FTCE: Elementary Education K-6: Science and Technology

Fish: Bony

The largest group and include goldfish, tuna, trout, catfish and cod

Transpiration

The loss of water through leaves. Water absorbed through the roots replaces the water lost through transpiration

Heredity

The passing of traits from parents to their offspring. Principles of heredity discovered by Gregor Mendel, using pea plants. Determined that there were factors that were passed from one generation to the next that when combined created either dominant traits or recessive traits

Cellular Respiration

The process by which plants convert the energy that is stored in glucose molecules into energy that cells can use. This happens in the mitochondria. Plant cells use oxygen in this process and they create carbon dioxide and water as waster. Any excess glucose that is not used in cell respiration is converted to sucrose, another sugar, or stored as starch. All eukaryotic organisms need to convert energy storage molecules like sugars into usable energy (ATP).

Fossil record

The timeline of life gathered from examining fossils; as scientists examine this, they make conclusions about the ancestry of species and how they have adapted over time.

Bilateral body symmetry

The two sides of the body mirror each other; most animals have this

Fungi structure

Made up of eukaryotic cells. Multi-cellular fungi are made up of chains of cells called hyphae. Most of the hyphae that make up a fungus grow together to form a mycelium, a twisted mass of hyphae. Mycelium makes up most of the fungus but is hidden from view underground

Gametophyte Stage

Male and female parts make gametes. The female gametophytes produce eggs and male gametophytes produce sperm. Sperm must fertilize the egg which then grows into a sporophyte creating spores.

Mammals: Monotremes

Mammals that lay eggs. Echindnas and platypus

Asexual Reproduction

One parent cell is needed. The structures of the cell are copied identically in a process called mitosis. Most cells in the body make copies of themselves through this process when they need to divide

Genes

One set of genes is given from each parent to their offspring

Stomata

Openings in the leaf's surface which can open and close. When open, carbon dioxide enters the leave, oxygen produced during photosynthesis exits the leaf, and water vapor exits the leaf

Echinoderms

Spiny-skinned invertebrates that include sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. Marine animals and live on the sea floor. Adults have radial symmetry.

Invertebrate classification

Sponges, cnifarians, worms (flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms), mollusks, echinoderms, arthropods

Stages of a plant's life cycle

Sporophyte stage and gametophyte stage.

Mollusks: Cephalopods

Squids and octopuses

Mollusks: Bivalves

Clams and shellfish that have two shells

Ectotherms

Cold-blooded animals. Unable to regulate their own body temperature and rely on the environment to regulate their temperature. Amphibians, reptiles, and fish.

Ciliates

Complex protists that have hundreds of tiny hairlike structures called cilia causing cilia to move and obtain food. Most common is called paramecium.

Autotroph

Create their own food

Charles Darwin

Created the theory of evolution; examined plants and animals in varying places had similar adaptations, but also had differences. Developed a theory of natural selection to explain how evolution occurs over time to create new species from existing species.

Four categories of birds

Flightless, water, perching, and birds of prey

Flatworms: Planarians

Live in freshwater lakes and streams or in damp places on land. Most eat other animals.

Treadlike fungi

Live in soil and are decomposers. Some are parasites. Reproduce both asexually using spore cases called sporangia and sexually when hypha from one individual joins with hypha from another individual. Common example: black break mold

Amphibians: Caecilians

Live in tropical areas of Asia, Africa, and South America and look like earthworms or snakes.

Reptiles: Tuataras

Live only on a few islands off the coast of New Zealand. Look similar to lizards, but are classified into a different group. Do not have visible ear openings like lizards do.

Mycelium

A twisted mass of hyphae

Organ Systems: Lymphatic

Lymphatic vessels remove excess fluid from around cells and return it to the circulatory system while eliminating bacteria and viruses; contains lymph nodes, small bean-shaped masses of tissue that remove pathogens from the lymph

Organ systems in the human body

11 organ systems: integumentary, muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular and circulatory, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, nervous, digestive, lymphatic, endocrine

Plant-like protists

2 categories: unicellular and algae. All algae have chlorophyll and most have other pigments giving them color. Most live in water. Red algae have a pigment making them red allowing them to absorb the light deep in clear water. Green algae can be unicellular or multicellular and live in water or moist soil. Brown algae are found in cool climates. Free-floating single-celled protists are called phytoplankton (microscopic and usually float near water's surface and produce much of the world's oxygen)

Plants

A eukaryotic, multicellular autotroph. Form the basis of many food webs. Come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but all have several characteristics in common: autotrophs, have a two-stage life cycle, and have cell walls

Alleles

A form that a gene can take

Amphibians: Frogs and Toads

About 90% of all amphibians. Toads are a type of frog and frogs and toads live all over the world. Found in deserts to rain forests. Have strong leg muscles for jumping and well-developed ears and vocal cords for hearing and calling.

