fish

in GA there are _______ of freshwater species

325 (8 federally listed endangered, 57 state listed endangered and 15 invasive, 8 endemic

Georgia is ranked _______ in fish species diversity in the US

3rd (Alabama is #1 and Tennessee #2)

_______% live in less than 1% of available habitat

41

hag fish have about ____ species

43

pygmy goby only lives ______ days from fertilization til death

56

________% of fish live in salt water

58

marine species have _______________x more water to them

7500

the constant swimmer fish can direct blood flow towards the skin, what does this do?

cools skin

_____ scales in lungfish

cosmid

fish use a _______ ___________ exchange to allow continous diffusion of oxygen into the blood

counter current

ectotherm

derives body temp from environment

digestive system varies with _______

diet

poikilotherm

does not maintain a constant body temp

species that eat low nutrients have longer small __________ and smaller _____________

intestine; stomach

____ scales in more derived fishes (sunfish,bass, darters)

ctenoid

____scales in more primitive fishes (minnows, pike, mullet, etc)

cycloid

sharks and its closest relatives have a _______ arteriosus instead of the bulbus arteriosus. The conus arteriosus is ____ and helps _________ blood quicker for faster nutrient usage and more mobile life style.

conus; muscular; circulate

swim bladders have recently been shown to be used at a sound _______ and _____

producer; receiver

fish have to get water across their gills either by ___________ (swimming with their mouth open), using a muscular adapted ___________ (modified gill slit above gills to bring in water), or by an _______________

ramming;spiracle; operculum

what fish has poor vision and uses smell primarily for hunting

hag fish

which fish has knotting behavior for feeding?

hag fish

what fish is found in high densities and creates slime on its body in high amounts?

hag fish (50cm hag fish can fill a 5 gal bucket with slime in a minute)

agnathans are represented by two modern species, what are they?

hag fish and lamprey

________________ caudal fins have unequal lobes. this is seen in fish without swim bladders and helps them get off the bottom and swim

heterocercal

____________________ have equal lobes.

homocercal. this is found in most advanced fishes

what conditions do fish live?

hyper saline (a lot of salt); acidic (low pH); alkaline (high pH); anoxic (low oxygen)

direct connections to ___________ ear and ___________ allow for hearing

inner; swim bladder

what are characteristics of pink muscle?

intermediate, aerobic

others are constant swimmers (white shark) produce heat _____ and maintain it with specialized ______________ that can direct blood flow towards the skin

internally; blood vessels

jaws formed from the anterior most set ________________ arches

pharyngeal

___________ scales in sharks/rays/skates/ratfish

placoid

typical blood serum freezes at

-0.7

the rougheye rockfish can live more than _______ years

205

koi have been recorded as living ------- years

226`

to date there are ________+ species known

27,977

salt water freezes at______ at sea level it goes down with increased pressure

-1.9

some fish in arctic waters can survive temps at _____ as long as it doesn't touch ice

-2.2

where do fish live?

0-8000m in depth;5200m above sea level (high altitude lakes);artic ice;desert hot springs

blood goes into the ___________ then ________ then __________( the large muscle part of heart) and out through the ______ arteriosus(this chamber dampens pressure so blood is flowing continously and not in pulses)

SINUS VENOSUS; ATRIUM; BULBUS

males have ________ and females have --------

TESTIS; OVARIES

what fish were the first of the vertebrates appearing in the cambrian about 530 million years ago

agnathans

major groups of fish

agnathans, (hag fish, lamprey), gnathostomes (jaws), chondrichthyes (shark, rays and skates), lobe fin fish(lung fish)

108 ______________ (jawless), 870 ______________ (sharks/rays and relatives), 26,000+ _____________

agnathans, chondrichthyes, bony fish

obligate ___________ and non-obligate air breathers use swim bladder for respiration

air breathers

most fish respire by gills, what fish is the exception?

air breathing catfish, gobies, lungfish, and others

light can be symbiotic, what does that mean?

