Fundamentals of Nutrition
Which of the following minerals is associated with a reduced risk of dental caries?
Flouride
Which of the following topics is one of the five overarching guidelines of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan
Paul is a vegetarian and has been complaining lately from a loss of appetite, diarrhea, hair loss, and skin rush. Based on your knowledge, what mineral is he most likely lacking in his diet?
zinc
Anisah follows a vegetarian diet that includes milk and milk products and eggs, but no other animal foods. What type of vegetarian diet is Anisah following?
lactoovovegetarian
Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving?
leafy greens
A diet that supplies adequate amounts of nutrients prevents ______.
nutrient-deficiency disorders
______ is the study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome.
nutrigenomics
Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion?
parathyroid hormone
What food is both energy and nutrient dense?
peanut butter
Magnesium is involved in all of the following body functions except?
regulation of blood glucose levels formation of red blood cells contraction and relaxation of muscles synthesis of DNA and protein
Which of the following statements is true?
Edema is a major sign of protein energy malnutrition
Which of the following statements is false
Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins
A deamination reaction is the reaction is one in which the nitrogen-containing group of one amino acid is transferred to another substance (such as Kreb's Cycle intermediate) to make a nonessential amino acid. True or False
False
After absorption, amino acids travel to the kidneys via the hepatic portal vein. True or False
False
Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids. True or False
False
Phytic acid and oxalic acid are substances in certain animal foods that interfere with mineral absorption in the human intestinal tract. True or False
False
Plant sterols and stanols are structurally similar to bile and asa result plant sterols and stanols can interfere with cholesterol absorption. True or False
False
Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid that is polyunsaturated with two double bonds in the structure?
Linoleic acid
Which of the following statements about lipids is true?
Lipids dissolve in organic solvents, such as alcohol and acetone
Which of the following minerals may have a physiological role, but more research is necessary to determine whether it is essential?
Lithium
You are planning a party for a group of college students. Some of the students follow the dietary practices of the Jewish, Islamic, and Mormon religions. Which of the following menu items would be acceptable to everyone at the party?
Meatless bean dip
The ________ cells of the gastric glands are important to protect the lining of the stomach from damage.
Mucous
_________ is an iron-containing protein in muscle that is responsible for oxygen uptake from red blood cells.
Myoglobin
_________, as part of NAD and NADP, is important for energy metabolism
Niacin
Which of the following is NOT a common marketing tactic to encourage consumers to purchase manufactured foods?
Nutrition information posted next to fresh fruits and vegetables
Which of the following kinds of studies would be best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing osteoporosis (bone disease) in older adulthood?
Observational study
Lucia has been experiencing glossitis and cheilosis over the past several weeks. As well, her tongue has a slight reddish-purple color. Based on this information, Lucia may have a _______ deficiency.
Riboflavin
A ____________ reaction is one in which the nitrogen containing group of one amino acid is transferred to another substance (such as a Kreb's Cycle intermediate) to make a nonessential amino acid.
transamination
The human body can absorb some _____ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
biotin
R-proteins and intrinsic factor are needed to absorb _________
vitamin b12
April wants to add _____ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.
walnuts
Antdiuretic hormone act to increase urinary
water conservation
Which of the following is not true about water?
water is necessary for immune function
Cuproenzymes are group of enzymes that contain _____.
copper
Lily is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise ____% of her total energy intake.
10 to 35
Derek wants to eat enough salad greens in one meal to equal 1 cup of vegetables. How much of the greens should he eat?
2 cups
Sarah consumes approximately 2000kcal/day. According to recommendations of the 2015-2020 version of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than _____ kcal/day.
200
According to the 2015 Dietary guidelines for americans, most healthy people should limit their daily sodium intake to less than ________ mg/day
2300
Vitamin D is often referred to as the sunshine vitamin. This is because exposure to UV light can convert a substance in skin, _________, into vitamin D3.
7-dehydrocholesterol
Which of the following statements is true?
A fatty acid has a chain of carbon bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
Which of the following statements is false?
According to scientific research, most dietary supplements provide considerable health benefits.
