Foundations of Reading 090

Which of the following best describes the primary advantage of having a student read a passage silently and then provide a "retelling" as a means of assessing the student's comprehension, rather than having the student answer the questions? A. A retelling is open-ended and requires the student to construct a description of the passage more independently of the examiner. B. The results of a retelling are more objective and easier to quantify than the results of direct questioning. C. The procedure involved in retelling tends to be more familiar to a wider range of students, including ELL's. D. A retelling can provide information about the students inferential comprehension skills, which questioning cannot provide.

A. A retelling is open-ended and requires the student to construct a description of the passage more independently of the examiner.

Which of the following sentences contains a pair of italicized words that differ from one another by one phoneme? A. He took off his CAP so that he could take a NAP. B. She works at a BANK that is located near the BANK of a river. C. She told him not to BUY a ticket because she had already BOUGHT one. D. His face looked PALE after he carried the PAIL of water for a mile.

A. He took off his CAP so that he could take a NAP.

A kindergarten teacher wants to promote students' understanding go the alphabetic principle. Which of the following would be the most effective first step in a sequence of instruction designed to achieve this goal? A. Take with students about selected consonants using a series of posters that each feature one consonant and contain pictures of items whose initial phoneme demonstrates that consonants sound. B. Have students trace both lowercase and uppercase letters of the alphabet and then practice reproducing the letters on their own. C. Talk with students about the title, beginning, middle, and end of a story and point to these parts while reading the story aloud from a big book. D. Put labels on several familiar objects in the classroom and regularly read the labels aloud to the students.

A. Take with students about selected consonants using a series of posters that each feature one consonant and contain pictures of items whose initial phoneme demonstrates that consonants sound.

The words enjoyable, maneuverable, corruptible, and convertible best illustrate which of the following principles? A. The spelling of a suffix can vary depending on its root word. B. The accented syllable of a root word can shift when certain suffixes are added to it. C. The addition of a suffix can alter the spelling of its root word. D. The pronunciation of a suffix can change when added to certain root words.

A. The spelling of a suffix can vary depending on its root word.

A third-grade teacher administers the following informal reading assessment to individual students. Part I: Read aloud the following words: laugh, neighbor, beginning, friend, together, young Part II: Read aloud the following passage: Nick and Ben are best friends. They have been neighbors since they were very young. In the beginning, they did not get along, but now they play together everyday after school. They make jokes and laugh a lot. One student performs significantly better on the second part of the test than on the first. Which of the following is the best assessment of this student's reading performance? A. The student is proficient at using context clues to help identify words but has weak word decoding skills. B. The student can decode single-syllable words but has not yet learned how to decode multi syllable words. C. The student is proficient at using syntactic clues to identify words but is not yet skilled at using semantic clues. D. The student understands letter-sound correspondence but has limited awareness of syllable structure.

A. The student is proficient at using context clues to help identify words but has weak word decoding skills.

Which of the following strategies would be most effective in promoting kindergarten children's ability to recognize and name letters of the alphabet? A. The teacher says the name if a letter while the children each trace its share on a cutout letter. B. The teacher posts the entire alphabet around the room in several different formats. C. The teacher reads aloud to the children from books that contain mostly words that follow regular phonics patterns. D. The teacher emphasizes the initial sounds of words when reading to the children.

A. The teacher says the name if a letter while the children each trace its share on a cutout letter.

Which of the following criteria would be most important to consider when selecting "leveled texts" for use in assessments and guided reading with beginning level readers? A. The texts should use repeated words and natural oral language structures. B. The texts should require readers to use problem-solving to connect text to illustrations. C. The texts should emphasize the use of literary language and dialogues. D. The texts should feature a range of punctuation and context-specific vocabulary.

A. The texts should use repeated words and natural oral language structures.

Which of the following first-grade students has attained the highest level of phonemic awareness: A. a student who, after hearing the word hot and the sound /I/, can substitute /I/ for /o/ to make the word hit. B. a student who can orally segment the word wonderful into won-der-ful. C. a student who, after hearing the words fish and fun, can identify that they both begin with the same phoneme, /f/.

A. a student who, after hearing the word hot and the sound /I/, can substitute /I/ for /o/ to make the word hit.

A teacher can most effectively support first graders' development of rapid automatic word recognition by first teaching students how to: A. apply consistent phonics generalizations in common words. B. use context clues to determine the meanings of words. C. identify the constituent parts of multi syllable words. D. look up unfamiliar words in dictionary.

A. apply consistent phonics generalizations in common words.

A second-grade teacher pairs students who are reading at approximately the same independent reading level for a partner reading activity. During the activity, the two partners sit side by side and take turns reading aloud from a shared text. Over a period of several days, the partners read a large number of independent-level texts together. This activity is best designed to promote students': A. development of reading rate and automaticity. B. awareness of key aspects of prosodic reading. C. development of comprehension skills and strategies. D. awareness of new phonics elements.

A. development of reading rate and automaticity.

A fifth-grade student reads the sentence, "After playing with her friends all day, Kaylee did her science homework, her geography project, and her composition in one fell swoop." The student asks the teacher for help understanding that is meant by the phrase one fell swoop. The teacher can best help the student understand this idiomatic expression by: A. discussing with the student more examples of the phrase used in context. B. directing the student to look up different meanings of fell and swoop in the dictionary. C. helping the student create a tree diagram of the structure of the phrase. D. asking the student to find other sentences in the text that use the words fell and swoop.

