Floriculture
What causes the following symptoms? Young leaves develop interveinal chlorosis; however, the tips and lobes of these leaves may remain green. Next, the youngest fully expanded leaves rapidly become necrotic. The sudden death of these leaves resembles desiccation.
copper deficiencies
A container often used at Thanksgiving for floral arrangements and symbolic of a plentiful harvest is the
cornucopia
A _______________ is the entire whorl of petals.
corolla
The process of using pollen from one plant to pollinate another plant is called:
cross pollination
The main disadvantage of producing plants from seeds is that:
cross-pollination often produces seedling variation.
The cause of tall, leggy plants can often be traced to:
crowded growing conditions.
A cultivated variety is referred to as a:
cultivar
Specialty cut flowers may be defined as:
cut flowers other than rose, carnations, and chrysanthemums
A ________ is an area located in the lower half of the design that ties or visually pulls an arrangement together.
center of interest
A weakness associated with the ratio mark-up method of pricing includes all of the following elements except one Which should not be included?
changes in wholesale prices
Backflow of water and chemicals into the pipes of the domestic water system can be prevented by installing a(n):
check valve.
The primary pigment involved in the manufacture of food is:
chlorophyll
The harnessing of light energy is made possible by pigments found in:
chloroplast
Tissue culture may be used for ________.
cloning
What are conical centerpieces?
cone-shaped, three dimensional isosceles triangles
A _____ is a greenhouse designed for the display of plants.
conservatory
Evaporative ________ help to offset the heat load caused by ________ light, thus effective greenhouse cooling allows the grower to provide ________ light levels before heat stress is problematic.
cooling pads, high, higher
All of the following are related to servicing a wedding except one. Which does not belong in this group?
coordinating the throwing of the bouquet
The most popular form of asexual reproduction of plants is
cuttings.
All of the following are principles of design used in floral design EXCEPT:
cycle.
Hook wiring is the most appropriate technique for wiring a(n):
daisy
Photoperiodism is a plant response to:
day length
Proper maintenance of Marigolds in landscape beds includes:
dead-heading.
A shade cloth is pulled over a greenhouse to:
decrease temperature
Shape and form are _____ in floral design.
different
The removal of lateral flower buds from stems, such as carnations and chrysanthemums, is called
disbudding
Many crops today are offered as tissue-cultured plantlets, stage 2 or stage 3. This form of vegetative propagation offers many advantages to growers, primarily in that plants grown from tissue are ________ and ________.
disease free, quick growing
A grouping of different types of plants potted in the same container is known as a
dish garden
Percolation is...
downward movement of water in the soil
The correct way to soak floral foam is to:
drop it into a pan and let it soak and sink slowly until about 1/4 remains out the water.
Treated seed virtually ________ viral, fungal, and bacterial disease at the time of planting, greatly ________ disease in professional grower products.
eliminates, reducing
_____ is achieved in an arrangement by creating an accent or focal point.
emphasis
Tertiary colors are the ________ mixture of a primary and secondary color next to it.
equal
The right-triangular floral design is constructed in a manner similar to the ________ design.
equilateral-triangle
According to The Retail Florists Business, included in the list of traditional rules to achieve food design are all but one of the following. Which one is not included?
even numbers should be used in arrangements when fewer than 10 flowers of one kind are used
The major types of root systems are ________.
fibrous and taproot
An example of an indoor tree is a ________.
fiddleleaf fig
"
filament, anther
To increase the keeping quality of plant materials with hollow stems, the stems should be
filled with water
Baby's Breath is an example of a ______________flower.
filler
The term texture as it applies to plants includes such adjectives as ________, ________, and ________.
fine, medium, bold
The hook method of wiring for floral arrangements is used for:
flat headed flowers
The most popular mechanics item used to support floral arrangement is:
floral foam
Interior plantscaping is a career area in which area of horticulture?
floriculture
The art of placing floral material in a container in a pleasing manner following various artistic principles.
flower arranging
Failure of a bulb to produce a marketable flower following floral initiation is
flower blasting
The of hydrangeas can be changed by changing the pH of the soil
flower color
A Chrysanthemum x morifolium is classified for floriculture uses as a:
flowering potted plant
Floral production involves the growing of _____ and _____ for sale.
flowering, foliage crops
Alstroemeria produce two types of shoots ________ and ________
flowering, vegetative
A Ficus benjamina plant is classified for floriculture uses as a:
foliage plant
The acceleration of flowering by manipulating environmental conditions is known as
forcing
_____ is a term used to describe the practices that get bulbs to grow and produce flowers.
forcing
An all around arrangement to be viewed from all sides.
free standing
A new concept in creative art form free from conventional ideas and patterns, nongeometric.
free-form design
Perched water table means that the container has ___________ at the bottom of the container right after watering, when drainage has occurred.
free-water
Which of the following arrangements would not be suitable for a wedding?
full couch spray arrangement
Linear materials are those that grow into the shape of a tall spire or spike. They are usually tall and slender. Often they are ________ below the tip but taper definitely to a point at the top, much like a ________.
full; church steeple
Daisies should be cut:
fully open
Black spot of rose is caused by:
fungi
Fumigant pesticides are in a _______ form.
gas
Hanging plants used in interior landscapes function to
give length to interior design
Which plant below is matched to its usual or common method of propagation?
gladiolus; separation
_____ is the best glazing material for the production of floriculture crops.
glass
The covering of a greenhouse is often referred to as the:
glazing
The ________ fuzzy fungal growth of Botrytis often begins with injured or necrotic areas and then infects healthy tissue.
gray
When spores germinate, they form a small ________ leaf like structure known as the prothallus.
green
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used soil mix ingredient?
ground pine straw
Cycocel is a (an)
growth regulator.
