Fluid And Electrolytes

Anion

A negatively charged ion. Combines with Cations to make salts.

A solute can be which of the following? Select all that apply. A. Salt B. Electrolytes C. Sugar D. Water E. Nutrients

A,B,C,E D (water) is a solvent.

A nurse is in the neurologic ICU has received a prescription to infuse a hypertonic solution into a client with increased intercranial pressure. The solution will increase the number of dissolved particles in the client's blood, creating pressure for fluids in the tissues to shift into the capillaries and increase blood volume. This process is best described as which of the following? A. Hydrostatic Pressure B. Osmosis and osmolality C. Diffusion D. Active Transport

B

The extracellular fluid (ECF) is divided into two parts: intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid. Under normal circumstances, which of the is the correct. proportion of these fluids? A. 50%. intravascular/ 50% interstitial B. 5% intravascular/ 95% interstitial C. 90% intravascular/ 10% interstitial D. 20% intravascular/ 80% interstitial

D

The student nurse is learning about a fluid compartment whose primary cation is potassium (K). Which of the following is the correct fluid found in this compartment? A. Extracellular fluid B. Intravascular fluid C. Interstitial fluid D. Intracellular fluid

D

Intracellular

Located or occurring inside a cell or cells.

Diffusion

Natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Example: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Homeostasis

Stable equilibrium or balance between independent elements.

Tonicity

The ability of all the solutes to cause an osmotic driving force that promotes water movement from one compartment to another.

Osmosis

The movement of water caused by a concentration gradient. Example: fluid shifting from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration until equal concentration is achieved.

Osmolality

The number of contained in a unit of a fluid; influences the movement of a fluid between fluid compartments.

Oncotic pressure (Protein pulls)

The osmotic pressure generated by large molecules (especially proteins) in solution. Aka: colloid osmotic pressure, notably albumin in blood plasma that causes pull back into the capillaries.

Hydrostatic pressure

The pressure that any fluid in a confined space exerts.Example: Blood pressure

Osmotic pressure

The pressure that must be applied to solution side to stop fluid movement when a semipermeable membrane separates a solution from pure water.

Filtration

The process of se parating suspended particles from the fluid through a porous material in which the fluid can pass through while the suspended particles are retained.

Third spacing

occurs when too much fluid moves from the intravascular space (blood vessels) into the interstitial or "third" space-the nonfunctional area between cells. This can cause potentially serious problems such as edema, reduced cardiac output, and hypotension.

Edema

swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues.

Active Transport

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Bicarbonate(HCO3-)

- Anion that is a major buffer in both ICF and ECT. -Normal total serum concentration: 25 - 29 mEq/L. -Functions: Regulates acid-base balance. -Dietary: Excess can be caused by taking too much sodium bicarbonate for indigestion. (Not regulated by diet!!) -Enters the body: Readily available as a result of carbon dioxide formation during metabolism. -Losses: Possible via diarrhea, diuretics, and early renal insufficiency. -Regulation: Regulated primarily by the kidneys.

Sodium (Na+)

- Main electrolyte of the ECF. -Normal Serum concentration: 135-145 mEq/l. -Functions: Regulates ECF volume., Na+ loss or gain of water; Affects serum osmolality; Muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses; Regulation of acid-base balance. -Dietary: Processed foods, table salt, sodium preservatives. -Regulation: Sodium- potassium pumps, renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system, eliminated and reabsorbed by kidneys.

Phosphate(PO4-)

-Buffer anion in both ICF and ECF. -Normal total serum concentration: 2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL -Functions: Role in acid-base balance as a hydrogen buffer; Promotes energy storage for carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism; Bone and teeth formation;Role in muscle and red blood cell formation. -Dietary: Animal products (meat, poultry, eggs, milk, bread, cereal.); Absorption is decreased when taken at the same time as calcium, magnesium, and aluminium -Losses: eliminated by kidneys -Regulation: regulated by parathyroid hormone and activated by vitamin D. Phosphate and calcium have an inverse relationship (when one decreases the other will increase).

