Foundations PI & Review Questions
The kitty with the chin acne is in your exam room and leaves footprints on the stainless-steel exam table when she walks across. Sweat glands are an example of merocrine glands. Which of the following describes merocrine glands? A. Excrete their compounds without damaging the cell B. Bud off a portion of their cell membranes to form the secretion C. Excrete their contents by cell rupture D. Excrete directly into the bloodstream
A. Excrete their compounds without damaging the cell (b. aprocine c. merocrine d. endocrine glands)
A feline patient presents to the emergency room in Tucson after having been stuck outside for a whole day (usually an indoor cat). The cat is now dehydrated. From which body compartment is water lost in the early stages of dehydration? A. Extracellular fluid B. Intracellular fluid
A. Extracellular fluid (fluid is first lost from the extracellular fluid and is then increasingly lost from the intracellular fluid)
As an embryo develops, the formation of a multilayered structure from a single-layered disc is known as what? A. Gastrulation B. Blastulation C. Morulation D. Neurulation
A. Gastrulation (Blastulation is when the cell mass goes from a solid ball (morula) to a hollow ball (blastocyst). Morulation isn't a thing. Neurulation is formation of the neural tube from the neural plate.)
What is a teratogen? A. A compound which is toxic to embryological cells B. A compound which is toxic to adult cells C. The inner cell type of the blastocyst D. The outer cell type of the blastocyst
A. A compound which is toxic to embryological cells (Teratogens have nothing to do with the blastocyst and are specifically toxic to embryological, not adult cells)
Many pathogens can be transmitted via fomites. Which option is the best example of a fomite? A. A stethoscope that has been contaminated with Staphylococcus B. A mosquito that is carrying West Nile Virus C. A stool sample containing E. coli D. An airborne droplet containing coronavirus
A. A stethoscope that has been contaminated with Staphylococcus (Fomites are inanimate objects B. vector, c. direct source of infection, d. example of aerosol transmission)
You are working in an emergency clinic when a Great Dane dog presents with gastric dilation and volvulus (a twisted stomach). You run blood tests which reveal an abnormally high lactate level. Which type of pathway is likely to be increased in your patient's tissues? A. Anerobic respiration B. Aerobic respiration
A. Anaerobic respiration (Lactate is indicative that lactic acid is being produced, which is the end-product of anaerobic respiration NO OXYGEN REQUIRED)
Neurons have four distinct anatomical regions. Which of the following is matched correctly with its function? A. Axon - conducting unit of the neuron B. Cell body - receives chemical signals from neighboring cells at the synapse C. Dendrites - insulate the conducting unit of the neuron D. Axon terminal - contains nucleus and organelles
A. Axon - conducting unit of the neuron (The cell body usually gives rise to several branchlike extensions, called dendrites, whose surface area and extent greatly exceed those of the cell body. The dendrites serve as the major receptive apparatus of the neuron, receiving chemical signals from other neurons. The cell body contains the nucleus and organelles. The axon terminal contains vesicles that release signals to communicate with the next cell in the chain.)
Which of the following are examples of factors that might predispose an animal to an infection? A. Being young, old, pregnant or immune-compromised B. Being fully vaccinated C. Being the only cat in a household D. Being spayed or neutered
A. Being young, old, pregnant or immune-compromised (REMEMBER YOPI)
Which of the following molecules can serve as a second messenger? A. Calcium B. G protein C. GTP D. GPCR
A. Calcium (Calcium ion is a second messenger for GPCRs. Upon ligand binding GPCRs activate G proteins which exchange GDP for GTP. The activated G protein can then stimulate the opening of plasma membrane channels which allows calcium ion to enter the cell and act as a second messenger)
Masticatory muscle myositis is an inflammatory disease of which group of muscles? A. Chewing muscles B. Biceps muscles C. Quadriceps muscles D. Smooth muscles
A. Chewing muscles (Mastication = chewing)
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common cause of skin disease in dogs. These skin infections are commonly referred to as 'pyoderma'. Is pyoderma caused by S.pseudintermedius more likely to be an endogenous or an exogenous infection? A. Endogenous B. Exogenous
A. Endogenous (Being part of the normal flora, S. pseudintermedius typically causes endogenous infections)
At which of the cell-cycle checkpoints do cellular macromolecules have the greatest influence? A. G0 checkpoint B. G1 checkpoint C. G2 checkpoint D. M checkpoint
B. G1 checkpoint (should there be insufficient nutrients or macromolecular components (such as proteins, nucleotide precursors, etc.) the cell will not pass the G1 checkpoint to enter S phase where these macromolecules are needed)
