first sem exam review 🩷🩷
The outbreaks of plague described in the passage led most directly to which of the following? (A) The decline of many major cities across Eurasia (B) The conquest of Eurasia by Central Asian nomadic peoples (C) The Spanish and Portuguese voyages of exploration to find new trade routes to Asia (D) The increased development of mechanical labor-saving devices for industrial production
A) The decline of many major cities across Eurasia
Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 ? (A) It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew. (B) It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations. (C) It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire. (D) It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies
A) It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew.
TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E. Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following best describes the effect of the spread of Islam on Indian Ocean trade? (A) It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes. (B) It led to the disappearance of previously established trade networks. (C) It led to an expansion of land-based caravan trade but also to a decline of maritime trade. (D) It led to the first creation of trade links between previously isolated world regions.
A) It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes.
In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments? (A) Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords (B) Local elites' desire to expand the commercial power of local towns (C) Local elites' need for military assistance to eliminate religious heresies (D) Local elites' desire to attract new settlers to their territories
A) Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords
FOURTEENTH-CENTURY NORTH AND WEST AFRICA The map above indicates that (A) Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade (B) slavery existed in the western Sudan (C) Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa (D) Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East (E) Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold
A) Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade
Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of the bubonic plague in Eurasia? (A) The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East (B) The consolidation of western European monarchies (C) The spread of Buddhism from central Asia to China (D) The population decline and the outbreak of peasant revolts in eastern Europe
A) The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East
MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A PICTURE OF THE VIRGIN MARY, SOUTH ASIA, 1620 The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 2 is best seen as evidence of which of the following? (A) The Mughals' toleration of different religious traditions within their state (B) Indian artisans producing artistic works for export markets (C) The increased sponsorship of artists by new economic elites (D) Jahangir's creation of a syncretic belief system incorporating Christianity and Islam
(A) The Mughals' toleration of different religious traditions within their state
The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? (A) The empire of Alexander the Great (B) The Mongol Empire (C) The Russian Empire (D) The Byzantine Empire (E) The Ottoman Empire
B) The Mongol Empire
Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century? (A) The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. (B) The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not. (C) The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. (D) The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.
B) The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.
The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants? (A) Their Islamic ritual observances, which made travel difficult during the fasting period of Ramadan (B) Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns (C) Their need to avoid the routes traveled by the faster and better-armed Portuguese trading ships (D) Their control of the sources of grain needed by Chinese and East African cities
B) Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns
ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT WRITTEN TO CELEBRATE THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE OTTOMAN SULTAN SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT, CIRCA 1560 The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire's Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. The Ottoman Empire's recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450-1750 ? (A) The collection of tribute (B) Establishment of religious uniformity (C) Abolition of feudal privileges (D) The granting of autonomy to minority groups
A) The collection of tribute
Which of the following most directly contributed to the decline of Eurasian urban populations during the fourteenth century? (A) Climate change (B) Epidemic disease (C) Religious wars (D) Regional migration
B) Epidemic disease
All the following statements about Bernier are factually accurate. Which would most increase historians' confidence in the reliability of his account? (A) He originally studied for a position in the Catholic Church, but then shifted to a nonreligious education. (B) He spent several years as an official at the Mughal imperial court. (C) He made extensive travels in Europe before going to India. (D) He wrote the description of Mughal administration at the request of Colbert, who founded the French East India Company.
B) He spent several years as an official at the Mughal imperial court.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Mongol Empire? (A) It attempted to impose Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. (B) It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe. (C) It attempted to create a self-contained economic system by banning all merchants from non-Mongol territories. (D) It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols. (E) It established and maintained clear rules of succession that insured the unity of the empire.
B) It reestablished the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe.
The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe? (A) Its bureaucratization, as European rulers developed sophisticated systems of record keeping to strengthen their authority. (B) Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates. (C) Its reliance on Roman traditions, as European rulers used ancient customs to demonstrate their legitimacy. (D) Its ethnic and cultural diversity, as European rulers granted ethnic and religious groups the right to use their own laws and traditions.
B) Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates.
Image (1) MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A GLOBE, SOUTH ASIA, 1617 The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 1 was most likely a symbolic representation of which of the following? (A) The Mughal Empire's scientific achievements (B) The expanding power of the Mughal Empire (C) The extended travels of Emperor Jahangir to Eurasian pilgrimage sites (D) The Mughal Empire's control of global trade networks
B) The expanding power of the Mughal Empire
The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following? (A) The literary tradition of long-distance travelers in the Islamic world (B) The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain (C) The impact of Christian attempts to reconquer Spain from the Muslims (D) The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes
B) The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain
All of the following statements about nomadic empires in the period 1200-1700 are factually accurate. Which statement most likely explains why Tamerlane's empire rapidly declined in the late fifteenth century? (A) Nomadic empires contained numerous ethnic and religious groups within their territories. (B) Nomadic empires frequently sought to control key trade routes in order to secure access to luxury goods. (C) Nomadic empires often used the governmental systems of sedentary societies to rule agricultural regions. (D) Nomadic empires typically contained numerous tribes and confederations that were difficult to control.
D) Nomadic empires typically contained numerous tribes and confederations that were difficult to control
The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450-1750 ? (A) Rulers using art as a way to communicate with their illiterate subjects (B) Rulers using art to expand their territories (C) Rulers using art as a way to increase literacy (D) Rulers using art to legitimize their rule
D) Rulers using art to legitimize their rule
MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION INCLUDED IN A PERSIAN HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL CONQUEST OF INDIA SHOWING THE MUGHAL DEFEAT OF THE SULTAN OF DELHI AT THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526 The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image? (A) States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires. (B) The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively. (C) The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before. (D) States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
D) States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT (A) the Safavid Empire (B) the Qing (Manchu) Empire (C) the Aztec (Mexica) Empire (D) the Ottoman Empire
C) the Aztec (Mexica) Empire
Which of the following has the greatest manufacturing capacity during the time period 1000 to 1450? (A) Japan (B) India (C) China (D) Western Europe (E) Russia
C) China
The Chinese concept "Mandate of Heaven" was sometimes used to justify (A) widow immolation (B) reincarnation (C) monogamy (D) rebellion (E) foot binding
D) rebellion
After the expansion of Islam into Africa, an organized Christian presence remained in A) Egypt and Ethiopia B) Morocco C) Mauritania and Tunisia D) the areas along the silk road E) Algeria
A) Egypt and Ethiopia
Which of the following statement regarding the tenets of Islam is accurate? (A) Islam is a monotheistic religion. (B) Muslims worship Muhammad. (C) Pilgrimage to Mecca commemorates the bith of Muhammad. (D) The Qur'an is meant to supplement Jewish and Christian scriptures. (E) Friday is an obligatory day of rest for Muslims.
A) Islam is a monotheistic religion.
"[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane's* system fell apart at his death. As he himself may have grasped intuitively, it was no longer possible to. . . build a Eurasian empire on [nomadic] foundations. . . . The Ottomans, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria, the Muslim sultanate in northern India, and above all China were too resilient to be swept away by his lightning campaigns. Indeed Tamerlane's death marked in several ways the end of a long phase in global history. His empire was the last real attempt to challenge the partition of Eurasia between the states of the Far West, Islamic Middle Eurasia and Confucian East Asia. Secondly, his political experiments and ultimate failure revealed that power had begun to shift back decisively from the nomad empires to the settled states. . . . Lastly, his passing coincided with the fi
A) The development and spread of gunpowder weapons across Eurasia
Which of the following best explains why, in the mid fourteenth century, events of the type depicted in the image were more common in urban areas of Afro-Eurasia than in rural or mountainous regions? (A) The disease principally spread along trade routes, and most commerce occurred in urban areas. (B) People in rural and mountainous regions had greater access to natural medicines that could fight the disease. (C) People in rural and mountainous regions were better able to flee to the safety of their lords' castles. (D) The disease principally spread among religious missionaries, and most missionaries traveled to cities.
