombosis DVT (Djúpbláæðasegi) On long flights passengers tend to remain seated for extended periods of time. In susceptible individuals, prolonged periods of immobility can slow down blood flow in the leg veins. This can lead to ankle swelling and, in predisposed individuals, increase the risk of blood clots to form inside the veins, known as Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT). A DVT is a blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body, most commonly, in the legs, thighs, or pelvis. This clot can limit blood flow through the vein, causing swelling and pain. Symptoms of DVT - Swelling. - Pain. - Warmth and redness. Treatment of DVT A DVT is treated with blood thinning medicines that keep the clot from getting bigger and traveling to the lungs. These medicines are not available on board so the casualty needs medical attention on the ground. If DVT is suspected - Do not rub the affected limb and advise casualty not to walk around as that may dislodge the DVT. - DVT can be serious and, on occasion, a life-threatening situation if the clot breaks off and travels to the lungs causing what is called a pulmonary embolism. o Check for Pulmonary Embolism symptoms (see next step). - Call for medical assistance. - Consider giving oxygen. Preventive measures People who travel on long flights are at increased risk of DVT. Walking around, drinking plenty of fluids and wearing knee-high compression socks are some of the preventive methods that passengers can use.

Diabetes

Diabetes is a condition where a person's ability to manage blood sugar levels is affected.To produce energy the body needs glucose which is absorbed into the blood from food. Normally the level of glucose in the blood is controlled by a hormon called insulin. There are two main types of diabetes, usually referred to as type one and type two. - Type 1 diabetes is insulin dependent.The pancreas does not produce insulin and can therefore not absorb glucose. Glucose is essential for the body to produce energy and function properly. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are usually diagnosed at a early age and need to inject insulin regularly in accordance with their food intake. - Type 2 diabetes is usually insulin resistant. The body does produce insulin on it's own but can not use it properly. Type 2 diabetes is more common than type 1 and is often related to unhealthy diet and obesity. Individuals with type 2 diabetes are usually treated with dietary changes and tablets, but in severe cases require insulin injections.

E

E = EXAMINE The purpose of Examine during the primary survey is to identify any injuries or conditions that may not have been obvious during the initial part of the survey. - Once the level of consciousness has been checked it is important to gather more information about the casualty's medical history and events leading up to illness using the SAMPLE method.

Ectopic pregnancy - skilgreining - symptoms - treatment

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg plants in an abnormal position/outside of the uters which results in internal bleeding Symptoms - Sudden vaginal bleeding - Lower abdominal pain (cramp like) - High temperature - Signs of shock if severe bleeding Treatment - Administer oxygen - Seek medical assistance - Do not give the casualty food or drink - Monitor and treat for shock

Epilepsy

Epilepsy In epilepsy electrical discharges lead to epileptic attacks, which are brief disturbances of consciousness, behaviour, emotions, motor function or sensation. An epileptic fit can not be prevented and is usually not dangerous, however the casualty may injure himself during an epileptic attack. There are about 40 classification of epilepsy the most common is called Grand Mal Symptoms - The casualty becomes rigid and falls to the ground - Violent involuntary muscle contractions (jerking) - Breathing becomes slow, and the casualty may become cyanosed (bluish discoloration of the skin) - Incontinence can occur - The convulsions should stop after a few minutes and is usually followed by a deep sleep Treatment of epileptic attack - Surround the passenger with pillows and blankets to prevent injury. Support their head and maintain a clear airway. - Do not try to restrain movements or put anything in their mouth. - Look for epilepsy identity card or medical alert bracelet/necklace. - As soon as convulsion cease, place the casualty in the recovery position and allow him to sleep. - Give oxygen until color returns to normal. - Time how long the jerking lasts.

How many chest compressions and rescue breaths in CPR? Chest compression and rescue breaths method?