Regarding the arrangement of grey matter and white matter in the central nervous system, which of the following statements is true? A. Grey matter is located peripherally in the brain but centrally in the spinal cord B. Grey matter is located centrally in the brain but peripherally in the spinal cord C. Grey matter is located centrally in both the brain and spinal cord D. Grey matter is located peripherally in both the brain and spinal cord
A. Grey matter is located peripherally in the brain but centrally in the spinal cord (The arrangement of grey and white matter is reversed between the brain and the spinal cord - students must recall that grey matter is located peripherally in the brain)
Oxygen therapy is often provided to animals that are having difficulty breathing. Inhaled oxygen is quickly absorbed from an animal's lungs into the blood stream. This is because it can easily diffuse down its concentration gradient. Why can oxygen easily diffuse across the cell membrane? A. It is small and non-polar B. It is large and non-polar C. It is small and polar D. It is large and polar
A. It is small and non-polar (small, non-polar can move quickly, large and polar molecules cannot diffuse on their own and require facilitated diffusion via active transport of transmembrane protein)
Coccidia are protozoal parasites that multiply within their host. This means that they can be classified as: A. Microparasites B. Macroparasites C. Ectoparasites D. Microcarnivores
A. Microparasites (Microparasties multipy within their host, single organism can create a massive infection, b. macroparasites do not multiple within their host, ectoparasites live on the surface of their host, microcarnivore def refers to where an animal feeds)
As you saw in Session 1, heat stroke can be a life-threatening condition because heat can denature bodily proteins. Which type of protein structure is NOT affected by denaturation? A. Primary structure B. Secondary structure C. Tertiary structure D. Quaternary structure
A. Primary structure (The tertiary structure of a protein is most affected by denaturation, primary structure not affected - amino acid sequence remains the same even if a protein has been denatured)
The alveoli of the lungs require epithelium that allows rapid gas exchange across their surface. What type of epithelium is present in the alveoli of the lungs (depicted by the arrow)? A. Simple squamous B. Simple columnar C. Stratified squamous D. Pseudostratified columnar
A. Simple aquamous (Simple epithelium is found particularly in areas where things need to be secreted or absorbed)
Which definition of the pre-patent period is true? A. The period between infection with a parasite and the production of eggs or larvae by the adult parasite B. The period between the initiation of an infection and the appearance of clinical signs of a disease C. The period between infection with a parasite and the death of the parasite D. The period between infection with a parasite and death of the animal
A. The period between infection with a parasite and the production of eggs or larvae by the adult parasite (b. incubation period, preparent is production of eggs, d. no death)
Which is the most abundant plasma protein? A. Globulin B. Albumin C. Fibrinogen D. Hemaglobin
B. Albumin (Globulins & fibrinogen = plasma proteins, not the most abundant. Hemaglobin is found within blood cells, not a plasma protein)
Which of the following is the boundary between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue? A. Apical membrane B. Basement membrane C. Stratum basale D. Desmosomes
B. Basement membrane (Sits between epithelium and underlying tissues)
This image shows a microscopic section of a muscle cell with an intercalated disc. What type of muscle is this? A. Skeletal B. Cardiac C. Smooth D. Impossible to tell
B. Cardiac (Only Cardiac muscle has the intercalated discs)
Which of the following describes simple columnar epithelium? A. Cells are flattened and multilayered B. Cells are taller than wide and in a single layer C. Cells receive a direct blood supply from capillaries D. Only some cells are attached to the basement membrane
B. Cells are taller than wide and in a single layer (Think columns, a.) stratified squamous epithelium)
When dogs are infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica, these apical projections that sweep debris from the respiratory tract can be damaged. What are these apical structures called? A. Keratinocytes B. Cilia C. Microvilli D. Villi
B. Cilia (a. outer cells in epidermis, b. apical projection found on enterocytes in the gut, villi are the multinucleated finger like projections of the gut)
If a ewe ingests Veratrum californicum at day 14 of gestation, what would you expect to see in the lamb? A. The lamb will be normal B. Cyclopia C. Tracheal abnormalities D. Abnormalities in the limbs
B. Cyclopia (Ingestion of Veratrum around day 14 disrupts cell signaling during early gastrulation and at this stage, formation of the eyes and head will be most affected)
What do you think would be the main effect of damage to these apical projections? A. Inability to sweep intestinal contents down the gastrointestinal tract B. Decrease in the absorptive capacity of the gut C. Increased contact time with ingesta D. Increased fluid absorption by the gut
