Floriculture

What causes the following symptoms? Young leaves develop interveinal chlorosis; however, the tips and lobes of these leaves may remain green. Next, the youngest fully expanded leaves rapidly become necrotic. The sudden death of these leaves resembles desiccation.

copper deficiencies

A container often used at Thanksgiving for floral arrangements and symbolic of a plentiful harvest is the

cornucopia

A _______________ is the entire whorl of petals.

corolla

The process of using pollen from one plant to pollinate another plant is called:

cross pollination

The main disadvantage of producing plants from seeds is that:

cross-pollination often produces seedling variation.

The cause of tall, leggy plants can often be traced to:

crowded growing conditions.

A cultivated variety is referred to as a:

cultivar

Specialty cut flowers may be defined as:

cut flowers other than rose, carnations, and chrysanthemums

A ________ is an area located in the lower half of the design that ties or visually pulls an arrangement together.

center of interest

A weakness associated with the ratio mark-up method of pricing includes all of the following elements except one Which should not be included?

changes in wholesale prices

Backflow of water and chemicals into the pipes of the domestic water system can be prevented by installing a(n):

check valve.

The primary pigment involved in the manufacture of food is:

chlorophyll

The harnessing of light energy is made possible by pigments found in:

chloroplast

Tissue culture may be used for ________.

cloning

What are conical centerpieces?

cone-shaped, three dimensional isosceles triangles

A _____ is a greenhouse designed for the display of plants.

conservatory

Evaporative ________ help to offset the heat load caused by ________ light, thus effective greenhouse cooling allows the grower to provide ________ light levels before heat stress is problematic.

cooling pads, high, higher

All of the following are related to servicing a wedding except one. Which does not belong in this group?

coordinating the throwing of the bouquet

The most popular form of asexual reproduction of plants is

cuttings.

All of the following are principles of design used in floral design EXCEPT:

cycle.

Hook wiring is the most appropriate technique for wiring a(n):

daisy

Photoperiodism is a plant response to:

day length

Proper maintenance of Marigolds in landscape beds includes:

dead-heading.

A shade cloth is pulled over a greenhouse to:

decrease temperature

Shape and form are _____ in floral design.

different

The removal of lateral flower buds from stems, such as carnations and chrysanthemums, is called

disbudding

Many crops today are offered as tissue-cultured plantlets, stage 2 or stage 3. This form of vegetative propagation offers many advantages to growers, primarily in that plants grown from tissue are ________ and ________.

disease free, quick growing

A grouping of different types of plants potted in the same container is known as a

dish garden

Percolation is...

downward movement of water in the soil

The correct way to soak floral foam is to:

drop it into a pan and let it soak and sink slowly until about 1/4 remains out the water.

Treated seed virtually ________ viral, fungal, and bacterial disease at the time of planting, greatly ________ disease in professional grower products.

eliminates, reducing

_____ is achieved in an arrangement by creating an accent or focal point.

emphasis

Tertiary colors are the ________ mixture of a primary and secondary color next to it.

equal

The right-triangular floral design is constructed in a manner similar to the ________ design.

equilateral-triangle

According to The Retail Florists Business, included in the list of traditional rules to achieve food design are all but one of the following. Which one is not included?

even numbers should be used in arrangements when fewer than 10 flowers of one kind are used

The major types of root systems are ________.

fibrous and taproot

An example of an indoor tree is a ________.

fiddleleaf fig

"

filament, anther

To increase the keeping quality of plant materials with hollow stems, the stems should be

filled with water

Baby's Breath is an example of a ______________flower.

filler

The term texture as it applies to plants includes such adjectives as ________, ________, and ________.

fine, medium, bold

The hook method of wiring for floral arrangements is used for:

flat headed flowers

The most popular mechanics item used to support floral arrangement is:

floral foam

Interior plantscaping is a career area in which area of horticulture?

floriculture

The art of placing floral material in a container in a pleasing manner following various artistic principles.

flower arranging

Failure of a bulb to produce a marketable flower following floral initiation is

flower blasting

The of hydrangeas can be changed by changing the pH of the soil

flower color

A Chrysanthemum x morifolium is classified for floriculture uses as a:

flowering potted plant

Floral production involves the growing of _____ and _____ for sale.

flowering, foliage crops

Alstroemeria produce two types of shoots ________ and ________

flowering, vegetative

A Ficus benjamina plant is classified for floriculture uses as a:

foliage plant

The acceleration of flowering by manipulating environmental conditions is known as

forcing

_____ is a term used to describe the practices that get bulbs to grow and produce flowers.

forcing

An all around arrangement to be viewed from all sides.

free standing

A new concept in creative art form free from conventional ideas and patterns, nongeometric.

free-form design

Perched water table means that the container has ___________ at the bottom of the container right after watering, when drainage has occurred.

free-water

Which of the following arrangements would not be suitable for a wedding?

full couch spray arrangement

Linear materials are those that grow into the shape of a tall spire or spike. They are usually tall and slender. Often they are ________ below the tip but taper definitely to a point at the top, much like a ________.

full; church steeple

Daisies should be cut:

fully open

Black spot of rose is caused by:

fungi

Fumigant pesticides are in a _______ form.

gas

Hanging plants used in interior landscapes function to

give length to interior design

Which plant below is matched to its usual or common method of propagation?

gladiolus; separation

_____ is the best glazing material for the production of floriculture crops.

glass

The covering of a greenhouse is often referred to as the:

glazing

The ________ fuzzy fungal growth of Botrytis often begins with injured or necrotic areas and then infects healthy tissue.

gray

When spores germinate, they form a small ________ leaf like structure known as the prothallus.

green

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used soil mix ingredient?

ground pine straw

Cycocel is a (an)

growth regulator.

