Fonde World History Final

Nationalism and Imperialism -causes of imperialism

-Economic interests: manufactures needed natural resources to fuel factories , businesses wanted new markets Politics and military interests: shipping lanes and territories had to be defended, nationalist feelings, country needed to be strongest Humanitarian, religious interests: introducing medicines, laws, or Christianity to new peoples to "cure" them, some conquered people will benefit but lose identity Social Darwinism: domination of weaker countries part of natural selection (right of stronger countries to take over small ones)

World at War -European Theater

-German blitzkrieg attack made quick work in Poland -The Phony War led many to believe Hitler was satisfied -Germany invades France and controls the south of France known as Vichy, France Battle of Britain -Industrial centers were targets -Large cities were bombed -Germany goes against non aggresion pact and invades Russia -D-Day: The invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944 -Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's last attempt to break through the Allied lines Hitler's mistakes -If he kept bombing populated areas Churchill would've had no choice but to negotiate a truce -Hitler could have taken a logical route to invade the Middle East which would have weakened Britain and its allies -

Ancient Greece -characteristics of Athens

-Government: all citizens in the Assembly (Assembly approved the laws presented by the Council of 500 citizens chosen by chance). only free males born in Athens whose parents were native-born held citizenship. -Society: Athenian boys went to school ages 8-18 and were taught grammar, music, public speaking, religion and history -took great pride in being well-rounded individuals -at 18, boys would go through 2 years of military training before joining Assembly as citizen -Role of Women: women had no political or legal rights and were not citizens, lived in seclusion never left the house, "to bear the children and be faithful guardians to our households."

Ancient Greece -characteristics of Sparta

-Government: headed by two kings, main duty was to lead military. Spartan Assembly consisted of all men over 30. Assembly elected members of the Council, men over 60 that serve for life (Council creates laws and act as judges). Five ephors are elected each year by the Assembly, they run day to day operations -Society: Sparta's desire for a strong military dominated all other interests. the slaves (helots) outnumbered Spartans 20 to 1, so Sparta created a strong military to prevent revolts. newborns deemed "unfit" were abandoned. at age 7, boys leave home for military training. boys are taught to read and write, but aren't allowed to hold class discussion or speak. at age 20, men married. at age 30, they become citizens. remain in military until age 60. -Role of Women: Spartan women were expected to be obedient to their fathers and husbands. women were permitted to attend public functions and were regarded as just as tough as the men. they were seen as important because as mothers they produced soldiers (children were judged and viewed on their abilities to grow up and serve). "Come back with your shields or on them."

Ancient Greece -Greek contributions (arts)

-Greek theater had three play types: Tragedy, Comedy and Satyr (makes fun of tragic theme) -chorus: may introduce play, make comments throughout, or dance and sing (wore animal costumes) -orchestra: circular dancing floor -Aeschylus "Father of Greek Tragedy" -Sophocles, wrote Oedipus Rex -Euripides, wrote Medea -Aristophanes, comic playwright

Industrial Revolution -city and factory life

-Infrastructure in the cities was inadequate and resulted in the spread of disease, an overwhelming stench in the town, and contaminated drinking water -Factory workers were paid little and conditions were terrible (chemicals could be inhaled, no fire escape, no safety license, no breaks, miners underground, air filled with lint) -Factory Acts: no children under the age of nine could work, improved conditions, and reduced work hours to 12

Nationalism and Imperialism -Unification of nations

-Italy is unifed. Naples and Sicily were turned over to Victor II because it would mean a unified Italy, after its unification however north depended on industry while south depended on farming and their different ways of life prevented real unity -Otto von Bismarck worked to unite Germany under Wilhelm I's control. He succeeds by forming alliances, fighting wars and annexing states. Bismarck is then crowned kasier and forms two house legislature (Bunderast and Reichstag)