B. Decrease in the absorptive capacity of the gut (The function of microvilli is to increase the surface area and therefore absorptive capacity of the gut, so if microvilli are damaged, the absorptive capacity is decreased)
Recall from orientation, nasal mites can cause epistaxis (a bleeding nose) in dogs. Which category of parasites do nasal mites fit into? A. Endoparasites B. Ectoparasites
B. Ectoparasites (Live on the surface of the host mites are classified as ectoparasites)
Coming back to your dehydrated feline patient. What would you expect to see on blood tests for this cat? A. Electrolyte levels will be low because they have been lost with water B. Electrolyte levels should be normal if the kidneys are working C. Electrolyte levels will be high because water has been lost
B. Electrolyte levels should be normal if the kidneys are working (JUST REMEMBER THIS IS WILD but makes sense, the kidneys excrete electrolytes in a manner that is proportional to the amount of water deficit in the animal. This way, electrolyte levels do not become abnormally increased)
Which of the following is NOT one of the four tissue types of an adult animal? A. Epithelium B. Endoderm C. Connective tissue D. Nervous tissue E. Muscle
B. Endoderm (Endoderm is an embryonic germ layer, not an adult tissue type)
Which of the following lipids is correctly matched with its main function? A. Eicosanoids: chemical messengers carried in the bloodstream B. Glycolipids: provide insulation to axons in nerve cells C. Lipoproteins: major constituents of membranes D. Phospholipids: transport proteins in the blood
B. Glycolipids: provide insulation to axons in nerve cells (Eicosanoids are inflammatory mediators, lipoproteins are often transport proteins, and phospholipids are major components of membranes)
Which of the following would occur once a dairy cow begins lactation? A. Increased requirement for environmental heat sources as a result of decreases in metabolism B. Increased water loss (output) as a result of milk production and increased fecal output C. Decreased water loss (output) as the result of increased food intake D. Decreased water intake because metabolic water production compensates for loss of body water
B. Increased water loss (output) as a result of milk production and increased fecal output (During lactation, metabolism increases along with feed intake. Which increases milk production & fecal production which results in increased water loss (output) which must be balanced by increased water intake)
Which of the following is a protein-based hormone? A. Testosterone B. Insulin C. Estrogen D. Albumin
B. Insulin (Testosterone + estrogen are steroid hormones and albumin does not even go here)
Image A shows a normal chest radiograph of a dog. Image B shows a radiograph of a dog with pulmonary edema (shown by increased whiteness in the lungs in the top righthand corner). Edema is an abnormal increase in the volume of which type of fluid? A. Intracellular fluid B. Interstitial fluid C. Intravascular fluid D. Transcellular fluid
B. Interstitial fluid (Edema = accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space)
Which of the following options gives the correct percentage of body weight that is contained within each fluid compartment? A. Intracellular fluid: 20%, Interstitial fluid: 20%, Intravascular fluid: 20% B. Intracellular fluid: 40%, Interstitial fluid: 15%, Intravascular fluid: 5% C. Intracellular fluid: 60%, Interstitial fluid: 20%, Intravascular fluid: 20% D. Intracellular fluid: 20%, Interstitial fluid: 60%, Intravascular fluid: 20%
B. Intracellular fluid: 40%, Interstitial fluid: 15%, Intravascular fluid: 5% (Fluid accounts for about 60% of body, ICF = 2/3 fluid, interstitial fluid is 15%, intravascular is 5% of body weight, ICF is 2/3 of total body weight)
Which of the following components is the most influential factor in transmitting information from one cell to another? A. Specific ligand B. Ligand-receptor complex C. Second messenger D. Class of receptor
B. Ligand-receptor complex (The specific physiological information transmitted depends on the receptor/ligand complex and how the receptor changes shape upon binding its ligand. There are a limited number of receptor classes and numerous ligands that can interact with many different receptors. Not all receptors require second messengers)
Which organelle is responsible for breaking down and recycling aged cellular components? A. Peroxisome B. Lysosome C. Endosome D. Ribosome
B. Lysosome (peroxisomes are responsible for neutralizing free radicals, endosomes are transport mechanisms, ribosome are responsible for protein production)
The inside of the jugular vein is lined with which type of epithelium? A. Endothelium B. Mesothelium C. Epidermis D. Mesoderm
B. Mesothelium (Blood vessels are lined with endothelium)
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoal parasite that is a common cause of diarrhea in calves. It adheres to the apical surface of enterocytes (intestinal epithelial cells) and damages the apical projections on these cells. What type of apical projection is found on intestinal epithelium? A. Cilia B. Microvilli C. Villi D. Stereocilia
