Fundamentals of Anatomy and Psysiology Chapter 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation Multiple Choice Questions

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called A) continuous capillaries. B) fenestrated capillaries. C) sinusoidal capillaries. D) sinusoids. E) vasa vasorum.

A) continuous capillaries.

If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be A) doubled. B) halved. C) four times greater. D) 1/4 as much. E) unchanged.

A) doubled.

The ________ artery supplies blood to the face. A) facial B) vertebral C) common carotid D) external carotid E) internal carotid

A) facial

When the popliteal vein reaches the femur, it becomes the ________ vein. A) femoral B) deep femoral C) internal iliac D) external iliac E) lumbar.

A) femoral

Ovaries and testes receive a blood supply from the ________ arteries. A) gonadal B) reproductive C) pelvic D) pubic E) internal iliac

A) gonadal

The vessels that receive blood from the ovaries or testes are the A) gonadal veins. B) reproductive veins. C) inferior vena cavae. D) pelvic veins. E) pubic veins.

A) gonadal veins.

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except A) increased hematocrit. B) increased vessel diameter. C) increased blood pressure. D) decreased peripheral resistance. E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters.

A) increased hematocrit.

Which of the these blood vessels is not a visceral branch of the thoracic aorta? A) intercostal arteries B) pericardial arteries C) bronchial arteries D) esophageal arteries E) mediastinal arteries

A) intercostal arteries

An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the ________ artery. A) internal carotid B) external carotid C) mental D) azygos E) maxillary

A) internal carotid

Which blood vessel enters the brain through the carotid canal? A) internal carotid artery B) external carotid artery C) common carotid artery D) internal jugular vein E) carotid sinus

A) internal carotid artery

The blood vessel that branches from the subclavian artery to supply the anterior wall of the chest is the A) internal thoracic. B) azygos artery. C) mediastinal artery. D) thoracic aorta. E) vertebral artery

A) internal thoracic

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by A) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma. B) a greater salt concentration in blood cells. C) the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall. D) osmosis of water. E) hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane.

A) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma.

The fingers are supplied with blood by the ________ arteries. A) deep palmar B) digital C) superficial palmar D) plantar E) dorsalis pedis

B) digital

Blood from capillaries on the superior surface of the foot drains into a(n) A) plantar vein. B) dorsal venous arch. C) small saphenous vein. D) peroneal vein. E) iliac vein.

B) dorsal venous arch.

Veins of the brain empty into A) coronary sinuses. B) dural sinuses. C) the cerebral arterial circle. D) external jugular veins. E) vertebral veins.

B) dural sinuses.

The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery? A) arteriolar B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) vascular

B) elastic

The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the A) tunica intima. B) external elastic membrane. C) tunica media. D) internal elastic membrane. E) tunica externa.

B) external elastic membrane

The ________ vein is formed by the fusion of the greater saphenous vein, femoral vein, and deep femoral vein. A) internal iliac B) external iliac C) common iliac D) inferior vena cava E) azygos

B) external iliac

A genetic condition that leads to the inability to absorb and recycle cholesterol in the liver is A) focal calcification. B) familial hypercholesterolemia. C) atherosclerosis. D) arteriosclerosis. E) coronary artery disease.

B) familial hypercholesterolemia

Monocytes filled with lipid that attach to the endothelial lining in atherosclerosis are termed A) lipoproteins. B) foam cells. C) Kuppfer cells. D) fibrocytes. E) adipocytes.

B) foam cells.

Blood from the medial border of the stomach is drained by the A) celiac trunk. B) gastric vein. C) superior mesenteric vein. D) inferior mesenteric vein. E) inferior vena cava.

B) gastric vein.

The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ________ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ________ pressure.

B) hydrostatic; colloid osmotic

The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the A) inferior vena cava. B) superior vena cava. C) innominate vein. D) subclavian vein. E) azygos vein.

B) superior vena cava.

The bronchial arteries branch from the ________ to supply the lung airways. A) pulmonary arteries B) thoracic aorta C) pulmonary veins D) pleural arteries E) brachiocephalic trunk

B) thoracic aorta

Which type of blood vessel has (a) the largest lumen and (b) the thickest tunica media? A) arteries; veins B) veins; arteries C) arteries; capillaries D) capillaries; arteries E) veins; capillaries

B) veins; arteries

Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels? A) large veins B) venules C) medium veins D) arteriovenules E) venous valves

B) venules

Which of the following is true of capillaries compared to other vessels? A) Blood pressure and velocity are highest. B) Blood pressure and cross-sectional area are lowest. C) Cross-sectional area is highest and velocity is lowest. D) Cross-sectional area is lowest and velocity is highest. E) Blood pressure is highest and velocity is lowest.

C) Cross-sectional area is highest and velocity is lowest.

In which of the following would the blood flow be highest? A) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 2 meters long B) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 10 meters long C) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 4 meters long D) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

D) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

The left and right coronary arteries originate at the A) aortic arch. B) carotid sinus. C) brachiocephalic trunk. D) aortic sinus. E) aortic valve.