Give 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths Chest compressions - method: 1. Place the heel of one hand on the centre of the chest 2. Place the other directly on top and interlock fingers 3. Position yourself vertically at the side of the casualty 4. Keep your arms straight and push down 5-6 cm 5. Release all the pressure after each compression without losing contact between the hands and sternum. 6. Repeat at a rate of about 100-120 times per minute. A little less than two compressions per second. Rescue breaths - method 1. Combine chest compressions with rescue breaths after 30 compressions 2. Open the airway again using the head tilt and chin lift 3. Pinch the soft part of the casualty's nose. 4. Take a normal breath and place your lips around his mouth, making sure that you have a good seal 5. Blow steadily into his mouth for about 1 second whilst watching for his chest to rise and fall 6. Take another breath and repeat the sequence 7. Continue with chest compression and rescue breaths in ratio of 30:2

If someone is having a diabetic emergency, what should you do? Tell them to go to sleep. Give them a low calorie drink, like diet soda. Give them a sugary drink /food or use glucogel. Ignore until after landing.

Give them a sugary drink /food or use glucogel.

Child/infant choking

Give up to 5 back blows between the shoulder blades Hold the child in a prone or forward leaning position and try to make sure that the head is lower than the chest with the airway in an open position Child = 5 Abdominal thrusts - Same technique as with adults but giver should position himself after the child's height - Abdominal thrusts must NOT be performed on infant's Infant = 5 Chest thrusts - Turn the infant on its back with the head lower than the chest and the airway in an open position. - Chest thrusts are similar to chest compressions but sharper and slower If the child/infant becomes unconscious, start CPR and follow the paediatric basic life support guidelines

How should you react if an infant is conscious and choking on a piece of food? Encourage them to drink small sips of cold water for ten minutes. Give them candy. Give up to five back blows followed by up to five chest thrusts and repeat if necessary. Give continuous cycles of 30 chest compression and two rescue breaths.

Give up to five back blows followed by up to five chest thrusts and repeat if necessary.

How should you react if a person is conscious and choking on a piece of food and coughing does not help? Give up to five back slaps followed by up to five abdominal thrusts and repeat if necessary. Encourage the person to cough and give him/her a drink. Lay the person on the floor and start CPR. Open the airway and remove the object.

Give up to five back slaps followed by up to five abdominal thrusts and repeat if necessary.

In case of known Angina Pectoris the person should take his/her own medication or be given Nitroglycerin. However if the person does not recover and the pain persists the person should be treated like he/she has: Lung collapse. Internal bleeding. Heart attack. Stroke.

Heart attack.

Heartburn - defination - symptoms - treatment

Heartburn Heartburn is caused by stomach acid travelling up the esophagus (acid reflux). Symptoms - Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen - Burning feeling in the chest - Acid taste in the mouth - Feeling of trapped wind - Nausea and possible vomiting Treatment - Give indigestion tablets from medical kit if available (f.x. Rennie tablets). - Offer a glass of milk. - Advise the casualty to avoid carbonated drinks, tea, coffee and alcohol. - If pain persist, seek medical assistance.

Where can you find protective equipment to protect yourself when attending to a sick passenger? In the Universal Precaution Kit. In the AED bag. In the First Aid Kit. In the Doctors Kit.

In the Universal Precaution Kit.

What does FAST stand for? Fast, Arms, Stroke, Time Face, Arms, Stroke, Time Face, Airway, Speech, Time Face, Arms, Speech, Time

Face, Arms, Speech, Time

Hypoglycemia happens when there is too much glucose. True. False.

False

Classifications of burns

First degree/superficial burns: - Skin reddened (sunburn) Second degree/ partial thickness burns: - Damage extends through the top layer of the skin, causing pain and blisters Third degree/fullthickness burns: - Damage extends through all layers of the skin and into underlying structures - The affected area will appear black, waxy grey or even white - Pain can be minimal as the damage extends through nerves