If an indoor plant needs direct or full sun, then the plant will need sun for at least ________.

half of the daylight hours

"

hardiness

Peat moss is often mixed into the growing medium of container plants because it

has good air and water holding capacities

The Genus-species, Erica sp has a common name of:

heather

In Japanese influenced design, placement of three main flowers or branches signifies ________, ________ and ________.

heaven; man; earth

What is the purpose of "pinching" plants?

helps the plants become more bushy, which increases flower quantity

The technical name for weed-control chemicals is ________.

herbicides

American floriculture crops are considered to be ________ quality if they are well branched and _______, with multiple flowers that open ______________.

high, full, simultaneously

The ________ the alkalinity level, the ________ the pH of soilless medium will ________.

higher; quicker; increase

Sympathy flowers are important to ________ the deceased and ________ the living.

honor, comfort

_____ are naturally occurring chemicals produced by plants to _____ growth.

hormones, regulate

Weeping fig (Ficus benjamina) moved directly from a high light growing area to an interior room will often drop its leaves because of :

improper acclimatization.

Floral preservatives should be used because they will _____ the lasting qualities of fresh flowers.

increase

Cuttings of potted chrysanthemums are planted at an angle to encourage

increased branching

A material used to kill insects is called a(n):

insecticide

When purchasing an indoor plant, check the underside of the leaves for ________.

insects

_____ is the art and science of selecting, placing, and maintaining plants to improve and enhance the appearance of the indoor environment.

interiorscaping

________, identified by yellowing or interveinal chlorosis of young leaves, is the primary problem for plants growing in a ________ pH medium.

iron deficiency, high

A solenoid valve

is a switch often used for controlling water flow.

The life cycle of an annual plant:

is completed in one growing season

The node ________.

is the part of the stem where the leaf is attached

Green spider plants grow faster than variegated spider plants, probably because:

it has more green area for photosynthesis.

Many growers apply a shading compound or shade cloth from ________ to ________ to reduce heat stress that results from high light levels entering the greenhouse.

late spring; early fall

Natural photoperiods vary during the year and by

latitude

To heat a hotbed, frosted light bulbs or ________ are commonly used for heat sources.

lead or plastic-coated heating cables

African violets are usually propagated by:

leaf petiole cuttings

A palmately compound leaf has

leaflets

Sugars are manufactured in the _______________ of plants.

leaves

Which is the best preservative listed for cut flowers? (Home remedy)

lemon-lime soft drinks

Roses generally are graded according to _________ of stem.

length

When new growth on a plant is weak and spindly with large gaps between the leaves, the plant is most likely suffering from lack of :

light

The ________ point is the light intensity at which the plant is receiving as much energy from the light during photosynthesis as it is during respiration.

light compensation

The point at which the plant is receiving as much light energy as it can use is the ________ point.

light saturation

The framework of a floral design is created by

line

Floral arrangement designed with visual paths along which the eye is led from one point of interest to another are called

line arrangements

What are the four types or shapes of plant material?

line, form, mass, filler

What are the three kinds of traditional flower arrangements recognized today in America by flower arrangers and the National Council of State Garden Clubs?

line, mass, line-mass

Tissue-cultured plantlets require special attention during the acclimation process from the laboratory to the greenhouse in order to avoid ________ and ensure crop ________.

losses, uniformity

There are 17 elements needed to provide the necessary plant nutrients. Macronutrients are the _____ nutrients that are needed in _____ amounts.

major, larger

For the traditional florist, the term "________" is meant to promote the sale of flowers by offering a variety of products in a variety of ways.

marketing

What document(s) listed below is required by law to be on-hand and available to all employees in case of emergency?

material safety data sheets

Most photosynthetic activity occurs in the _____ of cells.

mesophyll layer

What is the best time of day to harvest plant materials for drying?

middle of day

A naturalistic design of an arrangement that looks like a:

miniature landscape

Plants can be propagated vegetatively because of the process of cell division which is known as:

mitosis

What causes the following symptoms in poinsettias? The margins of leaves halfway up the stem become chlorotic, presenting a silhouette appearance and then quickly become necrotic.

molybdenum deficiencies

What are ttints, tones, and shades of one hue called?

monochromatic color harmony

The color harmony produced by using various shades, tints, and tones of one color is called:

monochromatic harmony

Seed-grown tubers generally produce ________ eyes, which means plants will have a ________ number of flowers and leaf sprouts.

more, higher

A plant may be suffering from _______ if the leaves have yellow spots, patches, or streaks.

mosaic virus

Placing wet sphagnum moss in a frame for funeral and Christmas wreaths is called:

mossing

Wavelengths are measured in ________ with specific wavelengths corresponding to specific ________.

nanometers; color

Where in a floral arrangement should light-covered flowers be placed?

near the top

When certain elements are provided in excess to plants, uptake of other nutrients may be hindered. One example of a mineral antagonism is the _____________________________ interaction; a 1:1 ratio is recommended for most floriculture crops.

nitrogen-potassium

Limited induction photoperiod is a ________ technique for controlling elongation of long-day herbaceous perennials.

non-chemical

Lilies are ____ bulbs.

non-tunic

A tight hand bouquet of fragrant flowers.

nosegay

A container of unusual form or shape such as a heart, animal, etc.....

novelty

Hydroponics is a system of growing plants in:

nutrient solution.

