FRQ FINAL

Describe a specific example that clearly demonstrates an understanding of how each of the following concepts can lead to an inaccurate perception, cognition, or conclusion. Each example must include an explanation of the relationship between the concept and inaccuracy -Afterimage effect -Available heuristics -Ethnocentrism -Groupthink -Lack of object permanence -Nonrandom assignment of research participants -Optimistic explanatory style -Proactive interference

Afterimage effect- visual image that persists after stimulus is removed Because of the opponent processing the color receptors make the opposite responses to 3 color pairs (Red v. green, yellow v. blue, and black v. white) this could lead to an inaccurate perception because the opposite colors would be shown. Available heuristics- basing the estimated probability of an event of the ease with which relevant instances come to mind If Tom here's a politician say trump is smart then he will think that Trump's presidency will be good because he believe the politician. This is an inaccurate conclusion because Trump is not proven that he is smart, Tom only hurt it from a politician. Ethnocentrism- tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures A student who is from India and values education in India may look down upon a student from America because they believe that the Indian culture has better academics than Americans do because American do to school for a shorter amount of time. This could lead to an inaccurate conclusion because the length of school does not determine a person's intelligence Groupthink- members of a cohesive group emphasize conference at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision If the majority of a group emphasize a specific idea, then that might discourage an individual to voice his/her own opinion. If a group decides to jump off a bridge an not get hurt, then that would lead to an inaccurate cognition because that is very dangerous. However, since the group agree and no individual dissents the idea, then it is more likely that the whole group will go along with the idea to jump off the bridge. Lack of object permanence- the inability to recognize that objects still exist even when they can't be seen If an adult is playing Peek-a-boo with an enfant then the enfant would not get object permanence. They would actually think the person disappear, thus leading to an inaccurate cognition because the person is still there, however, cannot be seen Nonrandom assignment of research participants- participants are purposely placed in either the control or experimental group If boys and girls were split up during an experiment, and all boys were shown a violent movie and girls were shown a neutral movie, then it would be an inaccurate conclusion to say that boys are more violent based on this study. Optimistic explanatory style- tendency to explain uncontrollable negative events as caused by temporary factors external to oneself that do not affect other aspects of one's life. If someone gets rejected from a job, then he/she might explain this rejection because the people did not like him/her instead of him or her not being good enough for the job. This would be an inaccurate conclusion because the person didnt get rejected bc they weren't like, they go rejected for another reason Proactive interference- previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information If Jane learns that cars are red when she's young and then whens shes older she learns that cars are blue, then proactive interference would cause her challenge to say cars are blue because the previous information is stuck in her head. This would be an inaccurate cognition since cars are actually blue and her brain causes her to still think they are red

Human organism displays various reactions that are characterized by opposing tendencies. Use specific physiological or psychological mechanism to explain how each of the opposing processes apply -Appetite -ANS - Color vision -Drug use - Nerve firing

Appetite- the desire to eat Two opposing specific psychological mechanisms are hunger and 'fullness.' The hypothalamus controls hunger and when a person is hungry their glucose levels are low causing them to want to eat. Then when levels raise then that tells the body to stop eating. ANS- system of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands The opposing physiological mechanism would be the SNS and the PNS. The SNS activates during the fight or flight response and the PNS relaxes the body. Color vision- three receptors in the eye that a responsible to seeing color. The receptors are sensitive to specific wavelengths associated with red, green, and blue The opponent processing theory is a psychological theory in which color receptors make opposite responses to 3 pairs of color. (Red v. green, yellow v. blue, and black v. white) This explains the afterimages 'change' of color. Drug use- the use of drugs The psychological mechanisms associated with drug use is tolerance and withdrawal. Tolerance is a decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug. Withdrawal is the body's way of coping without a drug. Nerve firing- messages sent to control the body The physiological mechanisms associated with nerve firing is the release of electrical impulses in action potential and the refractory period. During the action potential negative ions are being released and reuptakes is the time period where impulses are not being sent because the cell is 'regrouping' for the next impulse.