D) aortic sinus.

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the A) level of oxygen at the tissue increases. B) level of carbon dioxide at the tissue decreases. C) veins constrict. D) arterioles dilate. E) arterioles constrict.

D) arterioles dilate.

All of the following conditions change peripheral resistance by affecting blood viscosity except A) sickle-cell anemia. B) increase in erythropoietin. C) polycythemia. D) atherosclerosis. E) pernicious anemia.

D) atherosclerosis

The condition known as ________ is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries. A) arthritis B) arteriosclerosis C) stenosis D) atherosclerosis E) multiple sclerosis

D) atherosclerosis

After passing the first rib, the subclavian artery becomes the ________ artery. A) radial B) ulnar C) brachial D) axillary E) digital

D) axillary

Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries? A) decreased plasma albumin B) increased blood hydrostatic pressure C) increased tissue hydrostatic pressure D) both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure E) increased plasma albumin and decreased blood hydrostatic pressure

D) both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure

When carotid and aortic baroreceptors reduce their output, A) heart rate increases. B) heart rate decreases. C) stroke volume increases. D) both heart rate and stroke volume increase. E) the heart rate will decrease to lower blood pressure.

D) both heart rate and stroke volume increase.

The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form the ________ vein. A) azygos B) hemiazygos C) axillary D) brachial E) basilic

D) brachial

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the head and neck is the ________ artery. A) brachiocephalic B) vertebral C) subclavian D) common carotid E) cervical

D) common carotid

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the A) concentration of plasma sodium ions. B) concentration of plasma glucose. C) concentration of plasma waste products. D) concentration of plasma proteins. E) number of red blood cells.

D) concentration of plasma proteins.

Blood returns from the gallbladder by way of the ________ vein. A) hepatic B) hepatic portal C) biliary D) cystic E) azygos

D) cystic

During hemorrhaging, the drop in capillary hydrostatic pressure will ________ NFP, thus ________ reabsorption. A) increase; reducing B) increase; increasing C) decrease; reducing D) decrease; increasing E) stabilize; reducing

D) decrease; increasing

The internal carotids and the basilar artery are interconnected by an anastomosis called the A) common carotid artery. B) basal ring. C) cerebral arterial circle. D) external carotid artery. E) arterial bypass.

C) cerebral arterial circle.

Venous valves are responsible for A) preventing anterograde flow. B) channeling blood away from the heart. C) channeling blood toward the heart. D) preventing blood from re-entering a ventricle. E) regulating blood pressure in veins.

C) channeling blood toward the heart

An important pulse point in the neck on the lateral sides of the trachea is the A) internal carotid artery. B) external carotid artery. C) common carotid artery. D) internal jugular vein. E) external jugular vein.

C) common carotid artery.

The ________ divides the aorta into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta. A) pericardium B) mediastinum C) diaphragm D) peritoneum E) pleura

C) diaphragm

The superior phrenic artery supplies blood to the A) lungs. B) heart. C) diaphragm. D) pharynx. E) pancreas.

C) diaphragm

What hormones are released as a short-term response to a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume? A) natriuretic peptides B) erythropoietin C) epinephrine and norepinephrine D) aldosterone E) ADH

C) epinephrine and norepinephrine

Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output. A) much higher than B) somewhat higher than C) equal to D) somewhat lower than E) much lower than

C) equal to

Blood pressure is determined by A) measuring the size of the pulse. B) listening carefully to the pulse. C) estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff. D) estimating the degree of turbulence in a partly closed vessel. E) measuring the force of contraction of the left ventricle.

C) estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff.

The superficial temporal, maxillary, occipital, facial, and lingual arteries are all branches of what carotid artery? A) internal carotid artery B) common carotid artery C) external carotid artery D) carotid sinus E) transverse carotid artery

C) external carotid artery

The larger of the two branches of the common iliac artery is the ________ artery. A) superficial iliac B) deep iliac C) external iliac D) internal iliac E) femoral

C) external iliac

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called A) perforated capillaries. B) discontinuous capillaries. C) fenestrated capillaries. D) sinuses. E) vasa vasorum

C) fenestrated capillaries

Blood is drained from the liver by the A) inferior vena cava. B) celiac trunk. C) hepatic vein. D) hepatic portal vein. E) both the hepatic vein and the hepatic portal vein.

C) hepatic vein

Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexively results in A) stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center in the brain. B) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. C) increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system. D) stimulation of the vasoconstrictive center. E) increased heart rate.

C) increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Elderly individuals are more prone than younger individuals to have all of the following, except A) hypertension. B) venous thrombosis. C) increased elasticity of vessel walls. D) varicose veins. E) arteriosclerosis.

C) increased elasticity of vessel walls.