An annual is a plant whose life cycle is completed in ________.

one growing season

Leaves are _____ with the responsibility of making _____.

organs, food

Plants are complex organisms made of _____ consisting of _____ and _____.

organs, tissue, cells

Three factors that are very important when considering water quality for fresh flowers are:

pH, hardness, salinity

PPM is...

parts per million

When consulting with a bride regarding floral pieces for an upcoming wedding, which of the following is NOT a primary consideration the florist must address to properly assist the bride for the important occasion?

payment schedule for floral services

The flower stem is known as the:

pedicel

A flower containing both stamens and pistils is known as a________________ flower.

perfect

Together, the sepals and the petals are called the:

perianth

"

phloem.

The process by which the energy of sunlight is converted into chemical energy by green plants is known as:

photosynthesis

The process of manufacturing carbohydrates from the raw materials in air and water is

photosynthesis

House plants grown near a window in winter may lean toward the light in response to a reaction called:

phototropism

A technique growers use to produce well branched, compact plants with many flowers is

pinching

Popular colors to use in floral designs during the spring and Easter season include

pink, yellow and white

Plant pathology is the study of:

plant diseases.

The American Style of flower arrangement stresses clear cut designs, _______________, ____________, and ______ of expression.

plant forms, originality, freedom

The study of functions and the complex chemical processes that allow plants to grow is known as ________.

plant physiology

A ________ is defined as having a ________ occurring, unique set of characteristics and is separated from other closely related species by location, flowering time and so on.

plant species; naturally

Which plant listed below would be most tolerant of a very sunny location in the greenhouse?

poinsettia

When a plants roots have completely filled its pot and become overly crowded, the plant is said to be

potbound

Pinching is a process that:

promotes branching

_____ in an arrangement is accomplished by the scaling of flowers toward the focal point and is achieved by the use of flowers of varying size.

proportion

In all design work, the floral designer is striving for emphasis, balance, _____, _____, _____, and unity.

proportion, harmony, rhythm

The most important consideration in setting up an irrigation system is water ________.

quality

Plants grown under light high in ________ wavelengths will be short, dark green and well branched.

red

Although general plant growth usually requires light with all wavelengths ________ and ________ wavelengths result in the greatest plant growth response.

red (700); blue (470)

Which of the following are common colors of Poinsettias?

red, pink, white

Which of the following are primary colors?

red, yellow and blue

The south and west sides of a house may not be the best locations for a flower garden because they ________.

reflect heat on the planting

The area of cell division is ________.

responsible for the production of new cells on the tip of the root

Bearded Iris have what type of roots?

rhizomes

The principal of total compatibility of all parts of an arrangement with each other is termed

rhythm

Other floral design patterns that may be constructed by a florist are the _____, inverted T, _____, and free form.

right triangle, vertical

The Japanese confine their displays of flower arrangements to specific areas as a matter of __________ and ___________.

ritual, custom

The first part of the new plant to emerge from the seed is the ___________.

root

As roots grow, their tips are protected from coarse soil. This is accomplished by a mass of cells called the _____.

root cap

The portion of the root that takes in the water and plant nutrients is the ________.

root hair

Saucers for plants to sit in often cause problems because.

root rot can develop if water is left standing in the saucer.

The plant has four main structures: _____, _____, leaves, and flowers.

roots, stem

An example of a mass flower is

rose

With potted plants, the presence of a white, flaky film on the soil surface or pot rim (especially on clay pots) indicates:

salt buildup.

The most common type of florist ribbon used is a waterproof ________ with a ________ edge.

sanitized acetate, fused

An initial symptom of fertilizer burn is leaf:

scorch

Percent germination is the percentage of _____ that will _____ and _____.

seeds, sprout, grow

Bulb crops are commonly propagated by:

separation

Dried flowers with _____ stems may be used in designing by _____ them with wire, metal, or wooden picks, hollow stems, taped stems, or hot glue.

short, lengthening

The Euphorbia pulcherrima, a ________ day plant, is induced to flower by providing ________ nights and ________ days.

short; long; short

When studying the floral decorations of the earliest cultures, one learns that the Egyptians valued _____ and _____.

simplicity and repetition.