B. Microvilli (Microvilli surface projections found in gut cells. Cillia is found on respiratory epithelium, villi are the macroscopic finger like projections in the gut, stereocillia are found in the male repro tract)
Which is the first system to develop in an embryo? A. Cardiovascular B. Nervous C. Respiratory D. Musculoskeletal
B. Nervous (The nervous system is the first to develop (from neurulation onwards)
The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) arises from which of the following? A. Neural cord B. Neural tube C. Notochord D. Nototube
B. Neural tube (The notochord is the primordial structure which governs the events in neurulation, but it is the neural tube which eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord)
Which of the following nucleic acids is more prone to mistakes during replication? A. DNA B. RNA
B. RNA (Due to a lack of proofreading ability in the polymerase)
Ribosomes exist in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and are the protein factories of the cell. Why are ribosomes clinically important? A. Ribosomal storage disease is common in certain breeds of dog B. Ribosomes are a target of many antibacterial drugs C. Most anesthetic drugs work by binding to ribosomes D. Rupture of ribosomes can cause cell and tissue damage
B. Ribosomes are a target of many antibacterial drugs (Target of 50% of antibacterial drugs! Ribosomes do NOT store (lysomsomal storage disease), anesthetic drugs do not work by binding to ribosomes, ribosomes are proteins, do NOT rupture but are denatured)
There are many places in the animal body that contains a selectively permeable membrane for water. If water moves from "Side A" to "Side B", which side has the lowest osmotic pressure? A. Side A B. Side B C. Side C D. The membrane (Again sorry for no photos)
B. Side B (Osmotic pressure is the pressure that draws water towards an area in the body. The greater the osmotic pressure the more concentrated the area, the more water wants to move to that area)
Which of the following molecules can enter the cell via simple diffusion? A. Glucose B. Steroid hormones C. Chloride ions D. Food particles
B. Steroid hormones (non-polar and lipophilic, glucose is large and charged (carrier), chloride ions are charged (channel protein or ATP powered ion pump), food particles are too large to cross the cell membrane by diffusion-active transport (endocytosis)
What is main function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells? A. Protecting the cell membrane B. Storage of calcium C. Sliding against other filaments to enable muscle contraction D. Creating the appearance of striations in the cell
B. Storage of calcium (Endomysium: protecting the cell membrane, Actin + myosin: sliding against other filaments to enable muscle contraction, Sarcomeres: creating the appearance of striations in the cell)
The central dogma of cell biology asserts that 'DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes proteins.' Which of the following terms describes the process of making mRNA from DNA? A. Translation B. Transcription C. Replication D. RNAification
B. Transcription (Transcription = mRNA from DNA Translation = making proteins from mRNA Replication of DNA)
Which of the following is MOST accurate? A. Cancer is a genetic disease and always heritable B. Tumors arise from the accumulation of mutations C. Replicative risk remains constant with age D. Mutation caused by errors in DNA replication are predictable
B. Tumors arise from the accumulation of mutations (risk increases with age and that errors in replication are stochastic (random)
The desert-dwelling Kangaroo Rat can derive up to 100% of its water needs from metabolic water. Which definition best describes metabolic water? A. Water obtained from drinking B. Water obtained from the Krebs cycle and electron transfer chain C. Water obtained from food D. Water obtained from anerobic respiration
B. Water obtained from the Krebs cycle and electron transfer chain (Metabolic water is derived from chemical reactions (oxidative phosphorylation) in the mitochondria)
Which type of fat is abundant in newborns and hibernating animals but rare in the adults of most veterinary species? a.) Brown adipose tissue b.) Yellow adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue (Higher amount of mitochondria, common in animals that hibernate and adult mice, yellow would mean Ichtric: jaundice (liver disease))
Bonus question! If this cat was 10% dehydrated, approximately how much fluid needs to be replaced to treat the cat's dehydration? The cat weighs 11lb (5kg). A. 5 liters (5L = 5000mL) B. 2.5 liters (0.25L = 2500mL) C. 0.5 liters (0.5L = 500mL) D. 0.25 liters (0.25L = 250mL)
C. 0.5 liters (0.5L = 500mL) (Body weight (kg) x % dehydration = volume (L) to correct. so 5.0 kg x 0.010 = 0.48 = 0.50 L )
Which of the following is a characteristic of ion-channel receptors that best distinguishes them from enzyme-associated receptors? A. Becomes activated by ligand binding B. Involved in normal physiological processes C. Allows passage of molecules into the cell D. Located in the plasma cell membrane
C. Allows passage of molecules into the cell (Only ion-channel receptors are channel proteins that allow passage of molecules into the cell.)