As blood circulates from arteries into capillaries, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries A) decreases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. B) is the same as the total cross-sectional area of arteries and blood velocity is equal between arteries and capillaries. C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. D) increases and causes the blood velocity to increase. E) decreases and causes the blood velocity to increase.

C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease.

Which is not an effect of angiotensin II to increase blood pressure? A) increasing production of aldosterone B) increasing secretion of ADH C) increasing atrial natriuretic peptide D) increasing thirst E) vasoconstriction increasing total peripheral resistance

C) increasing atrial natriuretic peptide

The two common iliac veins form the A) femoral vein. B) greater saphenous vein. C) inferior vena cava. D) hepatic portal vein. E) innominate vein.

C) inferior vena cava

The gluteal, internal pudendal, obturator, and lateral sacral veins fuse to form the A) femoral circumflex vein. B) deep femoral vein. C) internal iliac vein. D) external iliac vein. E) common iliac vein.

C) internal iliac vein.

Major branches of the subclavian artery include the ________ artery(ies). A) radial B) brachial C) internal thoracic D) digital E) phrenic

C) internal thoracic

A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. Blood moves slowly through these spaces. This tissue sample most likely came from the A) heart. B) lungs. C) liver. D) kidneys. E) skin.

C) liver.

Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the A) right atrium. B) left atrium. C) lungs. D) aorta. E) systemic circuit.

C) lungs.

The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the tunica A) intima. B) externa. C) media. D) interna. E) adventitia.

C) media.

In response to hemorrhage, there is A) peripheral vasodilation. B) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. C) mobilization of the venous reserve. D) constriction of elastic arteries to maintain blood pressure. E) increased blood flow to the digestive system.

C) mobilization of the venous reserve.

Anti-angiogenic drugs are being used to decrease tumor growth. These drugs work by decreasing A) cell division. B) cell communication. C) new blood vessel formation. D) focal calcification. E) vascular flow.

C) new blood vessel formation.

The internal carotid artery branches into the A) ophthalmic artery and anterior cerebral artery. B) ophthalmic artery and middle cerebral artery. C) ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries. D) ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries. E) ophthalmic artery and basilar artery

C) ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries.

At the knee, the femoral artery becomes the ________ artery. A) iliac B) deep femoral C) popliteal D) tibial E) peroneal

C) popliteal

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the A) vasa vasorum. B) plexus. C) precapillary sphincter. D) thoroughfare channel. E) venule.

C) precapillary sphincter.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. A) critical closing B) mean arterial C) pulse D) blood E) circulatory

C) pulse

Veins from the spleen, pancreas, and lateral border of the stomach unite to form the A) celiac trunk. B) hepatic portal vein. C) splenic vein. D) gastric vein. E) superior mesenteric vein.

C) splenic vein.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because A) starvation increases blood pressure which, in turn, decreases BCOP. B) starvation increases the permeability of capillaries causing a decrease in BCOP. C) starvation prevents the liver from producing enough protein to maintain BCOP. D) malnourished children do not exercise, which results in a decrease in BCOP. E) This statement is false; BCOP actually increases in starving children.

C) starvation prevents the liver from producing enough protein to maintain BCOP

Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery? A) hypotension B) quadriplegia C) stroke D) myocardial infarction E) pulmonary embolism

C) stroke

At the level of the first rib, the axillary vein becomes the ________ vein. A) cephalic B) azygos C) subclavian D) innominate E) external jugular

C) subclavian

The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms is the A) internal jugular vein. B) external jugular vein. C) superior vena cava. D) inferior vena cava. E) coronary sinus.

C) superior vena cava.

You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in A) skeletal muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) the pituitary gland. D) bone. E) skin

C) the pituitary gland.

Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States. A) 30 B) 60 C) 20 D) 50 E) 25

D) 50

A temporary loss of consciousness due to a decrease in blood flow to the brain is termed A) stroke. B) coronary ischemia. C) cerebral hypoxia. D) fainting. E) cerebral hypotension.

D) fainting.

Compared to arteries, veins A) are rounder in a sectional cut. B) have more smooth muscle in their tunica media. C) have a pleated endothelium. D) have thinner walls. E) hold their shape better when cut.

D) have thinner walls.

The ________ carries nutrient-rich blood into the liver. A) hepatic artery B) gastric vein C) myenteric capillaries D) hepatic portal vein E) superior mesenteric vein

D) hepatic portal vein

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the muscles and other tissues of the neck, shoulder, and upper back is the A) brachiocephalic trunk. B) common carotid artery. C) jugular vein. D) thyrocervical trunk. E) axillary artery.

D) thyrocervical trunk.

Arteries that supply the plantar portion of the foot branch from the posterior ________ artery. A) popliteal B) femoral C) calcaneal D) tibial E) dorsalis pedis

D) tibial

The resistance to blood flow of the entire cardiovascular system is known as A) severe combined constriction. B) vasomotion. C) vasoconstriction. D) total peripheral resistance. E) systemic resistance.

D) total peripheral resistance.

