Fowler History Exam
What did the field of medicine demonstrate about the nature of learning in the early medieval world?
A distinct division existed between the learned culture of Latin built on the knowledge of the ancient world and the local traditions and popular knowledge of healing
What was one of the central components of the Italian Renaissance?
A glorification of individual genius
What was a classic symptom of the Bubonic Plague?
A growth in the armpit, groin, or neck
What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre lead to?
A lengthy civil war
What did Greek city-states rely on for protection?
A militia of citizens
According to Machiavelli, what was the primary function of a ruler?
A ruler should use whatever mean necessary to protect the state
What best defines the Mycenaean society of mainland Greece during the Bronze Age?
An early Greek-speaking warrior society dominated by various kingdoms
Wat was the primary military innovation of the Assyrians?
Applying technology to warfare and building extensive siege machinery
How did attitudes toward same-sex relations change from the early to High Middle Ages?
Authorities in the early Middle Ages were little concerned with same-sex relationships, but in the High Middle Ages such relationships became capital crimes
What belief did the Roman Empire and early Christianity share?
Both believed themselves participants in universal enterprise
How did the development of the Magyars in Hungary parallel the development of the Carolingians in France?
Both built an alliance with the papacy to support royal authority
How did Gaius Marius transform the Roman military?
By permitting landless men to serve in the army, he tapped a reservoir of idle manpower
Where did Hannibal win his greatest victory?
Cannae
The main challenge to Roman control of the Mediterranean in the third century came from:
Carthage
What is the same of the Phoenician colonial trade city established on the North African Coast in what is now modern Tunisia?
Carthage
Roman poetry and prose during the "golden age" was characterized by what?
Celebration of the dignity of humanity
Paul of Tarsus believed that:
Christ's teachings should be proclaimed to all
What was the goal of the plebeians in demanding the Law of the Twelve Tables?
Codification and publication of the law code so that the patricians would not have a monopoly on legal knowledge
What battle provided the English King Edward III a tremendous victory over mounted French knights in 1346?
Crécy
Which female social group suffered from a higher risk of rape or coercion?
Domestic servants
The concept of opposition and struggle that we see in Zoroastrianism between the deities Ahuramazda (good) and Angra Mainyu (Ahriman-evil) is identified by scholars as what?
Dualism
What was the most important source of information on the life of Jesus?
Four Gospels of the New Testament
How did Augustus seek to promote childbearing?
Free women were released from male guardianship if they gave birth to a certain number of children
During what period of Greek history did population decline and trade decrease?
Greek Dark Age
What term identifies race in the Renaissance?
Grouping of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors
What were some characteristics of Girolami Savonarola?
He came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority
How did Vespasian prevent others from claiming the throne?
He designated his sons as his successors, thereby establishing the Flavian dynasty
How did Charles the Simple in France buy off of a large Viking attack fleet?
He gave the Vikings a large section of northern France
As the Roman Empire expanded, how did the emperor seek to accommodate the soldiers on the frontiers?
He permitted non-Romans to become soldiers
The heavily armored Greek infantry who fought in a phalanx- a close rectangular formation- were called what?
Hoplites
What type of slave was most likely to be given freedom?
Household slaves
How did the rights of Islamic women in the Middle Ages compare to the right of Christian women in Europe?
Islamic women retained greater control over their property than Christian women did
What was the importance of the Frankish victory at the Battle of Poitiers?
It halted Muslim expansion into Europe
What statement describes the role that the vassal-lord relationship provided in medieval society?
It provided some political structure in a society with little political cohesiveness
What was the importance of the Roman victory at Zama?
It secured Roman dominance of the Western Mediterranean
What was a characteristic of the Assyrian empire?
It was largely forgotten until nineteenth-century archeologists rediscovered the city of Nineveh
How did the early Muslims understand Jesus?
Jesus was a religious prophet who performed miracles and continued the work of Abraham and Moses, but he was not divine
The early followers of Jesus, before the conversion of Paul of Tarsus, were mostly:
Jews
How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the fourteenth century?
Jews and lepers were accused of poisoning wells to kill Christians, and, as a result, many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined
Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal moveable print?
Johann Gutenburg
What was the relationship between Judaism and the Hebrew state in the ancient world?
Judaism focused on the individual, not the elite, so religion often existed separately of politics.
How did the Assyrians organize the different parts of their empire?
Lands close to Assyria became provinces governed by Assyrian officials, while those farther out were made dependent states in which the Assyrians chose their rulers
How did the arrival of the Sea People affect Egypt?
Long wars against the invaders weakened and impoverished Egypt, leading it to focus on its own defense
How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?
Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices
What were the Lutheran and Calvinists attitudes toward secular rulers?
Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly
What is the economic system where peasant residents of a manor provide labor and goods for their lord in return for protection?
Manorialism
How did the little ice age and the agrarian crises that followed in the fourteenth century affect the population size of farms and rural villages?
Many were forced to abandon their homesteads to search for food or work, and the rural population decreased
What 940 B.C. battle resulted in an Athenian victory against an overwhelming Persian force?
Marathon
What two different Christian groups competed for the conversion of England?
Missionaries oriented to Rome and Celtic monks from Ireland
What was the population of the city of Rome during the Golden Age?
Nearly one million
The Persians were descended from what groups of horseback-riding people from the steppes of Asia?
Nomadic Indo-Europeans
Spartan society, under the recommendation of the lawgiver Lycurgus, altered itself in what way?
Non-noble males were granted equal status with nobles
Which of the following groups joined in the Jacquerie rebellion in France, killing nobles and destroying noble property?
Peasants and small merchants
What people of the region were identified as the "Purple People" in the text, a Greek word which identifies this society's production of purple and blue textiles?
