Intro to Criminal Justice Midterm

advocates of the _________ perspective would advocate for the decriminalization of marijuana a.rehabilitation b.nonintervention c.equal justice d. crime control e.reform

b.nonintervention

The contemporary U.S. legal system is codified by the state legislatures and the U.S. Congress. true/false

true

The terms "psychopath" and "sociopath" are commonly used to describe people who have an antisocial personality. true/false

true

In your opinion, which Amendment of the Bill of Rights related to criminal procedure is most important to the operation of the criminal justice system? Explain you reasoning.

4, 5, 6, 8, 14

Identify which amendments to the Constitution are the most important to the justice system.

4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 14th

The _______ view of crime contends that there are moral entrepreneurs who want to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong. a. conflict b. interactionist c. consensus d. constructionist e. Puritanical

b. interactionist

the interactionist view of crime falls between the consensus and conflict visions true/false

true

white-collar crimes include income tax evasions, credit card fraud, and bank fraud

true

If a pregnant woman in labor stole a car because she feared delivery of her baby was imminent and she had no other means of transportation, she may use the defense of: a. recklessness. b. duress. c. mistake. d. necessity. e. avoidance.

d. necessity

ethical behavior is particularly important in law enforcement because police officers have the authority to deprive people of their liberty true/false

true

immigration and custom enforcement is part of the department of homeland security true/false

true

sanctions for various offenses can vary greatly from state to state true/false

true

some states now permit the taking of DNA from arrestees true/false

true

terrorism is a major focus of police agencies today true/false

true

the Metropolitan Police Act established the first organized police force in London true/false

true

the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), is a comprehensive, nation-wide survey of victimization in the United States true/false

true

the U.S. Marshals work with law enforcement authorities at the federal, state, and local levels to apprehend felons true/false

true

the contemporary criminal justice system is society's instrument of social control true/false

true

the fifth amendment protects against double jeopardy true/false

true

Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from the teacher's parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor's car when she decided that she wanted to drive to see her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition of their cases. When Mr. Brown asks Mary if she thought twice about stealing the car from the teacher's parking lot, she replied, "When I saw that the gate was open and there was no security officer around, I had no fear of stealing the car." What situational crime prevention tactic could have prevented this crime from occurring? a. Increase the effort needed to commit the crime. b. Increase the risk of committing the crime. c. Reduce the rewards for committing the crime. d. Remove excuses. e. Provide adult guidance to at-risk students.

A)

offenders at the Level _______ of the "wedding cake" model of criminal justice have typically committed a serious offense but will not garner much media attention a I b II c III d IV e. V

B II

excuse defense ultimately rests on proving: a. a presumption of guilt. b. a lack of intent. c. the existence of extenuating circumstances. d. a lack of ability to commit the crime. e. that others were responsible.

B) a lack of intent

What does lifestyle theory posit about victimization? a. The victims invariably precipitate their own victimization. b. Victimization is a function of social strain and precipitation. c. Crime is not a random event, and the probability of a crime occurring is dependent on the activities of the victim. d. Victims are just as likely to become offenders as offenders are to become victims. e. Your friends will determine your behavior.

C) Crime is not a random event....

Discuss, through the use of examples, the reasons that ethics are important at each stage of the criminal justice system.

Ethics is important to have when it comes to law enforcement because the amount of power one side has over the other. Even if the other party is committing a crime, it is important to stay calm and act rationally because with the wrong move the officer can make a mistake of a lifetime.

Explain the differences in offending patterns between youths and the elderly.

The Youth is more likely to be involved in drug abuse, while elderly are more likely to be involved in alcohol abuse

From 1900 to 1935, the nation experienced a sustained increase in criminal activity true/false?

True

Explain how three-strike and truth-in-sentencing laws are intended to stop chronic offenders.

With the Three Strike Law, if you are a repeat offender, you are more likely to get a harsher punishment which is a deterrent to staying out of jail. While the Truth-In-Sentencing Law requires offenders to serve 85% of their sentence before they are allowed patrol.