bacteria living in fish

species who dont have a swim bladder are either _______________ (spend their lives on the bottom) or have enlarged _______________ (livers are very ___ so they float) and a heterocercal tail

benthic; liver; oily

swim bladder controls ______ in most fishes (only bony fish)

buoyancy

what is non-obligate air breathers?

can gulp air to supplement O2 intake but it is not required example beta fish

both hag fish and lamprey arise in the ______________ era but this is a gap in fossil records that tell us what group these modern species have arisen from

carboniferous

all non-sharks have ___ chambers and tow non-muscular ________

chambers; pouches

what fish is exception and has no fins

eel

FERTILIZATION CAN BE __________________ OR ____________________

external or internal

what are characteristics of white muscle?

fast muscle, poorly vascularized, burst behavior

Lampreys are both marine and ___________

freshwater

__________ fish ___________ drink water because their body has more ions than the surrounding water so water is constantly be _____ into the body, so they constantly urinate

freshwater; never;absorbed

___ scales in sturgeon and gar

ganoid

blood is pumped from the heart to the ____ then to the body back to the heart

gills

_____ FISH ARE ___________ with the environment and have invertable ________ with hard ________

isontonic; mouth; teeth

what is the smallest fish?

it is in the carp family and is about 7.5 mm and lives in acid

fish are bioelectric, what does that mean?

it is unique to fish and can sense electric signals from prey

what is gnathostomes?

jawed fish

_______________ have well developed eyes and well developed lateral line

lampreys

adult ______________ have oral disk for scraping flesh

lampreys

_____________ can migrate great distances for __________

lampreys; mating

fish vary greatly in how long they _____

live

paired fins

located laterally/on side of body (pelvic and pectoral for steering and stopping)

median fins

located medially along body (dorsal and anal fin for stabilization and caudal for movement)

swim bladders reduce cost of ________________

locomotion

light can be autogenic, what does that mean?

made by fish

drumming on swim bladder, grinding teeth and using swim bladder as amplifier, and squeezing air from bladder and out anus are all ____________ observed for fish to produce ______________

mechanisms; sound

species that ______ have smaller small intestines and larger stomach

predate

Fish are aquatic with the exception of which fish?

mudskipper, catfish clarias and eel

lampreys creates _______________ for mating

nests

lampreys have both parasitic and ___________ adults

non-parasitic

what does it mean 8 endemic fish in GA?

only found in GA

fish all have gills, they are the most effective means for getting ______ into the body in all the animal kingdom

oxygen

gills have to be the way they are because has 1/20th the amount of ___________ than ___________

oxygen; air

swim bladders are used by some fish for _________________

respiration

___________fish are constantly drinking water to replace the water that is being pulled out of their body through _____ and they almost never urinate

saltwater; osmosis

most fish have dermal armor, what is the exception?

scale-less fish (sculpins, catfish,adult swordfish)

what is dermal armor?

scales derived from bony coverings of ancient fish

________ lampreys are becoming a problem for great lakes __________ many important commercial and game species

sea; killing

fish have a lateral line, what is it used for?

senses vibration

reproduction in fish is

sexual

what fish does not have at swim bladder?

sharks, skates, rays, etc

what are characteristics of red muscle?

slow, aerobic, endurance behavior

the heart is the last organ to get oxygen, so if a fish is constantly _______________ (say by tapping on aquarium glass) then its muscles will suck up all the ____ and leave none for the heart, killing the fish

stimulated; oxygen

the term fish does not denote an actual ________ group

taxonomic

some of the fish that are not cold blooded use behavioral ______ to maintain a constant body temp because warm muscles contract better

thermoregulation

what is obligate air breathers?

they have to gulp air to survive, example goldfish

what is dermal armor used for?

to age fish

fish are most diverse where?

tropics

all fish are cold blooded with the exception of which fish?

tuna,billfish, white and mako shark

fish can produce light, it is unique to fishes among _____________

vertebrates

there are more fish on earth than all other __________ combined

vertebrates

the constant swimmer fish can direct blood flow away from skin, what does this do?

warms skin

what is the largest fish?

whale shark 12m and 34,000kg (cartilaginous fish) and 8m oar fish (bony fish)

fish have kidneys. do fish drink water?

yes and no.