Organ Systems: Respiratory

Air moves down the trachea to the lungs for the absorption of oxygen into the blood and removal of carbon dioxide waste from the blood; oxygen goes into the blood for transport to the cells of the body for cell respiration

Animal body parts and functions

Animal bodies are formed by distinct parts that have different functions. Some cells are skin cells. Others are muscles cells, nerve cells, or bone cells. When different kinds of cells combine, they become tissues. Most animals also have organs, a group of tissues that carry out a specific function within the body. Each organ has a unique role in the function of the body.

Protozoans

Animal-like protists are heterotrophs and called protozoans

Invertebrates

Animals that do not have a backbone. Include insects, snails, jellyfish, worms, and sponges. Less than 5% of animals are invertebrates.

Vertebrates

Animals that have a backbone. Include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Amphibians

Animals that live in water or on land during different stages in their life cycle. Have lungs and legs as adults. Eggs do not have a shell or protective membrane so they must be laid in a moist environment to prevent dehydration. Water helps to regulate body temperature and moisture content of skin. Do not drink water; they absorb it.

Evolution

As species adapt over time, they can turn into a new species in this process; most famous scientist who created the theory of this concept was Charles Darwin

Adaptation

As species reproduce, various traits are passed from parents to children. Some traits are advantageous to the species in that they help the organism survive and reproduce in its environment

Three groups of amphibians

Caecilians, salamanders, and frogs and toads

Flowering seed plants

Called angiosperms-then divided into monocots and dicots

Nonflowering seed plants

Called gymnosperms

Mammals: Marsupials

Carry young in a pouch. Give birth to live young, that are underdeveloped and finish their development in a pouch for several more months. Koalas, opossums, kangaroos

Parts of plants

Chlorophyll (green pigment which captures energy from sunlight), plants use the energy from sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water in a process called photosynthesis, plants are protected by a cuticle, a waxy layer that coats the surfaces of plants which are exposed to air. The cuticle prevents the plant from drying out.

Organ Systems: Digestive

Digests food into small particles in the mouth, stomach, and small intestines so that nutrients can be absorbed in the small intestines; the large intestines absorb water and vitamins while preparing waste for removal

Nonvascular Plants

Do not have specified tissues to move water and nutrients through the plant. Mosses, liverworts, and hornwarts are nonvascular. Must rely on diffusion to move materials from one part of the plant to another. Due to this, they are very small.

Birds: Flightless

Do not have the muscles of flight. Often run very fast or are skilled swimmers. Include penguins, ostriches and kiwi

Fungi reproduction

Either asexual or sexual. Asexual: two ways-breaking apart or producing spores, which form new fungi. Sexual: happens when sex cells are formed and then joined together to make sexual spores that grow into new fungi.

Two Main Types of Vertebrates

Endotherms and ectotherms

Fungi

Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have rigid cell walls and no chlorophyll. Come in variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Heterotrophs (find food in their environment), but cannot catch or surround food. Must live on or near food supply. Most are consumers and obtain nutrients by dissolving food with digestive juices. Many are decomposers and feed on dead plant or animal matter. Others are parasites. Still others are mutualists.

Animals

Eukaryotic, multicellular heterotorphs that come in various shapes and sizes. Some animals are microscopic. Others are bigger than a car. Animals cells do not have cell walls. Animal cells are surrounded only by cell membranes

Natural selection

Explains how evolution occurs over time to create new species from existing species. Proposes that nature selects those species best fit to survive and reproduce because they are most fit to do so (survival of the fittest)

Pseudopodia

False feet which allow an amoeba to move and catch food

Phytoplankton

Free-floating single-celled protists; Microscopic and usually float near water's surface and produce much of the world's oxygen.