The _______ enforces the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. a. ATF b. FBI c. DHS d. Secret Service e. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

a. ATF

The ________ was intended to supplement the UCR with more detailed information about victim and offender characteristics. a. NIBRS b. NCVS c. Monitoring the Future survey d. self-report e. Federal Crime Data Report

a. NIBRS

In order for a robbery to occur, the robber must acquire the victim's possessions. This is referred to as: a. asportation. b. confiscation. c. strict liability. d. transportation. e. portabable guilt.

a. asportation.

Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possibly prevent recidivism. Larry meets with Warden Smith. Larry has been to prison three times previously. He tells Warden Smith that he has committed hundreds of other crimes for which he never got caught. His current conviction is for drug dealing. Larry was willing to take a chance in dealing drugs because he was going to make over $100,000 for the transaction and he thought the potential profit was worth the risk and the effort. _____ theory best explains why Larry committed his crimes. a. Critical b. Social learning c. Psychodynamic d. Choice e. Life course

a. choice

9.which member of the courtroom work group experiences the ethical concern of having obligations to a client and a profession a. defense attorney b.prosecutor c. bail bondsman d. judge e. parole officer

a. defense attorney

_____ theory suggests that some people adopt the goals of society but lack the means to attain them and will therefore seek alternatives, such as crime. a. Strain b. Social learning c. Differential association d. Self-control e. Life course

a. strain

Due process can be divided into two distinct categories, which include: a. substantive and procedural. b. state and federal. c. criminal and appellate. d. felony and misdemeanor. e. state and local.

a. substantive and procedural.

The greatest number of reported crimes occur in which season? a. summer b. fall c. spring d. winter e. season is irrelevant

a. summer

according to the criminal justice assembly line model, _______ are moved down the conveyer belt. a.cases b.detectives c.laws d.statutes e.problems

a.cases

The peak age for property crime is 16, and the peak age for violent crime is: a. 16. b. 18. c. 21. d. 25. e. 29.

b. 18.

___________ enables the police to target and direct resources to geographic hot spots of predatory crime. a. Biometrics b. Crime mapping c. AFIS d. CODIS e. A gun shot location device

b. Crime mapping

Danny is a new police recruit. He is amazed at the technology that is used at his police department. His goal is to become a detective who works in the crime scene investigation unit of his police department. Because of this goal, he pays particular attention to the technology used by his police department when he responds to a call. Danny is surprised to learn that DNA evidence collected at local crime scenes in his jurisdiction is sent to a federal database titled "Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)." Which federal agency maintains this database? a. DEA b. FBI c. CIA d. DHS e. ICE

b. FBI

The _______ Amendment outlaws illegal searches and seizures by police. a. First b. Fourth c. Fifth d. Eighth e. Fourteenth

b. Fourth

In the 1990s police departments began to embrace new forms of policing that stressed cooperation with the community and problem solving; this is referred to as the _________ model. a. crime control b. community policing c. foot patrol d. police control e. community control

b. community policing

The role of ______ law enforcement evolved from that of the early English shire reeve, whose primary duty was to assist the royal judges in trying prisoners and enforcing sentences. a. local b. county c. state d. federal e. municipal

b. county

which of the following is false about the grand jury a. it was created in twelfth-century England b. every state uses the grand jury system c. it is composed of between 12 and 23 persons d. it can protect citizens from false prosecution e. it is a formal hearing of evidence

b. every state uses a grand jury

Which is not a problem associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? a. over-reporting due to victim's misrepresentation of events. b. incomplete acts lumped together with completed acts. c. under-reporting stemming from the embarrassment of reporting crime. d. sampling errors that produce a group of respondents who do not represent the nation as a whole. e. highly accurate reporting of crime.

b. incomplete acts lumped together with completed acts.

Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from the teacher's parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor's car when she decided that she wanted to drive to see her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition of their cases. When Mr. Brown meets with Louise, he asks her the same questions he asked Mary about her background. Louise explains that she has been arrested ten times before for various charges, including drug possession, burglary, and assault. Louise also explains that she has been diagnosed with ADHD and learning disabilities, and that she does not always know why she does the things she does. Which biosocial view of crime would best explain Louise's behavior? a. biochemical b. neurological c. genetic d. precipitation e. biomedical

b. neurological

Which condition pertains to mens rea? a. Failure to perform a legally required duty that is based on relation-ship or status. b. Imposition by statute. c. The person could not have known the potential consequences of their actions. d. A contractual relationship. e. The duty to act is a legal and not a moral duty.