Which of the following statements correctly describes a commensal organism? A. An organism that directly causes disease to a host B. An organism that relies on host cells for replication and protein production C. An organism that colonizes host tissue but does not cause disease D. An organism that relies on the host for nutrients, at the detriment of the host
C. An organism that colonizes host tissue but does not cause disease (A. Pathogen, B. Virus, D. Parasite)
Some forms of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) can particularly affect the white matter of the central nervous system. What structures would you expect to find in white matter? A. Neuronal cell bodies B. Purkinje cell bodies C. Axons D. Clusters of Nissl substance
C. Axons (Grey matter contains neuronal cell bodies, white matter contains axons and glial cells of the CNS. Nissl substance is found within the cell bodies of neurons, so it will not be found in white matter)
Which of the following best describes the role of a ligand in cell communication? A. Undergoes conformational change which initiates a chain of events B. Phosphorylates proteins to transmit signals intracellularly C. Binds to receptor and functions as a signaling molecule D. Activates G protein by exchanging GDP for GTP
C. Binds to receptor and functions as a signaling molecule (A ligand is a chemical mediator signal that binds the receptor to transmit the signal into a cell. Receptors undergo conformational changes upon binding of the ligand. Kinases phosphorylate proteins, and GPCRs activate G proteins upon binding by the ligand)
Which of the following is a derivative of ectoderm? A. Blood cells B. Lining of the gastrointestinal tract C. Brain D. Muscle
C. Brain (Blood cells are derived from mesoderm, the lining of the GIT is derived from endoderm, the CNS.)
The Reid Park Zoo in Tucson has received a large donation of hay to be used as a food source for the animals. The giraffes, elephants, and antelopes will be able to eat this grass while the lions and panthers will not. Which polysaccharide is present in hay that cannot be utilized as an energy source by carnivores? A. Starch B. Glucose C. Cellulose D. Lactose
C. Cellulose (Herbivores have microbes in their gut which are able to digest cellulose --> converted into pyruvate + volatile fatty acids to use as energy. Carnivores do not possess these microbes, nor the enzymes to breakdown cellulose)
Which part of the neuron is the arrow pointing to? Just imagine a picture of a neuron and its pointing to a dendrite? A. Cell body B. Myelin C. Dendrite D. Axon
C. Dendrite (The part of the neuron that extends from the cell body to receive signals from other cells is the dendrites. Collectively, they are the dendrites. Myelin is the clumps of glycolipid that wrap around the axon terminal, and the axon is the elongated conducting area of the neuron.)