If an indoor plant needs direct or full sun, then the plant will need sun for at least ________.
half of the daylight hours
"
hardiness
Peat moss is often mixed into the growing medium of container plants because it
has good air and water holding capacities
The Genus-species, Erica sp has a common name of:
heather
In Japanese influenced design, placement of three main flowers or branches signifies ________, ________ and ________.
heaven; man; earth
What is the purpose of "pinching" plants?
helps the plants become more bushy, which increases flower quantity
The technical name for weed-control chemicals is ________.
herbicides
American floriculture crops are considered to be ________ quality if they are well branched and _______, with multiple flowers that open ______________.
high, full, simultaneously
The ________ the alkalinity level, the ________ the pH of soilless medium will ________.
higher; quicker; increase
Sympathy flowers are important to ________ the deceased and ________ the living.
honor, comfort
_____ are naturally occurring chemicals produced by plants to _____ growth.
hormones, regulate
Weeping fig (Ficus benjamina) moved directly from a high light growing area to an interior room will often drop its leaves because of :
improper acclimatization.
Floral preservatives should be used because they will _____ the lasting qualities of fresh flowers.
increase
Cuttings of potted chrysanthemums are planted at an angle to encourage
increased branching
A material used to kill insects is called a(n):
insecticide
When purchasing an indoor plant, check the underside of the leaves for ________.
insects
_____ is the art and science of selecting, placing, and maintaining plants to improve and enhance the appearance of the indoor environment.
interiorscaping
________, identified by yellowing or interveinal chlorosis of young leaves, is the primary problem for plants growing in a ________ pH medium.
iron deficiency, high
A solenoid valve
is a switch often used for controlling water flow.
The life cycle of an annual plant:
is completed in one growing season
The node ________.
is the part of the stem where the leaf is attached
Green spider plants grow faster than variegated spider plants, probably because:
it has more green area for photosynthesis.
Many growers apply a shading compound or shade cloth from ________ to ________ to reduce heat stress that results from high light levels entering the greenhouse.
late spring; early fall
Natural photoperiods vary during the year and by
latitude
To heat a hotbed, frosted light bulbs or ________ are commonly used for heat sources.
lead or plastic-coated heating cables
African violets are usually propagated by:
leaf petiole cuttings
A palmately compound leaf has
leaflets
Sugars are manufactured in the _______________ of plants.
leaves
Which is the best preservative listed for cut flowers? (Home remedy)
lemon-lime soft drinks
Roses generally are graded according to _________ of stem.
length
When new growth on a plant is weak and spindly with large gaps between the leaves, the plant is most likely suffering from lack of :
light
The ________ point is the light intensity at which the plant is receiving as much energy from the light during photosynthesis as it is during respiration.
light compensation
The point at which the plant is receiving as much light energy as it can use is the ________ point.
light saturation
The framework of a floral design is created by
line
Floral arrangement designed with visual paths along which the eye is led from one point of interest to another are called
line arrangements
What are the four types or shapes of plant material?
line, form, mass, filler
What are the three kinds of traditional flower arrangements recognized today in America by flower arrangers and the National Council of State Garden Clubs?
line, mass, line-mass
Tissue-cultured plantlets require special attention during the acclimation process from the laboratory to the greenhouse in order to avoid ________ and ensure crop ________.
losses, uniformity
There are 17 elements needed to provide the necessary plant nutrients. Macronutrients are the _____ nutrients that are needed in _____ amounts.
major, larger
For the traditional florist, the term "________" is meant to promote the sale of flowers by offering a variety of products in a variety of ways.
marketing
What document(s) listed below is required by law to be on-hand and available to all employees in case of emergency?
material safety data sheets
Most photosynthetic activity occurs in the _____ of cells.
mesophyll layer
What is the best time of day to harvest plant materials for drying?
middle of day
A naturalistic design of an arrangement that looks like a:
miniature landscape
Plants can be propagated vegetatively because of the process of cell division which is known as:
mitosis
What causes the following symptoms in poinsettias? The margins of leaves halfway up the stem become chlorotic, presenting a silhouette appearance and then quickly become necrotic.
molybdenum deficiencies
What are ttints, tones, and shades of one hue called?
monochromatic color harmony
The color harmony produced by using various shades, tints, and tones of one color is called:
monochromatic harmony
Seed-grown tubers generally produce ________ eyes, which means plants will have a ________ number of flowers and leaf sprouts.
more, higher
A plant may be suffering from _______ if the leaves have yellow spots, patches, or streaks.
mosaic virus
Placing wet sphagnum moss in a frame for funeral and Christmas wreaths is called:
mossing
Wavelengths are measured in ________ with specific wavelengths corresponding to specific ________.
nanometers; color
Where in a floral arrangement should light-covered flowers be placed?
near the top
When certain elements are provided in excess to plants, uptake of other nutrients may be hindered. One example of a mineral antagonism is the _____________________________ interaction; a 1:1 ratio is recommended for most floriculture crops.
nitrogen-potassium
Limited induction photoperiod is a ________ technique for controlling elongation of long-day herbaceous perennials.
non-chemical
Lilies are ____ bulbs.
non-tunic
A tight hand bouquet of fragrant flowers.
nosegay
A container of unusual form or shape such as a heart, animal, etc.....
novelty
Hydroponics is a system of growing plants in:
nutrient solution.