A. discussing with the student more examples of the phrase used in context.

Students in a third-grade class are working on an interdisciplinary unit on Native Americans of the Northeast. The teacher has selected a historical novel for students to read during the unit to help them gain insight into people's daily lives in a particular Native American nation at a particular point in time. However, the teacher is aware that the novel's text complexity may make comprehension difficult for a group of struggling readers in the class. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for the teacher to use to support the struggling readers' comprehension of the novel and their purpose for reading? A. engaging the students in guided reading and rereading of key passages in the novel B. having the students stop after reading each chapter and try to summarize the key events of the plot in their own words C. asking the students to rewrite the story from the perspective of a different character in the novel D. encouraging the students to read key chapters of the novel aloud together by taking turns reading specific pages

A. engaging the students in guided reading and rereading of key passages in the novel

Before beginning a new content-area reading passage, a fourth-grade teacher asks students to think of words related to the topic of the text. The teacher writes the words on the board and then asks the students to suggest ways to group the words based on meaningful connections. The teacher also encourages them to explain their reasons for grouping particular words together. This series of activities is likely to promote the students' reading development primarily by helping them: A. extend and reinforce their expressive and receptive vocabularies related to the text's topic. B. infer the meaning of new vocabulary in the text based on word derivations. C. strengthen and extend their understanding of the overall structure of the text. D. verify word meanings in the text by incorporating syntactic and semantic clues into their word analysis.

A. extend and reinforce their expressive and receptive vocabularies related to the text's topic.

A second-grade teacher uses the following handout to guide the class through an activity. Look at the word fair in these two sentences: - It isn't fair that Juan got an extra scoop of ice cream. - Simon and Ling went to the fair and rode on the merry-go-round. How are these words the same? How are they different? Can you think of sentences that show two different ways in which each of the following words can be used? saw, spell, root, run, play, fly, kind, seal A. identify and decode common homographs B. use structural clues to identify the meaning of words C. cluster new vocabulary together into meaningful groups D. find and use synonyms for common words

A. identify and decode common homographs

A sixth-grade teacher is planning explicit instruction to help students read and understand sentences that have a complex sentence structure. Which of the following skills would be most effective for the teacher to focus on first? A. identifying the independent clause at the heart of a sentence B. distinguishing between sentences that use passive and active voice C. identifying common transition words that link ideas in tow or more sentences D. distinguishing between demonstrative and indefinite pronouns in a sentence

A. identifying the independent clause at the heart of a sentence

Over the course of the school year, a sixth-grade student who had been a fluent, proficient reader in previous years is having increasing difficulty comprehending grade-level literary and informational texts assigned in class. The results of informal, curriculum-based assessments indicate that the student still meets grade-level expectations in vocabulary knowledge, but the student's reading rate and comprehension have dropped below grade level. The student also tends to choose fiction and graphic novels written well below the sixth-grade level for independent reading. The student's overall reading performance suggests that the student would likely benefit most from instruction focused on promoting the student's: A. knowledge and skills related to understanding complex academic language. B. understanding of important features of skilled prosodic reading. C. development of decoding skills and automaticity recognizing grade-level sight words. D. skill in applying contextual analysis and other word analysis strategies.

A. knowledge and skills related to understanding complex academic language.

Use the information below to answer the following question: Before reading aloud a book about a farm to a group of beginning readers, a first-grade teacher has the students brainstorm and briefly discuss words related to farms. Next, the teacher reads the text aloud from a big book, pointing to each word being read. Periodically, the teacher stops to discuss with students key concepts or events described in the text and to guide students in relating the text to the illustrations. After finishing the read aloud, the teacher puts the book in the classroom library and encourages the students to read it on their own. The most important reason for putting the book in the classroom library os to promote the students': A. love of reading by facilitating their access to a story that they have already heard, understood, and enjoyed. B. understanding of the alphabetic principle by reinforcing their knowledge of letter-sound correspondences. C. oral language development by providing them with the opportunity to imitate the teacher's reading of a text. D. use of metacognitive strategies by allowing them to practice self-monitoring when reading silently.

A. love of reading by facilitating their access to a story that they have already heard, understood, and enjoyed.

A fifth-grade teacher guides students in reading a complex literary text. First, the teacher reads aloud the beginning of the text as the students follow along silently in their copies. Next, the teacher rereads key phrases and sentences, asking students what the author meant by the choice of certain words. Finally, the teacher and students reread the section aloud together with expression. The teacher repeats these steps with each section of the text. This activity promotes reading proficiency primarily by: A. modeling for students how to engage in close reading of academic texts. B. developing students' word consciousness and love of interesting new words. C. helping students achieve grade-level fluency benchmarks for accuracy and rate. D. encouraging students to apply metacognitive comprehension strategies as they read.

A. modeling for students how to engage in close reading of academic texts.

Use the information below to answer the question that follows. A teacher poses the following question to fourth-grade students. What words can you think of that have the word "act" in them? Using student responses, the teacher creates a web on the board. (e.g. acts, acted, acting, enact, interact, playact, inactive, deactivate) This technique is likely to be most helpful for enhancing the students awareness of: A. morphemic structure B. compound words C. syllable patterns D. Greek roots

A. morphemic structure

A teacher holds up a series of familiar objects, asking students to name each object and isolate the final sound they hear. This type of activity would be most appropriate for a student who: A. needs help developing phonemic segmentation skills. B. is performing below grade-level benchmarks in reading fluency. C. lacks automaticity in word recognition. D. has difficulty sounding out phonetically regular one-syllable words.

A. needs help developing phonemic segmentation skills.

A sixth-grade class is working on an Internet research project about various natural resources and their uses. The teacher could best support students' effective use of the Internet for their research by: A. providing students with a checklist of questions that prompt critical evaluation of information on Web sites. B. giving students a list of Web sites that have been preapproved based on the sites' reading levels. C. encouraging students to search for Web sites that are easy to navigate and that contain familiar vocabulary. D. teaching students to employ a variety of search engines to locate relevant Web sites.

A. providing students with a checklist of questions that prompt critical evaluation of information on Web sites.

Read the passage below; then answer the question that follows. For the second time that week, Saul forgot to wash his hands after working on his painting. He had gotten so involved filling in the ocean in his picture that he had barely even heard the teacher telling everyone it was time to put away their easels and wash up for lunch. He had put his supplies away, but, still thinking about the ocean, he had gone straight to his desk. Now he saw that he was leaving blue-paint handprints on his desk, on his shirt, on his books—even on his lunchbox. Estella looked over at him and joked, "Hey, Saul! You're the new King Midas! Only you turn everything to blue!" Saul rolled his eyes at her as he got back up to go to the sink. This passage would be most suited for helping students: A. recognize a literary allusion. B. analyze story elements. C. predict future events. D. analyze an author's point of view.