A) The disease principally spread along trade routes, and most commerce occurred in urban areas.
Which of the following statements about the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth century is true? (A) The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful. (B) The number of Buddhists and Muslims in Asia dropped significantly as a result of Mongol persecution. (C) In China the Mongols eliminated the Chinese scholar-official class. (D) The Mongols conquered Constantinople. (E) Ibn Battuta's writings described in detail life in the court of Genghis Khan.
A) The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful.
From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons? (A) To display power and legitimize their rule (B) To spend excess money collected in taxes (C) To encourage tourism and pilgrimages (D) To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists
A) To display power and legitimize their rule
"I am a griot ... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past." An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E. The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes? (A) To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past (B) To exalt the Malian kings above previous dynasties (C) To highlight the griot's unique abilities as compared to other griots (D) To portray Mali as a progressive society that is
A) To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past
SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following? (A) Transportation and maritime technologies (B) Large-scale trading organizations (C) Geographic patterns of currents and winds in the Indian Ocean (D) The expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate
A) Transportation and maritime technologies
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 1000—1300? (A) Western Europe developed multiple monarchies, while China maintained a single empire. (B) Developments in the legal systems of China emphasized individual political rights, while western Europe concentrated on maritime law. (C) Both societies began an aggressive policy of imperialism and territorial expansion. (D) Both societies gradually adopted a representative democratic system. (E) Both regions experienced Mongol imperial rule. Scoring Guide
A) Western Europe developed multiple monarchies, while China maintained a single empire.
Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the (A) unifying influence of Islam (B) excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia (C) political unity of Africa and Asia (D) widespread use of paper money
A) unifying influence of Islam
The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments? (A) The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily. (B) Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war. (C) Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty. (D) The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.
B) Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.
Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps? (A) The strong backing for the voyages by the Caliphate (B) Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail (C) The spread of Arabic as the language of commerce in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and western Indian Ocean basins (D) Innovations in agriculture, such as the qanat and the noria, which allowed the Omani population to increase rapidly
B) Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail
The contractors described in the passage are an example of which of the following? (A) Traditional elites attempting to subvert imperial authority (B) New elites recruited to generate increased revenue after imperial conquests (C) Representatives intended to make the central government more responsive to local issues (D) Professionalized military administrators who centralized land-based empires
B) New elites recruited to generate increased revenue after imperial conquests
The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes? (A) Imposition of religion through military conquest (B) Spread of religion along trade routes (C) Abandonment of indigenous cultural styles in the face of colonization (D) Conflict between local and universalizing religions
B) Spread of religion along trade routes
"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade? (A) The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead. (B) The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped
B) The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.
Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250-1500 C.E.? (A) The religious zeal of Muslim soldiers willing to die to spread Islam (B) The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries (C) The relative lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists (D) Muslim rulers' policy of toleration of all religions practiced in their realms
B) The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries
Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth- century developments? (A) The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He (B) The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans (C) The spread of epidemic diseases (D) The growth of the African slave trade
B) The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans
I am imperishable time; The Creator whose face is everywhere; Death that devours all things; The source of all things to come The god Krishna speaks, Bhagavad Gita, Vedic sacred text, circa fifth century to second century B.C.E. The excerpt above best represents which aspect of Hinduism? (A) The desire to escape worldly suffering (B) The cyclical nature of death and rebirth (C) The belief in karma (D) The importance of caste
B) The cyclical nature of death and rebirth
The mortality depicted in the image most directly contributed to which of the following changes in Europe in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? (A) The end of feudalism (B) The decline of serfdom (C) The collapse of the Byzantine Empire (D) The Protestant Reformation
B) The decline of serfdom
Which of the following resulted from the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire following the death of Genghis Khan? (A) The collapse of the Byzantine Empire (B) The development of khanates in Central Asia (C) The spread of Islam into East Asia (D) Increased trade between Africa and Asia
B) The development of khanates in Central Asia
"[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane's* system fell apart at his death. As he himself may have grasped intuitively, it was no longer possible to. . . build a Eurasian empire on [nomadic] foundations. . . . The Ottomans, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria, the Muslim sultanate in northern India, and above all China were too resilient to be swept away by his lightning campaigns. Indeed Tamerlane's death marked in several ways the end of a long phase in global history. His empire was the last real attempt to challenge the partition of Eurasia between the states of the Far West, Islamic Middle Eurasia and Confucian East Asia. Secondly, his political experiments and ultimate failure revealed that power had begun to shift back decisively from the nomad empires to the settled states. . . . Lastly, his passing coincided with the fi
B) The discovery of maritime routes that linked Europe and Asia through the Indian Ocean
"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic la
B) The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests
Abbasid reliance on Persian bureaucrats and the introduction of Confucianism to Japanese political institutions both illustrate which of the following processes? (A) The integration of conquered peoples into existing social and political structures (B) The synthesis of foreign political traditions in the formation of new states (C) The influence of complex semireligious philosophies (D) The diffusion of cultural ideals as trading networks grew in complexity
B) The synthesis of foreign political traditions in the formation of new states
Historians who argue that there was substantial global integration by the end of the thirteenth century would most likely cite which of the following as evidence to support their claims? (A) The political unification of large territories under imperial rule in the Mediterranean and East Asia (B) The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests (C) The spread of global capitalism from Europe to Africa and Southeast Asia (D) The creation of a new Atlantic trade system based on plantation economies in the Caribbean and the Americas
B) The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests
In the fourteenth century, merchants from China, Arabia, Persia, and Egypt were drawn to Calicut, India, primarily to purchase (A) iron (B) pepper (C) sugar (D) ivory (E) tobacco
B) pepper
The thirteenth-century map of Constantinople shown above indicates that the city (A) was located on an island (B) was highly fortified against outside attacks (C) tolerated many religions (D) looked down on trade and commerce (E) valued and rewarded people of all classes
B) was highly fortified against outside attacks
MAJOR AFRO-EURASIAN LONG DISTANCE TRADE ROUTES (circa 1500 C.E.) Which of the following about Afro-Eurasian trade is supported by the map above? A. The states of the Middle East did not participate in the Indian Ocean trading system. B. The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes. C. The Delhi Sultanate relied primarily on sea routes to participate in the silk trade across Asia. D. The Islamic states of West Africa maintained close commercial ties with eastern Europe.
B. The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes.
The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ? (A) Attempts by imperial states to expand their economic power (B) Attempts by imperial states to prevent religious conflict (C) Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority (D) Attempts by imperial states to control population growth
C) Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority
Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century? A) Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean B) Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean C) Chinese in the Indian Ocean D) Russians in the Pacific Ocean
C) Chinese in the Indian Ocean
Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? (A) The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies. (B) Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer. (C) Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals. (D) The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.
C) Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals.
EURASIA AROUND 100 C.E. The lines on the map above illustrates which of the following? A) Spread of Hinduism (B) Spread of Christianity (C) Extent of trade routes (D) Seasonal migrations of nomads
C) Extent of trade routes
The system of thought demonstrated by al-Khatib suggests he was most influenced by which of the following? (A) New understandings of the natural world during the Enlightenment (B) Daoist understandings of the balance between humans and nature (C) Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation (D) Arab interactions with Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians in the pre-Islamic era
C) Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation
"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even
C) Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions.