Which of the following is an example of a nuclear receptor ligand? A. Calcium ion B. Epinephrine C. Estrogen D. Morphine
C. Estrogen (Hormones including thyroid, cortisol and estrogen all bind nuclear receptors. Epinephrine and morphine bind GPCRs, and calcium ion activates many enzymes within a cell)
Feline chin acne occurs when sebaceous gland follicles become plugged with material. These blocked glands can become infected and require treatment. Sebaceous glands are an example of holocrine glands. Which of the following describes holocrine glands? A. Excrete their compounds without damaging the cell B. Bud off a portion of their cell membranes to form the secretion C. Excrete their contents by cell rupture D. Excrete directly into the bloodstream
C. Excrete their contents by cell rupture (a. merocine b. apocrine d. describes endocrine glands)
Sodium and potassium are important electrolytes in the body. What are the two ways that they can cross the cell membrane to enter a cell? A. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion B. Simple diffusion and ion channels C. Facilitated diffusion and ion channels D. Facilitated diffusion and endocytosis
C. Facilitated diffusion and ion channels (Literally the Sodium Potassium Pump...charged moles, sodium, and potassium cannot cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion, not too large for endocytosis, go by facilitated diffusion or against the concentration gradient)
Which virulence factor is produced by both bacteria and fungi? A. Protease, which is an enzyme that breaks down protein B. Pili, which aids adhesion to host cells C. Flagellum, which aids motility D. Membrane bound organelles
C. Flagellum, which aids motility (A & B no because fungi do not possess these virulence factors, D no virulence factor and bacteria have no membrane bound organelles)
Each protein formed in your patient's body is unique, with a specific structure and function. Which of the following proteins is matched with its correct function? A. Enzymes - Structural proteins B. Collagen - Catalyze reactions C. Hemoglobin - Transports oxygen in the blood D. Insulin - Immunological defense system
C. Hemoglobin - Transports oxygen in the blood (Enzymes catalyze reactions, collagen is a structural protein, and insulin is a hormone involved in cell communication)
If you were to provide this cat with intravenous fluids, which type of fluid would be most likely to cause the cat's red blood cells to fill with water and burst? A. Hypertonic saline B. Isotonic saline C. Hypotonic saline
C. Hypotonic saline (Hypotonic fluids have lower osmotic pressure than red blood cells, which would cause water to move from the fluid into the cell and cause cell swelling/rupture (THINK OF PIKACU PIC)
Which of the following terms best describes the type of cellular communication represented in B?This diagram represents cells releasing chemical mediators to communicate with other cells, and from left to right, the cells are A, B and C. A. Apocrine B. Autocrine C. Endocrine D. Paracrine (Sorry about the no pictures :( )
D. Paracrine (Autocrine = same cell, paracrine = neighbor cell, endocrine = bloodstream, apocrine is glands)
The morula stage of embryonic development is where the embryo ___________ A. Has not yet cleaved. B. Has cleaved into 2 cells C. Is a solid ball of cells D. Is a hollow sphere
C. Is a solid ball of cells (The zygote is a fertilized egg that then cleaves into an embryo, but it is not a solid ball of cells. Once it becomes a solid ball of cells, it is then called the morula. A hollow sphere is the blastocyst. 1. Fertilization: A zygote is formed as a single cell when an egg and a sperm cell fuse. 2. Cleavage and embryo formation: The zygote begins cell division (cleavage) to become a multicellular embryo. Cells divide and the cell number increases, but the embryo stays the same size (this means that the cells are decreasing in size as they divide). As this process is occurring, the embryo is travelling down the oviduct to the uterus. The speed at which this happens depends on the animal species. When the embryo resembles a ball of cells, it is called a morula.)
Adenosine triphosphate, the main source of energy used in cells, is which type of compound? A. Protein B. Lipid C. Nucleotide D. Amino acid
C. Nucleotide (phosphate group + sugar + notrogenous base) ATP = nucleotide (modified)
Which type of cell is responsible for myelination of axons in the central nervous system? A. Astrocytes B. Neurons C. Oligodendrocytes D. Choroid plexus epithelial cells
C. Oligodendrocytes (Astrocytes: repair of injury in the CNS, Neurons: transmission of electrical and chemical signals, choroid plexus epithelial cells: secrete CSF
Which components are the main facilitators of transport across the cell membrane? A. Phospholipids B. Cholesterol C. Proteins D. Glycolipids
C. Proteins (Proteins are channel or carrier proteins, or ion pumps, the phospholipid bilayer is the structural backbone to the cell membrane, cholesterol is flexibility, glycolipids are involved in cell communication)
Chromosomes are duplicated during which phase of the cell cycle? A. G1 phase B. prophase C. S phase D. metaphase
C. S phase (chromosomes are DNA, DNA is duplicated/synthesized during S phase)
Which of the following sites in the body would be expected to harbor commensals? A. Brain B. The pleural space C. Skin D. Upper urinary tract
C. SKIN The brain is a sterile site and should not harbor commensals so a) is incorrect. Similarly, the thoracic cavity (pleural space) should not harbor commensals so b) is incorrect. The upper urinary tract (bladder and kidneys) may occasionally harbor very low numbers of commensals, but of the options given, C is the best answer because skin always has commensals
The image shows the epithelium that lines the collecting ducts in the medulla of the kidney. Identify the type of epithelium. A. Pseudostratified cuboidal B. Simple columnar C. Simple cuboidal D. Simple squamous (Sorry peeps)
C. Simple cuboidal (This image shows parallel rows of cuboidal epithelial cells lining collecting ducts in the medulla of the kidney. The cells are square (cuboidal) with central basophilic nuclei. The epithelial cells exhibit distinct polarity. Their apical membrane lines the lumen of the duct, whereas their basal membrane contacts a basal lamina, that is not clearly visible by light microscopy. The epithelium is said to be simple because it is composed of a single layer (monolayer) of cells. None of the other types of epithelia describes the morphology of these urinary collecting ducts)
Which type of muscle cell is not striated? A. Skeletal B. Cardiac C. Smooth D. They are all striated
C. Smooth (honestly do not overthink this)
What is a key differentiating factor between prions and viruses? A. None, the only difference is in clinical signs seen in the animal B. Prions contain more than one protein while viruses are a single protein C. Viruses contain genetic material, prions do not D. Prions contain genetic material, viruses do not
C. Viruses contain genetic material, prions do not (A. incorrect because there is a different between viruses and prions, b. prions only one protein, virus have more, c. prions are simple agents made of a misfolded protein)
Which of the following is an example of connective tissue? (I apologize the next couple were not available on Vet Med Hub so I had to take them from my notes)
Cartilage
What types of cells are responsible for making hyaline cartilage?