The developing fetus receives nutrient rich blood through the A) umbilical artery. B) placental artery. C) gonadal artery. D) umbilical vein. E) placental vein.

D) umbilical vein

Distension of the superficial veins caused by weakened valves is termed A) hemorrhoids. B) venoconstriction. C) vaso vasorum. D) varicose veins. E) venous reserve

D) varicose veins.

Partial constriction due to constant sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels is known as A) vasoconstriction. B) vasodilation. C) arteriosclerosis. D) vasomotor tone. E) aortic reflex.

D) vasomotor tone.

Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood? A) pulmonary arteries B) capillaries C) systemic arterioles D) veins E) arteries

D) veins

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

D) venules.

Which of the following equations shows the correct relation between blood flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (R)? A) P = (F × R) × 4 B) F = R/P C) F = P + R D) F = P - R E) F = P/R

E) F = P/R

After the precapillary sphincter, blood enters a(n) A) venule. B) anastomosis. C) vein. D) arteriole. E) thoroughfare channel.

E) thoroughfare channel.

Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

E) tunica externa

What are the layers of blood vessels from outside to inside? A) tunica intima; tunica externa; tunica media B) tunica intima; tunica media; tunica externa C) tunica media; tunica externa; tunica interna D) tunica externa; tunica interna; tunica media E) tunica externa; tunica media; tunica interna

E) tunica externa; tunica media; tunica interna

Venae cavae are the largest of what type of vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

E) vein

Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

E) vein

Blood pressure is lowest in the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

E) veins.

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

E) veins.

Compare the hearts of a trained athlete and a nonathlete.

The athlete's heart will be larger and will have a higher resting stroke volume and a lower resting heart rate. During maximum activity, stroke volume will be much greater for the athlete, and cardiac output of the athlete may approach 30 liters/minute compared to 20 liters/minute of the nonathlete. Maximum heart rates will be about the same despite the much larger cardiac output, due to the larger stroke volume.

Your friend tells you that her baby was dubbed a "blue baby" by hospital staff and that it was born with a "hole in its heart". Provide an explanation to your friend of this phenomenon.

A fetus has reduced need for blood flow to the lungs, since the lungs are not yet functional in terms of gas exchange. A fetal modification called foramen ovale provides a direct connection between the right and left atria, thereby allowing blood to more directly enter the systemic circuit. If this bypass persists after birth, there is reduced systemic blood flow which results in cyanosis.

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) with a blood hydrostatic pressure of 40 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg. Then determine if filtration or reabsorption occurs. NFP = ________ and results in a fluid ________. A) 15 mm Hg; filtration B) 65 mm Hg; reabsorption C) 65 mm Hg; filtration D) 15 mm Hg; reabsorption E) -15 mm Hg; filtration

A) 15 mm Hg; filtration

A(n) ________ is a bulge, or weakened wall, of an artery. A) aneurysm B) stroke C) vascular edema D) arteriosclerosis E) atherosclerosis

A) aneurysm

The median cubital vein is located at the A) anterior surface of the elbow. B) posterior surface of the elbow. C) anterior surface of the knee. D) posterior surface of the knee. E) posterior surface of the scapula.

A) anterior surface of the elbow.

What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins

A) arteries

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the A) arterioles. B) venules. C) veins. D) arteries. E) capillaries.

A) arterioles.

In what vessel is blood pressure the highest? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

A) artery

The regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed is called A) autoregulation. B) hormonal regulation. C) hemoregulation. D) vasoregulation. E) neuroregulation.

A) autoregulation.

Which of the following is not a commonly palpated arterial pressure point? A) axillary B) radial C) brachial D) femoral E) popliteal

A) axillary

Branches of the thoracic aorta include all of the following except the ________ arteries. A) basilar B) superior phrenic C) esophageal D) bronchial E) intercostal

A) basilar

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the cerebral arterial circle from the posterior is the ________ artery. A) basilar B) middle cerebral C) vertebral D) internal carotid E) posterior cerebral

A) basilar

Total peripheral resistance is affected primarily by A) blood vessel diameter. B) blood vessel length. C) blood viscosity. D) venous pressure. E) turbulence.

A) blood vessel diameter.

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the liver, stomach, and spleen is the A) celiac artery. B) inferior mesenteric vein. C) hepatic portal vein. D) gastric vein. E) superior mesenteric artery.

A) celiac artery.

The ________ vein ascends along the radial side of the forearm. A) cephalic B) basilic C) brachial D) median cubital E) ulnar

A) cephalic

For blood flow to be autoregulated, what types of stimuli signal inadequate local blood flow and blood pressure? A) physical stress, chemical changes, and increased tissue activity B) decreased tissue activity and decreased inflammatory responses C) blood oxygen levels are high D) carbon dioxide levels are low and pH is high E) increased baroreceptor stretch and decreased tissue activity

A) physical stress, chemical changes, and increased tissue activity

Which of these is not a short-term response to a decrease in blood pressure? A) release of EPO B) increase in heart rate C) increase in heart contractility D) peripheral vasoconstriction E) release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A) release of EPO

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except A) release of renin. B) decrease in blood volume. C) decreased peripheral resistance. D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). E) decreased levels of aldosterone.