In the period 1000 to 1450, which of the following developments partially resulted from knowledge of Greek science and technology? (A) Japanese temple design in Kyoto (B) Christian theology in the Roman Empire (C) Islamic medical books in Baghdad (D) Mongol military tactics in Central Asia (E) Inca bridge design in the Andes
C) Islamic medical books in Baghdad
The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by (A) opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia (B) increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions (C)decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans (D) discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads
C) decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans
"The Mughal emperor is not as wealthy as he might appear because he grants some of his lands to governors, in place of a salary, on condition that they pay a certain sum annually to the emperor out of any extra revenue that the land may yield. For his other lands, he has contractors collecting the taxes. Like the governors, they are bound to pay him an annual sum. These governors and contractors have an almost absolute authority over the peasantry and nearly as much over the artisans and merchants. Nothing is crueler and more oppressive than the manner in which they exercise their authority. There is no one before whom the oppressed peasant, artisan, or tradesman can pour out his just complaints. This debasing state of slavery obstructs the progress of trade and influences the manners and mode of life of every individual. There can be little encouragement to engage in commercial pursuits when success merely provoke
C) The Mughal government's practice of tax farming was not an effective means of promoting economic growth.
The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro- Eurasia? (A) The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies (B) The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate (C) The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China (D) The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire
C) The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China
Image (1) FRESCO PAINTED ON THE OUTER WALL OF THE MOLDOVITA MONASTERY IN ROMANIA DEPICTING THE OTTOMAN SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1453 The monastery was built in 1532. Image 1 best illustrates which of the following? (A) The importance of slave soldiers to Ottoman expansion (B) The growing reliance on foot soldiers in the Ottoman armies (C) The importance of gunpowder to Ottoman expansion (D) The increasing professionalization of the Ottoman officer corps
C) The importance of gunpowder to Ottoman expansion
The increased food production accompanying the introduction of Champa rice into China from Vietnam during the eleventh century best illustrates which of the following? (A) The reliance of China on food imports (B) The importance of Vietnam to the world economy (C) The stimulation of agriculture by technological innovation (D) The influence of China on neighboring societies
C) The stimulation of agriculture by technological innovation
Marco Polo described which of the following at Kublai Khan's court that he had not encountered in Europe? (A) The use of spies in foreign nations (B) The interest of the Khan in the international sea trade and European shipbuilding techniques (C) The use of paper money and coal and the practice of frequent bathing (D) The attachment of the Khan to the use of horses for military purposes (E) The austerity of the design of the Khan's palace
C) The use of paper money and coal and the practice of frequent bathing
Which of the following was an important continuity from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing dynasty in the seventeenth century? (A) The ongoing assimilation of Manchu cultural traditions by the imperial elite (B) Maintenance of the Silk Roads to promote cultural exchanges with the Middle East (C) The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices (D) Financial support for maritime expeditions similar to those led by Zheng He
C) The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices
"Women leave their families to marry, and the husband is the master of the household they marry into. . . . The husband is to be firm, the wife soft; conjugal affections follow from this. While at home, the two of you should treat each other with the formality and reserve of a guest. Listen carefully to and obey whatever your husband tells you. If he does something wrong, gently correct him. Don't be like those women who not only do not correct their husbands but actually lead them into indecent ways." Wife of a Tang dynasty official The excerpt above best illustrates which of the following attributes of Confucianism? (A) The equality of all members of the family (B) The power of wives over their husbands outside the home (C) The virtues and duties of family members (D) The legitimacy of selling women to worthy families
C) The virtues and duties of family members
Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map? (A) They were under the direct political control of Oman. (B) They had a majority Arab population. (C) They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities. (D) They were primarily sources of slave labor for the Omanis.
C) They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities.
INDIAN OCEAN TRADING NETWORKS The map above demonstrates which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade? (A) Monsoons prevented trade from taking place along the East African coast. (B) Europeans were active in bringing goods from West Africa to the Indian Ocean. (C) Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China. (D) The most important item traded across the Indian Ocean was silk. (E) Arab and Indian traders were better traders than the Chinese.
C) Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China.