Amphibians: Salamanders

Generally live in the woods of North America. Have four strong legs and a long tail.

Organ Systems: Endocrine

Gland that send out hormones, chemical messengers, which control body functions (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, ovaries, testes, and adrenal gland)

Fish: Jawless

Hagfish and lampreys. Typically eel-like.

Reptiles: Turtles and tortoises

Have a shell, making it hard to outrun predators. Many turtles can pull their head and legs into the shell to protect themselves. Tortoises live on land and turtles spend all or much of their lives in water. Some turtles, like the sea turtle, come to land to lay eggs.

Birds: Perching

Have adaptations for resting on branches. Include songbirds like robins and sparrows. Feet are able to wrap around a branch when they land on a tree

Segmented worms

Have bilateral symmetry but are more complex than flatworms and roundworms. Have a closed circulatory system and a complex nervous system. Can live in salt water, fresh water, or on land. Eat plant material or animals and are grouped into earthworms, marine worms, and leeches.

Roundworms

Have bodies that are long, slim and round. Bilateral symmetry and a simple nervous system. Most species are small and typically break down dead tissues of plants and animals. Many are also parasites.

Protists that produce their own food

Have special structures call chloroplasts which provide structure to capture energy from the sun through photosynthesis

Vascular Plants

Have tissues, called vascular tissues, which move water and nutrients from one part of the plant to another. These tissues can move water and nutrients to any part of the plant, so vascular plants can be very large.

Birds: Water

Have webbed feet for swimming or long legs for wading. Fly, are comfortable in water, and find food on land or in water. Cranes, ducks, geese, swans, pelicans, and loons.

Animal-like protists

Heterotrophs and called protozoans. Found in fresh and salt water and as parasites in animals. Appear shapeless but are highly structured. Amoebas move with pseudopodia,or false feet. Also use pseudopodia to catch food. Zooflagellate is another protozoan, move with flagella (whip-like strands extending out from the cell back and forth to move). Some zooflagellates are parasites that cause disease while others are mutualists. Ciliates are complex protists that have hundreds of tiny, hairlike structures called cilia (used to move and obtaining food).

Fungus-like protists

Heterotrophs that are similar to fungi but do not fit in the fungi kingdom. Can be parasites that do not move about or move only at certain phases of life. Spore forming protists are parasites that absorb nutrients from their host. Cannot move on their own. Water molds are also heterotrophs that do not move. Live in water, moist soil , and other organisms. Slime molds move only at certain phases of their life cycle. Live in cool, moist places in the woods.

Water molds

Heterotrophs that do not move. Live in water, moist soil, and other organisms.

Birds: Birds of Prey

Hunt and eat mammals, fish, reptiles, and birds. Have sharp claws and a sharp beak. Owls, ospreys, eagles, and hawks

Fossils

Imprints of once-living organisms found in rock layers used to examine changes in species over time

Imperfect fungi

Include all other species of fungi. Reproduce asexually. Most are parasites that cause disease in plants and animals. Ex: athlete's foot; penicillin derives from penicillium

Seedless plants

Include ferns, horsetails, and club mosses

Sac fungi

Include yeasts, mildews, truffles, and morels. Reproduce both asexually through a sac called an ascus and sexually through spores developed within the ascus. Many are helpful to humans, but some are parasites that can cause plant diseases

Three types of fish

Jawless, cartilaginous, and bony

Eukaryotes Size

Larger than prokaryotes; 10 times larger than bacteria

Arthropods

Largest group of animals. At least 75% of all animal species. All have a segmented body with specialized parts, jointed limbs, an exoskeleton, and a well-developed nervous system. Segmented body includes structures such as wings, claws, and antennae. Three main body parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. Include centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans (lobsters), arachnids (spiders), and insects.

Reptiles

Live entirely on land. Have lungs to breathe air and have thick, dry skin. Eggs are called amniotic eggs and hold a fluid that protects the embryo. Also have a shell.

Mammals

Live in almost every climate on Earth. All have hair and mammary glands (structures that make milk, only females produce milk). Have lungs to get oxygen from air. Hair helps to regulate body temperature. Have teeth in different shapes and sizes for different jobs. Reproduce sexually, and in most cases give birth to live young. Five senses: vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.

