Forensics: Types of Evidence
Rules of Identification
1. If one or more qualities do not match then it is assumed that the evidence came from a different source. 2.If all qualities match it has the potential of being from the same source, but is not absolute.
Individual Characteristics
Evidence that can be associated to a common source with an extremely high degree of probability.
Class Characteristics
Evidence that can only be associated to a group.
Individual
Fingerprints, Bullet Striations, Footprints or tire prints, handwriting, fitting together broken objects
Reconstruction
Physical evidence is used to answer questions about: what took place? how was the victim killed? how many people were involved? what was the sequence of events?
Standard/Reference Sample
Physical evidence whose origin is known, such as a blood or hair from a suspect
Eyewitness
a police composite may be developed from the witness testimony by a computer program or forensic artist
Testimonial Evidence
a statement made under oath: also known as direct evidence or Prima Facie evidence.
Physical Evidence
any object or material that is relevant in a crime; also known as indirect evidence. ex. Hair, Fibers, Fingerprints, Drugs, etc.
Class
blood types, tiny shards of glass from a broken window, fibers from a sweater, carpet or car interior, paint chips
Identification of C.S. Evidence
the process of determining a substances physical or chemical qualities.