Which of the following compounds enter the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Which of the following amino acids can be made by the human body?
Alanine
Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true
All of the choices are correct
Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid?
Alpha-linolenic acid
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?
Canola oil
Which of the following statements is true?
Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream
Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract?
Crohn's Disease
Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's
DNA
A nutrition scientist wants to develop a nutritionally complete formula diet for adults who are healthy but need to avoid solid food for some time. Based on this information, she is likely to refer to ________ when developing the new formula.
DRIs
Which of the following statements is true?
Daily values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes.
Which of the following statements about Dumping Syndrome is false
Dumping syndrome results in chyme staying in the stomach too long, rather than moving into the small intestine.
For maximum benefit, pancreatic enzyme pills, prescribed to improve digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in cystic fibrosis patients should be taken between meals. True or False
False
Iron is the only mineral added to processed grain products during enrichment.
False
Lecithin is a type of phospholipids. True or False
False
Lecithin is an example of vitamin like substance. True or False
False
Which of the following foods is naturally a good source of high-quality protein?
Fat-free milk
Which of the following topics is one of the five overarching guidelines of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Follow healthy eating pattern across the lifespan
Which of the following compounds is secreted by the human stomach?
Gastric juice
Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?
H. pylori
Which of the following is a micronutrient
Iron
Cholesterol
Is essential to health
Adrian's diet supplies only about 5%of his daily energy needs from carbohydrates. Therefore, most of his energy intake is provided by proteins and fats. As a result of
Ketosis
Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?
LDL
________ acid is an omega 6 fatty acid?
Linoleic
Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid?
Methionine
Which of the following statements is true?
Oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque buildup
Which of the following menu items does not contain complementary protein
Salad made with apples, pears, and grapes
Which of the following statements is true?
Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings.
Major functions of lipids include all of the following except?
Stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals
Due to a respiratory bacterial infection, Amanda had to take a large spectrum antibiotic for a period of 7 days. At the end of the regiment, her respiratory problem was gone; however she informed her doctor that she now has diarrhea and other digestive problems. What do you think the doctor will recommend to Amanda to relieve her diarrhea and digestive problems?
Take probiotics to restore the population of beneficial bacteria she lost due to the antibiotic she was taking.
Which of the following statements is true?
The adult AMDR for carbohydrates is 45 to 65% of total energy intake.
________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.
Thiamin
Which of the following organs is not directly involved in maintaining the body's fluid balance?
Thyroid gland
Copper and magnesium are cofactors that certain enzymes need to function? True or False
True
Hyperphosphatemia contributes to the progression of cardiovascular disease due to the formation of calcium phosphate deposits in blood vessels. True or False
True
Patients with Kashan disease have a form of cardiomyopathy that is caused by selenium deficiency? True or False
True
The ability to metabolize alcohol is dependent on the activity of the aldehyde dehydrogenase. True or False
True
The higher the number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid, the higher the number of acetyl CoA produced via beta-oxidation. True or False
True
The liver is the primary site for nonessential amino acid production in humans. True or False
True
Your best friend eats plenty of meats and dairy products but avoids eating fruits and vegetables. She bruises easily, her sores take a long time to heal, and her gums bleed when she brushes her teeth. Based on this information, which of the following vitamins is most likely to be deficient in her diet?
Vitamin C
Which of the following statements about sphincters is false?
When a sphincter relaxes, the passageway closes to prevent movement of GI contents
To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add _____ of the nutrient to its EAR.
a "margin of safety" amount
Yolanda is eating a peanut better and jelly sandwich for lunch. She has taken a bite of the sandwich and begun chewing the sticky sandwich. Once the bite of sandwich has been chewed, moistened, and mixed with salvia, it is called
a bolus
Wilson's disease is characterized by the
accumulation of toxic amounts of copper in the liver, brain, kidneys, and eyes
Which of the following factors enhances calcium absorption
adequate amounts of calcitriol
The greatest storage site for potential energy in the average healthy adult is _______
adipose cell triglycerides
Carmen is an active child who is allergic to peanuts. While attending a classroom party, Carmen accidentally was exposed to trail mix that contained peanuts, and she rapidly developed _____ as a result.