Chloride(Cl-)

-Major anion of ECF. -Normal total serum concentration: 97-107 mEq/L. -Functions: Interstitial and lymph fluid, GI and pancreatic juices, sweat, bile and saliva; Works with Na for osmotic pressure; Combines with hydrogen ions to produce hydrochloric acid. -Dietary: Almost all _____ in diet comes from salt. -Losses: Normally paired with sodium, excreted and conserved with sodium by the kidneys. Regulation: Regulated by aldosterone, low potassium levels can lead to low ____ levels.

Potassium (K+)

-Major cation of ICF. -Normal serum concentration: 3.5-5.0 mEq/l. -Functions: Intracellular osmolality; Transmission of electrical impulses in tissues; Ratio of ICF to ECF K+ important for neuromuscular response to stimuli; Regulation of acid-base by cellular exchange with H+. -Dietary: fruits, vegetables, meats and fish. -Losses: kidneys, stool, sweat, emesis (vomit). -Regulation: aldosterone, eliminated by the kidneys, additionally via transcellular shift between ICF and ECF.

Calcium (Ca2+)

-Most abundant electrolyte in the body. -Normal total serum level: 8.6-10.2 mg/dL. -Normal ionized serum level: 4.5-5.1 mg/dL. -Functions: Blood coagulation; Transmission of nerve impulses; Regulates muscle contractions and relaxation; Neuromuscular and cardiac function. -Dietary: milk/milk products, dried beans, green and leafy vegetables, small fish with bones. -Losses: feces and urine. -Regulation: excreted by GI tract, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, low serum phosphate leads to increased serum calcium (inverse relationship).

Magnesium (Mg2+)

-Second most abundant ICF cation. -Normal total serum concentration: 1.3-2.3 mEq/L. Functions: Metabolism of carbs and proteins; Neuromuscular functions; Cardiovascular system: vasodilation. -Dietary: green and leafy vegetables, nuts, seafood, whole grains, dried peas/beans, cocoa. -Losses: urine with use of loop diuretics. -Regulation: kidneys, parathyroid hormone.

Cation

A positively charged ion. Example: Na, K, Magnesium, and Calcium ions

Blood plasma is normally found in which of the following spaces? A. In the intravascular space, in the intracellular fluid. B. In the intravascular space, in the extracellular fluid. C. In the interstitial space, in the extracellular fluid. D. In the interstitial space, in the intercellular fluid.

B

The nursing student is learning about isotonic solutions, and correct understanding with which of the following statements? A. Giving an isotonic solution to a client causes red blood cells to swell which can lead to cell lysis. B. Giving an isotonic solution to a client prevents red blood cells from shrinking or swelling by osmosis. C. Giving an isotonic solution to a client causes red blood cells to shrink which can lead to cell death, so it must be given carefully. D. Giving an isotonic solution activates ATP, which helps. move nutrients into the cells.

B

A nursing student is teaching a healthy adult client about adequate hydration. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of adequate hydration? A. I need to drink no more than 1000 mL/day B. I should drink 1500mL/day of fluid C. I should drink 2500mL/day of fluid D. I should drink more than 3500mL/day

C

The primary cation found outside body cells is which? A. Potassium (K) B. Magnesium (Mg) C. Sodium (Na) D. Calcium (Ca)

C

The primary extracellular electrolytes are: A. Potassium, Phosphate, and Sulfate. B. Magnesium, Sulfate, and Carbon. C. Sodium, Chloride, and Bicarbonate. D. Phosphorus, Calcium, and Phosphate.

C

The term "interstitial" is best defined as which of the following? A. Inside the blood vessels within the tissues. B. In between cells. C. In the tissues, but outside the blood vessels. D. Inside white blood cells within the tissues.

C

Extracellular

situated or taking place outside a cell or cells.