A. recognize a literary allusion

Electronic reading books are advantageous for beginning or struggling readers primarily because this type of computer software: A. scaffolds learning by providing a high level of interactivity. B. helps students develop familiarity with reading from a computer screen. C. provides students with models of good reading practices and habits. D. minimizes the focus on written text by using sound effects and voices to convey meaning.

A. scaffolds learning by providing a high level of interactivity

Use the information below to answer the following question: Before reading aloud a book about a farm to a group of beginning readers, a first-grade teacher has the students brainstorm and briefly discuss words related to farms. Next, the teacher reads the text aloud from a big book, pointing to each word being read. Periodically, the teacher stops to discuss with students key concepts or events described in the text and to guide students in relating the text to the illustrations. After finishing the read aloud, the teacher puts the book in the classroom library and encourages the students to read it on their own. The students are most likely to be successful in their independent reading of the book if: A. the students can decode and understand the meaning of at least 95 percent of the words in the text. B. the text does not include compound sentences joined by coordinating conjunctions such as and, or, or, but. C. the students come from homes where silent reading is extensively modeled and encouraged by caregivers. D. the text primarily deals with fictional rather than factual accounts of characters and/or events.

A. the students can decode and understand the meaning of at least 95 percent of the words in the text.

Use the information below to answer the question that follows. A fifth-grade teacher plans to have students read a chapter about the American Revolutionary War from their social studies textbook. The following is an excerpt from the chapter. The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775. At the time, the American army occupied the area from Cambridge to the Mystic River. American troops gathered in Cambridge Common on the evening of June 16, 1775, and set out for Bunker Hill. Upon reaching Bunker Hill, however, officers decided to move to Breed's Hill, a smaller hill closer to Boston. The teacher asks students to locate and mark places mentioned in the chapter on a map as they read. This activity is most likely to help students: A. use visualization to facilitate their comprehension of the text. B. paraphrase content to make the text more understandable. C. connect elements in the text to their background knowledge. D. identify the text's main ideas and supporting details.

A. use visualization to facilitate their comprehension of the text.

A fifth-grade teacher is about to begin a unit on weather and climate. Which of the following types of vocabulary words from the unit would be most appropriate for the teacher to preteach? A. words that are conceptually challenging B. high-frequency, phonetically irregular words C. multi syllable words D. high-frequency words with multiple meanings

A. words that are conceptually challenging

The following sentence is missing several words. (1) unusual (2) of spices (3) the soup an (4) flavor. A word with the suffix -tion would fit best in which of the blanks in the sentence? A. (1) B. (2) C. (3) D. (4)

B. (2)

Which of the following statements best describes how oral vocabulary knowledge is related to the process of decoding written words? A. A reader applies decoding skills to unfamiliar written words in order to increase his or her oral vocabulary knowledge. B. A readers oral vocabulary knowledge allows the reader to derive meaning as he or she decodes written words. C. A reader must have extensive oral vocabulary knowledge in order to learn decoding processes. D. A readers oral vocabulary knowledge is dependent on his or her development of strong decoding skills.

B. A readers oral vocabulary knowledge allows the reader to derive meaning as he or she decodes written words.

A beginning-level English Language Learner can consistently blend individual phonemes to make simple English words composed of two or three phonemes but is having difficulty blending the sounds of familiar single-syllable words composed of four phonemes (e.g. clip, trap, spin). Which of the following questions would be most important for the first-grade teacher to consider when addressing the needs of this student? A. Are the target words in the students oral vocabulary in English? B. Does the students primary language have consonant blends? C. Can the student distinguish between short and long vowel sounds in English? D. Do the target words have cognates in the students primary language?

B. Does the students primary language have consonant blends?

Two proficient readers are answering postreading comprehension questions about a chapter in a content-area textbook. • The first student demonstrates exceptional recall of details from the chapter but has difficulty answering questions about the gist of the chapter. • The second student can give an outstanding summary of the chapter but has difficulty remembering specific facts from the chapter. Which of the following best explains the most likely reason for the students' varied understanding of the text? A. The first student is more proficient than the second student at using metacognitive comprehension strategies to make sense of the text. B. Each student applied different reading comprehension skills when reading the text. C. The second student is more proficient at reading for literal understanding than for inferential understanding. D. Each student brought a unique set of prior experiences to the reading of the text.

B. Each student applied different reading comprehension skills when reading the text.

Which of the following is the most important reason for a fourth-grade teacher to assign a variety of high-quality trade books as a component of reading instruction? A. The themes typical of children's literature tend to reinforce students' development of literal comprehension skills. B. Reading across genres helps students develop an understanding of the structures and features of different texts. C. Simplified syntax and controlled vocabulary provide necessary scaffolding for students who are struggling readers. D. Reading diverse texts helps to promote students' development of phonological and phonemic awareness skills.

B. Reading across genres helps students develop an understanding of the structures and features of different texts.

A teacher can best help sixth graders draw inferences from informational text by asking them to complete which of the following statements? A. In my opinion... B. The passage suggests... C. In comparison.... D. The author's first point is....

B. The passage suggests...

Which of the following types of assessments would best provide information about the comparative reading proficiency of students in an elementary school? A. a test of vocabulary development B. a norm-referenced survey test C. a reading miscue inventory D. a diagnostic portfolio

B. a norm-referenced survey test

As a first-grade teacher reads a big book to a group of students, the teacher points to the beginning consonants of selected words and accentuates the sound the initial letter makes. This activity is most likely to promote the students': A. awareness of multi syllable words B. ability to isolate individual sounds C. structural analysis skills D. ability to blend the sounds in words

B. ability to isolate individual sounds

At the end of each school day, a preschool teacher encourages the children to talk about the day's events. As the children describe each event, the teacher writes it on large block paper. Afterward, the teacher reads the list back to the class. This activity would contribute to the children's literacy development primarily by promoting their: A. basic understanding of the alphabetic principle. B. awareness that speech can be represented by writing. C. basic understanding of word boundaries. D. awareness of the relationship between syllables and the spoken word.