Zoey wants to buy a new car but is having difficulty deciding what kind of car to buy. She is feeling anxious and wants to make a decision soon. Zoey visits several local car dealers and asks for the advice of some of her friends. Explain how each of the following could influence her decision Approach avoidance conflict Central route to persuasion Heuristics individualism Rationalization Self efficacy ANS Foot in the door phenomenon

Approach avoidance conflict- a conflict in which a choice must be made about whether to pursue a goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects She may see a car that she is contemplating buying. While it has some positive aspects, such as good warranty, color, and style, it may also have negative aspects, such as price or size. Zoey has an approach avoidance conflict as she attempts to decide if she wants to buy the car. Central route to persuasion- persuasion is based on the content and logic of the message If the salesman uses statistical data on the safety of the car and claims how comfortable it is to drive then it would appeal to Zoey because safety and comfortability is important in a car Heuristics- strategy (rule of thumb) used in solving problems or decision making Zoey could only be looking at cars that she likes. So if she prefers small cars then her solution to her problem of not having a car would be to look at small cars. Individualism- putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity by one's personal attributes not the groups Even though Zoey brings her friends and they say they like a green car. Zoey would be using an individualistic approach to her problem of buying a car if she disregarded what the group said and got a red car because she liked the color. Rationalization- creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior If the car is out of her price range, she may convince herself that it is okay because she is getting a paycheck at the end of the week, but really she cannot afford the car. Self efficacy- belief that one's behavior should lead to expected behavior If Zoey believes she has the ability to drive a big car even though she has never driven one before, this may influence her to buy a big car because she believes she will pick the best car for herself no matter what she chooses ANS- system of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands If Zoey is anxious her PNS will help her to relax since her friends are there to help her Foot in the door phenomenon- getting people to agree to small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a bigger request in the future Zoey can attempt to get a small deal at first, such as 1% off. After the car salesman agrees to this, she may be able to push him and use the foot in the door phenomenon to get the car for even cheaper.

Annabelle is planning to apply to college but has not yet decided where she will apply. -Availability heuristic -Compliance -Prefrontal cortex -Prospective memory Explain how the following psychological concepts could relate to how well annabell adapts when she begins her college career -Agoraphobia -Crystalline intelligence -Ethnocentrism

Availability heuristic- basing the estimated probability of an event of the ease with which relevant instances come to mind She may apply to places nearby because they are mentioned more often and lot of people apply there. Therefore, because the college occur to her more easily, she assumes that more people are applying there, which may influence her decision to apply there. Compliance- changing one's behavior as a result of other people directly or asking for the change If her parents want her to stay nearby home, she may not apply to any out of state schools Prefrontal cortex- plays a role in the regulation of complex cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning. The prefrontal cortex would allow her to think about her college choices and options Prospective memory- ability to remember to perform actions in the future Savannah may use her prospective memory to remember which colleges she wants to apply to, or to mail her application out before their due date Explain how the following psychological concepts could relate to how well annabell adapts when she begins her college career Agoraphobia- Fear of public places If she has agoraphobia, she may not be able to adapt well because she will not do well in open public spaces. She may not do well in large spaces, and begin to skip class with a lot of people. Crystalline intelligence- ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills to problem solving Because of her previous knowledge on biology, Annabella is able to do well on her tests in that class Ethnocentrism- tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures If Annabelle has ethnocentrism, she may feel superior to others, making it difficult for her to socialize and mingle with others. This could potentially harm her social life during college. She does not talk to people outside of her culture, so she does not attend the study group with multiple cultures

Psychologies used a variety of research methods to study behavior (3 main methods) Case study Correlation study Experiment -Discuss one advantage of each research method listed above -Discuss one disadvantage of each research method listed above Pretend you are the psychologist who will use each of the 3 methods to determine the effect of taking vitamin J on improving memory -For each method listed above explain a key characteristic of the basic approach you could use to reach a scientific conclusion about the relationship between taking vitamin J and improving memory.

Case study- an in depth investigation of an individual subject Correlation study- a type of research that is mainly statistical in nature. correlational studies determine the relationship (or correlation) between 2 variables Experiment- research method in which the researcher manipulates a variable and observes whether any changes occur Discuss one advantage of each research method listed above Case study- It provides detailed information of a particular subject Correlation - Allows researchers to draw conclusions about the relationships amongst variables Experiment - Results can be duplicated. This is helpful because it allows researchers to know that their results are concrete Discuss one disadvantage of each research method listed above Case study - They cannot be generalized to the wider population because of how specific they are Correlation - It only uncovers relations ships but not why they occur Experiment- They are highly subjective due to human error. If there is any type of error in the experiment, it is not longer good. Pretend you are the psychologist who will use each of the 3 methods to determine the effect of taking vitamin J on improving memory For each method listed above explain a key characteristic of the basic approach you could use to reach a scientific conclusion about the relationship between taking vitamin J and improving memory. Case study- will be able to look at people who have lost memory because of Vitamin J in detail and how if affects their lives Correlational study- will show a relationship between vitamin J and memory through statistics Experiment- will be proven through experiment with two groups, a controlled and experimental group to test Vitamin J's effect.