anaphylaxis
Starch:
cannot be digested by humans enzymes
Generally, epidemiological studies
cannot determine cause and effect relationships
A ________ remains when the amino group of an amino acid is removed
carbon skeleton
A __________ remains when the amino group of an amino acid is removed.
carbon skeleton
The breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules is an example of _________ .
catabolism
Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract
chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth
Which of the following plant oils contains the highest amount of saturated fat per tablespoon?
coconut oil
A dipeptide is formed when two amino acids bond through a _________ reaction
condensation
Potassium is involved in all of the following body functions except?
contraction and relaxation of muscles
Which of the following is not a function of cholecystokinin?
control the secretion of mucus by the mucus cells
________ acid is an omega 3 fatty acid
eicosapentaenoic
Parathyroid hormone
enhances the body's ability to retain calcium
The _______ is a flap-like piece of tissue responsible for keeping a swallowed piece of food from entering the trachea
epiglottis
Fructose is primarily absorbed from the small intestine via
facilitated diffusion
An amino acid does not contain a(an)
fatty acid group
Calcium is involved in all of the following important bodily functions EXCEPT
fluid balance
Strawberries are naturally a source of which monosacchride?
fructose
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors including glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and most amino acids is called
gluconeogenesis
Which of the following cells of the large intestine secrete mucus?
goblet cells
Foods such as turnips, cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli contain _________ that inhibit iodide metabolism by the thyroid gland
goitrogens
Compared to a triglyceride molecule, an amino acid molecule
has nitrogen in its chemical structure
In-store food marketing efforts are primarily designed to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT
help shoppers make healthy food choices
Segmentation
helps mix chyme in the small intestine
The ________ is important for transporting absorbed nutrients from the GI tract to the liver.
hepatic portal vein
In the stomach, _____ participate in the chemical digestion of protein.
hydrochloric acid and pepsin
In the stomach, ___________ participate in the chemical digestion of protein
hydrocholoric acid and pepsin
Which of the following characteristics or conditions increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
hypertension
All of the following hormones promote catabolic pathways except
insulin
All the following hormones promote catabolic pathways EXCEPT
insulin
Emma consumes dairy products, but she does not eat meat, fish, eggs or poultry. She eats some vegetables and fruits, but she avoids beans, breads and cereal products. Based on this information, her diet lacks adequate
iron
Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral
iron
Calcitonin
is secreted when blood levels of calcium are too high
A chylomicron is a type of
lipoprotein
renin is secreted from the kidneys in response to
low blood volume, falling blood pressure
________ are considered cancerous tumors
malignant tumors
Sulfur is a component of which two amino acids?
methionine and cysteine
After experiencing considerable pain and having blood in his urine, Solomon visited his physician and was diagnosed with kidney stones. Kidney stones occur as a result of
minerals and waste products collecting and forming a hard mass
Which of the following nutrients is a trace mineral?
molybdenum
Oleic acid is a fatty with one double bond in its structure. Oleic acid is therefore a ______ fatty acid.
monounsaturated
The innermost layer of the wall of the GI tract is the
mucosa
An essential nutrient
must be supplied by the diet
Which of the following statements is true?
nutrient deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients
The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called
osmosis
Maintenance of normal intracellular fluid volume depends largely of the intracellular concentration of _______ ions
potassium and phosphate
Chloride is involved in all of the following body functions except
production of stomach acid energy metabolism
Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle info about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than those who ate fewer than 5 servings of fruits daily. This study is an example of a ____ study
prospective
The ________ is the most commonly used tool to measure protein quality. Protein quality is determined based on both the amino acid composition score and digestibility of the protein in the food source.
protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
In the body, lipids
provide insulation against cold temperatures
Hemoglobin is an example of a protein that exists in the _______ form.
quarternary
A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a _________ study.
retrospective
Consuming a diet that supplies a large amounts of certain types of fat increase one's risk of developing heart disease. Thus, a diet that supplies an excessive amount of such fats is a ________ for heart disease.