B. awareness that speech can be represented by writing.

Pointing out the title, beginning, middle, and end of a book to a group of preschool children before reading the book aloud to them contributes to their reading development primarily by promoting their: A. understanding of text directionality. B. development of book handling skills. C. understanding of the concept of schema. D. development of literal comprehension strategies.

B. development of book handling skills.

A second-grade teacher reads a trade book aloud to the class. Which of the following post reading activity would be most likely to promote the students' comprehensions of the story by enhancing their literacy analysis skills? A. encouraging the students to identify the key vocabulary words in the story B. discussing the the students how the characters in the story respond to major event and challenges C. asking the students to reread the story silently and respond to several literal comprehension questions D. having the students "free write" about the story in their reading response journals

B. discussing the the students how the characters in the story respond to major event and challenges

A fifth-grade teacher gives students a reading guide for an informational text that they will be reading independently. The reading guide contains various activities, including prompting students to summarize certain passages, to explain relationships between concepts according to specific information in the text, and to determine the meaning of domain-specific words based on appositives or appositive phrases embedded in the text. This reading guide is likely to be most effective for achieving which of the following instructional purposes? A. developing students' ability to read the text evaluatively B. encouraging students to read and interact closely with the text C. supporting students' reading development of prosodic reading skills D. teaching students to adjust their reading rate based on text complexity

B. encouraging students to read and interact closely with the text

A kindergarten teacher asks a small group of students to repeat after her. First, she says the word grape and then pronounces it as gr and ape. Next, she says the word take and then pronounces it as t and ake. This activity is likely to promote the students' phonemic awareness primarily by: A. helping them recognize distinct syllables in oral language. B. encouraging them to divide words into onsets and rimes. C. teaching them how to distinguish between consonants and vowels. D. promoting there awareness of letter-sound correspondence.

B. encouraging them to divide words into onsets and rimes.

Students in a third-grade class are studying different forms of transportation that are used around the world. As part of this unit of study, they work together to create a semantic map of words associated with transportation, including words that they have recently learned (e.g., barge, rickshaw). This activity is most likely to promote students' vocabulary development by: A. showing them how structural analysis can be used to determine the meaning of new vocabulary. B. helping them to categorize, visualize, and remember new vocabulary. C. guiding them to discover the multiple meanings of new vocabulary. D. providing them with frequent, varied reading experiences using the new vocabulary.

B. helping them to categorize, visualize, and remember new vocabulary.

A third-grade teacher periodically reads aloud from a chapter in content-area textbooks and describes his thought processes as he reads. Following is an example: "'The moon does not shine on its own. The sun's light reflects off the moon.' Hmm. I'm imagining that the sun is like a flashlight shining on the moon in the dark. 'As the moon rotates, only the part that faces the sun is visible from the Earth.' I'm not quite sure what "visible" means, but it sounds kind of like vision, which I know has to do with the eyes. It probably means the part that we can see from the Earth. Now, that makes me wonder--why do we see different amounts of the moon at different times? Lets see if the next part of the chapter explains this..." This practice is most likely to promote students' reading proficiency by: A. exposing them to new vocabulary in context. B. modeling for them metacognitive comprehension strategies. C. giving them an example of fluent oral reading. D. summarizing for them the main ideas of an expository text.

B. modeling for them metacognitive comprehension strategies.

A teacher shows a student pictures of familiar objects. As the teacher points to the first picture, she asks the student to name the object in the picture. Next, she asks the student to count on his fingers the number of sounds he makes as he says the word again. This activity is most likely to promote which of the following: A. understanding of the alphabetic principle B. phonemic awareness skills C. development of letter-sound correspondence D. word identification skills

B. phonemic awareness skills

Skimming is likely to be the most effective strategy for accomplishing which of the following reading tasks? A. evaluating the validity of information on an Internet Web site B. previewing a chapter in a continent-area textbook C. synthesizing information from various sources for a research report D. studying specific facts for a content-area exam

B. previewing a chapter in a continent-area textbook

An advantage of using assessment tools such as portfolios and scoring rubrics is that they: A. provide more objective results than do multiple-choice tests. B. promote student participation in self-assessment activities. C. ensure consistency among different evaluators. D. offer more reliable assessment data.

B. promote student participation in self-assessment activities.

A second-grade teacher regualary reviews spelling patterns previously taught. The teacher also provides students with multiple opportunities to read and write connected text that features words containing the target spelling patterns and to engage in word sorts focused on previously taught spelling patterns. These types of activities are likely to promote students' reading proficiency primarily by developing their: A. knowledge of grade-level vocabulary. B. reading fluency with respect to accuracy. C. awareness of different types of morphemes. D. word recognition with respect to sight words.

B. reading fluency with respect to accuracy.

A kindergarten teacher could best determine if a child has begun to develop phonemic awareness by asking the child to: A. count the number of words the child hears in a sentence as the teacher says the sentence. B. say the word cat, then say the first sound the child hears in the word. C. point to the correct letter on an alphabet chart as the teacher names specific letters D. listen to the teacher say boat and coat, then identify whether the two words rhyme.

B. say the word cat, then say the first sound the child hears in the word.

As students begin to read, the ability to blend phonemes orally contributes to their reading development primarily because it helps students: A. recognize and understand sight words in a text. B. use knowledge of letter-sound correspondence to decode words. C. guess the meaning of unfamiliar words from their context. D. divide written words into onsets and rimes.