During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, territories under Mongol control benefited from which of the following? (A) Widespread adoption of Confucian family hierarchies (B) Trade that facilitated the spread of Christianity throughout the Indian Ocean region (C) Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together (D) Widespread adoption of Buddhist religious practices
C) Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together
The photograph above of Angkor Wat in Cambodia is an example of (A) the spread of Islam to Southeast Asia (B) the wealth created by the spice trade (C) Japanese architecture (D) Hindu influence in Southeast Asia (E) the Chinese reconquest of Indochina
D) Hindu influence in Southeast Asia
In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., states in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam had which of the following in common? (A) All successfully excluded European merchants. (B) All were conquered by the Mongols. (C) All rejected both Buddhism and Christianity. (D) All were culturally influenced by China.
D) All were culturally influenced by China.
ILLUSTRATION IN A CHRONICLE DEPICTING A MASS BURIAL IN THE CITY OF TOURNAI, LOCATED IN MODERN BELGIUM, CIRCA 1349 The burial depicted in the image most likely resulted from the spread of which of the following? (A) Spanish influenza (B) Malaria (C) Smallpox (D) Bubonic plague
D) Bubonic plague
The photograph above of a sixteenth-century Mughal mosque in India built by Akbar is an example of which of the following? (A) Emergence of capitalist economies (B) Expansion of coercive labor systems (C) Creation of a global trade network (D) Cultural syncretism
D) Cultural syncretism
MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E. *The lordship of Béarn was located in present-day southwestern France. The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems? (A) Manorialism (B) Serfdom (C) Monasticism (D) Feudalism
D) Feudalism
Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government's decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century? (A) Armed resistance from Arab navies (B) Lack of sufficient Chinese goods for trade (C) The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons (D) Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security (E) Fear of the spread of the plague to China Scoring Guide
D) Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security
"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even
D) Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam
Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 could best be used as evidence to modify Darwin's argument in the first paragraph about the establishment of Eurasian empires on "nomadic foundations"? (A) The creation of the Ottoman Empire (B) The Ming overthrow of the Yuan dynasty in China (C) The fall of the Mughal Empire (D) The establishment of the Safavid Empire
D) The establishment of the Safavid Empire
The illustration above shows which of the following about the fifteenth century? (A) The relative number of ships produced by the Hangzhou shipyards and the Genoese shipyards (B) The beginning of a long period of Chinese domination of Indian Ocean trade (C) The meting of Vasco de Gama and Zheng He (D) The relative size of the European caravel and the Ming treasure ship (E) The use of the lateen sail
D) The relative size of the European caravel and the Ming treasure ship
Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration? (A) To convert peoples of other faiths to Islam (B) To create diasporic merchant communities (C) To recruit soldiers for the Caliphate (D) To bind diverse communities to a common tradition
D) To bind diverse communities to a common tradition
Which of the following was the most likely purpose of the portraits of the emperor? Review (A) To demonstrate the Mughal Empire's conversion to Islam (B) To honor the continued influence of Hellenistic art forms in India (C) To represent the Mughal belief in the emperor's divinity (D) To glorify his rule through the sponsorship of artworks
D) To glorify his rule through the sponsorship of artworks
The founder of Buddhism developed a religion centered on (A) belief in heaven (B) regulation of social interactions (C) support of the caste system (D) elimination of desire and suffering (E) monotheism
D) elimination of desire and suffering
"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even
D) inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited
By 1200 C.E. Improved agricultural technology had spread throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa primarily through the A) development of oxen immune to diseases carried by the tsetse fly B) discovery of gold that provided a means of exchange among groups C) expansion of the Sahara Desert, which forced Berber peoples to move south D) migration of Bantu-speaking peoples with their knowledge of ironworking
D) migration of Bantu-speaking peoples with their knowledge of ironworking
The actions of peasants, artisans, and merchants discussed in the third paragraph are an example of (A) religious conflict in a multiethnic state (B) challenges to imperial legitimacy based on ideas of human rights (C) opportunities for upward mobility created by larger states (D) resistance against state attempts to collect revenue
D) resistance against state attempts to collect revenue