c) the person could have not known the potential consequences of their actions

________ occurs in disorganized neighborhoods marked by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and distrust that is passed from one generation to the next, creating a permanent underclass. a. A fcal concern b. Collective efficacy c. A culture of poverty d. Truly disadvantaged e. Anomie

c. A culture of poverty

________ in early English society required that every person in a village be responsible for protecting the settlement from thieves. a. The runner system b. Community policing c. The pledge system d. The watch system e. The vigilante system

c. Pledge system

________ provide information on the personal characteristics of offenders, such as their attitudes, values, beliefs, and psychological profiles. a. NIBRS data b. UCR data c. Self-report studies d. Victimization surveys e. Criminal reports

c. Self-report studies

_________ is an example of soft technology used in law enforcement. a. A metal detectors b. A taser c. Sex offender registration d. Street lighting e. A walkie-talkie

c. Sex offender registration

______ is the process by which criminal behavior becomes embedded because antisocial behavior erodes social ties that encourage conformity and creates incentives to commit crime. a. Developing latent traits b. Psychological distrust c. State dependency d. Victim precipitation e. General depravity

c. State dependency

The ________ is considered official crime data collected by the FBI. a. National Crime Victimization Survey b. self-report survey c. Uniform Crime Report d. Bureau of Justice Statistics e. Violent Offenders Report

c. Uniform Crime Report

The ________ view of crime rests on the assumption that criminal law has a social control function. a. conflict b. interactionist c. consensus d. constructionist e. Puritanical

c. consensus

Liability that can occur when a person's careless and inattentive actions cause harm is called: a. a strict liability crime. b. a public safety crime. c. criminal negligence. d. a public order crime. e. intent.

c. criminal negligence.

the _______ branch of government interprets existing laws and determines whether they meet constitutional requirements a.correctional b.executive c.judicial d.legislative e.bureaucratic

c. judicial

Your local police department is concerned with this year's most recent crime statistics. The police chief meets with city officials and his higher-ranking police personnel. They discuss potential policies and procedures aimed at reducing the crime rates in their city. The mayor is more concerned with violent crimes. She believes that if people hear that her city has experienced an increase in violent crimes, they will no longer come to visit. Since the city is on a beach, tourism is a major source of revenue, so the mayor is concerned that the most recent crime statistics will cause a decrease in revenue. If the mayor is most concerned with violent crimes, which crime does not concern her as much? a. murder b. rape c. prostitution d. robbery e. assault

c. prositution

Your local police department is concerned with this year's most recent crime statistics. The police chief meets with city officials and his higher-ranking police personnel. They discuss potential policies and procedures aimed at reducing the crime rates in their city. The police chief believes that the department needs to focus on prostitution and drug abuse because the two are interconnected, and he believes that both are linked to more serious crimes. Drug use and prostitution are examples of: a. economic crimes. b. property crimes. c. public order crimes. d. violent crimes. e. lower-class crimes.

c. public order crimes.

Which is not considered an element of procedural law? a. The right to remain silent b. Laws prohibiting search and seizure c. The self-defense doctrine d. Laws limiting bail amounts e. The right to a jury trial.

c. self-defense doctrine

Stare decisis is Latin for: a. to each his own. b. let the punishment fit the crime. c. to stand by decided cases. d. an eye for an eye. e. stand your ground.

c. to stand by decided cases.

he _________ effect is defined as the assumed ability of the threat of criminal sanctions to discourage crime before it occurs. a. certain justice b. choice c. deterrent d. rationality e. intimidation

choice

________ is not considered a biochemical factor. a. An environmental constraint b. Hypoglycemia c. Testosterone d. A genetic abnormality e. A hormonal change

d. A genetic abnormality

_______ law is the type of law deals with the state of government agencies and controls their administrative relationships with individuals, corporations, or other branches of government. a. Substantive criminal b. Procedural criminal c. Civil d. Public e. Process

d. Public

The defining event that helped shape police reforms in the 1990s was the: a. creation of the International Association of Chiefs of Police. b. creation of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. c. growth of police unions. d. beating of Rodney King. e. Persian Gulf War.