B. use knowledge of letter-sound correspondence to decode words.

An ELL pronounces tigers as tiger when reading the following sentence aloud. They saw tigers at the zoo. Which of the following actions is most appropriate for the teachers to take first in response to the student's miscue? A. guide the student in reading lists of nouns with and without plural-s on the end B. verify that the student understands that tigers means more than one tiger C. provide the student with independent practice in adding plural-s to singular nouns D. provide a picture card to determine whether the student can identify a tiger

B. verify that the student understands that tigers means more than one tiger

Consideration of validity in test construction relate most closely to : A. how a particular examinee's test performance relates to a pre-established standard. B. whether the test questions effectively measure their specified content. C. how a particular examinee's test performance compares to the performance of other examinee's. D. whether the test results are likely to be repeatable with a similar examinee test group.

B. whether the test questions effectively measure their specified content.

A third-grade class that includes several ELL's is about to read a text about water sports. Which of the following teaching strategies would be most effective in promoting the ELLs' comprehension of the text? A. Have the students look up unknown English words using bilingual dictionaries and then make vocabulary lists in both languages. B. Pair ELL's with native speakers of English and have the native speakers explain any unknown vocabulary. C. Activate students' prior knowledge about the topic and provide visual aids such as illustrations to clarify new vocabulary. D. Give students a list of new vocabulary with definitions and ask the students to try to construct their own sentences using the words.

C. Activate students' prior knowledge about the topic and provide visual aids such as illustrations to clarify new vocabulary.

Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in promoting reluctant readers interest in independent reading outside of school? A. Calculate numerical scores based on the number and difficulty level of the books students read at home and integrate the score not students' report card grade for reading. B. Encourage parents to give their children simple external rewards for at-home reading, such as an extra helping of a favorite treat. C. Encourage students and parents to read books together on a regular basis, either silently or aloud, and discuss their personal responses to each chapter or key event. D. Recommend that parents make their children's daily television-watching time contingent on their reading a specific number of pages first.

C. Encourage students and parents to read books together on a regular basis, either silently or aloud, and discuss their personal responses to each chapter or key event.

A text includes the word indefensible, which is unfamiliar to some students in a fourth-grade class. Which of the following strategies for teaching the word would be most effective in both clarifying the meaning go the word and extending the students' vocabulary development? A. Have the students enter the word in their ongoing list of new vocabulary words and then look up its definition independently. B. Use explicit explanation to describe the meaning go the word to the students before they read the text. C. Help the students apply structural and contextual analyses to construct and confirm the word's meaning. D. Ask the students to paraphrase the sentence that contains the word by substituting a synonym for the word.

C. Help the students apply structural and contextual analyses to construct and confirm the word's meaning.

A sixth-grade student encounters the following sentence in a short story. She experienced a sense of deja vu as she walked down the street of the strange new city. The student asks the teacher the meaning of deja vu in the sentence. The teacher could best respond by advising the student to take which of the following steps? A. Make note of the word in a vocabulary log, and then study the word after finishing the story. B. Use context clues in the sentence to guess the meaning of the word, and then try out that meaning in the sentence. C. Look up the word in the dictionary, and then paraphrase the sentence using the dictionary definition. D. Break the word into its component parts, and then compare the parts to the meanings of similar known words.

C. Look up the word in the dictionary, and then paraphrase the sentence using the dictionary definition.

Which of the following principles is best illustrated by the words watched, wanted, and warned? A. Spelling is often the best predictor of the pronunciation of a suffix. B. Open syllables are usually pronounced with a long vowel sound. C. The spelling of a suffix is often more reliable than its pronunciation. D. The second letter of a consonant blend is usually pronounced as the onset of the following syllable.

C. The spelling of a suffix is often more reliable than its pronunciation.

Which of the following informal assessment results provides the clearest indication that a kindergarten child has attained a beginning level of phonemic awareness? A. The student can clap the "beats" or syllables of familiar multi syllable words. B. The student can delete the second "word" or syllable of a compound word. C. The student can identify the beginning sound of single-syllable words. D. The student can substitute phonemes in the medial position of single-syllable words.

C. The student can identify the beginning sound of single-syllable words.

Sixth-grade students have just finished reading a chapter in a novel and are getting ready to write an entry in their response journals. The teacher could most effectively develop students' literary response skills by assigning which of the following journal prompts? A. What new vocabulary words did you learn when reading this chapter? List and define the new words from the chapter. B. What happened in the chapter? Describe two or three events from the chapter. C. What do you think is the main idea or theme of the novel? Relate specific events in this chapter to the theme you suggest. D. Which characters are mentioned in this chapter? List each of the characters.

C. What do you think is the main idea or theme of the novel? Relate specific events in this chapter to the theme you suggest.

In order to select a trade book that emphasizes predictability, a teacher should ensure that: A. the text includes some pictures or illustrations. B. the concepts in the text are at an appropriate level of difficulty for the target student(s). C. a phrase, rhyme, or sentence is repeated throughout the text. D. the length of the text is not likely to exceed the attention span of the target student(s).

C. a phrase, rhyme, or sentence is repeated throughout the text.

Which of the following students demonstrates variation in reading development that would require intervention focused on explicit phonics instruction? A. a kindergarten student who can recite the alphabet from memory but has difficulty distinguishing individual phonemes in words. B. a first-grade student who can easily decode nonsense words but has limited comprehension of the meaning of text. C. a second-grade student who is adept at using context clues to identify words but has difficulty sounding out the letters in unfamiliar words D. a third grade student who can read most grade-level text fluently but has difficulty with unfamiliar irregular low-frequency words

C. a second-grade student who is adept at using context clues to identify words but has difficulty sounding out the letters in unfamiliar words

Which of the following students is demonstrating the specific type of phonological awareness known as phonemic awareness? A. A student who, after being shown a letter of the alphabet, can orally identify its corresponding sound(s) B. a student who listens to the words sing, ring, fling, and hang and can identify that hang is different C. a student who, after hearing the word hat can orally identify that it ends with the sound /t/ D. a student who listens to the word magazine and can determine that it contains three syllables