Rose plants used for the bent stem technique are started as __________ node cuttings, which are rooted and grown frequently in _______ _______ _______.

single, rock wool cubes

A type of stem cutting used where stock material is limited and has alternate leaves is a ________.

single-eye cutting

Molluscicide is used to control...

slugs

Irregularly shaped holes with smooth edges appear in Celosia leaves. Some leaves are even missing. The plants should be treated for

slugs and snails

Growers commonly use three types of pinches: ________, ________ and ________.

soft pinch; hard pinch; cutting back

A single flower on a flower stem or peduncle is called a:

solitary flower

What instrument measures soluble salts in soils?

solu-bridge

Violets and purples give a ___________________ sometimes __________.

spiritual feeling, sad

A cutting that is usually made from a large-leaf plant with the veins split is ________.

split-vein cutting

Ferns are different from most horticultural crops because they reproduce from:

spores

Water hose ends should be kept off the ground or floor to prevent:

spread of disease.

The flower typically consists of four different parts: Sepals, petals, _____, and _____.

stamens, pistil

A pollen grain moves first from the anther to the _________ to begin its journey to the ovary for fertilization.

stigma

The pistil has three main parts. They are:

stigma, style, ovary

Pores or openings in the leaf that allow the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor is defined as a:

stomata

The process of a seed going through a time of cold temperature before it germinates is called:

stratification

The furrow in a garden is a _________.

sunken walkway

There are two different purposes for using artificial lighting. First, lamps can be used to provide additional light to increase photosynthesis and plant growth. This is termed ________ lighting. Second, lamps can be used to alter the photoperiod perceived by the plants. This is termed ________ lighting.

supplemental, photoperiodic

The three most common type floral designs for funerals are referred to as

wreaths, sprays, mixed pots

The conductive tissue in the stem that transports water and minerals from roots to the leaves is called the:

xylem

Water and food are translocated in plants through tissues called

xylem and phloem.

"

$101.23

"

$168.09

The least desirable way to water plug-grown seedlings is with

a hand-held nozzle

Grafting is ________.

a method of joining two parts of two different plants

Pollination occurs when

a pollen grain touches the stigma

A seed consists of ________.

a seed coat, endosperm, and embryo

Dianthus caryophyllus is the genus and species for which flower?

carnation

The phloem ________.

carries the manufactured food from the leaves to the roots

Disadvantages to Pregermination are limited shelf life of ________, limited selection and limited cost.

4 to 5 weeks

Floriculture production in the United States is valued at about $____________ at farm gate.

4.7 billion

The average humidity recommended for interior plants is

40 to 70%

All but one of the following is easily suitable for pressing. Which one is not suitable?

Daffodil

How much will the media cost for your crop of 100 Betterboy Tomatoes if you grow the tomatoes in one-gallon nursery containers? One cubic foot of media will fill 9 one-gallon containers. Each 3 cubic foot bag of media costs $ 18.75.

$75.00

_____ are devices used to automatically turn greenhouse systems on or off.

Environmental Controls

There are several mold genera that are found in bark. The most problematic is a/an ________ slime mold.

Ostracoderma

Pesticides are used to help control:

weeds, insects, diseases, and other organisms that can damage crops

The insecticide Mr. Jones sprayed in his greenhouse had a skull and crossbones on the label. What is the allowed re-entry time for the area treated with this chemical?

48 hours

The pH range most suitable for Camellias is:

5.0 to 5.5

The optimum ph range for most crops growing in a soilless medium is__________.

5.8-6.4

Good mineral or garden soils have about _____ percent of pore space.

50

Orchids like _____% to ______% humidity.

50-80

The American style of flower arranging is based on the _____ elements of design.

6

The Lilium longiflorum are produced on the ________ around the ________ border.

west coast; Oregon-California

Diseases grow best on _______ leaves.

wet

Seedlings should be transplanted:

when the first true leaves are have developed

A good substitute for sand, this material provides for aeration in the growing media.

Perlite

Which type of cutting is wounded to improve rooting?

woody

A granite-like volcanic material that is crushed and heated to expand to twenty times its original volume is

Perlite

Large leaves are often removed from a germanium plant in late winner to:

Permit more light to reach young growth

Which group of plants is all general propagated seeds?

Petunia, tomato, pepper

In any style of flower arranging, past or present, American, European, or Oriental, there are __________________; these are ___________. _________________________________________________.

6 design elements, line, form, space, texture, color and harmony

The minimum optimum temperature for poinsettia growth is:

60 degrees F

Jackie sold 875 potted Geraniums at $3.76 each. Her cost of production was $ 2.12. What is her net profit?

$1,435.00

The moderate temperature range for indoor plants is ________.

60 to 70 degrees F

When transplanting bedding plants, the soil temperature needs to be

600F

Which of the following night temperatures is best for growing tomatoes from seedlings to bedding plant size?

65 degrees

Silt has soil particles from _____ to _____ mm in diameter.

0.05 to 0.002

One of the most important factors is the electrical conductivity (EC), a measure of soluble salts. Water with a low EC, ________ mS/cm, will give the greatest number of irrigation options and will help reduce future problems from the accumulation of high soluble salts in the root medium.

0.1-0.5

Floral arrangements should be...

1 ½ times as tall as the container

The pH refers to the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and ranges from 1 to 14; ___ being acidic, ___ being neutral, ___ being alkaline.

1-6, 7, 8-14

Growth is best for Helianthus annus L. between _____ and _____ sun is always preferred.

65 to 75 F; full

Odd numbers should be used in arrangements when fewer than _____ flowers of one kind are used.