Flowering plant asexual reproduction

May occur through plantlets, tubers, or runners. Plantlets occur when tiny plants grow along the edges of plant leaves. The plantlets then fall off and grow new plants. Tubers are underground stems that can produce new plants. Runners are above-ground steams that form new plants.

Fish

More than 25,000 species. All share several characteristics: All live in water, have strong muscles attached to their backbone which allows them to swim quickly, have fins that are fan-shaped structures that help them steer, stop, and balance in the water. Many have scales covering their bodies to protect them and lower friction as they swim. Have a brain that keeps track of info obtained through senses (fish have three: vision, hearing, smell). Breathe using gills, and organ that removes oxygen from the water. Most reproduce through external fertilization. Female lays unfertilized eggs into the water and the male drops sperm onto the eggs. Some reproduce through internal fertilization in which the male deposits sperm inside the female. The female then usually lays fertilized eggs called embryos.

Reptiles: Snakes and Lizards

Most common reptiles today. Snakes are carnivores, and their tongue allows them to smell. Some snakes kill their prey by squeezing it until it suffocates while others have fangs that inject venom into their prey. Lizards are generally carnivores, eating primarily insects and worms, but some eat plants.

Club fungi

Most commonly known as mushrooms. Produce sexually. Some are edible. Other forms of club fungi: bracket fungi grows outward from wood to form shelves; smuts and rusts are common plant parasites and often attack crops

Mollusks

Most live in the ocean, but some live in fresh water and some live on land. Fit into three categories: gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods.

Slime molds

Move only at certain phases of their life cycle. Live in cool, moist places in the woods. When environmental conditions are favorable, slime mold use pseudopodia to move. When environmental conditions are unfavorable, slime molds form spores that do not move.

Zooflagellate

Move with a flagella, some are parasites that cause disease, while others are mutualists

Hyphae

Multi-cellular fungi are made up of chains of cells called hyphaie

Two major groups of plants

Nonvascular plants and vascular plants

Radial symmetry

Occurs when the body is organized around a center

Asymmetry body

Occurs when there is no symmetry in the structure of the body.

Asexual Reproduction

Offspring come from one parent and are identical copies of that parent, occurs through fission in protists

Protists Definition

Organisms that are similar to plants, fungi, and animals but do not fit nearly into these kingdoms; come in many shapes and sizes, but have few traits in common; all are eukaryotic; some produce their own food while others eat other organisms or decaying matter; less complex than other eukaryotic cells; do not have specialized tissues

Parasites

Organisms that invade other organisms called hosts to obtain the nutrients it needs

Eukaryotes Definition

Organisms whose cells contain complex structures including membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus containing DNA; all living things that are not eubacteria or archaebacteria are made of up eukaryotic cells

Spore forming protists

Parasites that absorb nutrients from their host. Cannot move on their own.

Flatworms: Flukes

Parasites that have suckers and hooks allowing them to attach to animals

Three categories of mammals

Placental, monotremes, marsupials

Three types of protists

Plant-like, animal-like, and fungus-like

Reproduction of plants

Plants can reproduce with either sexual or asexual reproduction

Sporophyte Stage

Plants make spores, which then can grow in a suitable environment.

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants make food. Plants use chlorophyll to capture energy from the sun. The light energy captured by chlorophyll helps from glucose molecules. In the process, oxygen is given off. Chemical equation of photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O-----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide and water are used to form sugar and oxygen. Sugar is used for food by the plant, and the oxygen is released from the leaves.

Heterotrophs

Protists that consume food from their environment; eat small living organisms like bacteria, yeast, other protists; some are decomposers that get energy from breaking down dead organic matter; others are parasites, namely organisms that invade other organisms called hosts to obtain the nutrients it needs

Eukaryotes Examples

Protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Organ Systems: Reproductive

Provides the components for creating new life

Organ Systems: Skeletal

Provides the frame for the body and protects body parts; made up of bones, cartilage, and ligaments

Sexual reproduction

Requires two parents and often involves a process called conjugation

Cnidarians

Stinging cells. More complex than sponges. Have complex tissues and a simple network of nerve cells. Jellyfish, sea anemone, and coral.

Mammals: Placental

The embryos develop inside the mother's body and are attached to the mother through a placenta. Most mammals. Rodents, rabbits, bats, walruses, elephants, giraffes, whales, and apes.