An annual is a plant whose life cycle is completed in ________.
one growing season
Leaves are _____ with the responsibility of making _____.
organs, food
Plants are complex organisms made of _____ consisting of _____ and _____.
organs, tissue, cells
Three factors that are very important when considering water quality for fresh flowers are:
pH, hardness, salinity
PPM is...
parts per million
When consulting with a bride regarding floral pieces for an upcoming wedding, which of the following is NOT a primary consideration the florist must address to properly assist the bride for the important occasion?
payment schedule for floral services
The flower stem is known as the:
pedicel
A flower containing both stamens and pistils is known as a________________ flower.
perfect
Together, the sepals and the petals are called the:
perianth
"
phloem.
The process by which the energy of sunlight is converted into chemical energy by green plants is known as:
photosynthesis
The process of manufacturing carbohydrates from the raw materials in air and water is
photosynthesis
House plants grown near a window in winter may lean toward the light in response to a reaction called:
phototropism
A technique growers use to produce well branched, compact plants with many flowers is
pinching
Popular colors to use in floral designs during the spring and Easter season include
pink, yellow and white
Plant pathology is the study of:
plant diseases.
The American Style of flower arrangement stresses clear cut designs, _______________, ____________, and ______ of expression.
plant forms, originality, freedom
The study of functions and the complex chemical processes that allow plants to grow is known as ________.
plant physiology
A ________ is defined as having a ________ occurring, unique set of characteristics and is separated from other closely related species by location, flowering time and so on.
plant species; naturally
Which plant listed below would be most tolerant of a very sunny location in the greenhouse?
poinsettia
When a plants roots have completely filled its pot and become overly crowded, the plant is said to be
potbound
Pinching is a process that:
promotes branching
_____ in an arrangement is accomplished by the scaling of flowers toward the focal point and is achieved by the use of flowers of varying size.
proportion
In all design work, the floral designer is striving for emphasis, balance, _____, _____, _____, and unity.
proportion, harmony, rhythm
The most important consideration in setting up an irrigation system is water ________.
quality
Plants grown under light high in ________ wavelengths will be short, dark green and well branched.
red
Although general plant growth usually requires light with all wavelengths ________ and ________ wavelengths result in the greatest plant growth response.
red (700); blue (470)
Which of the following are common colors of Poinsettias?
red, pink, white
Which of the following are primary colors?
red, yellow and blue
The south and west sides of a house may not be the best locations for a flower garden because they ________.
reflect heat on the planting
The area of cell division is ________.
responsible for the production of new cells on the tip of the root
Bearded Iris have what type of roots?
rhizomes
The principal of total compatibility of all parts of an arrangement with each other is termed
rhythm
Other floral design patterns that may be constructed by a florist are the _____, inverted T, _____, and free form.
right triangle, vertical
The Japanese confine their displays of flower arrangements to specific areas as a matter of __________ and ___________.
ritual, custom
The first part of the new plant to emerge from the seed is the ___________.
root
As roots grow, their tips are protected from coarse soil. This is accomplished by a mass of cells called the _____.
root cap
The portion of the root that takes in the water and plant nutrients is the ________.
root hair
Saucers for plants to sit in often cause problems because.
root rot can develop if water is left standing in the saucer.
The plant has four main structures: _____, _____, leaves, and flowers.
roots, stem
An example of a mass flower is
rose
With potted plants, the presence of a white, flaky film on the soil surface or pot rim (especially on clay pots) indicates:
salt buildup.
The most common type of florist ribbon used is a waterproof ________ with a ________ edge.
sanitized acetate, fused
An initial symptom of fertilizer burn is leaf:
scorch
Percent germination is the percentage of _____ that will _____ and _____.
seeds, sprout, grow
Bulb crops are commonly propagated by:
separation
Dried flowers with _____ stems may be used in designing by _____ them with wire, metal, or wooden picks, hollow stems, taped stems, or hot glue.
short, lengthening
The Euphorbia pulcherrima, a ________ day plant, is induced to flower by providing ________ nights and ________ days.
short; long; short
When studying the floral decorations of the earliest cultures, one learns that the Egyptians valued _____ and _____.
simplicity and repetition.