C. a student who, after hearing the word hat can orally identify that it ends with the sound /t/

Which of the following types of activities would be most important to include on a daily basis when planning reading instruction for first graders who are developing as beginning readers? A. activities that introduce students to basic concepts about print B. activities that emphasize listening to and producing rhyming, alliteration, and similar word analysis skills C. activities that promote students' development of decoding and other word analysis skills D. activities them emphasize memorization of lists of grade-level appropriate sight words

C. activities that promote students' development of decoding and other word analysis skills

A fifth-grade class is about to read a play about the life of Harriet Tubman called "Travels on the Railroad." Which of the following pre-reading activities would best promote students' comprehension of the text? A. introducing the common elements of plays as a genre and looking at sections of a printed play as a class B. asking students to generate several questions about the play based on the play's title C. asking students to share what they already know about the time period during which the play takes place D. encouraging groups of student to create and perform their own short skits about the same subject

C. asking students to share what they already know about the time period during which the play takes place

A preschool teacher is reading a story to his class, as he reads, he holds the book so students can see the words and pictures while his finger follows the line of print. This activity would contribute to the children's reading development primarily by: A. promoting their development of letter recognition skills. B. helping them recognize phonemes that occur frequently. C. developing their awareness of left-to-right directionality. D. promoting their understanding of letter-sound correspondence.

C. developing their awareness of left-to-right directionality.

Which of the following strategies would be most effective in promoting second graders' decoding of multisyllabic words? A. giving students opportunities to read literature that offers repeated exposure to predictable text B. prompting students to sound out the individual phonemes that compose multi syllable words C. encouraging students to compare the parts of new multi syllable words with known single-syllable words D. reinforcing students' recognition of high-frequency multi syllable words using drills and flashcards

C. encouraging students to compare the parts of new multi syllable words with known single-syllable words

Instruction in structural analysis is likely to promote upper elementary students' reading comprehension primarily by: A. facilitating their ability to use phonics generalizations to decode words. B. enhancing their familiarity with the text structures and features used in different genres. C. equipping them with strategies for understanding the meanings of unfamiliar multi syllable words. D. increasing their knowledge of key vocabulary found in content-area textbooks.

C. equipping them with strategies for understanding the meanings of unfamiliar multi syllable words.

Use the information below to answer the following question: Before reading aloud a book about a farm to a group of beginning readers, a first-grade teacher has the students brainstorm and briefly discuss words related to farms. Next, the teacher reads the text aloud from a big book, pointing to each word being read. Periodically, the teacher stops to discuss with students key concepts or events described in the text and to guide students in relating the text to the illustrations. After finishing the read aloud, the teacher puts the book in the classroom library and encourages the students to read it on their own. The theoretical basis for including the brainstorming activity in this lesson is that having the students share their vocabulary knowledge about farms prior to the reading will: A. give the teacher the opportunity to assess and compare the students' oral language skills. B. reinforce the students' understanding and recognition of key concepts about print. C. facilitate the students' comprehension by activating prior knowledge and building schema. D. prepare the students to benefit from explicit phonics instruction related to the text.

C. facilitate the students' comprehension by activating prior knowledge and building schema.

Frequent oral reading to kindergarten children using appropriate and expressive intonation and voices is likely to promote the students' reading development primarily by: A. improving their aural discrimination skills. B. explicitly teaching letter-sound correspondence. C. fostering their engagement in and love of reading. D. explicitly modeling phonological concepts such as word boundaries.

C. fostering their engagement in and love of reading.

If a standardized test is said to lack reliability, the test: A. is not measuring that it is supposed to measure. B. has not proven to be useful as an instructional intervention. C. gives fluctuating scores in different administrations. D. has poor predictive value relative to students' classroom performance.

C. gives fluctuating scores in different administrations.

A preschool child picks up an unfamiliar book, opens it to the end, points to the text, and begins to "pretend read" the story. These behaviors suggest that the child most likely: A. has well-developed book-handling skills. B. knows where individual words begin and end. C. has developed an understanding that print carries meaning. D. understands the concept of print directionality.

C. has developed an understanding that print carries meaning.

Asking students to listen to a word (e.g., same) and then tell the teacher all the sounds in the word is an exercise that would be most appropriate for students who: A. have a relatively low level of phonological awareness. B. are beginning to develop systematic phonics skills. C. have a relatively high level of phonemic awareness. D. are beginning to master the alphabetic principle.

C. have a relatively high level of phonemic awareness

Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate to use to promote second-grade students' ability to analyze key ideas and details in a literary text? A. explicitly teaching students the key features and conventions of different literary genres. B. prompting students to evaluate the significance of a story's setting with respect to its theme. C. helping students crew a story map of the main characters in a story and the events with which they are involved. D. encouraging student to clarify their understanding of a story by reflecting not heir personal experiences.

C. helping students crew a story map of the main characters in a story and the events with which they are involved.

Phonemic awareness contributes most to the development of phonics skills in beginning readers by helping them: A. recognize different ways in which one sound can be represented in print. B. count the number of syllables in a written word. C. identify in spoken language separate sounds that can be mapped to letters. D. understand the concept of a silent letter.

C. identify in spoken language separate sounds that can be mapped to letters.

A third-grade teacher has been conducting a series of ongoing assessments of a student's oral reading. Shown below is a sentence from a text, followed by a transcription of a typical example of the student's oral reading performance. Text: Her boots crunched through the snow. Student: Her boats crucked throw the snow. After reading the sentence, the student paused and then reread it without the teacher's prompting and self-corrected the errors. Based on this information, the teacher could best meet this student's needs by adjusting instruction in order to: A. enhance the student's oral vocabulary development. B. develop the student's ability to self-monitor comprehension. C. improve the student's decoding skills. D. promote the student's ability to track print.