Chondrocytes (Cartilage, cytes indicate a more mature form of a cell)
Vitamin C deficiency leads to problems in the biosynthesis of which connective tissue component?
Collagen
Which term best describes the process by which an extracellular signal that does not cross the plasma membrane leads to an intracellular response? A. Cell proliferation B. DNA transcription C. Protein phosphorylation D. Signal transduction
D. Signal transduction (the process by which an extracellular signal which does not cross the plasma membrane leads to intracellular response.)
Due to it being the most common extracellular ion, which would be the most important electrolyte to supplement in your fluid replacement plan for this cat? A. Sulphate B. Magnesium C. Selenium D. Sodium
D. Sodium (Sodium is the most prevalent electrolyte)
What is a 'totipotent' cell? A. Another term for neural crest cells B. A cell that is pre-destined for a particular cell type in the body, like the heart. C. A cell that lives forever D. A cell that can differentiate into any of the three germ lines
D. A cell that can differentiate into any of the three germ lines (Totipotent cells can divide and differentiate into any cell type)
What is the BEST definition of a virulence factor? Virulence factors are produced by a microorganism that: A. Allows them to move around B. Enables adhesion to host tissues C. Allows evasion host immunity D. Facilitates the creation of disease
D. Facilitates the creation of disease (A & C virulence factors, D is the best example of what virulence factor is)
Which of following best describe the action of opioids in regulating cAMP? A. Hydrolysis of cAMP by PDE B. Activation of adenylyl cyclase C. Conversion of cAMP to ATP D. Inhibition of cAMP production
D. Inhibition of cAMP production (Opioids bind to inhibitory GPCRs (opioid receptors) that activate the Gαi subunit of an inhibitory G protein to inhibit cAMP production.)
Which body compartment contains the highest proportion of total body water? A. Intravascular fluid B. Interstitial fluid C. Extracellular fluid D. Intracellular fluid
D. Intracellular fluid (ICF contains 2/3 of total body water, which is the highest proportion of the body compartments)
The photo depicts that the cell contents are outside of the cell (to the left), suggesting membrane breakdown. What stage? A. Mitosis (M-phase) B. Apoptosis C. Synthesis (S-phase) D. Necrosis
D. Necrosis (end stage of necrosis. All of the other choices maintain normal cell membrane integrity and structure)
Parvovirus is a common cause of severe gastrointestinal disease in puppies. Which characteristic of parvovirus is the specific reason why parvovirus is hardy in the environment? A. DNA virus B. RNA virus C. Enveloped virus D. Non-enveloped virus
D. Non-enveloped virus (a. parvo is DNA but no b. parvo is not a RNA c. parvo not enveloped)
Which of the following options correctly describes the electrolytes that are most common in each body fluid compartment? A. Sodium: intracellular fluid, potassium: intravascular fluid B. Sodium: intravascular fluid, chloride: intracellular fluid C. Sodium: intracellular fluid, chloride: intravascular fluid D. Sodium: intravascular fluid, potassium: intracellular fluid
D. Sodium: intravascular fluid, potassium: intracellular fluid (Sodium is the most common electrolyte/ion in intravascular fluid, potassium is the most common intracellular electrolyte/ion)
This is an electron microscope image of a cell from the adrenal cortex. The cell has abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum. What is the most likely function of a cell with abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A. Synthesis of proteins for signaling pathways B. Packaging of proteins for signaling pathways C. Filtration of large proteins D. Synthesis of lipids for steroid hormone production
D. Synthesis of lipids for steroid hormone production (Protein synthesis = rought ER, packing is Golgi body, filtration is at the cell membrane)
Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that can be identified by the position of their nucleus, which is usually pushed to one side rather than being centrally located. Plasma cells are also recognizable because of the pale zone around their nucleus, which is known as the 'perinuclear halo' (black arrow). Which organelle creates the effect of the perinuclear halo? A. The peroxisome, which is storing water B. The lysosome, which is storing water C. The mitochondrion, which is producing ATP D. The Golgi apparatus, which is packaging proteins
D. The Golgi apparatus, which is packaging proteins (peroxisome nor lysosome are made to store water, mitochondria are too small to see, golgi appartus to help ID plasma cells)
Dehydration is a common clinical presentation in veterinary medicine (especially in Arizona!). This is an important condition to correct, because which of the following is normally the most numerous molecule in your patient's cell? A. Lipid B. Nucleic acid C. Protein D. Water