Rose plants used for the bent stem technique are started as __________ node cuttings, which are rooted and grown frequently in _______ _______ _______.
single, rock wool cubes
A type of stem cutting used where stock material is limited and has alternate leaves is a ________.
single-eye cutting
Molluscicide is used to control...
slugs
Irregularly shaped holes with smooth edges appear in Celosia leaves. Some leaves are even missing. The plants should be treated for
slugs and snails
Growers commonly use three types of pinches: ________, ________ and ________.
soft pinch; hard pinch; cutting back
A single flower on a flower stem or peduncle is called a:
solitary flower
What instrument measures soluble salts in soils?
solu-bridge
Violets and purples give a ___________________ sometimes __________.
spiritual feeling, sad
A cutting that is usually made from a large-leaf plant with the veins split is ________.
split-vein cutting
Ferns are different from most horticultural crops because they reproduce from:
spores
Water hose ends should be kept off the ground or floor to prevent:
spread of disease.
The flower typically consists of four different parts: Sepals, petals, _____, and _____.
stamens, pistil
A pollen grain moves first from the anther to the _________ to begin its journey to the ovary for fertilization.
stigma
The pistil has three main parts. They are:
stigma, style, ovary
Pores or openings in the leaf that allow the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor is defined as a:
stomata
The process of a seed going through a time of cold temperature before it germinates is called:
stratification
The furrow in a garden is a _________.
sunken walkway
There are two different purposes for using artificial lighting. First, lamps can be used to provide additional light to increase photosynthesis and plant growth. This is termed ________ lighting. Second, lamps can be used to alter the photoperiod perceived by the plants. This is termed ________ lighting.
supplemental, photoperiodic
The three most common type floral designs for funerals are referred to as
wreaths, sprays, mixed pots
The conductive tissue in the stem that transports water and minerals from roots to the leaves is called the:
xylem
Water and food are translocated in plants through tissues called
xylem and phloem.
"
$101.23
"
$168.09
The least desirable way to water plug-grown seedlings is with
a hand-held nozzle
Grafting is ________.
a method of joining two parts of two different plants
Pollination occurs when
a pollen grain touches the stigma
A seed consists of ________.
a seed coat, endosperm, and embryo
Dianthus caryophyllus is the genus and species for which flower?
carnation
The phloem ________.
carries the manufactured food from the leaves to the roots
Disadvantages to Pregermination are limited shelf life of ________, limited selection and limited cost.
4 to 5 weeks
Floriculture production in the United States is valued at about $____________ at farm gate.
4.7 billion
The average humidity recommended for interior plants is
40 to 70%
All but one of the following is easily suitable for pressing. Which one is not suitable?
Daffodil
How much will the media cost for your crop of 100 Betterboy Tomatoes if you grow the tomatoes in one-gallon nursery containers? One cubic foot of media will fill 9 one-gallon containers. Each 3 cubic foot bag of media costs $ 18.75.
$75.00
_____ are devices used to automatically turn greenhouse systems on or off.
Environmental Controls
There are several mold genera that are found in bark. The most problematic is a/an ________ slime mold.
Ostracoderma
Pesticides are used to help control:
weeds, insects, diseases, and other organisms that can damage crops
The insecticide Mr. Jones sprayed in his greenhouse had a skull and crossbones on the label. What is the allowed re-entry time for the area treated with this chemical?
48 hours
The pH range most suitable for Camellias is:
5.0 to 5.5
The optimum ph range for most crops growing in a soilless medium is__________.
5.8-6.4
Good mineral or garden soils have about _____ percent of pore space.
50
Orchids like _____% to ______% humidity.
50-80
The American style of flower arranging is based on the _____ elements of design.
6
The Lilium longiflorum are produced on the ________ around the ________ border.
west coast; Oregon-California
Diseases grow best on _______ leaves.
wet
Seedlings should be transplanted:
when the first true leaves are have developed
A good substitute for sand, this material provides for aeration in the growing media.
Perlite
Which type of cutting is wounded to improve rooting?
woody
A granite-like volcanic material that is crushed and heated to expand to twenty times its original volume is
Perlite
Large leaves are often removed from a germanium plant in late winner to:
Permit more light to reach young growth
Which group of plants is all general propagated seeds?
Petunia, tomato, pepper
In any style of flower arranging, past or present, American, European, or Oriental, there are __________________; these are ___________. _________________________________________________.
6 design elements, line, form, space, texture, color and harmony
The minimum optimum temperature for poinsettia growth is:
60 degrees F
Jackie sold 875 potted Geraniums at $3.76 each. Her cost of production was $ 2.12. What is her net profit?
$1,435.00
The moderate temperature range for indoor plants is ________.
60 to 70 degrees F
When transplanting bedding plants, the soil temperature needs to be
600F
Which of the following night temperatures is best for growing tomatoes from seedlings to bedding plant size?
65 degrees
Silt has soil particles from _____ to _____ mm in diameter.
0.05 to 0.002
One of the most important factors is the electrical conductivity (EC), a measure of soluble salts. Water with a low EC, ________ mS/cm, will give the greatest number of irrigation options and will help reduce future problems from the accumulation of high soluble salts in the root medium.
0.1-0.5
Floral arrangements should be...
1 ½ times as tall as the container
The pH refers to the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and ranges from 1 to 14; ___ being acidic, ___ being neutral, ___ being alkaline.
1-6, 7, 8-14
Growth is best for Helianthus annus L. between _____ and _____ sun is always preferred.
65 to 75 F; full
Odd numbers should be used in arrangements when fewer than _____ flowers of one kind are used.