A) release of renin

Elevated levels of the natriuretic peptide hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased A) salt and water loss through the kidneys. B) blood volume. C) sodium ion levels in blood. D) venous return and preload. E) blood pressure.

A) salt and water loss through the kidneys.

Near the carotid sinus A) the common carotid divides into an internal and an external branch. B) the internal carotids fuse with the vertebral arteries. C) the external carotid forms the internal carotid. D) veins and arteries anastomose. E) the aorta gives rise to the common carotids.

A) the common carotid divides into an internal and an external branch.

Of the following, which is an elastic artery? A) the subclavian B) the external carotid C) the brachial D) the femoral E) the ulnar

A) the subclavian

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

A) tunica intima

Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow? A) vascular resistance B) venous pressure C) viscosity of blood D) vessel length E) turbulence

A) vascular resistance

Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart? A) vascular resistance B) peripheral veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood C) muscular pumps squeeze veins and move blood toward the heart D) blood pressure E) blood pressure gradient from arteries to veins

A) vascular resistance

The increase in effective blood volume that results from venoconstriction is the A) venous reserve. B) capacitance of veins. C) vessel mobilization. D) venous return. E) vessel residual.

A) venous reserve.

If a wound overwhelms the clotting mechanism and leads to serious hemorrhage and drop in blood pressure, what compensations does the body have to maintain cardiac output?

Acutely, the autonomic nervous system undergoes sympathetic activation. Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla supports the neural mechanisms. Heart rate and contractility are increased in trying to maintain cardiac output. Vasoconstriction increases peripheral resistance, raising blood pressure and redirecting flow to vital internal organs. Simultaneously, venoconstriction occurs, increasing venous return and forcing extra blood from the venous to the arterial side of the circulation. The endocrine system releases ADH, angiotensin II, and aldosterone, which act together to raise blood volume by reducing fluid loss at the kidney.

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg. A) 210 B) 100 C) 93 D) 105 E) 90

B) 100

What is the correct order for the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit, starting at the aorta? 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries A) 6, 5, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 B) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 C) 7, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 D) 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 E) 2, 7, 6, 3, 1, 5, 6

B) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

Resistance is a force that A) increases blood flow. B) decreases blood flow. C) never changes in a blood vessel. D) acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel. E) is always higher than blood pressure.

B) decreases blood flow.

Which of the following is true of arteries compared to other vessels? A) Blood pressure and velocity are lowest. B) Blood pressure and velocity are highest. C) Blood pressure and cross-sectional area are lowest. D) Blood pressure and cross-sectional area are highest. E) Velocity and cross-sectional area are highest.

B) Blood pressure and velocity are highest.

________ form elaborate capillary networks within tissues that allow for very slow blood flow. A) Varicosities B) Sinusoids C) Foramina D) Portal systems E) Perfusion centers

B) Sinusoids

The direct interconnection of two arteries is called an arterial A) collateral. B) anastomosis. C) unification. D) merger. E) portal.

B) anastomosis.

Branches of the popliteal artery include the A) femoral artery. B) anterior tibial artery. C) iliac artery. D) dorsalis pedis. E) plantar arch.

B) anterior tibial artery

Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

B) arteriole

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the A) artery. B) arteriole. C) capillary. D) venule. E) vein.

B) arteriole.

Which of the following vessels changes diameter most readily to local conditions or SNS stimulation? A) elastic arteries B) arterioles C) fenestrated capillaries D) venules E) veins

B) arterioles

The smallest arterial branches are called the A) muscular arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

B) arterioles.

In the condition known as ________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and stiffer. A) arthritis B) arteriosclerosis C) stenosis D) atherosclerosis E) multiple sclerosis

B) arteriosclerosis

The ________ vein ascends along the ulnar side of the forearm. A) cephalic B) basilic C) brachial D) median cubital E) ulnar Answer:

B) basilic

The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the A) venous pressure. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure. C) diastolic pressure. D) peripheral pressure. E) pulse pressure.

B) capillary hydrostatic pressure.

Which of the following arteries is not a trunk? A) brachiocephalic B) carotid C) celiac D) pulmonary E) thyrocervical

B) carotid

Near the level of vertebra L4, the aorta branches to form the ________ arteries A) common carotid B) common iliac C) femoral D) tibial E) popliteal

B) common iliac

Fear can result in A) increased stimulation of the cardioinhibitory center by higher brain centers. B) increased stimulation of the cardioacceleratory center by higher brain centers. C) decreased heart rate. D) decreased blood pressure. E) parasympathetic stimulation.

B) increased stimulation of the cardioacceleratory center by higher brain centers.