World at War -Pacific Theater

-Lend-Lease Act: United States agrees to sell or lend war materials to "any country whose defense of the United States" -Atlantic Charter: FDR and Churchill secretly meet and establish goals for the war Pearl Harbor -Japanese attack American officials at Pearl Harbor -Main target was aircraft Battle of Midway Americans find out about planned attack, lured Japan into trap, destroys their aircrafts turning point of the war (United States would be on the offensive side now) Island hopping: U.S. would only attack areas controlled by the Japanese that were necessary for their advancements Iwo Jima: Japan island U.S attacked for the two airfields to launch attacks on the mainland Okinawa: U.S first attack on the Japan homelands X-Day: planned invasion of Japan Atomic Bomb -Enola Gay: B-17 bomber -Little Boy: bomb dropped on the city of Hiroshima -Fat man: bomb dropped on Nagasaki

Absolutism -monarchies and evolving relationship with the people (England)

-Magna Carta and Parliament restricted power of monarchies but many monarchs tried to rule with absolute power, clashing with parliament and english people violently -Tudor Dynasty: worked well, understood rules -Stuart Dynasty (James I and Charles I): didn't get along, ignored parliament entirely, causes petition of right (Magna Carta but with more force) English Civil War -Cavaliers: support monarchy, want more power for king -Roundheads: middle class that supports Parliament and wants to see king with less power (Oliver Cromwell leads) -Roundheads win, put king on trial for treason, kill him. republic is established -restoration: members of paraliment ask Charles II if he wants to be king, monarchy is restored after 7 year period of democracy -English Bill of Rights give the people some freedoms -British cabinet gains power during reign of George I and George II because they only spoke German, laws made without their knowing

Ancient Greece -government (experiments with democracy)

-Monarchy: hereditary ruler with sole power -Oligarchy: ruled by a small group of people -Democracy: government controlled by the people -Athens & Sparta's governments (details under their characteristics) -Athens experimented with democracy, allowing citizens to approve the laws, and randomly selected citizens to create the laws -Sparta was headed by 2 kings but had an Assembly of all men over 30, that approved laws, and a Council who created laws and acted as judges. as well as 5 ephors (selected by Assembly, so the people), this was Sparta's attempt at democracy

World Religions -foundations of Islam

-Muhammad believed Allah (the god) sent him (he had to leave Mecca and go to Medina when rich merchants drove him out -sacred text: Koran -when he died religion split into Sunni (larger) and Shia -Five Pillars 1. make declaration of faith 2. pray 5x a day facing mecca 3. give charity to poor 4. fast during Ramadan 5. pilgrimage to Mecca (hajje)

World Religions -Islam vs Christianity (Europe and the Crusades)

-Muslims invade Franks, Battle of Tours defeats them, Islam stops spreading and Christianity flourishes -Muslims respected and admired Christians and Jews but thought Muhammad was better -Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II called for a crusade to recuse the Holy Land from the Muslims who persecutes Christian pilgrims in the area -goal of crusades was to show power of church, reunite orthodox and catholics, and money -trying to capture Jerusalem, then reach agreement where Muslims control Jerusalem and Christians can visit freely -returning crusaders brought back riches, spice, money and economy returns to europe

Age of Revolution -monarchies and the people

-Parliament was a growing influence and began a shift from a constitutional monarchy to a limited democracy, some kings were weak and disattached from society

Middle Ages -social structure

-Pope/Church -Monarchs (Lord) -Nobles, Lesser Lords -Knights -Merchants, farmers, craftsmen -Peasants/ Serfs Estates: -First Estate: clergy -Second Estate: nobility -Third Estate: everyone else

Ancient Greece -Greek contributions (mathematics)

-Pythagoras: phythagorean theorem -Euclid: "Father of Geometry" -Archimedes: "Father of Physics", "If you give me a lever I can lift the world."