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation Abnormally fast or deep respiration, which results in the loss of carbon dioxide from the blood and excessive oxygen levels (too much oxygen). Hyperventilation is often the result of an emotional state, such as anxiety. However it may be the result of a serious condition, such as a diabetic emergency, shock, head or spinal injury, infection, lung disease or asthma. Mistaking hyperventilation with hypoxia can be lethal. Hyperventilation will not kill, hypoxia can lead to death. If in doubt give oxygen. Symptoms of hyperventilation - Rapid respiratory rate, over-breathing - Numbness and tingling of hands, feet and lips - Dizziness and blurring of vision - Lightheadedness - Feeling of oxygen deprivation Treatment of hyperventilation - Try to calm and reassure the casualty by explaining how hyperventilation produces these symptoms - Instruct casualty to breathe slowly and hold breath for a few moments in between o For example by asking the casualty to mimic your breathing - Rebreathing into a paper bag is NOT recommended anymore - If the casualty is convinced that he is lacking oxygen and you have ruled out life-threatening conditions, put an oxygen mask on him without opening up the flow of oxygen.

Hypopoxia

Hypoxia is a condition caused by a shortage of oxygen = too little oxygen. While all cells require oxygen to function some cells require more oxygen than others. Most cells have the ability to store an emergency supply of oxygen. The brain and the spinal cord do not have this ability and they also demand a great deal of oxygen. If the oxygen supply to the body is reduced the brain will be one of the first organs to be affected. When the brain becomes hypoxic judgement and cognitive skills diminish from the very start. Symptoms of Hypoxia - Impaired judgement - Apparent personality change - Difficulty in respirations - Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of skin, especially lips, ears and fingernails - Memory impairment - Sensory impairment - Headache and dizziness - Impairment of consciousness o If not treated quickly with oxygen severe hypoxia can lead to death. Treatment of hypoxia - Administer high flow oxygen ( 4L/min) - Oxygen should be administered until symptoms subside - Do not leave passenger unattended, monitor condition and quantity of oxygen bottle.

CPR on a child

If no signs of life after 5 initial rescue breaths start immediate chest compression at the rate of 100-120 per minute. - Use two hands if compression is not sufficient with one hand (one third of the chest). - Place the heel of one hand on to the center of the chest, lift the fingers to ensure no pressure on the ribs

Pulmonary Embolism (blóðtappi í lungum)

One of the risks of having a DVT is that the blood clots can travel to other parts of the body and clog blood vessels there. Blood clots that form in the legs, for example, can end up blocking blood vessels in the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary arteries in the lungs.This restricts breathing and sometimes, when they are large, can lead to respiratory arrest making this a medical emergency Symptoms of pulmonary embolism are usually sudden in onset: - Panting, shortness of breath, or trouble breathing. - Sharp, knife-like chest pain during inhalation. - Coughing or even coughing up blood. - A rapid heartbeat, pulse over 100. Treatment - Call for medical assistance as this can be a medical emergency. Passenger with suspected pulmonary embolism needs a specialist hospital treatment as soon as possible. - Administer oxygen. - Monitor closely.

What can people with diabetes develop?

People with diabetes may develope hypo- or hyperglycemia.

Shock

Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition which happens when the body isn't getting enough bloodflow. This condition can lead to damage of the vital organs like the brain and heart and possibly death. Shock can be caused by anything that reduces blood flow. The main causes are: - The heart failing to pump adequately: o heart attack or heart failure - Loss of blood volume: o severe bleeding o loss of body fluids from dehydration - Dilation of blood vessels: o severe infection o anaphylaxis Symptoms of shock - Pale, cold, clammy skin - Rapid, shallow breathing - Rapid, weak pulse - Confusion, altering levels of consciousness Treatment of shock - Call for immediate medical assistance - Lay them down with their head low and legs raised and supported, to increase the flow of blood to their head. - Administer oxygen. - Treat cause if possible (f.x. stop bleeding).

Main causes of Shock

Shock can be caused by anything that reduces blood flow. The main causes are: - The heart failing to pump adequately: o heart attack or heart failure - Loss of blood volume: o severe bleeding o loss of body fluids from dehydration - Dilation of blood vessels: o severe infection o anaphylaxis

Simple Fracture

Simple Fracture (closed) - The surface of the skin is not broken and no underlying organs are injured by the broken bone ends

What should you do if a casualty is choking and becomes unconscious? Try 15 abdominal thrusts. Do blind finger sweep. Start CPR. Put a blanket over him.