10
The standard size for hanging baskets is
10 inch
Without a day/night fluctuation of _____ to _____ degrees F, orchids will grow plenty of healthy foliage, but may stubbornly refuse to flower.
10 to 15
The Retail Florist business has been in existence for over ____ years.
100
Mineral soil is _____ to _____ times heavier than the other components used in growing media.
10; 50
You are producing a crop of 500 Geranium plants. It is time to transplant the rooted cuttings into 6" standard pots. One cubic foot of potting media will fill 16 pots. How many 3 cubic foot bags of potting media will you need?
11 bags
The number of floral industry workers in the United States is about ________.
110,000
National Poinsettia Day is December _____, the anniversary of the death of Joel Robert Poinsett.
12
Which of the following is a normal length of time for the production of most potted mum varieties (from potting of the rooted cuttings to the selling date)?
12 weeks
The Christmas Peppers take ________ from seeding to sales for 4 inch (10 cm) speciments when seeded in the spring and summers.
14 weeks
How many extra plants would you order if you need 300, but you place an order for 5% extra, just in case some dies or get damaged?
15
The percentage of potassium in a 5-10-15 fertilizer is
15
The forcing time for Easter Lilies is about ___ days.
150
In regard to the Lilium longiflorum, how many weeks to finish after vernalization?
16
Plant growth is dependent on _____ essential elements, often referred to as nutrients.
17
The typical length of florist wire is
18 inches
Soil sterilization requires heating the soil at
1800F for half an hour
Soil should be heated to ____ for 30 minutes for sterilization?
180E
Mother's Day was first celebrated on the second Sunday in May in Lincoln, Nebraska, in ________. It quickly caught on as a widespread holiday in other states.
1908
After being placed in a floral preservative solution, how long should the flowers remain at room temperature for efficient uptake of the solution?
2 to 3 hours
Which of the following solutions is best to disinfect used pots?
20% bleach
Pot mums in 6" pots should average _____ flowering shoots per pot.
20-30
"
2355
There are certain soil requirements for building a terrarium. Too much soil looks heavy, while too little soil will not hold the root system. In general, what is the correct amount of soil in relation to the height of the container?
25%
Measuring light requires the use of _____ factor(s).
3
What pH is recommended for fresh flowers in solution?
3 to 4.5
Place cut Antirrhinum majus stems vertically as soon as possible after harvest; stems placed horizontally may begin to bend upward in as little as
30 minutes
The first stage of cloning African violets takes approximately ________.
30 minutes
For optimum vase life, most cut flowers should be stored at temperatures as close to ___ degrees F as possible.
35
What temperature range will cause chilling injury to plants:
35-45 degrees F
Dahlias flower morphology is complex and flower size varies from larger than _____ to less than _____ in diameter.
4 in.; 8.25 in.
Photosynthesis will work best in which temperature range?
65 to 85 degrees F
Each plant has an optimum temperature range. In general, if you were to lump all floriculture crops together, you would find the optimum range is from 35-50oF (2-10oC) on the lower side and ________oF (________oC) on the upper side.
65-85; 18-29
Organic media used in greenhouses have between ___ and ___ percent pore space.
75 and 85
For optimum germination, seeds of nearly all bedding plants require a propagation medium temperature of
75 to 85 degrees
Flowers are _____ percent water.
90
The growth regulator often used to control marketable plant heights of potted tulips, dahlias, and lilies is:
A-Rest
The ADT formula is:
ADT=(day temperature x hours) + (night temperatures x hours) + 24
The genus and species for Yarrow is
Achillea filipendulina
Which of the following would be a problem in growing potted azaleas?
Adding 2 teaspoons of hydrated lime to each pot.
One of the most popular flowering indoor plants is the ________.
African violet
_____ has changed the import/export side of the floriculture industry.
Air travel
There are three main ingredients in floral preservatives. Which of the following is not one of these ingredients?
Algaecide
Which of the following is not considered a good characteristic of a good propagation medium?
Allows easy movement within container
Which is commonly used for a cut flower?
Alstroemeria
Which of the following is considered in the trade to be a Holland flower?
Alstroemeria
Which of the following would NOT be considered a foliage plant?
Alyssum
Which of the following bulbs are the easiest for forcing?
Amaryllis
Who added dried flowers or grains to fresh floral designs?
American
The common name for Anemone coronaria L. is ________.
Anemone
The Snapdragon is also known as
Antirrhinum majus
Nature provides protection for plants to prevent them from becoming top heavy and unstable. ________ is the principle that provides this protection; it describes the hierarchy that has evolved in the plant world that makes certain that a plant's architecture is sound.
Apical dominance
Which of the following would not be effective in lowering the pH in alkaline soils?
Applying lime
________ is represented by strong geometric lines and forms. They are highly stylized and are often thought to mimic Egyptian and Aztec cultures as well as being influenced by the contemporary society.
Art Deco
_________ is curvilinear lines, cascading works, with nature's patterns of plants and flowers depicted either in the arrangement or in the container.
Art Nouveau
Which of the following is a growth regulator?
B-Nine
What is the common name for the Gypsophilia flower?
Baby's Breath
Aphids can promote growth of the
Black sooty mold
"
Calcium
The leading floriculture production states are __________, ___________, and ____________.