Ancient Rome -social structure

-Roman society was divided into 3 classes -Patricians: wealthy landowners (controlled government through the Senate) -Plebeians: middle class farmers, merchants and artisians who were citizens and could own land, but not hold public office -Slaves: the lower class

Ancient Rome -government (Republic vs Empire)

-Romans set up a republic (government where all citizens have the right to choose their leaders) -Patricians controlled the government through the senate (made up of 300 patricians who serve for life) -Senate chooses 2 consuls to serve as president like figures (but they're not chosen by people) -Consuls have equal power, but can veto the other -In times of crisis, senate can appoint a dictator for 6 months -The republic ended following the Punic Wars, the senate was only interested in keeping power (not the well being of plebians, kept their revolts down with military) -Lucius Sulla, Roman general, seized control of the government and ruled as a dictator -Following that, for the next 40 years a series of generals ruled Rome and battled the Senate for power -Gnaeus Pompey, Marcus Crassus and Julius Caesar form First Triumvirate, that split, then Caesar is appointed dictator for life -Caesar's assassins hoped his death would restore Rome as a republic, but it only led to the end of the Roman Empire -Mark Antony and Caesar's son, Octavian form Second Triumvirate, defeat remaining members of First Triumvirate to gain full control, split Rome in two

Ancient Rome -Rome and Christianity

-Romans tolerated different religions as long as those followers remained loyal to the empire -During the reign of Tiberius, Jesus began teaching -Jesus' teaching went against the Hebrew laws and his claim to be the Son of God worried Jewish officials while Roman leaders saw him as a threat to their authority -3 centuries after Jesus' execution, the Romans began admiring the faith and strength of Christians and embraced the religion -Constantine issues the Edict of Milan allowing Christianity to be practiced freely -becomes official religion of Roman Empire

World Religions -foundations of Buddhism

-Siddhartha Gautama, born a prince, was sheltered from outside world, one day he saw a sick person, and dead body and became aware of human suffering, he threw away his riches, sat under tree to be enlightened -Four Noble Truths (suffering caused by negative deeds) and Eightfold Path -nirvana: heaven -scripture: Three Baskets of Wisdom

Ancient Greece -Greek contributions (philosophy): Plato

-Socrates' unjust death left him with a lifelong distrust of democracy -he rejected Athenian democracy and argued that a state should regulate every aspect of its citizens lives in order to provide their best interests -he divided this ideal society into 3 classes; workers to produce the necessities, soldiers to defend, and philosophers to rule -believed talented women should be educated to rule (shouldn't waste talent) -taught Aristotle

Age of Revolution -effects of revolution (France)

-The Third Estate (Bourgeoisie: doctors, lawyers, etc, Urban lower class and Peasants) wanted rights and freedom and knew they'd always lose to first and second estates and get no say -The third Estate decided to raid Bastille to free prisoners and find weapons -The radicals gained control of the revolution and set France on a violent path toward a republic -Jacobins urged violence against opponents of the revolution -Maximilien Robespierre grabbed control of the revolution and began a year known as the Reign of Terror ("Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads" -A new constitution was produced and consisted of a 5 man directory and a two-house legislature

Post-War World -democracy vs communism

-The USSR wanted to distance itself from Stalin while also adopting many of his tactics -Khrushchev introduced destalinization, the ridding of Stalin's memory in the USSR -Richard Nixon created the detente, a policy that lessened cold war tensions -Ronald Reagan's election spelled the end of the detente as the anti-communist president took a stronger stance against communism -Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the USSR and introduced many reforms -Gorbachev's resignation ended the Soviet Union as it broke into 15 republics

World at War -effects of WW1 and causes of WW2

-U.S. entry with a weakened and weary German military helped bring about the end of WWI -Germany signed an armistice -Allied powers attended a peace conference in Versailles. Treaty of Versailles put complete blame on Germany for the War ($30 billion in respiration charges, limited size of German military, removed much land and colonies) -League of Nations doesn't really condemn or do anything to stop actions of Japan, Italy and Germany -Hitler wants Sudetenland region, but agrees to not expand empire or conquer after he gets it -Hitler invades Poland and starts WW2

Industrial Revolution -effects on workers

-Unions began to bargain for better working conditions and could strike if demands weren't met -By mid 1800s the working class earned suffrage -New economic ideas grew out of the workers' rights movement