Organ Systems: Urinary

The kidneys filter waste from the blood and send the urine into the bladder to await removal. The kidneys also regulate the body's water balance

Division of vascular plants

Seedless plants, nonflowering seed plants, and flowering seed plants

Organ Systems: Nervous

Senses the environment and controls the body. It receives and sends electrical signals throughout the body along neurons; two parts--central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves of the body that connect all parts of the body to the central nervous system and sense organs)

Flowering plant sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction occurs within the flowers. The male part of the flower is the stamen, which is made of the anther that makes pollen, and the filament that holds up the anther. The female part of the flower is the pistil, which is made of the stigma, style, and ovary. Pollination occurs when pollen is moved from anthers to stigmas. Movement happens through wind or animals. Pollen contains sperm. Once pollen lands on the stigma, a tube grows from the pollen through the style to an ovule which is inside the ovary. Each ovule contains an egg. When the sperm fuses with the egg, fertilization occurs. Once fertilization occurs, the ovule becomes develops into a seed containing a tiny, undeveloped plant. The ovary surrounding the ovule becomes a fruit that swells and ripens to protect the developing seeds. Once the seeds are developed, the young plant inside the seed stops growing. When the seed is dropped or planted in a suitable environment, the seed sprouts and forms a new plant. This process is called germination.

Birds

Share many characteristics with reptiles--their legs and feet are covered by scales, and their eggs have an amniotic sac. But, bird eggs have harder shells, and birds have feathers and wings. They can usually fly and regulate their own body temperature. Require a lot of energy to fly, so their body breaks down food quickly to generate energy. Most eat insects, nuts, seeds, or meat.

Fish: Cartilaginous

Sharks and rays

Flatworms: Tapeworms

Similar to flukes and are also parasites. Live and reproduce in other animals and feed on these animals. Do not have a gut. Attach to the intestines of another animal and absorb nutrients.

Sponges

Simplest invertebrates. Asymmetrical and no tissues. Marine animals.

Flatworms

Simplest kind of worms. Bilateral symmetry. 3 types: planarians and marine flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms.

Organ Systems: Integumentary

Skin, hair, and nails which protect the tissue beneath them; skin has two main layers--epidermis (top layer) and dermis (bottom layer)

Mollusks: Gastropods

Slugs and snails

Protist Reproduction

Some reproduce asexually: offspring come from one parent and are identical copies of that parent, occurs through fission. Sexual reproduction requires two parents and often involves a process called conjugation in which two individuals join together and exchange genetic material using a second nucleus. They then divide and produce four protists that have new combos of genetic material

Reptiles: Crocodiles and Alligators

Spend most of their time in water. Have a flat head and their eyes and nostrils are on top of their head. Meat eaters with their diet consisting of invertebrates, fish, turtles, birds, and mammals.

Four main groups of fungi

Threadlike fungi, sac fungi, club fungi, imperfect fungi

Invertebrates

Three basic body symmetries--bilateral, radial, or asymmetry.

Organ Systems: Muscular

Three types of muscle cause movement in the body: skeletal muscles attach to bones with tendons for body movement; smooth muscles move food through the digestive system; and cardiac muscle is in the heart

Amphibians: Metamorphosis

Transformation from tadpole to frog

Organ Systems: Cardiovascular and Circulatory

Transports materials in the blood around the body. The heart pumps blood throughout vessels in the body, namely arteries, capillaries, and veins. Blood is pumped to the lungs in order to pick up oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

Four groups of reptiles

Turtles and tortoises, crocodiles and alligators, lizards and snakes, and tuataras

Sexual Reproduction

Two gametes (egg and sperm) join together to form an offspring that is different from both parents. Each parent cell contributes half of its genetic material to the gamete. Gametes are made through a process called meiosis. In meiosis, cells are produced that contain half the genetic material of the parent sex cells.

Conjugation

Two individuals join together and exchange genetic material using a second nucleus. They then divide and produce four protists that have new combos of genetic material

Physiological Processes

Two or more tissues working together to carry out a specific function of the body form an organ. Different organs work together to create an organ system.

Two types of animals

Vertebrates and invertebrates

Endotherms

Warm-blooded animals. Able to regulate their own body temperature. Birds and mammals.

Flagella

Whiplike strands extending out from the cell of a zooflagellate to move

Two types of vascular tissues

Xylem and phloem