Time is an important variable in many psychological concepts. Describe a specific example that clearly demonstrates an understanding of each of the following concepts and how it relates to or is affected by time (different example for each term) -Critical period -Fluid intelligence -Group polarization -James lange theory of emotion -Presentation of the conditions stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (USC) in classical conditioning -Refractory period in nerve firing -Sound localization -Spontaneous recovery

Critical period- the limited time shortly after birth during which an organism must be exposed to certain experiences or influences if it is to develop properly When baby ducks are born they imprint on their mothers during the critical period Fluid intelligence- basic reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of processing Tom who is 90 has less fluid intelligence so it takes him more time to solve puzzle than Lisa who is 20 Group polarization- phenomenon when groups discussions strengthens a groups dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction Prejudice attitudes become more extreme when prejustice people talk to each other. Prejudice is learned and develops overtime James lange theory of emotion- physical arousal leads to conscious fear Tom is crying, so he must be sad- the time it takes for the body to realize the physical arousal indicates the emotion Presentation of the conditions stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (USC) in classical conditioning Conditioned stimulus- previously conditioned stimulus that can evoke a conditioned response In pavlov's experiment the whistle was the CS and the salivation was the CR Unconditioned stimulus- stimulus the evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning In pavlov's experiment the food was the UCS and salivation was the UCR The CS and UCS take time to develop and require reinforcement Refractory period in nerve firing- period after a neuron has fired when the neuron gains its ability to fire again A neuron is like a toilet. There is a time in between each flush. Just like there is time in between nerve firings Sound localization- ability to determine the location of a sound and where it originates from directionally If the sound is coming from the left, it will hit your left ear slightly faster than your right, thus indicating the location of the sound Spontaneous recovery- recurrence of a previously extinguished response after an exposure to the stimulus If pavlov's dog response was extinguished it might return after a period of time

Ellie is determined to make friends. When she attends the first psych club meeting she finds herself in a room with 20 strangers who seem to know each other well. She's plans to attend a few more meetings before deciding whether she will join Demonstrate how each of the following could HELP play a role in ELlies quest for friendship The mere exposure effect Mnemonic device Schacter 2 factor theory Locus of control b. Demonstrate how each of the following could HINDER ellies quest for friendship Ingroup bias Regression Operant conditioning Circadian rhythm

Demonstrate how each of the following could HELP play a role in ELlies quest for friendship The mere exposure effect- repeated exposure to a stimulus promotes greater liking of it As Ellie would continue to meet the people the psych club, they would eventually begin to like her more. Mnemonic device- strategies for enhancing memory Ellie could use mnemonic devices to remember the other club members' names, therefore allowing her to engage and interact with them more. Schacter 2 factor theory- emotions depends on 2 factors: autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation. When one experiences visceral arousal they search for the environment for an explanation If the club members heartbeat or pulse increases when Ellie joins their meetings, they may interpret that as excitement that she is joining. This could help make them want to be friends with her. Locus of control- people believe that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives, as opposed to external forces beyond their control. If Ellie believes she has control over the outcome of her friendships with these people, she will put in effort to get to know them and become friends with them. b. Demonstrate how each of the following could HINDER ellies quest for friendship Ingroup bias- tendency to favor one's own group over others The other members of the psych club already know each and may view Ellie as an outsider. They may prefer to talk to each other rather than her, hindering her quest for friendship. Regression- reversion to immature patterns of behavior If Ellie gets nervous to go to a meeting and regresses to immature behavior, such as thumb sucking, the other members of the club may not want to be friends with her. Operant conditioning- method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. If the club members use positive punishment by being mean to Ellie in order to get her to leave, she may realize she is unwanted and the meetings and stop coming. Circadian rhythm- 24 hour biological cycle Because she previously lived in a different time zone, Ellie is always tired at the time of the meeting. She comes off as sluggish and moody. This causes the other club members to not want to be friends with her.