Post-War World -causes of the Cold War

-United States and USSR emerged as superpowers and became bitter enemies (US for democracy, USSR communist) -They set aside their differences to help form the United Nations, a 50 nation body dedicated to protect it from aggression -The 11 member Security Council had 5 permanent members: U.S., USSR, Great Britain, France, and China

Ancient Greece -Greek contributions (philosophy): Socrates

-a stone mason (which meant he was smart, patient, persistent, just a regular person that connects with the people he taught) -Socratic method: to pose a series of questions to a student or passing citizen and challenge them to examine the implications of their answers -he was put on trial for corrupting youth and failing to respect the gods, jurors condemned him to death (really because he was getting popular and leaders didn't want him to gain power) -he accepted the death penalty and drank a cup of hemlock (stayed true to his teachings and word) -he taught Plato

Middle Ages -government (monarchy and the people)

-after the crusades, the monarchies increased power, the lesser lords (who controlled local land. prior to crusades, peasants and knights were more loyal to local lords because they provided land, direct contact) were off leading the crusades, so the serfs turned to the kings for leadership -the townspeople preferred a strong king who could keep peace over fighting feudal lands -with money made from trade kings were able to hire personal armies -some english kings abused their power, pushing nobles to react (Magna Carta guaranteed rights for nobles and knights, formed representative government and established the idea the king had to obey the law) -representative body grew into Parliament, they grew more powerful and limited power of king (limited monarchy) -Estates General (French version of Parliament) didn't have as much power as English Parliament because it did not have control over taxes, leaving French kings with more power then English kings) -after 100 years war, French and English monarchies grew in power. Louis XI united France and the Estates General asked him to make all decsions without their consent

Ancient Rome -Roman contributions (architecture)

-built roads (Via Appia) -post offices along main roads -inns, bakeries, snack bars, taverns, state controlled guest houses, open marketplaces, court buildings, water systems -roads were created in grid pattern -Columns: Ionic (scroll-like design), Composite, Tuscan, Corinthian (very elaborate), Doric (very basic) -arches, with buttresses to take off pressure -domes made by crossing a series of arches on a circular area -tunnel vault, a line of arches -Roman Pantheon: weight of dome is focused on a ring at the top, lightened by recesses, covered in a coating of marble

Ancient Greece -City-states

-city-states (polis): small city or town and surrounding countryside -small population gave everyone a sense of ownership -in a city was an acropolis (high city), complete with temples and surrounded on the lower levels by markets, public buildings

Early Civilization -Evidence of Religion

-complex polytheistic religions based on nature -the powerful Zhou dynasty claimed a Mandate of Heaven or divine right to rule -organized governments had priest or god-like leader

Early Civilization -Governments

-early governments had priest or god-like leader -they had organized social class systems -dynasties would grant locals ruling power over certain regions (Fedualism) -local lords governed lands in exchange for military service and monetary support -Ancient India had temples, government buildings, street grids and baths

Age of Revolution -roots in enlightenment

-enlightenment philopshers such as John Locke, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Roussaeu all spoke of democracy and freedoms such as freedom of speech, press, and free elections, these ideas inspired the revolutionaries

Ancient Greece -Greek contributions (philosophy): Aristotle

-he analyzed all forms of government and found good and bad in each, he favored a single strong and virtuous leader (dictatorship) -good conduct meant pursuing the "golden mean", a moderate course between the extremes (live your life by not giving into this or that, just staying balanced) -he left writings on politics, ethics, logic, biology, etc, set up schools, left scripts that led to modern universities -wrote Greek theater and believed in a tragic hero, a hero that is no better or worse morally than normal people (if hero was perfect, audience would see their fate as unfair. if hero was imperfect, audience would feel justice was being served) -taught Alexander the Great

Ancient Greece -Golden Age of Greece

-it followed the Persian Wars (when Athens reemerged as the leader of Greece) -Delian League: an alliance of Greek city-states formed to guard against future Persian attacks -The riches acquired as head of the Delian League along with the leadership of Pericles began the Golden Age of Athens (Age of Pericles) -Pericles symbolized everything that was great about Athens (he was a general, politician, poet and philosopher, helped rebuild, Parthenon to honor Athena, promoted democratic gov, invited philsophers and poets, calling Athens "school of Greece"