10

The standard size for hanging baskets is

10 inch

Without a day/night fluctuation of _____ to _____ degrees F, orchids will grow plenty of healthy foliage, but may stubbornly refuse to flower.

10 to 15

The Retail Florist business has been in existence for over ____ years.

100

Mineral soil is _____ to _____ times heavier than the other components used in growing media.

10; 50

You are producing a crop of 500 Geranium plants. It is time to transplant the rooted cuttings into 6" standard pots. One cubic foot of potting media will fill 16 pots. How many 3 cubic foot bags of potting media will you need?

11 bags

The number of floral industry workers in the United States is about ________.

110,000

National Poinsettia Day is December _____, the anniversary of the death of Joel Robert Poinsett.

12

Which of the following is a normal length of time for the production of most potted mum varieties (from potting of the rooted cuttings to the selling date)?

12 weeks

The Christmas Peppers take ________ from seeding to sales for 4 inch (10 cm) speciments when seeded in the spring and summers.

14 weeks

How many extra plants would you order if you need 300, but you place an order for 5% extra, just in case some dies or get damaged?

15

The percentage of potassium in a 5-10-15 fertilizer is

15

The forcing time for Easter Lilies is about ___ days.

150

In regard to the Lilium longiflorum, how many weeks to finish after vernalization?

16

Plant growth is dependent on _____ essential elements, often referred to as nutrients.

17

The typical length of florist wire is

18 inches

Soil sterilization requires heating the soil at

1800F for half an hour

Soil should be heated to ____ for 30 minutes for sterilization?

180E

Mother's Day was first celebrated on the second Sunday in May in Lincoln, Nebraska, in ________. It quickly caught on as a widespread holiday in other states.

1908

After being placed in a floral preservative solution, how long should the flowers remain at room temperature for efficient uptake of the solution?

2 to 3 hours

Which of the following solutions is best to disinfect used pots?

20% bleach

Pot mums in 6" pots should average _____ flowering shoots per pot.

20-30

"

2355

There are certain soil requirements for building a terrarium. Too much soil looks heavy, while too little soil will not hold the root system. In general, what is the correct amount of soil in relation to the height of the container?

25%

Measuring light requires the use of _____ factor(s).

3

What pH is recommended for fresh flowers in solution?

3 to 4.5

Place cut Antirrhinum majus stems vertically as soon as possible after harvest; stems placed horizontally may begin to bend upward in as little as

30 minutes

The first stage of cloning African violets takes approximately ________.

30 minutes

For optimum vase life, most cut flowers should be stored at temperatures as close to ___ degrees F as possible.

35

What temperature range will cause chilling injury to plants:

35-45 degrees F

Dahlias flower morphology is complex and flower size varies from larger than _____ to less than _____ in diameter.

4 in.; 8.25 in.

Photosynthesis will work best in which temperature range?

65 to 85 degrees F

Each plant has an optimum temperature range. In general, if you were to lump all floriculture crops together, you would find the optimum range is from 35-50oF (2-10oC) on the lower side and ________oF (________oC) on the upper side.

65-85; 18-29

Organic media used in greenhouses have between ___ and ___ percent pore space.

75 and 85

For optimum germination, seeds of nearly all bedding plants require a propagation medium temperature of

75 to 85 degrees

Flowers are _____ percent water.

90

The growth regulator often used to control marketable plant heights of potted tulips, dahlias, and lilies is:

A-Rest

The ADT formula is:

ADT=(day temperature x hours) + (night temperatures x hours) + 24

The genus and species for Yarrow is

Achillea filipendulina

Which of the following would be a problem in growing potted azaleas?

Adding 2 teaspoons of hydrated lime to each pot.

One of the most popular flowering indoor plants is the ________.

African violet

_____ has changed the import/export side of the floriculture industry.

Air travel

There are three main ingredients in floral preservatives. Which of the following is not one of these ingredients?

Algaecide

Which of the following is not considered a good characteristic of a good propagation medium?

Allows easy movement within container

Which is commonly used for a cut flower?

Alstroemeria

Which of the following is considered in the trade to be a Holland flower?

Alstroemeria

Which of the following would NOT be considered a foliage plant?

Alyssum

Which of the following bulbs are the easiest for forcing?

Amaryllis

Who added dried flowers or grains to fresh floral designs?

American

The common name for Anemone coronaria L. is ________.

Anemone

The Snapdragon is also known as

Antirrhinum majus

Nature provides protection for plants to prevent them from becoming top heavy and unstable. ________ is the principle that provides this protection; it describes the hierarchy that has evolved in the plant world that makes certain that a plant's architecture is sound.

Apical dominance

Which of the following would not be effective in lowering the pH in alkaline soils?

Applying lime

________ is represented by strong geometric lines and forms. They are highly stylized and are often thought to mimic Egyptian and Aztec cultures as well as being influenced by the contemporary society.

Art Deco

_________ is curvilinear lines, cascading works, with nature's patterns of plants and flowers depicted either in the arrangement or in the container.

Art Nouveau

Which of the following is a growth regulator?

B-Nine

What is the common name for the Gypsophilia flower?

Baby's Breath

Aphids can promote growth of the

Black sooty mold

"

Calcium

The leading floriculture production states are __________, ___________, and ____________.