Savannah is a junior in high school and is preparing for an exam in her beginning Japanese course. The exam will consists of both written and spoken portions. Although it is her first course in Japanese, she is confident that she will do well Describe how each of the following relates to savannah's successful learning and performance -Broca's area -Use of phonemes -Modeling -Chunking -Encoding failure -Age and language acquisition C. after the exam, savannah tells her family and friends that she believes that she spoke fluently and did extremely well on the exam. Describe how each of the following concepts may have influenced her opinion -Self efficacy -Confirmation bias

Describe how each of the following relates to savannah's successful learning and performance Broca's area- production of speech The Broca's area produces speech, so the development in this area of her brain would ensure that she does well on the oral part of the exam. Use of phonemes- smallest unit of sound spoken in a language In order to speak the language, Savannah will have to combine phonemes to produce words and sentences Modeling- the person whose behavior is being observed When the teacher is teaching Savannah, the teacher is the model, and Savannah copies her speech in order to learn Japanese Chunking- grouping similar stimuli as a single unit Savannah may remember words by grouping them based on words that sound similar. This way she is able to remember those words more easily Describe how each of the following may hinder Savannah as she prepares for and takes the exam Encoding failure- a new memory code is not formed This may hinder Savannah because she will be unable to commit specific words or phrases to memory, which may result in her receiving a bad score Age and language acquisition- process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language Language is usually acquired more easily at a younger age. However, because she has passed the critical age when she started learning Japanese, she may struggle to grasp it C. after the exam, savannah tells her family and friends that she believes that she spoke fluently and did extremely well on the exam. Describe how each of the following concepts may have influenced her opinion Self efficacy- belief that one's behavior should lead to expected behavior Because she studied a great deal and prepared a lot for the exam, Savannah may believe that she is bound to do well. Her studying should lead to good grades. Confirmation bias- tendency to seek for information that supports one's own opinions and ignoring disconfirming information Although she may not have actually done well, she ignores the questions she did not know on the test and only remembers the ones she did remember.

5 year old jessie went to a fire station with her kindergarten class. When she got home, Jessie, who is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development, eagerly told the story of her adventury to her older brother. How could the following factors influence the story she told. Egocentrism Overregularization or overgeneralization in language Reconstructive memory Schema

Egocentrism- limited ability to share someone else's viewpoint While telling the story, she will only be focused on her own perspective of the fire station trip. She will only talk about what she did, and how she felt. Observational learning- organisms response is influenced by the observation of others She may have told the story about what she learned how to do by watching the fire station. If she saw the firemen going down the pole, she could have learned by doing so. Overregularization or overgeneralization in language- incorrect generalization of grammatical rules to irregular cases where they do not apply While describing what she did on her trip, Jessica may use incorrect grammar. For example, she may say "I go'ed to the fire station" instead of "I went to the fire station." Reconstructive memory- the altering of information we have stored when we recall it, based on prior expectations/ knowledge While she is talking, Jessica may have included details in her story that did not occur. For example, if her older brother asks her when she ate her sandwich at the fire station, she may recall eating it at noon with her friends. However, she did not actually ever eat the sandwich. She just recalled eating it because her brother had prior expectations that she would eat the sandwich. Schema- organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events Her schema of firemen may have impacted how Jessica told the story. She may describe them all as being big or having beards, or whatever fits into her schema of a fire man.

Dimitri and linda are trying to learn a new routine to complete successfully in a dance competition. Give an example of how each of the following could affect their performance Extrinsic motivation Punishment Proactive interference Endorphins Divergent thinking Introversion

Extrinsic motivation- behavior that is driven by external rewards Dimitri and Linda may perform better if there is a monetary reward. If they are going to get paid a lot of money, they may work harder to win. Punishment- an event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response Linda and Dmitri's parents may not want them to compete in the competition. If their parents threaten to punish them in order to get them to drop out of the competition, they will be unable to perform. Proactive interference- previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information While performing their new dance routine, they may mix it up with another routine that they also leaned. This interference of retention of new information could cause them to mess up their performance. Endorphins- a neurotransmitter that acts as the body's natural painkillers While learning their new routine, Linda and Dimitri may have to practice a lot, which may result in making them sore. The body will then produce endorphins because they are the neurotransmitter that will relieve their pain Vestibular system- spatial orientation and balance If their vestibular systems are not functioning correctly, they may not have the ability to balance and they may mess up their steps. Divergent thinking- trying to expand the range of alternatives by generalizing many possible solutions While trying to learn their new routine, the two may brainstorm new steps to add to their routine or to make it easier. Introversion- personality trait where one is more consumed in their inner thought rather than interacting with others If either Linda or Dmitri has the personality trait of introversion, they may not be focused on interacting with the other. Because communication is key to a partner dance, they may not be able to perform as well as usual.