Ancient Rome -Golden Age of Rome

-known as the Pax Romana -Octavian was given title Augustus, became first emperor of Roman empire, which began the Pax Romana -a 200 year period of prosperity for Romans -Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, then the final emperor: Marcus Aurelius all led during this time

Middle Ages -culture (arts)

-literature helped spread the everyday language of people (vernacular) -languages influenced by Latin, or Rome, were used in France, Spain and Italy and were known as Romance languages -languages based on German known as Germanic -guilds established to train craftsmen, journeymen submit masterpiece to gain membership

Middle Ages -culture (architecture)

-lords house or castle was the center of the manor (built for protection) -cathedrals were built in two styles: Romanesque (featured rounded arches, domes, and thick walls to support the weight, windows would weaken the structure so narrow slits were installed to let in light and let air flow through) Gothic (introduced flying buttress, a stone arm that leaned against the outside wall of a church to help support, buttresses allowed Gothic cathedrals to reach great heights, got its name from the barbarians/ Goths working on them

Enlightenment -effects on science

-new perspectives born inspired others to question longstanding beliefs in mid-1500s, these philosophers ushered in new eras in the fields of science and reasoning, these revolutionary ideas would forever change the way people look at their surroundings -example: Galileo Galilei tried to prove heliocentric theory but was attacked because his findings contradicted ancient beliefs and the church, and they didn't want people to question any church teachings

World Religions -foundations of Hinduism

-no single founder and no single sacred text -complex religion because it has countless gods and goddesses, and many forms of worship -god is Brahman (universe): Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), Shiva (destroyer) -ultimate goal is achieving union with Brahman called moksha -believed in karma, and reincarnation -"untouchables"

Middle Ages -culture (religion)

-no true empire in Europe, the Church used this oppurtunity to expand authoriry, Church officials were rivals with kings and feudal lords as they battled for political power

Absolutism -monarchies and evolving relationship with the people (France)

-peaceful times didn't last, religious strife and conflict with Spain almost brought nation to an end -french protestants and catholics argued, catholics masscared hugenots (Edict of Nantes is issued to tolerate Hugenots and give freedoms) -Cardinal Richelieu (was appointed chief minister, was cunning and capable leader who devoted 18 years to strengthening the government), he rules as an absolute monarch even though he is not a king because he favored the middle class (largest group) and they allow his actions -Louis XIV says "I am the State" and says he controls everything and is France, embodiment of an absolute monarch

Industrial Revolution -Laissez-faire and communism

-socialism: the state or community would own factories, mines, railroads, and other industries (profit is shared, economic equality), Karl Marx outlined an extreme The Communist Manifesto -laissez-faire: free markets and private enterprise (governments don't interfere with buisness)

Middle Ages -Feudalism

-started as free peasants gave their land to powerful lords in exchange for protection -feudal contract: a working agreement between a lord and his serfs tied to the land, peasants farm the lord's land, perform other jobs and pay taxes in exchange for protection -feudal kingdoms arose throughout Europe as kings gave land (fiefs or manors) to lords, who divided that land up between knights and serfs

Nationalism and Imperialism -effects of nationalism, imperialism on weaker nations

-weaker nations were forced to modernize or convert into the customs and culture of stronger countries, lose identities

Nationalism and Imperialism -imperialism in Africa

-within 25 years an additional 80% of Africa is claimed by European powers (it had vast amounts of resources now needed by Europe) -Berlin Conference was to discuss partition of Africa, European nations avoid war, while Africa gets no voice at conference and has resources pillaged, new borders, and enemy tribes forced to live together

Age of Exploration -reasons to explore

1. Spirit of adventure and curiosity 2. Great wealth awaited adventures 3. Many desired to spread Christianity 4. New technology makes it safer to travel