The lower part of the large intestine including the rectum receives blood from the A) celiac trunk. B) inferior mesenteric artery. C) internal iliac artery. D) abdominal aorta. E) external iliac artery

B) inferior mesenteric artery.

Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following except A) uptake of interstitial fluid due to reduced capillary pressure. B) inhibition of EPO secretion. C) activation of ADH secretion. D) activation of aldosterone secretion. E) increased thirst and water intake.

B) inhibition of EPO secretion.

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the A) length of a blood vessel. B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids. C) turbulence. D) blood viscosity. E) blood vessel diameter.

B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

The ________ receives blood from the diaphragm. A) pleural vein B) phrenic vein C) inferior vena cava D) celiac trunk E) inferior mesenteric vein

B) phrenic vein

At the knee, the small saphenous, tibial, and fibular veins unite to form the ________ vein. A) femoral B) popliteal C) external iliac D) internal iliac E) inferior vena cava

B) popliteal

As blood travels from arteries to veins, A) pressure builds. B) pressure drops. C) flow becomes turbulent. D) viscosity increases. E) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller.

B) pressure drops.

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except A) the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein. C) the respiratory pump. D) valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood. E) muscular compression.

B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems. A) doubles; decreases B) reduces; increases C) decreases; doubles D) increases; reduces E) reduces; reduces

B) reduces; increases

The tunica intima consists of A) stratified squamous epithelium. B) simple squamous epithelium and loose connective tissue. C) smooth muscle and loose connective tissue. D) simple squamous epithelium and smooth muscle. E) loose connective tissue.

B) simple squamous epithelium and loose connective tissue.

The blood vessel that carries blood to the arm and shoulder is the ________ artery. A) axillary B) subclavian C) brachial D) acromial E) brachiocephalic

B) subclavian

The azygos vein is the major branch of the A) axillary vein. B) superior vena cava. C) inferior vena cava. D) common iliac vein. E) jugular vein.

B) superior vena cava

What is the difference between elastic arteries and muscular arteries? A) Elastic arteries have more smooth muscle than muscular arteries. B) Muscular arteries have larger lumens than elastic arteries. C) Elastic arteries have elastic fibers throughout the tunica media whereas muscular arteries have few elastic fibers in the tunica media. D) Elastic arteries are closest to the arterioles and muscular arteries are farther away. E) Elastic arteries have a larger tunica intima and tunica media compared to muscular arteries.

C) Elastic arteries have elastic fibers throughout the tunica media whereas muscular arteries have few elastic fibers in the tunica media

What is the primary reason cardiovascular disease affects older women and not younger women? A) Older women are less likely to smoke. B) Older women are less likely to see a doctor. C) Older women lack estrogen. D) Older women are more likely to have osteoporosis. E) Older women lack growth hormone.

C) Older women lack estrogen

Which of the following changes does not occur during exercise compared to rest? A) Cardiac output is higher. B) Heart blood flow is higher. C) Skin blood flow is lower. D) Abdominal viscera blood flow is lower. E) Kidney blood flow is lower.

C) Skin blood flow is lower

In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has A) less resistance to blood flow. B) the same amount of pressure as resistance. C) a greater resistance to blood flow. D) a higher blood pressure. E) a greater blood flow.

C) a greater resistance to blood flow.

Which of the following contributes to the formation of the popliteal vein? A) internal iliac B) small saphenous and great saphenous C) anterior and posterior tibial and fibular D) peroneal and popliteal E) great saphenous and posterior tibial

C) anterior and posterior tibial and fibular

Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to A) arteriovenous pressure. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure. C) arterial pressure. D) peripheral pressure. E) pulse pressure.

C) arterial pressure.

A(n) ________ is a direct connection between an arteriole and a venule. A) arteriovenule joint B) collateralization C) arteriovenous anastomosis D) arteriovenule junction E) arch

C) arteriovenous anastomosis

After entering the arm, the axillary artery becomes the ________ artery. A) radial B) ulnar C) brachial D) subclavian E) digital

C) brachial

The superior sagittal sinus collects blood from the A) heart. B) lungs. C) brain. D) arms. E) legs

C) brain.

These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins

C) capillaries

Cross-sectional area is highest in A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

C) capillaries.

What structure do RBCs move through single-file? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

C) capillary

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

C) tunica media

The brachial artery branches to form the radial and ________ arteries. A) axillary B) digital C) ulnar D) subclavian E) brachiocephalic

C) ulnar

The ________ are small blood vessels that nourish tissue components in the wall of large arteries and veins. A) tunica capillaria B) perfusion capillaries C) vasa vasorum D) vascular capillaries E) cortical vessels

C) vasa vasorum

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except A) increased sympathetic stimulation. B) elevated levels of epinephrine. C) vasodilation. D) irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques. E) elevated hematocrit.

C) vasodilation.

Systemic arterial pressure in an adult at the entrance to the aorta averages A) 18 mmHg. B) 35 mmHg. C) 80 mmHg. D) 120 mmHg. E) 93 mmHg.