California, Florida, Texas
Zantedeschia rehmannii, Z. elliotiana, Z. hybrids also known as
Calla Lily
A major problem in standard carnation production resulting in asymmetrical flowers is
Calyx splitting
The Christmas Pepper's scientific name is ________.
Capsicum annuum L.
The genus and species names Dianthus caryophylius identifies what flower?
Carnation
_____ rank as the third most popular cut flower in the world.
Carnations
_____ capacity is the measure of a medium's capacity to hold nutrients.
Cation exchange
Which group of holidays is most important for florist sales?
Christmas, Mothers Day, Valentines Day
The genus and species name for the Jade Plant is
Crassula argentea
The most commonly used growth retardant is
Cycocel
The organic compounds that affect the enlargement and division of cells, tissue differentiation, dormancy, leaf aging, and leaf drop are known as ___________________.
Cytokinins
_____ is responsible for cell division and differentiation.
Cytokinins
Day length is the shortest on ________ and increases until ________; therefore, it decreases.
December 21, June 21
A circle of greens decorated with fruits, nuts, cones, seed pods, or berries typical of the Renaissance period.
Della Robbia Wreath
In Japanese floral design, Tai represents
Earth
________ are the most profitable major holiday pot plant crop produced.
Easter Lilies
The Easter Lily crop is difficult to grow because,
Easter falls on a different date each year.
Which of the following foliage combinations would create the greatest texture contrast in a floral arrangement?
English Ivy and asparagus fern
Which of the following plants produce adventitious roots?
English Ivy, Heart Leaf Philodendron
Who first developed the "rules" of the floral design?
English of the Victorian Era
Plants convert chemical energy into light energy which results in plant growth.
FALSE
Solarization is one of the top three primary ways heat is lost in a greenhouse.
FALSE
The Oriental and the American designs differ because, in the American design, every flower has a specific meaning and an exact location. This does not apply in the Oriental style.
FALSE
During which seasons will black cloths not be needed for short day plants such as cosmos to bloom, assuming no interruption of the natural day length?
Fall and winter
The genus and species name for the Fiddleleaf Fig is
Ficus lyrata
The most popular orchid potting material is
Fir bark
_____ are the reproductive organs of a plant.
Flowers
The first written design principles (rules) were established by the:
French
_______________ is a process of events whereby the seed embryo goes from a dormant state to an active growing state.
Germination
________ is a feathered single flower made from the florets of a gladiolus flower.
Glamellia
_____ and _____ fuel plant growth.
Glucose, fructose
The strewing of flowers and loose petals at banquets and festivals was typical of the ________ period.
Greek and Roman
What gives growers the ability to control environmental conditions affecting a crop?
Greenhouses
An S-shaped line mass design is a ________ curve.
Hogarth
The international wholesale market for cut flowers and foliage is located in:
Holland
________ makes an excellent centerpiece because it is attractive when viewed from either the front or the back.
Horizontal design
What is Horticulture?
Horticulture is the culture of plants for food, comfort, and beauty.
The most influential and important person in all the ancient arts of China was:
Hsieh Ho
When growing orchids, a hygrometer is used to measure:
Humidity
Japanese style of floral arrangement is known as
Ikebana
The Oriental cultures that developed while the Greek and Roman cultures were developing had their own floral practices. One that is still taught today is the _____ design method.
Ikenobo
Which plant listed below would be least tolerant of a very sunny location?
Impatiens
IPM is an acronym for: "
Integrated pest management
The ________ period is considered the beginning of the flower arranging as it is known today.
Italian Renaissance
The Oriental country best known for its floral art is:
Japan
The floral design of the ________ influence emphasizes careful and significant placement of every flower, branch or leaf.
Japanese
What style has three major placements of flowers or branches?
Japanese
_______________ growers first began growing their rose plants using bent stems in the 1980's.
Japanese
A line mass design has a linear aspect and massed central area. It is a combination of the _____ line style and the _____ mass style.
Japanese and European
The common name for an Anigozanthos (Labill) is ________.
Kangaroo-Paw
Which of the following is not a method for sterilizing plant growing medium?
Keeping the growing medium moist for 6 to 7 days
Which is not a greenhouse insect pest?
Lady bug
Identify the flower considered a line flower:
Liatris
What is added to acidic soil to raise the pH?
Lime
When preparing a symmetrical triangular floral arrangement, the flowers are placed first in the design.
Line/skeletal
Which of the following is an advantage of germinating seed in 1020 poly-flats?
Little equipment is necessary
Which of the following is not one of the top 10 nursery growing states?
Louisiana
Which of the following is the proper sequence of the layers of a leaf?
Lower epidermis, spongy layer, chloroplasts, palisade layer, upper epidermis
A dried branch, bleached by the sun, used in decorations is called:
Manzanita
Which of the flowers listed is least shade tolerant?
Marigold
Flowers are used to fill in a floral arrangement once the lines and the focal area of the design have been established.
Mass
Dianthus caryophyllus is a native of the ________ area, originally flowering only in the early spring.
Mediterranean
The art of any period of civilization reflects the tastes and ideas of that time and place. In general, ________ and ________ flower arrangements have emphasized mass and color.
Mediterranean, Europe
________ are attached with a heavy-duty picking machine. A sharp, pointed, barbed shaft is attached to the flower or foliage.