C. improve the student's decoding skills.

A fifth-grade class silently reads an informational text. In subsequent informal assessments, several students are able to read the text orally with fluency but they demonstrate poor overall comprehension of the text. The teacher could most appropriately address these students' needs by adjusting future instruction in which of the following ways? A. using informational texts that are written at the students' independent reading level B. providing the students with explicit instruction in grade-level-appropriate test-taking strategies C. introducing a text's key vocabulary and guiding the students in close reading of key passages D. emphasizing reading skill-building activities that focus primarily on narrative texts

C. introducing a text's key vocabulary and guiding the students in close reading of key passages

An English Language Learner reads academic texts fluently in her primary language but is struggling to understand her content-area textbooks in English. This student would likely benefit most from engaging in which of the following activities? A. translating textbook reading assignments from English into her primary language B. receiving reading comprehension instruction with texts written in her primary language C. learning to use metacognitive reading strategies with English text D. reading texts in her primary language that cover the same material as her English textbooks

C. learning to use metacognitive reading strategies with English text

A first-grade teacher designs the following activity: 1. divide students into pairs 2. have students sit back-to-back 3. Give one student in each pair a picture of a familiar object to describe to his or her partner. 4. The partner tries to name the object based on the description. This activity is likely to contribute to students' literacy development primarily by: A. helping them begin to make connection between print and the spoken word. B. fostering their ability to work independently of teacher guidance. C. promoting their oral language development and listening comprehension. D. encouraging them to practice speaking skills.

C. promoting their oral language development and listening comprehension.

Read the sentence below; then answer the question that follows. My family went to the circus last weekend. I liked the clowns the best. They were very funny. A student makes several miscues when reading these sentences aloud. Which of the following miscues represents an error in decoding consonant blends? A. omitting circus B. pronouncing clowns as clones C. saying bet for best D. shortening funny to fun

C. saying bet for best

According to basic principles of research- based, systematic phonics instruction, which of the following common English letter combinations would be most appropriate for a first-grade teacher to introduce first? A. ir B. kn C. th D. oi

C. th

Use the information below to answer the question that follows. A fifth-grade teacher plans to have students read a chapter about the American Revolutionary War from their social studies textbook. The following is an excerpt from the chapter. The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775. At the time, the American army occupied the area from Cambridge to the Mystic River. American troops gathered in Cambridge Common on the evening of June 16, 1775, and set out for Bunker Hill. Upon reaching Bunker Hill, however, officers decided to move to Breed's Hill, a smaller hill closer to Boston. Based on their excerpt from the chapter, which of the following graphic organizers would best promote students' awareness of the chapter's text structure? A. outline B. Venn diagram C. timeline D. semantic map

C. timeline

A fourth-grade ELL is new to a school. Assessments suggest that the student can read orally with accuracy on grade level; however, the students comprehension of grade-level textbooks fluctuates widely. Which of the following steps would be most appropriate for the teacher to take first in order to determine the cause of the student's difficulty? A. Assess the students word analysis and decoding skills. B. Determine whether the student has a specific learning disability that affects language processing. C. Assess the student's level of first-language literacy. D. Determine whether the student has adequate vocabulary and background knowledge to support comprehension of the textbooks.

D. Determine whether the student has adequate vocabulary and background knowledge to support comprehension of the textbooks.

In which of the following sentences is context most helpful in understanding the italicized word? A. Tulip trees are ubiquitous in Virginia and in some other parts of the United States as well. B. John's friends surreptitiously planned a housewarming party for him soon after he had moved in. C. Mary is magnanimous in all of her dealings with people, even when she does not know the person well. D. Peter's mother was adamant that he should attend college, but his father did not seem to care.

D. Peter's mother was adamant that he should attend college, but his father did not seem to care.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between word decoding and reading comprehension in a beginning readers development? A. Decoding skills and reading comprehension skills tend to develop independently of one another. B. Reading comprehension skills directly facilitate the development of decoding skills. C. Development of decoding skills is secondary to the development of reading fluency and comprehension skills. D. Rapid and automatic decoding skills help facilitate development of reading fluency and comprehension.

D. Rapid and automatic decoding skills help facilitate development of reading fluency and comprehension.

Which of the following provides the best rationale for incorporating spelling instruction into a first grade reading program? A. Spelling promotes phonemic awareness by teaching students break words into onsets and rimes. B. Spelling facilitates vocabulary development by introducing students to new words. C. Spelling simplifies the reading process by focusing on a limited set of decoding rules. D. Spelling supports word recognition by helping students learn and retain common phonics patterns.

D. Spelling supports word recognition by helping students learn and retain common phonics patterns.

A first-grade teacher encourages beginning readers to "write" their own captions under their drawings. This practice is most likely to lead to which of the following? A. The students ill test to lose interest in writing because of their frustration with their lack of mastery of the English spelling system. B. The students' overall reading proficiency will be adversely affected by any spelling errors that go uncorrected. C. The students will tend to develop strong automatic word recognition skills from their interaction with print. D. The students' development of phonics knowledge will be reinforces as they experiment with their own phonetic spellings.

D. The students' development of phonics knowledge will be reinforces as they experiment with their own phonetic spellings.

Which of the following children is most in need of immediate intervention? A. a preschool child who has limited book-handling skills B. a kindergarten child who has limited ability to correlate alphabet letters with the sounds they make C. a first-grade student who still reads texts composed of single-syllable regular words and common sight words D. a second-grade student who still decodes words letter by letter

D. a second-grade student who still decodes words letter by letter

A sixth-grade teacher gives students several persuasive essays that present contrasting opinions on a current social issue. The teacher then asks students to consider the following questions as they read the texts. 1. What is the author's opinion on the issue? 2. How might the author's background influence his or her opinion? 3. What evidence does the author use to support his or her opinion? These questions are likely to be most effective for helping students: A. monitor comprehension of informational texts. B. identify the theme in expository texts. C. draw inferences from informational texts. D. analyze point of view in expository texts.