risk factor
Studying nutrition is important to
select the appropriate mix of nutrients for proper body functioning
Christine loves to eat Brazil nuts and canned oysters. These food items are rich sources of _____.
selenium
Maintenance of normal extracellular fluid volume depends largely on the extracellular concentration of __________ ions
sodium and chloride
Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of _______ to be digested in the mouth
starch
The liver needs vitamin K to
synthesize prothrombin
Which of the following statements is false?
the internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has peer-reviewed
Wernicke-Korsakoff is a degenerative brain disorder that most often occurs in alcoholics. The condition is a result of a deficiency in
thiamin
A team of food scientists wants to develop a formula diet for newborns that is a nutritionally complete food that replaces human milk. To support normal infant development, the formula must have _____ as an ingredient.
tryptophan
Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of _____, the precursor for niacin.
tryptophan
Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does not supply any energy for the human body?
vitamin D
If niacin is not available for the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which of the following would occur to the reaction that requires NAD? Check all that apply
-The enzymatic reaction cannot proceed -NAD would use another B vitamin -It is not possible to predict what will happen
Obtaining energy from fat depends on the ________. Check all that apply
-availability of hormone sensitive lipase -quantity of triglycerides stored in the adipocytes -activation of fatty acids by binding to coenzyme A -action of the carnitine
Which of the following minerals enhances the action of insulin
Chromium
Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on bone health in adults. The study involves providing pills that do not contain the vitamin or other active ingredients to another group of adults. The pills that do not contain vitamin D are
Placebos
Which of the following minerals is important as part of an antioxidant defense system
Selenium
Consuming excessive amounts of protein can lead to increased accumulation of body fat. True or False
True
Consuming high amounts of vitamin E and K in foods has not been associated with any negative effect on health. True or False
True
Gluten contains a peptide called gliadin that, in those with celiac disease, can enter the intestinal mucosa and activate the immune system. This then contributes to the destruction of villi and resultant inflammation. True or False
True
The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a
peptide bond
Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called
peristalsis
___________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes
phospholipids
Vitamin D helps the body absorb
phosphorus and calcium
Five year old Javiette has been experiencing poor cognitive function over the past several weeks. Her pediatrician ordered a blood test which indicated Javiette's ferritin levels were low. Her transferrin receptor levels are elevated, but not significantly. Based on this information, Javiette is in __________ iron depletion.
stage 2
The body uses cholesterol to make
steroid hormones
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that
stimulates the gallbladder to secrete bile into the small intestine
Yesterday, Jenny ran in a marathon race. While she ran, she drank several large cups of water at water stations along the race course. At the end of the race, she experienced difficulty making it to the finish line. She was confused, and she complained of having a headache and feeling dizzy. Based on this information, Jenny was probably suffering from
water intoxication
Ketoacidosis is a condition that occurs when the blood's pH drops due to ________ . Check all that apply
-excess of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate -uncontrolled blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus -excessive fat catabolism -absence of ketogenesis
According to the AMDR recommendations, alpha-linolenic acid should provide _________ of a person's total daily energy intake
0.6-1.2%
A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 ml water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies _____ kcal.
117kcals
_________ is the most biologically active form of Vitamin E in the body
Alpha-tocopherol
Leona is making lemon pudding from "scratch." Her ingredients include fat-free milk, cornstarch, lemon juice, egg yolks, salt, sugar, and butter. When she added some of the ingredients together, little clumps formed in the mixture before she could heat it. What happened to those ingredients?
The acid in the lemon juice denatured the milk proteins
Which of the following is NOT a key nutrition concept?
The best way for people to obtain all the essential nutrients is to consume dietary supplements.
Which of the following statements is true?
The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.
A scientist is creating a formula diet that supplies all essential nutrients. She knows the RDA/AI for each mineral, one of which has an AI of 30 mg/day. How should she classify this particular mineral?