Metal Picks
Which of the following are fungus diseases of plants?
Mildew, fusarium, damping off
Probably the most influential factor in advancing flower arrangement in this country has been the _______________________.
National Council of State Garden Clubs
What is the fertilizer element that is used by the plant to make chlorophyll molecules?
Nitrogen
A physiological disorder of geraniums caused by high moisture levels in the root media is
Oedema
Floral designs as we arrange them today are a blend of two styles:
Oriental and European
Which of the following is not considered one of the general categories of nursery grown plants?
Ornamental ferns
"
Phosphorus
_____________ is the simplest form of pruning and is used to encourage lateral branching, remove unwanted growth, and increase the size of flowers.
Pinching
Successful advertising to a target audience is based on the three profit "P's." Which one of the following is not part of the three profit P's?
Pleasant
"
Polycarbonate
________ is similar to seed hydration except the process is allowed to progress further until the seed coat splits and the radical becomes visible.
Pregermination
Which of the following is the primary reason for keeping flower buckets clean?
Prevent bacterial growth
Alstroemeria hybrids are also known as
Princess Lily
What do you call a mechanical device, which introduces a concentrated fertilizer solution into the pipeline used for watering plants?
Proportioner
Which of the following is not a direct result of light intensity and duration in greenhouse crops?
Radiation
What is the main advantage of raised beds?
Raised beds have better drainage.
Which of the following plants may be reproduced by using leaf blade cuttings?
Rex Begonia
Wet conditions are also ideal for plants to become infected with soil-borne diseases such as:
Rhizoctonia, Pythium
What type of gloves should be worn when handling pesticides?
Rubber
These summer-blooming perennials produce dense, bristly balls of blue color.
Russian Thistle
What ingredient related to city water causes leaf tip browning in spider plant leaves?
Salt
A good alternative for perlite, this material provides aeration in the root media.
Sand
________ is any method of breaking through hard, water-impermeable seed coats to allow water to penetrate.
Scarification
________ is a technique used by seed suppliers to imbibe the seed and begin germination, but then stop the process before the radical (root) emerges.
Seed hydration
Plants are propagated in what two ways?
Sexual and Asexual
Which of the following is not generally used as a potted crop?
Snapdragons
Which of the following is not necessary for seed germination?
Soil
________ involve tubing that provides water to individual pots.
Spaghetti tubes
Azaleas bloom naturally in the:
Spring
This is a floral piece commonly displayed at funerals.
Standing spray
_____________ are horizontal underground stems.
Stolons
Bird-of-Paradise is the common name, what is the Genus-Species?
Strelitzia reginae
The most common type of grafting is ________.
T-budding
Bacillus thuringiensis is
a bacterial insecticide
The flowers and leaves of a rose are mottled and streaked with silver, and dusty black droppings have collected. This damage is indicative of:
Thrips
________ harmony combines three colors equi-distant on the wheel forming a triangle such as red, blue and yellow.
Triadic
Spring bulb flowers such as _____, _____, or _____, may be harvested in the bud stage.
Tulips, Daffodils, Iris
A circle of small flowers arranged around one central flower similar to a nosegay.
Tussy Mussy
The following is not a characteristic of an insect:
Two tentacles
An arrangement of flowers in which the flowers have all fallen to the outer ring is commonly referred to as:
a doughnut arrangement
_________________ is a sterile, lightweight mica product.
Vermiculite
What is the proper term to describe the cold treatment which lasts several weeks and precedes initiation of flower buds?
Vernalization
The common name for Zebrina pendula is
Wandering Jew
________ are green plastic tube-like reservoirs with rubber caps into which the flower stem is inserted.
Water Picks
______________ is one of the greatest causes of failure in growing house plants.
Watering
_____________ can be either warm or cool; it takes on the feelings of the colors with which it is associated.
White
An English painter by the name of _____ developed the S curve in the 18th century because he thought a curve was very pleasing to the eye.
William Hogart
____________ occurs when a plant does not have enough moisture for the cells to remain turgid.
Wilting
________ are available in green and natural colors. They are pointed on one end for easy insertion with or without attached wires on the other end.
Wood Picks
A creative art form using space along with line, form, color, and texture to create the floral arrangements by using plant material and other components.
abstract design
All foliage plants must be _____ prior to installing in an interior area.
acclimated
Bonzi are one of the more ________ PGRs (plant growth regulators).
active
"
acute
Upper leaves which show intervenal chlorosis probably suffer from:
an iron deficiency
Two or three colors adjacent to each other on the color wheel.
analogous color harmony
The primary function of the root is to ________.
anchor the plant and supply water and nutrients
Magnesium, calcium and sulfur
are essential elements needed for plant processes
Herbaceous stems ________.
are green and are not winter hardy
The process of propagating plants from cuttings is known as:
asexual reproduction
Two sides of a vertical axis in an arrangement that are different in composition but equal in visual weight.
asymmetrical balance
The process of pinching a plant removes the ________ factory and eliminates the ________ concentration of the __________ hormone from the upper portion of the plant.
auxin, high, inhibitory
When the source of ________ is removed, the concentration of the __________ drops quickly, thereby releasing lateral branches from _________ dominance and allowing them to develop.