California, Florida, Texas

Zantedeschia rehmannii, Z. elliotiana, Z. hybrids also known as

Calla Lily

A major problem in standard carnation production resulting in asymmetrical flowers is

Calyx splitting

The Christmas Pepper's scientific name is ________.

Capsicum annuum L.

The genus and species names Dianthus caryophylius identifies what flower?

Carnation

_____ rank as the third most popular cut flower in the world.

Carnations

_____ capacity is the measure of a medium's capacity to hold nutrients.

Cation exchange

Which group of holidays is most important for florist sales?

Christmas, Mothers Day, Valentines Day

The genus and species name for the Jade Plant is

Crassula argentea

The most commonly used growth retardant is

Cycocel

The organic compounds that affect the enlargement and division of cells, tissue differentiation, dormancy, leaf aging, and leaf drop are known as ___________________.

Cytokinins

_____ is responsible for cell division and differentiation.

Cytokinins

Day length is the shortest on ________ and increases until ________; therefore, it decreases.

December 21, June 21

A circle of greens decorated with fruits, nuts, cones, seed pods, or berries typical of the Renaissance period.

Della Robbia Wreath

In Japanese floral design, Tai represents

Earth

________ are the most profitable major holiday pot plant crop produced.

Easter Lilies

The Easter Lily crop is difficult to grow because,

Easter falls on a different date each year.

Which of the following foliage combinations would create the greatest texture contrast in a floral arrangement?

English Ivy and asparagus fern

Which of the following plants produce adventitious roots?

English Ivy, Heart Leaf Philodendron

Who first developed the "rules" of the floral design?

English of the Victorian Era

Plants convert chemical energy into light energy which results in plant growth.

FALSE

Solarization is one of the top three primary ways heat is lost in a greenhouse.

FALSE

The Oriental and the American designs differ because, in the American design, every flower has a specific meaning and an exact location. This does not apply in the Oriental style.

FALSE

During which seasons will black cloths not be needed for short day plants such as cosmos to bloom, assuming no interruption of the natural day length?

Fall and winter

The genus and species name for the Fiddleleaf Fig is

Ficus lyrata

The most popular orchid potting material is

Fir bark

_____ are the reproductive organs of a plant.

Flowers

The first written design principles (rules) were established by the:

French

_______________ is a process of events whereby the seed embryo goes from a dormant state to an active growing state.

Germination

________ is a feathered single flower made from the florets of a gladiolus flower.

Glamellia

_____ and _____ fuel plant growth.

Glucose, fructose

The strewing of flowers and loose petals at banquets and festivals was typical of the ________ period.

Greek and Roman

What gives growers the ability to control environmental conditions affecting a crop?

Greenhouses

An S-shaped line mass design is a ________ curve.

Hogarth

The international wholesale market for cut flowers and foliage is located in:

Holland

________ makes an excellent centerpiece because it is attractive when viewed from either the front or the back.

Horizontal design

What is Horticulture?

Horticulture is the culture of plants for food, comfort, and beauty.

The most influential and important person in all the ancient arts of China was:

Hsieh Ho

When growing orchids, a hygrometer is used to measure:

Humidity

Japanese style of floral arrangement is known as

Ikebana

The Oriental cultures that developed while the Greek and Roman cultures were developing had their own floral practices. One that is still taught today is the _____ design method.

Ikenobo

Which plant listed below would be least tolerant of a very sunny location?

Impatiens

IPM is an acronym for: "

Integrated pest management

The ________ period is considered the beginning of the flower arranging as it is known today.

Italian Renaissance

The Oriental country best known for its floral art is:

Japan

The floral design of the ________ influence emphasizes careful and significant placement of every flower, branch or leaf.

Japanese

What style has three major placements of flowers or branches?

Japanese

_______________ growers first began growing their rose plants using bent stems in the 1980's.

Japanese

A line mass design has a linear aspect and massed central area. It is a combination of the _____ line style and the _____ mass style.

Japanese and European

The common name for an Anigozanthos (Labill) is ________.

Kangaroo-Paw

Which of the following is not a method for sterilizing plant growing medium?

Keeping the growing medium moist for 6 to 7 days

Which is not a greenhouse insect pest?

Lady bug

Identify the flower considered a line flower:

Liatris

What is added to acidic soil to raise the pH?

Lime

When preparing a symmetrical triangular floral arrangement, the flowers are placed first in the design.

Line/skeletal

Which of the following is an advantage of germinating seed in 1020 poly-flats?

Little equipment is necessary

Which of the following is not one of the top 10 nursery growing states?

Louisiana

Which of the following is the proper sequence of the layers of a leaf?

Lower epidermis, spongy layer, chloroplasts, palisade layer, upper epidermis

A dried branch, bleached by the sun, used in decorations is called:

Manzanita

Which of the flowers listed is least shade tolerant?

Marigold

Flowers are used to fill in a floral arrangement once the lines and the focal area of the design have been established.

Mass

Dianthus caryophyllus is a native of the ________ area, originally flowering only in the early spring.

Mediterranean

The art of any period of civilization reflects the tastes and ideas of that time and place. In general, ________ and ________ flower arrangements have emphasized mass and color.

Mediterranean, Europe

________ are attached with a heavy-duty picking machine. A sharp, pointed, barbed shaft is attached to the flower or foliage.