Phoenicians
How did Pippin III alter the nature of kingship among the Franks?
Pippin received the papal anointment, which created a significant alliance between the monarch and papacy
What was the name given to the Catholic and Huguenot moderates in France?
Politiques
What French word was used to describe the "rebirth" of the culture of classical antiquity?
Renaissance
Under ruler Darius I, the Persian Empire was divided into administrative districts. These areas would be ruled by Persians or local nobles. What were these areas called?
Satraps
In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?
Securing reconciliation with the Protestants
What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman?
The Courtier
What people occupied areas of central Italy and influenced the fledgeling Latin tribes settling on the Tiber River?
The Etruscans
Why did Flemish merchants support the English during the Hundred Years' War?
The Flemish and English economies were interdependent because of the wool trade
How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?
The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere
What was the most significant religious order founded in the wake of the Protestant Reformation?
The Jesuits
Around the first century C.E., which was a prediction associated with the Jewish tradition of militant apocalyptism?
The Messiah would soon return, destroy the Roman legions, and bring happiness and plenty to the Jews
What best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtú?
The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will
In the third century C.E., there were numerous emperors, seizing power by assassination and then being assassinated. What this period known as?
The age of barracks emperors
What was a notable feature of the Mycenaean Greeks?
The built palaces that served as economic centers in which artisans crafted fine objects and ornaments.
What role did the clan play in Arabic society?
The clan was the basic social unit defined by blood relations through the male line that expected loyalty from its members and in return provided protection and support
What was the basis of Charlemagne's political power?
The cooperation of the Frankish aristocracy
Who were the patricians in the early Roman republic?
The hereditary aristocracy
What characterizes Joan of Arc's experience in the French military?
The king made her co-commander of the army, and she led it to a string of victories
What occurred under serfdom?
The peasant gave the lord a percentage of the annual harvest
What was the main issue in the Struggle of the Orders?
The plebeians' efforts to obtain recognition of their rights
What was the underlying principle of Roman law?
The protection of citizens' lives and property
What was the Parthenon?
The temple on the Acropolis dedicated to Athena
What did the Athenians do when the island of Melos refused to submit to Athens during a period of truce in the Peloponnesian War?
They conquered the city, killing all men of military age and selling the women and children into slavery
What was a key attribute of Greek mystery cults?
They forbade adherents to share their beliefs and practices with the uninitiated
Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?
They held strong anti-German feelings
What was a characteristic of the rebellions that swept across Europe in the late fourteenth century and early fifteenth century?
They involved both rural and urban laboring people
Why did some Europeans object to the sale of Europeans to Arabs?
They objected Christians being sold to non-Christians
How did the Assyrians carve out their extensive empire?
They remained constantly at war, fighting and conquering opponents in every direction.
What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?
They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance
What was the main purpose of the Carolingian Renaissance?
To promote an understanding of Scriptures and of Christian writers
The alliance of the seven northern Dutch provinces against Spain was known as:
Union of Utrecht
In the early republic, which social group comprised he patricians?
Wealthy landowners
Which of people were most likely to benefit from a humanist education?
Wealthy urban men
What was the central issue in the Social War (91-91 B.C.)?
Whether to grant Roman citizenship to all Italians
How did women's role in religion change as Jewish society developed settled agriculture?
Women found their religious roles increasingly more centered on the home
Which of the following describes the role of Roman women in childbearing?
Women nursed their children and personally saw to their welfare, refusing to delegate maternal duties
According to the Hebrew tradition, Passover marked:
Yahweh sparing the first-born sons from Hebrew homes in Egypt that had painted the doors with the blood of sacrificed lambs
What was an outcome of improved ship design in 1300?
Year-round shipping
During the age of the five good emperors, the Roman army was:
a source of economic stability and Romanization
Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany:
appealed to the national sentiment of German princes
The works of Homer:
contained poetic tales of Legendary heroes in an idealized past.
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile:
created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state
The Phoenicians' greatest cultural achievement was the:
creation of an alphabet
John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would:
detract from the sovereignty of God
One important mode of influencing public opinion, used by the English and French Kings during the Hundred Years' War, was:
instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons
In handling legal cases involving both Romans and foreigners, the praetors developed a body of law known as:
law of the peoples, or ius gentium
In 494 B.C., tribunes were established, who were:
magistrates elected by the consul
The Statue of Kilkenny attempted to:
maintain an ethnic purity of the English living in Ireland by preventing intermarriage or cultural assimilation
In early Renaissance Italy, art:
manifested corporate power
The Sophists argued that:
nothing is absolute, that everything is relative
In general, the relationship between Christians and Rome was characterized by:
phases of toleration, with sporadic outbursts of persecution
The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by:
promoting peace and social order at the local level
The disillusion of the English monasteries:
resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth
Notable about the Minoans was that they:
served as a central trade link as they voyages throughout the eastern Mediterranean region
The most important impetus for Greek overseas expansion was:
social and political tensions caused by a growing population with inadequate land
They key to the Assyrians' success in conquering and controlling their empire was their:
sophisticated military organization
The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to:
target Jewish converts to Christianity who were believed to continue Jewish religious practice
The immediate cause of the English peasant rebellion of 1381 was:
the collection of a tax on all adult males
The Reformation in England was primarily the result of:
the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII
According to the text, Thomas More's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that:
the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficial government
The Romans adopted what from the Etruscans?
their alphabet
The greatest weakness of the Greek city-states was:
their difficulty in cooperation with one another
Martin Luther's first response to the Peasant's War was
to side with the peasants
Before Augustus, the term imperator:
was an honorific for a victorious general
After having unified Persia and Media, Cyrus the Great sought to:
win control of the Western terminal ports of the trade routes that crossed Iran and Anatolia
In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that:
women's sphere of activity was private and domestic