Start CPR.

Stroke

Stroke Stroke occurs when there is a sudden disruption to the brain's blood supply and brain cells are affected by the lack of oxygen. The brain is very vulnerable to oxygen shortage, therefore brain cells will start dying within minutes causing irreversible damage. The disruption of blood supply to the brain can be caused by either: - Cerebral artery blockage (ischemic stroke) o The occlusion is most commonly caused by a blood clot o This type of stroke accounts for over 80% of all strokes. - Cerebral artery rupture o Which results in hemorrhage into the brain tissue A stroke is a medical emergency that requires immediate medical attention Treatment of stroke - Seek urgent medical assistance immediately - Administer oxygen - Position the casualty in a comfortable semi reclining position and keep head turned to one side for saliva to drain out - If unconscious place in the recovery position and monitor closely - Do not give anything to eat and drink as there may be swallowing difficulties - Reassure and support the casualty and relatives

Symptoms and treatment for ANgina or Heart Attach

Symptoms of Angina or Heart Attack: - Pain that may feel like: - Heaviness, tightness, squeezing, pressure, crushing of the chest. - Indigestion - Aching jaw - Pain in arms, often in the left arm o Other symptoms o Shortness of breath o Pale / grey and clammy skin o Nausea or vomiting o Perspiration o Lightheadedness o Fear / sense of impending doom Symptoms of angina are often less severe. The pain and discomfort from angina should be relieved with rest and/or medication (nitroglycerin). If not relieved within three minutes suspect a heart attack. Treatment of Angina or Heart attack: - Take history using the SAMPLE method. o If the casualty has no history of angina treat as heart attack. - Call for medical assistance - Administer oxygen at high flow 4L/min - Get the AED and DK o A heart attack may quickly lead to cardiac arrest - Casualty's that have their own medication (nitroglycerin) should take it.

Symptoms and treatment of asthma attack

Symptoms of asthma attack - Difficulty in breathing - Using accessory muscles - The casualty can not complete a sentence in one breath - Wheezing breath sounds - Rapid respiratory rate and pulse - Anxiety and restlessness - Cyanosis due to hypoxia Treatment of Asthma - Have the casualty sit up and lean forward - Administer oxygen - Assist the casualty with their own medication. o Asthma patients usually carry their own medication with them and know how to use them. o The inhaler that is most effective in an asthma attack is Salbutamol, known as Ventolin which dilates the air passage making breathing easier . Lack of response to the inhaler medication is a serious sign and a medical emergency

Ear and sinus pain - symptoms - treatment

Symptoms: - Mild to severe pain affecting ear and sinuses - In babies and children, crying due to pain Treatment: - Try to clear the ears by swallowing or yawning to open the air passage. - Offer pain relief. - Use paper-cups with warm water in tissues, to help with inner ear equalization. - Encourage parents to have children suck on pacifiers or drink a bottle during ascent and descent.

Always inform the Commander and the Senior Cabin Crew (SCCM) member of any illness or injury on board as soon as possible. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

If you have any doubt whether breathing is present/normal, act as if its not and start chest compressions. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Making a specific diagnosis is not essential, it is more important to treat any life threatening problems. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Pauses in chest compressions should be minimized and should only be taken while delivering rescue breaths, during rhythm analysis and while giving shocks from the AED. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

The FAST method

The FAST method is an easy way to remember and identify the most common symptoms of stroke. The faster you act, the better the chance of survival and recovery. F : Face - Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face drop? A : Arms - Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downwards? S : Speech - Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is their speech slurred or strange? T : Time - If you observe any of these signs, you could be dealing with a stroke. - As stroke is a time sensitive medical condition, it is TIME to call for medical assistance and realize that this is an emergency.

What is The Primary Survey?