Moving a system in which grades are no longer given or used to evaluate student progress. Define each of the following concepts and state how each might either positively or negatively change student behavior under such a system Extrinsic motivation Arousal theory Learned helplessness Self- fulfilling prophecy

Extrinsic motivation- motivation from outside forces The motivation to do well may be hindered because the external consequence of a bad great will not be given. Arousal theory- we seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal. The need to do well may be hindered because there's no excitement/ reward given. If we seek optimum excitement then no grades would give no one excitement because they would not have that sense of achievement if they finished with straight As. Learned helplessness- passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events Learned helplessness would decrease because the constant Fs a student could be getting would no longer exist, so the student could continue to try their best. Self- fulfilling prophecy- a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true The consequence of failing a test will not be seen. So every time a person takes a test they will not think they will get an F so he or she may do better.

The ten participants in the study were unaware of its purpose. The first five who signed up to be tested where assigned to the Alone condition and the next five were assigned to the With Others condition, each of the five participants was asked to wait in a room with several confederates of the researcher. During this waiting period, a male voice in the next room screamed out asking for help. In each condition, the percentage of participants who responded to the cry for help was recorded (bystander intervention) Identify the independent and dependent variables in this study - Independent -Dependent variable -Identify 4 flaws in the design of this study and the recommendations you would make to correct these flaws -Discuss an ethical issue raised by the design of the study -Use your knowledge of research in social psychology to describe the likely results of this study if correct methodology had been used

Independent- condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable Dependent variable- variable that is affected by the independent variable The independent variable was the male voice crying for help and the dependent variable was the percentage of people who responded to the cry for help Identify 4 flaws in the design of this study and the recommendations you would make to correct these flaws There should have been more subjects because 10 is a small amount of people. To fix this problem there should have been more subjects to test to help the results. The experimenters need to account for gender differences. Could have a male control and experimental group and a female control and experimental group. The experiments need to account for the gender of the voice. Should run a few trials with a male screaming for help and then a women screaming for help. The experiment should also randomly assign subjects, rather than having the first few go to one category and the rest to another Discuss an ethical issue raised by the design of the study The subjects were not debriefed so they did not know what was happening. The need to be debriefed before and after the study. Use your knowledge of research in social psychology to describe the likely results of this study if correct methodology had been used The people in the individual group would have responded faster than the group with people because of the bystander effect

A researcher designs a study to investigate the effect of feedback on perception on incomplete visual figures. Each participant stares at the center of a screen while the researcher briefly projects incomplete geometric figures one at a time at random positions on the screen. The participant's tasks is to identify each incomplete figure. One group of participants received feedback on the accuracy of their responses. A second group does not. The researcher compares the mean number of figures correctly identified by the 2 groups Identify the independent and dependent variables in the study -Independent -Dependent variable Identify the role of each of the following psych terms in the context of research -Foveal vision -Feature detectors -Gestalt principle of closure Describe how each of the following terms relates to the conclusions that can be drawn based on the research -Random assignment -Statistical significance

Independent- condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable (whether or not they receive feedback on their responses) The feedback given or not given Dependent variable- variable that is affected by the independent variable (numbers of figures correctly identified) The accuracy of the response Identify the role of each of the following psych terms in the context of research Foveal vision- tiny spot in the middle of the retina that contains the cones; visual acuity is greatest The fovea has the greatest visual acuity so that will help with the identification Feature detectors- neurons that selectively respond to specific features of more complex stimuli The edges of the figure are the stimuli the eye will see, this will help the eye identify the incomplete figure Gestalt principle of closure- viewers tend to supply missing elements to close of complete a familiar figure and the subjects would use this principle to identify the incomplete figures The missing pieces to the incomplete figure will be supplied by the brain. The brain has a tendency to close figures to make it more familiar to identify Describe how each of the following terms relates to the conclusions that can be drawn based on the research Random assignment- all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group Reduces bias in the experiment and creates for more accurate results Statistical significance- the probability of observed findings are due to chance is very low With statistical significance, the experimenter knows that there is most likely a connection between the two variables and can rule out a null hypothesis