Early Civilization -Social structure

1. kings, priests 2. wealthy nobles 3. artisan, traders, merchants 4. peasant, farmers, workers (largest group) 5. slaves

Age of Revolution -effects of revolution (America)

American colonies won their independence due to 5 factors: 1. Fight for future of their homeland 2. Quick hit-and-run tactics (guerrilla warfare) 3. Overseas campaign was costly for Great Britain 4. American victory at Saratoga convinced the French to assist the colonies 5. American military leaders were superior to the British -effect was a development of their own government (Articles of Confederation, 3 branch gov, representation on equality and population, Bill of Rights)

Ancient Greece -Greek contributions (astronomy)

Aristarchus -he claimed the earth revolved around the sun (heliocentric theory) Ptolemy -said the earth was the center of the solar system (Geocentric theory) -Ptolemy's ideas were accepted as fact among the people, while Aristarchus' were actually correct

Age of Exploration -trade and the New World

Atlantic Slave Trade -plantations in New World (Americas) needed many workers to make them profitable and owners turned to slave labor -Native Americans were first enslaved, but Africans were used when more slaves were needed (immunities to diseases, experience, can't escape) -10-15 million slaves were brought to Americas from Africa, tore families apart Triangular Trade Route -manufatured goods (guns) were shipped from Europe to Africa, slaves were trades from Africa to New World, sugar, coffee. tobacco and other products were shipped from Americas to Europe -voyage of slaves became known as middle passage, 1 in 5 slaves died The Columbian Exchange -described the trading between Europe and the Americas -new foods from America gave Europeans vital new food source -europe sent cattle, horses, and pigs to the New World -riches from the New World added power for European Nations

World at War -rise of dictators

Benito Mussolini ("II Duce") -dictator of Italy -promised to end corruption, organized supporters into combat squads (black shirts), rejected a democratic process in favor of violent action -he supposed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections, and replaced elected officials with Fascist supporters Joseph Stalin ("Man of Steel") -dictator of russia -used terror as a weapon -perpetrated crimes against humanity and systematically violated his people's individual -Lenin died, Stalin and Trotsky differed on the future of communism -Stalin isolated Trotsky within the party and stripped him of his membership, used ruthless measures to win dictatorship -his plan for a prosperous Russia was concentrating on building socialism -committed crimes against humanity and systematically violated his peoples individual rights -police spies did not hesitate to open private letters or plant listening devices -nothing appeared in print without official approval -no free press and no safe method of voicing protests Adolf Hitler -like many Germans, despised Weimar Republic and soon rose to power in the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) -Nazi "storm troopers" loyal to Hitler violently attacked political foes ( army of devout Nazi soldiers and secret police) -a failed attempt to seize power landed Hitler in prison (outlined his goals) -his influence rose, was named Chancellor with the support of anti-communists and conservatives

Post War World -Cold War Hotspots

Chinese Civil war -Struggles between Communists and Nationalists started after WWII -Mao Zedong leads Communists to power in China and allies with the USSR Korean War -Korea was divided between the USSR and the U.S. -USSR occupied the North and U.S. occupied the South -Russia supplied the North with military supplies to invade the South -South Korea appeals to the United Nation and, led by the U.S and Douglas MacArthur, the UN sent troops -The south pushed the north back to its border with China and then the Chinese pushed the troops back across the 38th parallel and captured Seoul They fought for 2 years until the border was back near the 38th Parallel and signed a ceasefire Cuban Missile Crisis -Fidel Castro, the leader of Cuba, allied himself with the USSR -The U.S thought that communism was too close to them so they supported Anti-Castro Cubans in the Bay of Pigs invasion which failed -Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union saw this as a weakness and sent nuclear weapons to Cuba -JFK demanded for the missiles to be removed and formed a naval and air blockade of Cuba and had troops in Florida ready to invade -Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if the U.S. did the same in Turkey and agreed to not invade Cuba Vietnam War -The U.S. policy of Containment and the Domino Theory led to the involvement in the former French colony of Vietnam -U.S. troops were minimal under JFK and Eisenhower as the U.S. advised the South Vietnamese military -Involvement grew after the Gulf of Tonkin incident -Not wanting to see Southeast Asia fall under his watch, Lyndon B Johnson see troop levels reach over 500,000 -U.S. was forced to fight a guerrilla war on unfamiliar jungle terrain -Tet Offensive was the turning point in the war (series of coordinated attacks on military bases and cities in South Vietnam that surprised American forces and turned even more of the American public against the war) -Richard Nixon removed U.S. troops and a peace settlement was reached -The Communists took full control of Vietnam