The Primary Survey is a universal system for assessing and managing the ill or injured casualty, it may be used to treat conscious or unconscious casualty's. The purpose of the primary survey is to recognize immediate life threatening complications, and to gain an impression of the casualty's condition by using an organized system of evaluation. - The aim is to give prompt, correct treatment in logical order. Making a specific diagnosis is not essential, it is more important to treat any life threatening problems. - The Primary Survey is all about treating what you can see, rather than trying to diagnose a condition.

The Three P's of First Aid

The Three P's of First Aid - Preserve life - Prevent deterioration - Promote recovery

Why is it important to stay hydrated during and after flight?

The aircrafts cabin has low humidity and as a result there can be a drying effect of airway passages, the eyes and skin. For that reason it is important to stay hydrated during and after flight.

The signs for 2nd degree burn are: The area is red, slightly swollen, sore and has blisters Pain is minimal due to damaged nerve ends The area is cold and smooth The area is red, slightly swollen and sore

The area is red, slightly swollen, sore and has blisters

Recovery Postition:

The recovery position can be used for an unconscious casualty who is breathing and has a pulse. The recovery position maintains a good airway and ensures that the tongue does not cause obstruction. Furthermore it minimizes the risk of inhalation of gastric contents, for example vomit.

What effects does pressurised aeroplane cabin?

This has two effects: 1. Less oxygen available because of the pressure of oxygen becomes lower. With increased cabin altitude comes a decrease in oxygen absorbed into the bloodstream, as compared to ground level. 2. Gas within our body expands. Therefore it is important to avoid eating gas-forming foods or carbonated liquids. The swallowed air or gas formed through digestion will expand and can cause discomfort.

Treatment for burn

Treatment - Cool the burnt skin with clean water, preferably at room tempature - Use BurnFree gel or dressings from medical kits - Offer mild pain relief medication if needed - Remove jewelry from the burnt area - Do NOT break blisters - Elevate limb if appropriate

Treatment of abdominal problems

Treatment of abdominal problems - Use SAMPLE from the Primary Survey to gather sufficient information, this can help to indicate what kind of illness we are dealing with - Do not give the casualty food or drink o In case the casualty might need surgery - Seek medical assistance - Offer mild pain medication

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg plants in an abnormal position/outside of the uterus which results in internal bleeding. True. False.

True

Salbutamol (Ventolin) is the most effective inhaler in asthma attack True False

True

Hypoglycemia is caused by an overdose of insulin and/or insufficient dietary intake. It usually has rapid onset. True. False.

True.

Full term pregnancy is when baby is born : between 34 and 36 weeks gestation. before 37 weeks gestation. after 32 week gestation. between 38 and 42 weeks gestation.

between 38 and 42 weeks gestation.

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar Individuals with insulin dependent diabetes are at risk for developing hypoglycemia which is a diabetic emergency that happens when there is too much insulin and not enough food/glucose. This condition can have very sudden onset and can result in unconsciousness and even death if not corrected quickly. Symptoms - Irritability, even aggressiveness. - Sweating profusely. - Weak and faint, hungry. - Confusion, incoherent talk. - Glazed look in the eyes. - Muscle tremors. - Heart palpitations. Treatment - If the person is conscious give the person a sweet drink and follow up with food. - If the person is unconscious use sugar packet and pull the lower lip forward and rub the sugar into the mouths mucosa. Many emergencies kits also have glukogel witch can be used instead of the sugar packet.

rescue breaths in ratio of ?

rescue breaths in ratio of 30:2

Hyperglycemia

too high blood sugar Individuals with diabetes can also suffer from hyperglycemia (too high blood sugar). Prolonged high levels of sugar in a person's body can be dangerous but usually takes days to develop and is gradual in onset. Symptoms - Extreme thirst, no hunger, even nausea. - Frequent urination. - Lethargic and drowsy. - Faint acetone smell from the mouth. Treatment - Give the passenger plenty of water. - Do not give sugary drinks or foods. - Insulin would lower the blood sugar but under no circumstances should cabin crew administer insulin. Too much insulin (overdose) can be very dangerous and even fatal.

A fetus is considered viable from 23 weeks of gestation but needs specialized treatment. True. False.

true