Metal Picks

Which of the following are fungus diseases of plants?

Mildew, fusarium, damping off

Probably the most influential factor in advancing flower arrangement in this country has been the _______________________.

National Council of State Garden Clubs

What is the fertilizer element that is used by the plant to make chlorophyll molecules?

Nitrogen

A physiological disorder of geraniums caused by high moisture levels in the root media is

Oedema

Floral designs as we arrange them today are a blend of two styles:

Oriental and European

Which of the following is not considered one of the general categories of nursery grown plants?

Ornamental ferns

"

Phosphorus

_____________ is the simplest form of pruning and is used to encourage lateral branching, remove unwanted growth, and increase the size of flowers.

Pinching

Successful advertising to a target audience is based on the three profit "P's." Which one of the following is not part of the three profit P's?

Pleasant

"

Polycarbonate

________ is similar to seed hydration except the process is allowed to progress further until the seed coat splits and the radical becomes visible.

Pregermination

Which of the following is the primary reason for keeping flower buckets clean?

Prevent bacterial growth

Alstroemeria hybrids are also known as

Princess Lily

What do you call a mechanical device, which introduces a concentrated fertilizer solution into the pipeline used for watering plants?

Proportioner

Which of the following is not a direct result of light intensity and duration in greenhouse crops?

Radiation

What is the main advantage of raised beds?

Raised beds have better drainage.

Which of the following plants may be reproduced by using leaf blade cuttings?

Rex Begonia

Wet conditions are also ideal for plants to become infected with soil-borne diseases such as:

Rhizoctonia, Pythium

What type of gloves should be worn when handling pesticides?

Rubber

These summer-blooming perennials produce dense, bristly balls of blue color.

Russian Thistle

What ingredient related to city water causes leaf tip browning in spider plant leaves?

Salt

A good alternative for perlite, this material provides aeration in the root media.

Sand

________ is any method of breaking through hard, water-impermeable seed coats to allow water to penetrate.

Scarification

________ is a technique used by seed suppliers to imbibe the seed and begin germination, but then stop the process before the radical (root) emerges.

Seed hydration

Plants are propagated in what two ways?

Sexual and Asexual

Which of the following is not generally used as a potted crop?

Snapdragons

Which of the following is not necessary for seed germination?

Soil

________ involve tubing that provides water to individual pots.

Spaghetti tubes

Azaleas bloom naturally in the:

Spring

This is a floral piece commonly displayed at funerals.

Standing spray

_____________ are horizontal underground stems.

Stolons

Bird-of-Paradise is the common name, what is the Genus-Species?

Strelitzia reginae

The most common type of grafting is ________.

T-budding

Bacillus thuringiensis is

a bacterial insecticide

The flowers and leaves of a rose are mottled and streaked with silver, and dusty black droppings have collected. This damage is indicative of:

Thrips

________ harmony combines three colors equi-distant on the wheel forming a triangle such as red, blue and yellow.

Triadic

Spring bulb flowers such as _____, _____, or _____, may be harvested in the bud stage.

Tulips, Daffodils, Iris

A circle of small flowers arranged around one central flower similar to a nosegay.

Tussy Mussy

The following is not a characteristic of an insect:

Two tentacles

An arrangement of flowers in which the flowers have all fallen to the outer ring is commonly referred to as:

a doughnut arrangement

_________________ is a sterile, lightweight mica product.

Vermiculite

What is the proper term to describe the cold treatment which lasts several weeks and precedes initiation of flower buds?

Vernalization

The common name for Zebrina pendula is

Wandering Jew

________ are green plastic tube-like reservoirs with rubber caps into which the flower stem is inserted.

Water Picks

______________ is one of the greatest causes of failure in growing house plants.

Watering

_____________ can be either warm or cool; it takes on the feelings of the colors with which it is associated.

White

An English painter by the name of _____ developed the S curve in the 18th century because he thought a curve was very pleasing to the eye.

William Hogart

____________ occurs when a plant does not have enough moisture for the cells to remain turgid.

Wilting

________ are available in green and natural colors. They are pointed on one end for easy insertion with or without attached wires on the other end.

Wood Picks

A creative art form using space along with line, form, color, and texture to create the floral arrangements by using plant material and other components.

abstract design

All foliage plants must be _____ prior to installing in an interior area.

acclimated

Bonzi are one of the more ________ PGRs (plant growth regulators).

active

"

acute

Upper leaves which show intervenal chlorosis probably suffer from:

an iron deficiency

Two or three colors adjacent to each other on the color wheel.

analogous color harmony

The primary function of the root is to ________.

anchor the plant and supply water and nutrients

Magnesium, calcium and sulfur

are essential elements needed for plant processes

Herbaceous stems ________.

are green and are not winter hardy

The process of propagating plants from cuttings is known as:

asexual reproduction

Two sides of a vertical axis in an arrangement that are different in composition but equal in visual weight.

asymmetrical balance

The process of pinching a plant removes the ________ factory and eliminates the ________ concentration of the __________ hormone from the upper portion of the plant.

auxin, high, inhibitory

When the source of ________ is removed, the concentration of the __________ drops quickly, thereby releasing lateral branches from _________ dominance and allowing them to develop.