D) 120 mmHg.

How many pulmonary veins are there? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) it varies

D) 4

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except A) increased levels of aldosterone. B) increased levels of angiotensin II. C) increased blood volume. D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). E) increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

Which of the following would increase vascular resistance? increased vessel length, increased vessel luminal diameter, turbulence. A) increased vessel length and increased vessel luminal diameter B) increased vessel luminal diameter and turbulence C) increased vessel luminal diameter D) increased vessel length and turbulence E) increased vessel length, increased luminal diameter, and turbulence

D) increased vessel length and turbulence

Blood is drained from the lower portion of the large intestine by the A) celiac trunk. B) gastric vein. C) superior mesenteric vein. D) inferior mesenteric vein. E) inferior vena cava.

D) inferior mesenteric vein.

In arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers associated with the tunica intima is called the A) tunica intima. B) external elastic membrane. C) tunica media. D) internal elastic membrane. E) tunica externa.

D) internal elastic membrane

The branch of the common iliac artery that enters the pelvic cavity is the ________ artery. A) superficial iliac B) deep iliac C) external iliac D) internal iliac E) femoral

D) internal iliac

Blood from the brain returns to the heart through the ________ vein. A) vertebral B) azygos C) innominate D) internal jugular E) external jugular

D) internal jugular

Which of the following is not a cardiovascular modification present during fetal development? A) ductus arteriosus B) ductus venosus C) foramen ovale D) ligamentum arteriosum E) incomplete interatrial and interventricular septa

D) ligamentum arteriosum

Trained athletes tend to have ________ heart rates and ________ stroke volumes than nonathletes at rest. A) higher; higher B) lower; lower C) higher; lower D) lower; higher E) similar; higher

D) lower; higher

The vein in the arm commonly sampled for blood by venipuncture is the ________ vein. A) cephalic B) basilic C) brachial D) median cubital E) ulnar

D) median cubital

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery? A) arteriolar B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) vascular

D) muscular

Cardiovascular diseases typically affect A) young children. B) young women. C) old men. D) old men and old women. E) young men.

D) old men and old women.

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased A) cardiac output. B) peripheral resistance. C) blood volume. D) parasympathetic innervation. E) force of cardiac contraction.

D) parasympathetic innervation.

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased A) heart rate. B) cardiac output. C) blood flow to the lungs. D) parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. E) sympathetic stimulation of the heart.

D) parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

As blood travels from arteries to veins, A) viscosity of blood changes. B) pressure increases. C) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller. D) pressure decreases. E) flow becomes turbulent

D) pressure decreases

Which of the following is a deep vein of the forearm? A) azygos B) hemiazygos C) cephalic D) radial E) basilic

D) radial

To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body A) reduces reabsorption of water at the kidneys. B) experiences an increase of interstitial fluids. C) experiences a decrease in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure. D) releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH). E) releases atrial natriuretic peptide.

D) releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

The ________ is the kidney's sole blood supply. A) celiac trunk B) abdominal aorta C) hepatic artery D) renal artery E) superior mesenteric artery

D) renal artery

The largest branches of the inferior vena cava are the A) lumbar veins. B) gonadal veins. C) hepatic veins. D) renal veins. E) adrenal veins.

D) renal veins.

In the bone marrow, new blood cells must enter the circulation through A) arterioles. B) continuous capillaries. C) fenestrated capillaries. D) sinusoidal capillaries. E) venules

D) sinusoidal capillaries

Blood from the dorsal venous arch is drained by the ________ vein(s). A) small saphenous B) great saphenous C) posterior tibial D) small saphenous and great saphenous E) posterior tibial and great saphenous

D) small saphenous and great saphenous

Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space? A) Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space. B) Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space to the capillary. C) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic pressure. D) The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is largely unimportant in determining fluid movement. E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

All of the following occur during exercise except A) vasodilation occurs at the active skeletal muscles. B) venous return increases. C) both cardiac output and stroke volume increase. D) tissue perfusion to the digestive system decreases. E) angiotensin II is released.

E) angiotensin II is released.

Each of the following is a component of the cerebral arterial circle except the ________ artery. A) anterior communicating B) anterior cerebral C) posterior communicating D) posterior cerebral E) basilar

E) basilar

The two vertebral arteries fuse to form a large artery called the A) cerebral arterial circle. B) common carotid artery. C) external carotid artery. D) internal carotid artery. E) basilar artery.

E) basilar artery.

Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits

E) both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ions.

The vein that is formed from the fusion of the subclavian with the internal and external jugulars is the ________ vein. A) azygos B) hemiazygos C) axillary D) iliac E) brachiocephalic

E) brachiocephalic

Branches off the aortic arch include the A) brachiocephalic trunk. B) left subclavian artery. C) left common carotid artery. D) left subclavian artery and left common carotid artery. E) brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, and left common carotid artery.

E) brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, and left common carotid artery.

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) venules. E) capillaries.