auxin, hormone, apical
Which plant below is NOT matched to its usual or common method of propagation?
azaleas - division
In Floral Design, placing objects in strategic locations to create a visual feeling of stability in a design is known as _______________________.
balance
Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of an indoor plant?
balance
The place in a home not usually considered an ideal location for an indoor plant is the _______.
basement
What causes the following symptoms? Incomplete formation of flower parts such as fewer petals, small petals, sudden wilting; or collapse of petals, and notches of tissue missing in flower stems, leaf petioles, or stems.
boron deficiencies
What causes the following symptoms? The margins of older leaves become necrotic with a characteristic reddish-brown color. Necrotic spots may also develop across the leaf blade but tend to be concentrated at the margins.
boron toxicities
The red parts of the poinsettia are not really blooms but modified leaves called
bracts
The all-purpose light level at which most interior plants survive, receiving as much light as possible without any direct sun is
bright-indirect light
A ________ is an organizational business tool to state the business' purpose and goals and estimate the financing needed to fund the new florist.
business plan
Which of the following four is not considered a plant disease problem?
calyx wilt
The ______________ in the stems produces all new cells.
cambium
A group of cells at the tip of a root is called the root ________________.
cap
The conventional greenhouse is designed to ________.
capture light and control temperature
The main function of plant leaves is:
carbohydrate production.
_____ enters through the stomata and is available to the _____ in the cells.
carbon dioxide, chlorophyll
The importance of the growing medium rests with four basic function. They are: holds water, provides nutrients, permits the exchange of gasses, and provides _____ for the plant.
support
The Chinese method of handling flowers is founded on __________, preservation of life, and appreciation of __________.
symbolism, beauty
Which of the following is not one of the three broad categories of form?
symmetric
An arrangement may be composed of _____ or _____ balance.
symmetrical, asymmetrical
An orchid having a horizontal stem from which numerous shoots arise is called
sympodial
An equilateral triangle-shaped arrangement will be as ________ as it is ________.
tall; wide
The most important environmental factor regulating flower initiation in bulbous species is
temperature
Consumers encounter Alstromeria frequently in the retail marketplace, as it is one of the World's top ________ cut flowers
ten
What is the vase life?
the length of time cut flowers and foliage live after they have been cut
The rate at which photosynthesis is carried out depends on ________.
the light intensity, temperature, and concentration of carbon dioxide
Propagation is defined as ________.
the process of increasing the numbers of a species
The pierce wiring technique works best on flowers that have a:
thick calyx
The single most important aspect of perennial gardening is
timing the bloom
The process of reproducing a plant by using small pieces of tissue in an artificial medium under sterile conditions is called:
tissue culture
Plants should be watered early in the day
to aid in disease prevention.
What is the purpose of plant propagation?
to produce new and better breeds of plants at a fast rate
"
tomatoes
The arrangement of flowers referred to as a "Full Couch Spray" is used for
top of a closed casket
Plants maintain a healthy heat and moisture balance through a process called:
transpiration
The process of moving one plant from one location and planting it in another is called:
transplanting
The watering system that uses the least amount of water
trickle tube
Foliage plants are _____ and _____ plants, either woody or non-woody, that are successfully grown indoors.
tropical, subtropical
____________ is the most widely used irrigation system used for potted plants?
tube irrigation
Botrytis blight is also known as
tulip fire
A tunicate bulb has a dry, papery covering called a:
tunic
There are less than _________ dozen rose breeders specializing in commercial cut flower varieties.
two
Analogous color harmony utilizes
two or three adjacent colors on the color wheel
Lily bulb production requires _____ to _____ growth in the field, depending on size and whether scale production is used or plants are started from bulblets (small bulbs formed around the belowground stem above the bulb).
two; four years
Tints of various hues will normally be ___________, while tones tend to give a ____________ effect.
uplifting, soothing
Snapdragons should be stored and shipped ________ at all times to prevent ________ of the spikes. Snapdragons can be stored for _____ to _____ days, dry or in water, at 40 F (4 C).
upright, curvature, 3, 4
Plant nutrition is ________.
use of basic chemical elements in the plant
Gladiolus are:
used as line flowers in floral designs.
Respiration ________.
uses food for plant energy
By understanding the critical photoperiod for lower induction, growers can manipulate photoperiods to make plants either ________ or ________.
vegetative, reproductive
A symmetrical design will appear to be the same on each side of a _____ center line.
vertical
_____ is the ability of seeds to germinate under different conditions and still produce healthy seedlings.
vigor
A time tested rule is to pinch when roots are ________________ and __________ of the _________ after removing the plant from its pot.
visible at the sides, bottom, medium
Excessively short stems in Tulips planted outdoors are do to:
warm spring temperatures and lack of winter cooling
After cutting flowers from the garden, it is best to immediately put them in ________.
warm water
Underwater cutting is recommended especially for roses to ensure that _____, not _____, enters the xylem.
water, air
The right conditions for seed germination are light or darkness _____, _____, and _____.
water, oxygen, favorable temperatures
Commercial flower crops are sometimes watered to cause leaching. This means
watering to remove excess soluble salts from the growing medium
Which of the following is not considered an environmental factor when growing indoor plants?
weather