Trace mineral
A carcinogen is any environment factor such as asbestos, tobacco smoke, radiation, or a virus that triggers cancer. True or False
True
A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, which acts as a backbone for their attachment. True or False
True
Activation of vitamin D from food sources requires a healthy liver and kidneys. True or False
True
Consuming a high-protein diet may lead to high urine urea nitrogen. True or False
True
Legumes primary limiting methionine and tryptophan. True or False
True
What vitamin is necessary as part of the coenzyme that facilitates transamination and deamination reactions?
Vitamin B6
__________ is a component of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
Vitamin B6
As a result of ________ deficiencies, Christopher's cells have difficulty converting methionine to cysteine.
Vitamin B6, B12, Folate
Which of the following vitamins is not produced by the microflora in the large intestine?
Vitamin C
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
corn oil
Marta is a pregnant woman suffering from severe iodine deficiency. As a result of the deficiency, she has a high risk of giving birth to a child with _____.
cretinism
Epinephrine is secreted in response to rise in blood glucose levels. True or False
False
Secondary structure refers to the structure of protein comprised of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a unique manner. True or False
False
Secondary structure refers to the structure of protein comprised of two or more polypeptide. True or False
False
Steatorrhea is a surgical procedure to remove a diseased gallbladder. True or False
False
The most biologically active form of vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), is made in the liver. True or False
False
The synthesis of fatty acids is known as lipogenesis which uses the same enzymes and metabolic pathways as beta-oxidation. True or False
False
Thiamin is a component of flavin mononucleotide, which cells need to synthesize neurotransmitters. True or False
False
The ______ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications.
FDA
An unpleasant physical reaction following consumption of sulfites is considered a food intolerance because it triggers the body's immune response. True or False
False
Creatinine is a nitrogen containing waste produced by kidneys. True or False
False
Enzyme within the pancrease breakdown di- and tripeptides into amino acids. True or False
False
A large quantity of ATP molecules is produced during
aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell
Which of the following statements about calcium is false?
after bones are formed early in life, the body has no need for calcium.
The condition in which a person cannot taste any food is called
ageusia
Which of the following are functions of cuproenzymes
all of the following choices are correct
Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid?
alpha-linolenic acid
An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the
amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population
Antonio has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce his likelihood of developing heartburn, his physician recommended that he _____.
avoid overeating during meals
A medical researcher is investigating the chemical and physical properties of a substance that she isolated from the surface of charcoal-grilled meat. When the scientist mixes a small amount of the substance with living human cells, the chemical causes the rapid breakdown of the cells' plasma membranes. She is able to prevent this reaction by adding vitamin C to the mixture of the substance chemical and cells. Based on this information, the scientist has _______
determine that the chemical isolated from charcoal grilled meat is an oxidant
Micelle formation is essential for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and complicated lipids within the human body. True or False
True
Which of the following statements about selenium is true? Check all that apply
-selenoproteins require selenium to function and serve as antioxidants -selenium is a major mineral -selenium is important for DNA synthesis -selenium is important for reproduction
Jeanette is a vegan concerned about her iron intake. Which of the following practices would your recommend to Jeanette to increase her iron intake from plant foods?
-taking zinc, calcium, and selenium supplements daily -cooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice
Which of the following statements about lipids is true?
Lipids dissolve in organic solvents, such as acetone and alcohol
Cameron was born with a condition that requires him to limit eating foods that contain phenylalanine. Based on this information, Cameron has
PKU
Which of the following statements describe pancreatic lipase?
Pacreatic lipase is secreted into the duodenum and is necessary for fat digestion.
Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?
Pancreas
The ________ cells of the gastric glands synthesize and release intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.
Parietal
Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient dense
Peanut butter
Which of the following statements regarding C reactive proteins is false?
People with low CRP are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease
Which of the following foods or beverages contains the most flouride?
brewed black tea
Jameela is an Iranian woman living in poverty. She is not seen in public places without being covered almost completely in heavy veils. Her usual diet is comprised of legumes, small amounts of yogurt, whole-grain breads and rice, fruits, and a few vegetables. Based on this information, Jameela is most at risk of
osteomalacia
Lecithin is a type of
phospholipid
Sulfur is a component of all of the following except
keratin and collagen the amino acids tryptophan and valine