d. beating of Rodney King

which statement is accurate concerning crime in a historical context in the United States a. crime peeked during civil war times and has been diminishing since that era b. the old west was the only era where gang activity flourished after the civil war c. crime and violence did not exist when the nation was first formed and are recent social problems d. crime and violence have been common since the nation was first formed and are not recent social problems e. crime was imported by european settlers

d. crime and violence have been common since the nation was first formed and are not recent social problems

The _____ position was created in 1326 in England under the watch system of policing to assist the shire reeve in controlling the county. a. deputy b. constable c. bobbie d. justice of the peace e. watchman

d. justice of the peace

the _______ defines the law (by determining the conduct that is prohibited) and establishes criminal penalties for those who violate the law a.judiciary b.correctional system c. president d.legislature e.bureaucracy

d. legislature

Which is not one of the potential problems of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)? a. overreporting due to victims' misinterpretation of events b. underreporting due to the embarrassment of reporting crime to interviewers, fear of getting in trouble, or simply forgetting an incident c. inability to record the personal criminal activity of those victims interviewed, such as drug use or gambling d. question format that often validates responses e. sampling errors, which may produce a group of respondents that does not represent the nation as a whole

d. question format that often validates responses

The trend line for property victimization has _______ since the early 1990s. a. increased b. decreased c. sharply increased d. remained the same e. fluctuated with no clear pattern

decreased

Which is not one of the factors linked to predatory crime rates in routine activities theory? a. supply of motivated offenders b. supply of suitable targets c. absence of effective guardians for protection d. extent of relative social deprivation e. All of the above are factors in routine activities theory.

e. All of the above are factors in routine activities theory.

Which condition(s) pertain(s) to actus rea? a. Failure to perform a legally required duty that is based on relation-ship or status. b. Imposition by statute. c. The duty to act is a legal and not a moral duty. d. A contractual relationship. e. All pertain to actus rea.

e. All pertain to actus rea.

______ theory is not a type of developmental theory. a. Age-graded b. Life course c. Latent trait d. Social strain e. Social disorganization

e. Social disorganization

Known as the ________ system in medieval England, these people were grouped in collectives of 10 families. a. group b. vigilante c. thief taker d. mutual aid e. pledge

e. pledge

According to situational crime prevention, known criminals will never be tempted to repeat their offenses if punishment is severe enough. true/false

false

Alexithymia is a disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, loss of appetite, and hopelessness. true/false

false

An officers initial contact with a suspect is considered part of the informal criminal justice process true/false

false

Voluntary intoxication can be used as a successful defense under some circumstances. true/false

false

data mining recognizes geographic "hot spots" where a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated true/false

false

insanity is a justification defense true/false

false

mala in se crimes are statutory crimes that reflect existing social conditions true/false

false

most criminal cases are processed through the entire formal criminal justice system true/false

false

one criticism of private policing is that it could eventually replace government true/false

false

the Great Depression refocused interest in justice reform true/false

false

the Metropolitan Police Act established the first organized police force in boston true/false

false

the nature and definition of due process remains unchanged across historical time periods true/false

false

Compare and contrast the crime control perspective of criminal justice with the due process perspective of criminal justice

the crime control perspective controls dangerous offenders and protects society while the due process perspective argues to treat fairly of those accused of crime

Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the way people perceive and mentally represent the world in which they live true/false

true

Criminal and civil law can be interrelated. true/false

true

Criminologists study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. true/false

true

Developmental theories are concerned with trying to understand why people commit crime. true/false

true

One problem with the data in the FBI's UCR is that people often lie on self-reports. true/false

true

Self-defense as a justification requires imminent danger and an inability to escape from the attacker. true/false

true

Specific deterrence relies on punishment that is severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity. true/false

true

Stopping, questioning, or searching an individual without legal justification represents a serious violation of the Fourth Amendment. true/false

true

Symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) may include frequent loss of temper, constant arguing with adults, defying adults or refusing adult requests or rules. true/false

true

The basic mission for which the police exist, according to Sir Robert Peel, was to prevent crime and disorder true/false

true

Under the general theory of crime, criminal acts are attractive because they provide instant gratification for the offender. true/false

true

a key advantage of the NCVS is its ability to capture offenses that were never reported to the police true/false

true

crime is a violation of social rules of conduct true/false

true