D. Water (99% of cellular molecules = water molecules, water 70% of the total wet-weight of the cell.)
Which of the following sentences best describes what parasitism is? A. Where two species live together, but one of the pair invariably dies as a result of the relationship B. Where two species live together, each to the detriment of the other C. Where two species live together, each dependent on the other for their mutual well-being and survival D. Where two species live together, and one of the pair is living at the expense of the other
D. Where two species live together, and one of the pair is living at the expense of the other (a. one animal does not necessarily have to die, c. symbiosis, b. hosts do not have a negative effect on a parasite, it is positive)
True or false: Elastic fibers are compressed of type III collagen fibers?
False (Reticular is type III Elastic fibers are made of elastin)
True or false: The zygote is a ball of cells that is the stage that is commonly used for embryo transfer in cattle.
False (The blastocyst or morula, not the zygote, are used for embryo transfer in cattle. The stage of embryo that is flushed depends on the plan for said embryo (freezing v vitrification v fresh transfer), the true age of the embryo itself, and the uterine environment.)
True or false: The muscles that allow stretch of the bladder wall are under voluntary control.
False (Muscles of the bladder wall are smooth muscle, only the external urethral sphincter is under voluntary control (skeletal muscle) in the urinary tract)
What is the most common cell type of connective tissue which synthesizes the collagen and ground substance of the extracellular matrix? a.) Fibroblasts b.) Macrophages c.) Chondroblast d.) Blastocytes
Fibroblast: make fibers, elongated, producing collagen fibers (Macrophagous: Phagocytosis (eats stuff) Chondroblast: Immature chondrocytes Blastocysts: Embryology)
What is the name of the material composed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans which occupies the space between the cellular and fiber elements of connective tissue?
Ground substance
Where in the body would you expect to find fibrocartilage?
Intervertebral Discs (Auricular: hyline Ear and epiglottis: elastic)
Which cells are the phagocytes that are found in connective tissue?
Macrophages (Mononuclear Kupffer cells in the liver, alveolar in the lungs, microglia of CNS Phagocytosis foregin material and are antigen presenting cells)
True or false: Gram positive bacteria have a thick cell wall, while Gram negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and an additional outer layer called lipopolysaccharide.
True (The difference is the cell wall, positive thick wall (purple stain) and negative have a thin wall (pink stain))
TRUE or FALSE: Double strand breaks are the most damaging form of DNA damage because there is no template strand, which can lead to the most problematic mutations (genomic rearrangements).
True (double strand breaks are the most damaging form of DNA damage due to their induction of apoptosis or the development of cancer secondary to genomic rearrangements. these are also the most troublesome to repair, as there is no template strand to utilize in repair)
True or false: blood vessels do not penetrate the basement membrane of epithelium
True (Epithelial tissue is avascular - capillaries do not penetrate the basement membrane)
Scurvy is a disease that can occur in humans and guinea pigs because they are unable to synthesize which vitamin?
Vitamin C (NEED FRUIT AND VEGGIES)
The majority of cells in the pancreas have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. What is the most likely primary function of a cell with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum? a.) Energy production b.) Lipid metabolism c.) Waste disposal d.) Protein production and secretion
d.) Protein production and secretion (Energy production not a major function of rER, rough ER is lipid metabolism, waste disposal is the lysosomes job)