E) capillaries

Which vessel has only the tunica intima layer? A) artery B) vein C) arteriole D) venule E) capillary

E) capillary

When a person rises quickly from a sitting position, all of the following reactions will occur except A) the carotid baroreceptors become less active. B) venous return is decreased. C) reflex vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels occurs. D) heart rate is reflexively elevated. E) cardiac output will decrease.

E) cardiac output will decrease.

Baroreceptors are located in the A) carotid sinuses. B) aortic sinuses. C) right atrial wall. D) carotid and aortic sinuses. E) carotid and aortic sinuses and the right atrial wall.

E) carotid and aortic sinuses and the right atrial wall

Multiple arteries joined in order to serve a single capillary network are called A) convergents. B) arteriole beds. C) portals. D) connexons. E) collaterals.

E) collaterals.

Arteriosclerosis can lead to all of the following except A) hypertension. B) stroke. C) coronary artery disease. D) myocardial infarction. E) diabetes.

E) diabetes.

The external iliac artery branches to form the ________ arteries. A) radial and ulnar B) femoral and popliteal C) femoral and tibial D) tibial and popliteal E) femoral and deep femoral

E) femoral and deep femoral

Which of the following conditions is least likely to lead to renin release? A) renal artery thrombus B) vasospasm of the renal arteries C) circulatory shock D) increased sympathetic activity E) hypertension

E) hypertension

The inferior portion of the spinal cord and the abdominal wall receive blood from the A) vertebral artery. B) abdominal aorta. C) sacral artery. D) coccygeal artery. E) lumbar artery.

E) lumbar artery.

Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the A) muscular arteries. B) liver. C) hepatic portal vein. D) venules. E) lymphatic system.

E) lymphatic system. (15%)

Which artery is not part of the cerebral arterial circle? A) anterior communicating artery B) anterior cerebral artery C) posterior communicating artery D) posterior cerebral artery E) middle cerebral artery

E) middle cerebral artery

The most common site of a stroke is the A) anterior communicating artery. B) anterior cerebral artery. C) posterior communicating artery. D) posterior cerebral artery. E) middle cerebral artery.The most common site of a stroke is the A) anterior communicating artery. B) anterior cerebral artery. C) posterior communicating artery. D) posterior cerebral artery. E) middle cerebral artery.

E) middle cerebral artery.

The pulmonary veins carry ________ blood to the ________. A) deoxygenated; left atrium B) oxygenated; right lung C) deoxygenated; superior vena cava D) deoxygenated; right atrium E) oxygenated; left atrium

E) oxygenated; left atrium

Points where a muscular artery can be compressed against a bone to control severe bleeding are called A) decompression points. B) palpation points. C) diastolic points. D) regulation points. E) pressure points.

E) pressure points.

Which of the following veins empty directly into the inferior vena cava? A) left gonadal B) hepatic portal C) azygos D) left adrenal E) renal

E) renal

What veins are shown draining directly into the superior vena cava? A) right and left common iliac, renal, and adrenal veins B) right and left subclavian, and right and left jugular veins C) right and left jugular veins D) phrenic and hepatic veins E) right and left brachiocephalic, mediastinal, and the azygos veins

E) right and left brachiocephalic, mediastinal, and the azygos veins

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the pancreas, the small intestine, and most of the large intestine is the A) celiac artery. B) inferior mesenteric vein. C) hepatic portal vein. D) gastric vein. E) superior mesenteric artery.

E) superior mesenteric artery.

The ________ collects blood from the entire small intestine and two-thirds of the large intestine. A) celiac trunk B) hepatic portal vein C) splenic vein D) gastric vein E) superior mesenteric vein

E) superior mesenteric vein

Edema may occur when A) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. C) capillary endothelium permeability goes up. D) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced and capillary endothelium permeability goes up. E) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up.

E) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up.

The brachiocephalic trunk delivers blood to A) the left arm. B) the right arm. C) the left arm and neck. D) the right arm and neck. E) the right arm, head and neck.

E) the right arm, head and neck.

You can expect children to have lower blood pressures than adults on average because A) they have fewer blood vessels. B) their hearts beat less forcefully. C) their capillaries are leakier. D) their blood is less viscous. E) their blood vessel length is less.

E) their blood vessel length is less.

During exercise, the blood flow to the active skeletal muscles is increased by autoregulation. How does this work? What other controls on blood flow operate?

When a skeletal muscle becomes more active, it consumes oxygen and nutrients and releases carbon dioxide, waste products, and potassium ions. One effect of reduced oxygen is to cause the smooth muscle cells that block capillary blood flow, the precapillary sphincters, to relax. As these relax, the capillaries open and plasma and red cells can perfuse the active tissue. After recovery from exercise is complete, gases and metabolites return to normal and blood flow returns to its resting value. This local mechanism works along with central control of vasodilation by the sympathetic vasodilator fibers that appear to utilize nitric oxide (NO) as the transmitter substance.