auxin, hormone, apical

Which plant below is NOT matched to its usual or common method of propagation?

azaleas - division

In Floral Design, placing objects in strategic locations to create a visual feeling of stability in a design is known as _______________________.

balance

Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of an indoor plant?

balance

The place in a home not usually considered an ideal location for an indoor plant is the _______.

basement

What causes the following symptoms? Incomplete formation of flower parts such as fewer petals, small petals, sudden wilting; or collapse of petals, and notches of tissue missing in flower stems, leaf petioles, or stems.

boron deficiencies

What causes the following symptoms? The margins of older leaves become necrotic with a characteristic reddish-brown color. Necrotic spots may also develop across the leaf blade but tend to be concentrated at the margins.

boron toxicities

The red parts of the poinsettia are not really blooms but modified leaves called

bracts

The all-purpose light level at which most interior plants survive, receiving as much light as possible without any direct sun is

bright-indirect light

A ________ is an organizational business tool to state the business' purpose and goals and estimate the financing needed to fund the new florist.

business plan

Which of the following four is not considered a plant disease problem?

calyx wilt

The ______________ in the stems produces all new cells.

cambium

A group of cells at the tip of a root is called the root ________________.

cap

The conventional greenhouse is designed to ________.

capture light and control temperature

The main function of plant leaves is:

carbohydrate production.

_____ enters through the stomata and is available to the _____ in the cells.

carbon dioxide, chlorophyll

The importance of the growing medium rests with four basic function. They are: holds water, provides nutrients, permits the exchange of gasses, and provides _____ for the plant.

support

The Chinese method of handling flowers is founded on __________, preservation of life, and appreciation of __________.

symbolism, beauty

Which of the following is not one of the three broad categories of form?

symmetric

An arrangement may be composed of _____ or _____ balance.

symmetrical, asymmetrical

An orchid having a horizontal stem from which numerous shoots arise is called

sympodial

An equilateral triangle-shaped arrangement will be as ________ as it is ________.

tall; wide

The most important environmental factor regulating flower initiation in bulbous species is

temperature

Consumers encounter Alstromeria frequently in the retail marketplace, as it is one of the World's top ________ cut flowers

ten

What is the vase life?

the length of time cut flowers and foliage live after they have been cut

The rate at which photosynthesis is carried out depends on ________.

the light intensity, temperature, and concentration of carbon dioxide

Propagation is defined as ________.

the process of increasing the numbers of a species

The pierce wiring technique works best on flowers that have a:

thick calyx

The single most important aspect of perennial gardening is

timing the bloom

The process of reproducing a plant by using small pieces of tissue in an artificial medium under sterile conditions is called:

tissue culture

Plants should be watered early in the day

to aid in disease prevention.

What is the purpose of plant propagation?

to produce new and better breeds of plants at a fast rate

"

tomatoes

The arrangement of flowers referred to as a "Full Couch Spray" is used for

top of a closed casket

Plants maintain a healthy heat and moisture balance through a process called:

transpiration

The process of moving one plant from one location and planting it in another is called:

transplanting

The watering system that uses the least amount of water

trickle tube

Foliage plants are _____ and _____ plants, either woody or non-woody, that are successfully grown indoors.

tropical, subtropical

____________ is the most widely used irrigation system used for potted plants?

tube irrigation

Botrytis blight is also known as

tulip fire

A tunicate bulb has a dry, papery covering called a:

tunic

There are less than _________ dozen rose breeders specializing in commercial cut flower varieties.

two

Analogous color harmony utilizes

two or three adjacent colors on the color wheel

Lily bulb production requires _____ to _____ growth in the field, depending on size and whether scale production is used or plants are started from bulblets (small bulbs formed around the belowground stem above the bulb).

two; four years

Tints of various hues will normally be ___________, while tones tend to give a ____________ effect.

uplifting, soothing

Snapdragons should be stored and shipped ________ at all times to prevent ________ of the spikes. Snapdragons can be stored for _____ to _____ days, dry or in water, at 40 F (4 C).

upright, curvature, 3, 4

Plant nutrition is ________.

use of basic chemical elements in the plant

Gladiolus are:

used as line flowers in floral designs.

Respiration ________.

uses food for plant energy

By understanding the critical photoperiod for lower induction, growers can manipulate photoperiods to make plants either ________ or ________.

vegetative, reproductive

A symmetrical design will appear to be the same on each side of a _____ center line.

vertical

_____ is the ability of seeds to germinate under different conditions and still produce healthy seedlings.

vigor

A time tested rule is to pinch when roots are ________________ and __________ of the _________ after removing the plant from its pot.

visible at the sides, bottom, medium

Excessively short stems in Tulips planted outdoors are do to:

warm spring temperatures and lack of winter cooling

After cutting flowers from the garden, it is best to immediately put them in ________.

warm water

Underwater cutting is recommended especially for roses to ensure that _____, not _____, enters the xylem.

water, air

The right conditions for seed germination are light or darkness _____, _____, and _____.

water, oxygen, favorable temperatures

Commercial flower crops are sometimes watered to cause leaching. This means

watering to remove excess soluble salts from the growing medium

Which of the following is not considered an environmental factor when growing indoor plants?

weather