french revolution/napoleon

flight to varennes

King Louis XVI and his families attempt to escape paris; made it only to Varennes where they were arrested and put on house arrest. End of French Monarchy tried to flee france

louis xvi

King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. couldn't adapt to the age of enlightenment, stuck in the past executed for treason in the insurrection, after found letters plotting against revolutionaries with austria

girondin

Moderate faction among the leaders of the French Revolution. Delegates in the National Convention who favored a republic but feared domination by Paris.

napoleon bonaparte

(1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena. from corsica won respect in the british seize of toulon promised honor glory and riches

french revolution

1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.

estates general

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. Louis called to raise money for the clergy met in versailles, shut out the clergy,

declaration of the rights of man and citizen

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens lafayette*?

national assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

marquis de lafayette

French hero, who fought alongside Washington during the American Revolution, and was a strong advocate of the French Revolution. Helped write the Declaration of Rights of Man.

emigres

French nobility who fled country to escape the Revolution

alexander i

peace of tilsit the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825) gave napoleon power of central europe

jean paul marat

sans-culottes Moderate who wrote "Friend of the People" (a pro-revolution newspaper) and was considered the voice of the French Revolution in its early stages. He was assassinated in the bathtub

jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

napoleonic code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

the great fear

After an angry mob of French citizens stormed and destroyed the Bastille, a prison, rebellion spread from Paris into the countryside. From one village to the next, wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants. A wave of senseless panic called the Great Fear rolled through France. summer before the revolution

emmanuel sieyes

A liberal member of the clergy, supporter of the Third Estate, and author of the fiery 1789 pamphlet "What Is the Third Estate?" Sieyès was one of the primary leaders of the Third Estate's effort at political and economic reform in France.

whiff of grapeshot

A phrase said by Napoleon after he defeated revolts of the French people in Paris in October 1795. The revolts were intended to bring down the Directory that came to power after the execution of Robespierre. As a result of his defense of Paris he is named General and given command of the armies in Egypt. saved the government

tennis court oath

A promise made by the members of the National Assembly to stay together until they had written a constitution for France; this was the first deliberate act of the revolution (treason) want a republic with a constitutional monarchy

thermidorian reaction

A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls. ended the reign of terror

stamp act

An act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

plebiscite

Ballot in which voters have a direct say on an issue elections one made the new napoleon consitution to power by a landslide --> allowed back in emmigres from exile, released political prisoners, centralized the government

committee of public safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

banque de France

Established by Napoleon, National Bank, leading to same currency and easier trading

congress of vienna

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. Reinstated louis 18 as king of france

legion of honor

In 1802 Napolean founded this to honor soldiers and civilians who had made contributions to France. a way to get in favor with napoleon awarded to people who earned honor, weren't born into it

bastille day *date?

July 14, 1789 Commemorates the beginning of the French Revolution. A large armory and state prison in the center of Paris that a mob of sans-culottes (commoners) sacked on July 14, 1789, giving the masses arms for insurrection. had little practical consequence, but it was an enormous symbolic act against the ancien régime, inspired the revolutionaries, and is still celebrated today as the French holiday.

assignats

In December of 1789 this was a paper currency issued by the Constituent Assembly which had confiscated church property and issued this paper money based on this land. Initially could just by land with it though later it was used as a general currency. Supposed to help ease the difficulties of peasants but all sorts of problems with it - overissued plus easily forged.

georges danton

Moderate during the French Revolution who was originally pro-Robespierre, but eventually started to speak out against Robespierre and was executed first president of the committee of public safety

concordat of 1801

Napoleon's arrangement with Pope Pius VII to heal religious division in France with a united Catholic church under bishops appointed by the government changed religious leaders to the clergy wanted to eliminate religion being in the government

continental system

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy. failed because europe still wanted to trade with Europe

100 days

Period of time when Napoleon returned to France a year after his exile to Elba and restored himself as emperor for a few months. He was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo

horatio nelson

Powerful British admiral that was one of Napoleon's biggest rivals and defeated him in the Battle of Trafalgar

marie antoinette

Queen of France, wife of King Louis XVI; she was queen during the French Revolution and disliked by many French citizens. She was found guilty of treason and guillotined. from austria

marseillaise

The French National Anthem

directory

The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power (1795-1799) emmanuel sieyes paul barras

reign of terror

The period from mid 1793 to mid 1794, when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed.

marie louise

When Napoleon divorced Josephine he then formed an alliance with the Austrian royal family by marrying Marie Louise. She is the grandniece of Marie Antoinette. In 1811, she gave birth to a son, Napoleon II, whom Napoleon named king of Rome. (Austria later on declared war despite Napoleon's marriage to Marie).

march on versailles

When market women and revolutionary militants attacked Versailles and forced Louis XVI to move to Paris where he could be better watched. This moved the National Assembly with him, and subjected its member to the liberal ideas of Paris.

maximillien robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins.

jacques necker

a financial advisor to louis xvi that suggested that he reduce court spending, reform the government, and abolish tariffs on internal trade; suggestion that 1st and 2nd estates pay taxes leads to his dismissal as well as Marie Antoinette

barras

a mentor figure to napoleon, cast off his mistress josephine to napoleon, political french figure. in the directory

peace of amiens 1802

agreement between France and Britain not to fight and be peaceful, lasted until napoleon broke it

louis xviii

comes to power after napoleons exile in france

waterloo

duke of wellington: british Arthur Wellesley, defeated napoleon The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power

ancien regime

enlightenment ideals realized liberte egalite fraternite monarchy system of france until the revolution

thomas jefferson

enlightenment reasoning against absolute monarchy, was in paris influencing influenced the declaration of the rights of man and citizen

national convention

first universal male suffrage to elect a leader in france

grande armee

fleet that went into russia, almost all died half a million to 20 thousand

lycee

french government-run public schools created by napoleon, power because he controlled education and what people learned

republicans

jacobins vs. girondins wanted a french republic with a constitutional monarchy

charlotte corday

killed marat, girondins sympathizer

battle of the pyramids

napoleons first loss to horatio nelson in egypt

joseph bonapart

napoleons older brother who became emperor of spain

coup d'etat

sudden overthrow of the government resulted from the battle of the pyramids overthrow of the government and the creation of the three consuls by napoleon and sieyes --> napoleon becomes the first consul, then consul for life, then emporer attempted when napoleon was in egypt, royalist vs. anitroyalist

bourgoise

upper class of the third estate, educated working people, wanted change

josephine deBeauhamis

wife of napoleon, couldn't bear him children older, maintained a relationship with him