Researcher compared the effectiveness of massed or. distributed practice in preparing for a memory test. Each of the 2 groups memorized the definitions of 40 vocab words. In group A there were 30 participant who were all under 25. Participants in group A used the method of distributed practice, studying for 30 mins on each of 4 evenings. They were tested on the 5th morning at 7. In Group B there were 30 participants who were all over 60 years of age. Participants in Group B use the method of mass practice, studying only from 6:30 PM to 8:30 PM on the evening before the test. They were tested the next morning at 7 AM. All participants completed the recall test. The test measured how quickly participants recalled the definitions. The results showed that the main difference between the distributed practice group and the masses practice group was statistically significant. The researcher provided a list of the names and test scores for each individual participant in a letter to all participants Part A -What is the operational definition of the dependent variable? -Explain how the ethical flaw in the study can be corrected. -Statistical significance? Part B: how might the following concepts affects the results of the study -Fluid intelligence -Circadian rhythm

Part A What is the operational definition of the dependent variable? definition that describes the action or that will be made to measure a variable The recall test that measured how quickly they recalled definitions Dependent variable- variable that is affected by the independent variable Explain how the ethical flaw in the study can be corrected. The participants should get a choice about whether their name and data is revealed to other people Explain how the research design flaw in the study can be corrected Rather than separating the two groups based on age, the subjects should have random assignment. In a well designed study what does it mean to say there is a statistical significance difference between groups Statistical significance- the probability of observed findings are due to chance is very low Part B: how might the following concepts affects the results of the study Fluid intelligence- basic reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of processing Certain people have more or less fluid intelligence than others. Also, older people have less fluid intelligence, meaning that they will most likely do worse on the recall test. Circadian rhythm- 24 hour biological clock Because of people's circadian rhythm, they may have had trouble functioning at the time of the test. Due to the age difference, the two groups would most likely have differing circadian rhythms, impacting the study results

Explain how "Behavior is adaptive" Repression Conformity Imprinting Displaced aggression Loss of information from short term memory

Repression- keeping distressing thoughts and feeling in the unconscious If someone has gone through a traumatic event, their response would be to repress their feeling. The adaptive behavior to that would be to no think of it at all, or to act in a certain way the stops them from thinking about the traumatic event. Conformity- the tendency for people to yield to real or imagined social pressure When people are put into big groups they feel the need to conform. If a person is the only one not wearing red and feels he or she is being judged for being the outcast, then he or she will most likely conform to to wearing red. The person uses adaptive behavior to fit in with the crowd. Imprinting- creating a bond with the first thing the animal see and then copying its behavior When some animals are born they imprint on the first thing they see. These animals adapt their behavior to typically their mothers because that is their best chance of survival. Displaced aggression- Taking aggression out on a person that had nothing to do with the conflict he/she is upset about If someone is really mad a friend and does not take his or her anger out on his/ her friend then someone could pay the price for his/ her anger. This is adaptive behavior because instead of yelling at the intended person, he/she shift his/her anger towards another person. Loss of information from short term memory- encoding errors If someone loses information from his/her short term memory they he/she will have to adapt to the situation without that information. So if someone forgets a person's name he/she just met, then the adaptive behavior would be to not say the name, or act as if he/she knows it

For each of the pairs below, use an example to show how the 1st term in each pain affects or is related to the second Serial position effect... recall Functional fixedness... problem solving Operational definition ... replication Double blind experiment...bias Operant conditioning...superstition Reinforcement...overjustification effect Myelin sheath...neural impulse

Serial position effect... recall Serial position effect- people tend to remember more from the beginning and end of a list rather than the middle Recall- reproducing information without any clues People are more likely to recall information from the beginning and the end of the list instead of the middle Functional fixedness... problem solving Functional fixedness- tendency to perceive items only in terms of its most common use Problem solving- active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily achievable Functional fixedness may be able to hinder problem solving. If people only think of the common use of an object, they will not be able to solve a problem that requires thinking outside of the box Operational definition ... replication Operational definition- definition that describes the action or that will be made to measure a variable Replication- repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated The operational definition can be measured again in multiple experiments in order to replicate the experiment and show its validity Double blind experiment...bias Double blind- neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental group and which are in the control group Bias- tendency to think one way The double blind procedure prevents bias because it ensure that the experimenter is unable to manipulate the experiment due to their bias. Operant conditioning...superstition Operant conditioning- method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Superstition- rituals one engages in to produce a specific outcome If one engages in a specific activity and it results in a certain behavior Reinforcement...overjustification effect Reinforcement- events following a response the strengths the tendency to make that response Overjustification effect- extrinsic reward is introduced after a behavior that a person is already intrinsically motivated to perform occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task. Myelin sheath...neural impulse Myelin sheath- insulating material that encases the axon Neural impulse- electrical signals for nerves to communicate with one another Increases the speed of the neural impulse