D. analyze point of view in expository texts.

A third-grade teacher observes that students who read aloud fluently also demonstrate greater comprehension of expository texts. The best explanation for this is that fluent readers: A. possess a self-awareness that allows them house metacognitive skills efficiently. B. have already developed the base of background knowledge typically covered by textbooks. C. have well-developed skills for decoding any level of text word by word. D. are able to focus their full attention and cognitive resources on the meaning of a text.

D. are able to focus their full attention and cognitive resources on the meaning of a text.

After students in a sixth-grade class finish reading a historical novel about the U.S. Civil War, the teacher asks each student to bring in an object, or a picture or illustration of an object, that, to them, represents the book. The students must also identify a passage or passages from the book that they can use to support their choices when they present their objects to the class. This activity is most likely to promote students' reading development by helping them understand the importance of: A. determining an author's stated or implied main point of view. B. using text structure to develop a general summary of a literary work. C. identifying a novel's mood by analyzing the author's use of figurative language. D. basing interpretations about a literary work on textual evidence.

D. basing interpretations about a literary work on textual evidence.

A student who has mastered which of the following skills along the phonological awareness continuum is best prepared to begin explicit phonics instruction? A. being aware that a word is made up of one or more phonemes B. being able to separate a words onset and rime C. being aware that words can be divided into syllables D. being able to segment and blend a word's phonemes

D. being able to segment and blend a word's phonemes

A second-grade teacher notices that one of her students lacks fluency when reading aloud. The first thing the teacher should do in order to help this student is assess whether the student also has difficulties with: A. predicting. B. inferring. C. metacognition. D. decoding.

D. decoding.

A preschool teacher shows a group of children pictures of everyday objects. Below each picture is printed the letter of the alphabet that corresponds to the words initial sound. As the teacher points to each picture, she names the object, then she points to the letter underneath it and says the sound it makes. The teacher invites the children to repeat the sound with her. This activity is likely to contribute to the children's reading development by: A. Illustrating the concept of word boundaries. B. focusing on auditory discrimination skills. C. introducing the concept of onset and rime. D. demonstrating that phonemes are represented by letters.

D. demonstrating that phonemes are represented by letters.

A second-grade student demonstrates automaticity decoding grade-level regular and irregular words. However, the student frequently experiences poor text comprehension. Which of the following is the first step the teacher should take in order to promote this student's reading proficiency? A. evaluating the student's ability to apply grade-level phonics skills B. determining the rate of the student's phonological processing C. evaluating the degree to which the student uses syntactic clues D. determining the extent of the student's vocabulary knowledge

D. determining the extent of the student's vocabulary knowledge

Having kindergarten children practice tracing the letters of the alphabet in sand is most appropriate for children who are having difficulty: A. Internalizing the alphabetic principle. B. recognizing that print carries meaning. C. understanding the relationship between spoken and written language. D. developing letter formation skills.

D. developing letter formation skills.

A kindergarten teacher hangs labels on key objects around the room, puts up posters that include words and captions, and always has a big book on display for the children's use. This kind of classroom environment is most likely to help promote children's: A. recognition that words are composed of separate sounds. B. recognition of high-frequency sight words. C. development of automaticity in word recognition. D. development of an awareness of print.

D. development of an awareness of print.

A preschool child draws a stick figure and makes some unintelligible scribbles around it. When she shows it to her teacher, she points to the scribbles and says, "This says 'I love mommy.'" This behavior suggests that the child most likely: A. is ready to learn the concept of letter-sound correspondence. B. is beginning to develop awareness that words are made of distinct phonemes. C. has a basic understanding of the alphabetic principle. D. has grasped the idea that the function of print is distinct from that of pictures.

D. has grasped the idea that the function of print is distinct from that of pictures.

A second grade teacher administers spelling inventories periodically to help assess students' phonics knowledge. The following shows one student's performance on a spelling inventory at the beginning of the school year and again several months later. set-----set star----ster drive----driv peach----pech turn---tarn join-----joyn set---set star----star drive---drive peach----peche turn---turn join----joyn This students performance on the second administration of the spelling inventory indicates that the student made the most improvement in which of the following areas? A. initial and final consonants B. short vowels and dipthongs C. digraphs and blends D. long and r-controlled vowels

D. long and r-controlled vowels

Which of the following sets of words would be most effective to use when introducing students to the concept of structural analysis? A. late, great, wait, eight B. afraid, obtain, explain, remain C. swim, swims, swam, swum D. pretest, retest, tested, testing

D. pretest, retest, tested, testing

A fourth grade student reads on grade level and consistently scores very high on spelling tests that are part of weekly word study activities. However, the student often misspells the same words, and other familiar words, in everyday writings. The following table shows examples of typical errors the student makes on class writing assignments and in informal notes to friends. girl--------gril instead-------intead decided------decideded independent------indepednent interrupted-------interruted The students overall spelling performance suggests that the student most likely has a weakness in which of the following foundational skills? A. detecting syllable boundaries in words B. Sounding out and blending letter sounds to make words C. discriminating between a word's root morpheme and affixes D. segmenting and sequencing phonemes in words

D. segmenting and sequencing phonemes in words

Which of the following text features are students likely to find most useful when previewing informational texts such as library books for a research project? A. index B. bibliography C. glossary D. table of contents

D. table of contents

One of the most important purposes of a standardized Informal Reading Inventory (IRI) is: A. to establish how prior knowledge and text organization influence a student's reading comprehension. B. to determine how a student uses semantic, syntactic, and other text clues to deduce a word's meaning. C. to analyze how a student's silent reading comprehension is influenced by oral reading fluency. D. to establish a student's independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels.

D. to establish a student's independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels.

A second-grade teacher has students pull two single-syllable nouns from a hat (e.g., bulb, light) and asks them to form words by putting the words together (e.g., lightbulb). Students then draw pictures to illustrate their new words and write short stories using the new words. This activity is likely to be most effective for helping students: A. use visualization as a reading comprehension strategy. B. apply knowledge of phonics generalizations. C. use context clues to identify unfamiliar words. D. understand the concept of compound words.

D. understand the concept of compound words.