Age of Revolution -conservativism vs liberalism in the 1800s

Conservatives: sat on the right and wanted no more changes; favored a limited monarchy Liberals: sat on the left and wanted extreme change; wanted a republic

Industrial Revolution -Great Britain

England was small but has access to all the necessary factors needed to succeed at industry -Large population of people (former farmers) ready and willing to work -Water, coal, and iron were the main ingredients for industry and Britain had abundant amounts of each -Sea power that had access to raw materials and markets across the globe -England was ripe with talented people and entrepreneurs -Compared to the rest of Europe, they experienced peace and political stability -examples: steam engine (James Watt: inventor, Matthew Boulton: entrepruener who invested. you need both for a product to be made)

Ancient Greece -Greek contributions (medicine)

Hippocrates -was a doctor and put forth the idea that the doctor should work to the best of their abiltiies to save the patient, regardless of who they are or what they've done (hippocratic oath)

Nationalism and Imperialism -imperialism in Asia

India -becomes Britain's "Jewel in the Crown" -ruled indirectly -India's army made up of British officers and Indian soliders (sepoys) -Indians were treated as second-class citizens (Sepoy Mutiny) -Nationalist groups were calling for Indian independence China -china was isolated from rest of world, self sufficient -Britain finally found a product chinese would want (opium) ,china asked them to stop opium trade, they refused (Opium War) -U.S not wanting to be shut out from trade, proposes Open Door Policy -Boxer Rebellion: Chinese nationalists attempt to free China from foreign influence, squashed by U.S and European powers Japan -Japan embraced modernization and became a colonial power -Japan wrestled Korea away from China and defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War

World at War -End of WW2

Japanese surrendered ending WWII six years and one day after it began (Sept 2nd 1945)

World at War -causes of WW1

M: Militarism -industrial revolution triggered modernization of war, weapons (arms race) A: Alliances -complex agreements between nations increased tensions -Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy -Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia I: Imperialism -control over terrorites and their valuable resources markets escalated tensions N: Nationalism -competition for territorial, economic and military might fed pride of larger nations -smaller nations wanted to break free from control Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassination -Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for Ferdinand's assassination and declared war forcing Serbia's alliance with Russia

Ancient Greece -other big ideas (not on study guide)

Persian War Strategy -at Thermopylae and Salamis, narrow passageways were used to negate advantages in numbers Hellenistic Culture -a blend of Greek and eastern customs, art, architecture and traditions (Alexander the Great worked to spread this as he conquered Persia and expanded great empire)

Enlightenment -changing ideas on government, society

Thomas Hobbes: believed in a powerful government, social contract: people give up freedom for an organized society John Locke: optimistic view of human nature, people have the right to overthrow government Montesquieu: best way to protect liberty was to divide government into 3 branches Voltaire: freedom of speech Denis Diderot: freedom of press Jean- Jacques Rousseau: people should be able to freely elect Mary Wollstonecraft: equality for women and minorities Adam Smith: free market, book Wealth of Nations

World at War -WW1 and the battlefield

Trench Warfare -Millions of soldiers lived out in the open, sharing food with rats and their beds with lice -The area between the trenches was "no man's land" -new weapons such as poison gas, machine guns, zeppelin, airplanes, submarines

Early Civilization -Importance of Rivers

the earliest cities formed in great river valleys -North Africa (Nile River) -Western Asia (Tigris and Euphrates River) -South Asia (Indus river) -Eastern Asia (Yellow River [Hung He]) floods in these regions provide silt that was perfect for farming